湖北省 2008年博士研究生入学考试英语联考真题笔记

湖北省2008年博士研究生入学考试英语联考试题Part IReading Comprehension(30％)Directions：There are 4 reading passages in this part．Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A，B，C，and D. You should decide on the best choice and markyouranswer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter inthe brackets.Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage：Most of us would like to feel we have some influence over what happens around us and to us. Citizens speak out toinfluence policy on use of nuclear power, conserving the environment and endangered animals，local and state taxes，theappropriate use of funds by organization s of which they are members，proper land use and th e nature of edu cation in thepublic schools, and a host of other issues．Some of these affect the speakers’immediate self-interest; others are attempts tomake the social environment conform more closely to their own ideas. To speak on such matters effectively enough toinfluence the opinions and actions of others is to exercise power．Even in jobs relying on technical specialization，th e opportunities and demands for public speaking skills remain morecommon than many college students realize. The engineer finds that if his career i s to advance he must be willing to acceptmanagement duties that include speaking to groups of employees, or he must serve as a spokesperson for consultant teams presenting results to agen cies outside the company. The certified public accountant finds an opportunity to teach classes in herarea of speculation. The dentist has to give speeches as an offi cer of his dental association．Sometimes you may have to make a speech as part of your duties in your job or organizati on. Perhaps more frequentlyyou will have opportunities where you speak voluntarily, as when you speak out in a meeting．Some of thesespeakingsituations will be of little consequence; you will feel better if you do the speech well，but it will not really make muchdifference．In other situation s, the speech may be significant for the audience．In these situations，it i s comforting to know thatyou can do at least an adequate job．And y ou may not be content merely to get through the task adequately. To be able toincrease listeners’understanding or to persuade them is one of the most civilizedways we as individuals have for affectingour environment．Some beginning-speech students are surprised to discover that they can give a public speech at all，much lesstheskillful and effective ones they will be producing by the end of the course．The primary purposes of a speech course are toexpand y our understanding of techniques and strategies in public speaking，and to give you some practice so that you will bemore confident and effective in more situation s．With skill and confidence you develop a power to benefit yourself and thesociety around you．1．The text intends to sho w youA.A．the importan ce of speaking before the publicB．the techniques and strategies in public speakingC．the purposes and aims of a speech courseD．the most civilized ways to exert our influences2．According to the passage，effective speaking ability does benefit people a lot except onC.A．environmental con servati onB．audience awarenessC．technical maintenanceD．career promotion3．You need to speak effectively if D .A．you are a studentB．you are an engineerC．you want to study wellD．you want to influence others4．It is implied in the text thatA .A．a good speaker may have greater chance in his careerB．making good speeches is part of the duties of an engineerC．speaking at a meeting is often part of one's dutiesD．people often exercise their power by making speeches5．Sometimes you are not content when yo u finish yo ur speech because yo ukno w B .A．you speech makes little differen ce to the audienceB．the audience's better understanding is more essential to youC．making good speeches is part of the duties of an engineerD．the speech-making occasion is not important in the leastQuestions 6-l0 are based on the following passage：The world is undergoing tremendous changes．The rise of globalization, both an economic and cultura l trend that hasswept throughout the world，has forged new ground as we enter the 21st century．But are the effects of globalization alwayspositive? Some say no．Michael Tenet，head of the International Institute for Foreign Relations in Arian, is worried about current resentmentthroughout the world toward the rise of globalizati on．“Ever since the 1980s and the economic collapse of the Asian Tigers inthe late 1990s，there has been a re-evaluation of the role of globalization as a force for good," he said．" Incomes in manycountries have declined and the gap between the most rich and the most poor has been aggravated.Without furtherintervention by governments, we could see a tragedy expressed in an increased level of poverty throughout the Latin Americaand Asia．"Yet George Frank，an influential economist who works on Wall Street，sees no such danger．“Economic liberalization，increased transparency and market-based reforms have positive effect in the long run，even if market mechanisms can produceshort-term destabilization problems，" he said. “What is most important i s that barriers to trade continue to fall so that activecompetition for consumer goods reduces prices and in turn raises the average level of income."Others feel that globalization's cultura l impact may be more important than itseconomic implication s. Janice Yawed，anative of Africa，feel s strongly that globalizati on is undermining her local culture and language．“Most of the world’s dialectswill become extinct under globalization. We're paving the w orld with McDonald's and English slang．It tears me up inside，"she said．Governments of different countries have had mixed responses to the wave ofglobalizati on ．The United States i sgenerally seen as an active propon ent of greater free trade , and it certainly has enormou s cultural influence by virtue of itsnear monopoly on worldwide entertainment ．But other countries, most notably in Europe and developing nations ，have soughtto reduce the impact that globalization has on their domestic affairs.“When I was a boy we had very little to speak of ,” says one Singaporean resident ．"Now our country has developed intoa booming hubfor international finance." Others ，however, are not so optimistic ．"Globalization is an evil force that must behalted," a union official at a car plant in Detroit recently commented, "It's sucking away jobs and killing the spirit of ourcountry."6．As for globalization ，Michael T enet's attitude to it is most probably to be in C . A ．firm support B ．cautious approval C ．great anxiety D ．strong repentance7．The views of Mic hael T enet and George Frank o n glo balizatio n are quite D . A ．optimistic B ．identical C ．worrying D ．contrary8．When mentioning Janice Yaw ed ，the author is talking aboutu B. A ．her local culture and languageB ．the cultural implications of globalizationC ．McDonald's and English slangD ．the economic impact of globalization9．According to paragraph 5，different countries consider globalization as A . A ．a mixed blessing B ．an evil force C ．all active stimulus D ．all intervention10 ．The title which best expresses the main idea of the text w o uld be B . A ．Disadvantages of Globalization in Economic Area B ．People's Respon ses to the Impacts of Globalization C ．Influence of Globalization on the Economy and CultureD ．Different Roles of Globalization in the Development of EconomyQuestions 11-15 are based on the following passage ：In the decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of th e Black populationof the United States left the South，wherethe majority of the Black population had been located，and migrated to northern states，with the largest number moving，it isclaimed，betw een 1916 and 1918．It has been frequently assumed, but not proved，that most of the migrants in what has cometo be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two con current factors：the collapse of cottonindustry following boll-weevil infestation，which began in 1898，and increased demand in the North for labor following thecessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the first World War in l914．This assumption has led to theconclusion that th e migrant's subsequent lack of econ omic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background thatimplies unfamiliarity with urban living and alack of industrial skills.But the qu estion of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigati onsdocument a flight from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration，no one has considered whether thesame migrants then moved on to n orthern cities．In1910 over 600，000 Black workers，or ten percent of the Black w ork forcereported themselves to be engaged in "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits"，the federal censu s category roughly includingthe entire industrial sector．The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families．It isperhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move，but an explanation liesinthe laborconditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engagedin skilled trades. Some w ere from theold arti san class of slavery——blacksmiths，masons，carpenters——which had a monopoly of certain trades，but they weregradually being pushed out by competition，mechanization，and obsolescen ce．Th e remaining sixty-five percent，more recentlyurbanized，worked in newly developed industries——tobacco, lumber，coal and iron manufacture，and railroads．Wages in theSouth，however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press，that they could earnmore even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisan s in the South．After the boll-weevil infestation．urbanBlack workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven toundercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus，a move north would be seen as advantageou s to a group that wasalready urbanized and steadily employed，and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North totheir rural backgrounds comes into question．11．The author indicates the Great Migration explic itly by using_______ as her so urce of information．A．Immigration Service reports in l930B．The first World War in 1918C．The federal censu s in l910D．Southern newspapers in 189812．According to the text, which o f the fo llo wing is true of wages in so uthern c ities in l910?A．They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition．B．They began to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers. C．They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers. D．They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern ones. 13．It c an be inferred from the passage that the underlined phrase "easy conclusion" is based on the assumption that ______.A．people who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasonsB．most people who leave rural areas to w ork in cities return to rural areas as soon as it isfinancially possible for them to do soC．people with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than thosewith urban backgroundsD．most people who were on ce skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers14．The primary purpose of the passage is to_______.A．introduce a recently discovered source of informationB．support an alternative to an accepted meth odologyC．present eviden ce that resolves a contradictionD．challenge a widely accepted explanation15．The material in the passage w o uld be most relevant to a long discussio n of whic h o f the follo wing to pics?A．The effect of migration on the regional econ omies of the United States following the First World WarB．The reasons for th e subsequent econ omic difficulties of th ose who participated in the Great MigrationC．The tran sition for the subsequent economic difficulties of those who parti cipated in the Great Migration．D．The transition of the agricultural South following the boll-weevil infestation．Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage：However important we may regard school life to be，there is n o gainsaying the fact that children spend more time athome than in the classroom．Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or di scounted by the teacher．They can become strong allies of the sch ool personnel or they can consciou sly hinder and thwart curricular objectives．Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents info rmed of the newer methods used in schools．Manyprincipals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program，manuscript writing，anddevelopmental mathemati cs.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervi sors，can also play an important role in enlighteningparents．The many interviews carried on during the years as will as new way s of reporting pupils progress, can significantlya id in achieving a harmonious interplay between sch ool and home.To illustrate，suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night．In a friendlyinterview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels．He might bepersuaded to let Junior participate in discu ssing the family budget，buying the food，u sing a yardstick or measuring cup athome，setting the clock，calculating mileage on a trip，and engaging in scores of other activities that have a math ematicalbasis．If the father follows the advice．it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progressin mathematics and，at the same time，enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers' conferences with parents are devoted to Petty accounts of children's misdemeanors，complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion s for penalties and rewards at home．What is needed is more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professi onal adviser, plants ideas in parents' mindsfor the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of th e classroom.In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters' capacities．16．The central idea conveyed in the passage is that______.A．home training is more important than school training because a child spends so manyhours with his parentsB．teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the schoolC．parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectivesD．there are many ways in which the mathematics program can be implemented at home17．The author directly discusses the fact that_______.A．parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB．principals have explained the new art programs to parentsC．a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD．a parent's misguided efforts can be redirected to proper channels than they are at present18．It can reasonably be inferred that the author _______.A．believes that schools are lacking in guidance personnelB．believes present relation ships between home and school are satisfyingC．feels that the traditional program in mathematics i s slightly superior to the developmental ProgramD．feels that parent teacher interviews can be made much more con structivel9．The author implies that _____.A ．participati on in interesting activities relating to a school subject improves one's achievement in that areaB．school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parentsC．only a small part of the sch ool day sh ould be set apart for drilling in arithmetic D．too many children are lazy and have poor work habits20．The author's primary purpose in writing this passage i s to______. A．tell parents to pay more attention to the guidance of teachers in the matter of educationalactivities in the homeB．help ensure that every child's capacities can fully develop when he leaves school C．urge teachers and school administrators to make u se of a much underused resource of theparentsD．improve the teaching approach in mathematics in and outside the classroomPart IIVocabulary (15%)Directions：There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each senten ce there are four ch oices marked A，B，C，and D．Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence．Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.21．During the King's illness，the doctor i ssued______ twice a day.A．urgencies B．emergen cies C．statements D．bulletins22．Our ______with the President at the airport was exciting.A．arrival B．encounter C．endeavor D．refreshment23．The woods at this season are________ with delicate scentsA．flagrant B．small C．barren D．bright24．Meeting new people widened the young man's_______.A．joys B．horizon s C．range D．vicinities25．We don't encourage them to_______ in any solitary amusements_A．risk B．revive C．indulge D．suspend26．He expected the House to pass the bill by a comfortable_______.A．maple B．marble C．marsh D．margin27．Many people believe that the family is the _______of the community.A．nucleus B．latitude C．swamp D．destiny28．We need one hundred more signatures before we take the_______ to the governor. A．panel B．kernel C．petition D．paragraph29．When the rent was due，the poor man_______ for more time．A．pleaded B．squashed C．exerted D．cursed30．They have had only one_________ to gain the wealth．A．objectivism B．objection C．objective D．objectivity31．It's difficult for my father to_______ without a cane．A．talk back B．sitin C．stand out D．get round32．We'd better_______ the whole place _______in case it's been bugged．A．leave…alone B．check…out C．take…down D．pull…down33．The tiger continued to________ u s by walking round and round our tent.A．trap B．transplant C．menace D．provoke34．Understanding is one of the most important_________ of a happy marriage. A．initiatives B．ingredients C．proverbs D．possessions35．The bandits demanded that one of the travelers should stay with them as a ______．A．huma nitaria n B．horn C．host D．hostage36．The______ of medi cal knowledge is being pushed farther onwards as time goes on．A．potential B．multitude C．frontier D．leap37．The engineers have used special methods to______ the bridge against danger from high winds. A．suppress B．lubricate C．heave D．en sure38．He collects_______ of all kinds of rocks and minerals．A．specimens B．timbers C．serpents D．trunks39．This microscope_______ by 1000 times the sample on th e slides．A．probed B．abided C．magnified D．specified40．She is always looking for______ in what she wants.A．novelty B．token C．h orizon D．fake 41．Married couples can get a divorce if they find they are not_______. A．compatible B．comparable C．comfortable D．communicable42．A hundred dollars will be______ to buy a home computer．A．efficient B．sufficient C．effective D．proficient43．Betty, though_______ in most things，spent a lot of money on cl othes.A．econ omical B．economic C．excessive D．extravagant．44．Since the package was_______，the damage was paid for.A．ensured B．insured C．assured D．promised45．The public is very_______ about the governor's plans for a tax cut．A．susceptible B．dubiou s C．vulnerable D．deliberate46．If no one takes th e______ and plans for the trip，we will never leave h ome. A．initia l B．initiative C．original D．beginning47．Because of the close______ of architects and builders，the building was completed ahead of schedule.A．simulation B．composition C．collaboration D．inflation48．The shop manager said that he intended to______ the less effi cient members of his staff．A．resign B．dismiss C．employ D．appoint49．His difficulty in expressing himself clearly will be a________ to his plans to become a lawyer．A．hesitati on B．hinge C．highlight D．handicap50．You will have to work hard to_______ the time you lost.A．make use of B．make up for C．make way of D．make room forPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions：For each numbered bracket in the following passage，fill in a suitable wordin the blank on the ANSWER SHEET．Rabies is all ordinarily infecti ous disease of the central nervous sy stem．It is cau sed by a virus and，51 a rule，spread chiefly by domestic dogs and 52 flesh-eating animals. Man and all Warm-blooded animals are susceptible53 rabies．The people of 54 Egypt，Greece and Rome ascribed rabies to evil spirits 55 ordinarily gentle and friendly animals suddenly became vivacious and violent 56 evident Cause and，57 a period o t maniacal behavior became Paralyzed and died．Experiments 58 out in Europe in the early nineteenth century of injecting saliva from a rabid dog 59 a normal dog proved that the disease was infecti ous. Preventive steps，60 as the destruction of stray dogs，were taken and 61 1862 the disease was permanently eliminated in Norway，Sweden and Denmark．Though urban center on the continent of Europe were cleared several times daring the nineteenth century，62 soon became re-infected since rabies was uncontrolled among wild animals．Anti-rabies vaccine is widely used nowadays in two ways．Dogs may be give three-year protection 63 the di sease by one powerful injection 64 person s who have been 65 by rabid animals are given a course of daily injections over a week66 ten days. The mortality rate from all 67 of bites from rabid animals has dropped from 9% to 0.5%. In rare 68 , thevaccine will not prevent rabies in human 69 because the virus produces the di sease before the person's body has 70 tobuild up enough resistance. Because of this , immediate vaccination is essential for anyone bitten by an animal observedacting strangely and the animal should be captured circums pectly, and examined professionally or destroyed．Part IV．English-Chinese Translation (15%)Directions：Read the following passage carefully and then tran slate th e underlined sentences into Chinese on th e ANSWERSHEET．Two modes of argumentation have been u sed on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies．Arguments inwhat could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference". or equity as distinctfrom equality．They contend that biological distinction s between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in thefamily a nd throughout society and that women's procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage ofwomen．71) By contrast, the individua list feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and cerebrates( 崇尚)women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion ofchildbearing and its attendant respon sibilities．Before the late nineteenth century, these view s coexi sted within the feministmovement，often within the writings of the same individua l．72) Between 1890 a nd 1920，however, relational feminism,which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought and which still predominates．among European and non-Westernfeminists, lost ground in Engla nd and the United States．Because the con cept of individual rights was already well establishedin the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition，indiv idualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries.At the same time，the goal s of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable．Individualist feminists began toadvocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for a11．Relational feminists，while agreeing that equal educationaland economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women，continued to emphasize women's specialcontributions to society as homemakers and mothers. They demanded special treatment for women, including protectivelegislation for women workers，state-sponsored maternity benefits，and paid compensation for housework．Relational arguments have a major pitfall：because they underline women's physiological and psych ological distinctiveness，they are often appropriated by political adversaries and u sed to endorse male privilege．73) But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance，of physiologicaldifference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women．If the individualist framework，with its claim for women's autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists．a more fruitfulmodel for contemporary feminist politics could emerge．Part V. Chinese-English Translation(15%)Directions：Tran slate the following paragraph into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET．在找工作的过程中，面试是一个关键时刻；面试的成功与否，除了面试官如何看你的条件及个人素质外，主要取决于他们如何评价你在面试中总的表现；因此，有必要把它当作一场演出或比赛来看待，其目的是向面试官表示你是干这项工作的最佳人选;大多数人在面试中采取被动策略，尽全力回答提出的问题；一种更好的方法是控局面，使面试官有绝对理由相信你能胜任这项工作，让他们没有理由相信你不能胜任它。

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2008年考研英语真题详细解析（2）

Part B 08 年考试的新题型仍旧是考⽣熟悉的七选五题型。

本⽂主要内容是告诉读者如何利⽤好写作中的第⼀稿(草稿)。

41题 D 空前⾯出现的内容告诉读者如果写⽂章时只要作者不再试图避免⼀些事情第⼀稿就会跃然纸上，在空后第⼀句⾥出现了outline这个词，因此41题中也会出现和outline相关的内容。

D选项的内容就中提到⽤什么⽅式来写作不重要，重要的是定下⼀个题⽬，然后可以通过整理笔记来填充你的outline(提纲)。

空前⾯所提到的坐着写、站着写、躺着写说的正是写作的⽅式。

42 题 G 选项是在讲draft的问题，所以答案中还会涉及到draft。

选项后的句⼦中提到：⼀些写作中的错误可以等到修改的时候才去处理。

选项的最后提到不要尝试在第⼀次的时候写出完全没有任何错误的⽂稿，因此G选项符合这个逻辑。

43 题 A 在选项后⾯出现了that way 所以上⽂中会说到具体的哪种⽅式，只有A选项提到了具体的⽅式，因此符合题意。

44. 题 C 选项后⾯提到了these printouts，空前⾯提到:“在修改过程中，看打印出来的材料⽐看电脑屏幕容易。

”因此44题选项中也会有和打印出来的材料相关的内容。

C选项中很明显地有copy 还有 printer对应下⽂中所提及的打印出来的材料。

45. 题 E 前⽂提到Sammy这个⼈，这是⼀个线索词，选项中E 和F中都包含这个词，但是此段的主题句提到，在写作中要删去与主题不相关的素材，E选项中instead of adding that paragraph，也就意味着删去了这段。

和主题句对应。

⽽F选项只是在说最后⼀段的具体内容，和本段的主题句不相关，故不符合题意。

Part C 46. He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. 本句的考查点是that引导的宾语从句，主⼲是he believes that….that从句的结构是this very difficulty may havethe….advantage of forcing…, and thus enabling…。

2008联考英语真题及答案

2008年在职硕士联考英语B卷一卷（75分）PartⅠDialogue communication(15 minutes, 15 points)Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers ,each followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Speaker A: H ere’s a gift for you. I brought it in China.Speaker B: _____A.How much did it cost?B.Wow, it is great! Thank you.C.It must be very expensive.D.Sorry to have bothered you.2. Speaker A: Can you tell me something about your company?Speaker B: _____. Our company was established in 1953. We produce a wide variety of electronic equipment.A.I am glad.B.Good idea.C.You are welcome.D.My pleasure.3. Speaker A: A ren’t you excited about your new job?Speaker B:_____ , but it’s too demanding.A.It’s okB.I am fineC.Sure I amD.I think so4. Woman:I’ve just been r eading through your last project report.Man: I hope you didn’t find much wrong in it .Woman:_____, you’ve done a fantastic job.A.On the contraryB.On the other handC.Don’t forgetD.Don’t be silly5. Speaker A: Could you pass me the jobs page?Speaker B: _____A.What’s the matter with you?B.Why should I ?C.You don’t have t o ask.D.Sure, here you are.Section B Dialogue ComprehensionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to the question from the four choices given and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.6. Man:Jennifer is really pretty, isn’t she? Her skin looks so baby smooth!Woman: W ell, it’s just that she puts lots of make-up on her face. Actually, natural beauty comes from within. Man: Ah, I can smell jealousy in the air!Question: what does the man imply?A.The woman looks ugly.B.The woman had a bitter feeling.C.The woman should apologize.D.The woman was upset.7. Man: My father can do cooking carpentry, and a bit of gardening.Woman: H e’s a jack of all trades, really.Question: What does the woman mean?A.The man’s father has talent in trade.B.The man’s father works for jack.C.The man’s father has many different skill s.D.The man’s father does many jobs at the same time.8. Woman: I want to try something new in the project. What is your opinion?Man: Well, I prefer to go by the book. At least it is safer, isn’t it?Question: What does the man suggest?A.Strictly obeying the established rules.B.Trying something new from the book.C.Testing a new but safer method.D.Learning a new method through practice.9. Man: the competition is increasingly fierce. What shall we do next?Woman:If other companies lower their prices. We’ll have to follow suit.Question: What does the woman suggest?A.Doing the same as other companies have done.B.Producing the same suits as other companies.C.Fighting against others by cutting down the cost.D.Working out other policies to compensate for the loss.10.Woman: I am upset. You told my boss I had a part-time job?Man: I am sorry. I Couldn’t help it.Question: What does the man mean?A.He couldn’t help the woman at all.B.He couldn’t hold back the secret.C.He couldn’t possibly tell the boss.D.He couldn’t decide who told the boss.PartⅡvocabulary and structure (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: there are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the on that best completes the sentence, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11. According to the constitution, any national agreement has to be_____ by a two-thirds majority in parliamentA.approachedB.appointedC.approvedD.appreciated12. The issue of e-commerce did not_____ any detailed discussions at the conference.A.take delight inB.give rise toC.give way toD.take advantage of13. Can you _____ an insect having eight eyes and still having poor eyesight?A.imagineB.supposeC.thinkD.expect14. Fingerprints form an unchangeable _____ d espite changes in the individual’s appearance or age.A.markB.signC.remarkD.signature15. I think their plan will work, but themselves are very _____about it.A.certainB.suspiciousC.confidentD.doubtful16. His failure to pay his debts _____ their opinion that he was not to be trusted.A.confirmedB.checkedC.convincedD.tested17. Our government strongly holds the principle that we will _____ be the first to use nuclear weapons.A.by any meansB.by all meansC.by no meansD.by every means18. The two soldiers spent many years together, fighting _____ and sharing their victories and disappointmentsA.face to faceB.side by sideC.back to backD.step by step19. Being aware of the potential objections they launched a _____ reform at the beginning stage.A.humbleB.modestC.timidD.middle20. The union threatened a strike but called it _____ at the last minute.A.offB.outC.backD.up21. a new material _____ we have good reason to be optimistic.A.developedB.being developedC.was being developedD.was developed22. It is illegal in some countries that children _____ unattended at home.A.be leftB.leftC.are leavingD.being left23. On the large board in the main hall of the airport, you can easily find the different destinations _____ which airlines can take you.A.inB.ofC.toD.by24. No unfit actually faced with water scarcity _____ appreciate the value of water to a region.A.one canB.one cannotC.can oneD.cannot one25. M ost people don’t think of a stamp as a re ceipt, but that is _____ it really is a proof of just how much money you have paid in advance for mail delivery.A.whatB.whyC.howD.who26. Without water from the Nile River ,Egypt _____ a farming country and become a desert.A.will cease to beB.would cease to beC.will cease beingD.would cease being27. Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that _____ what I aid.A.it was something inB.there was something asC.it was something asD.there was something in28. there is little, _____, farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild countryside.A.if soB.if suchC.if notD.if any29. In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences _____ that of their families.A.rather thanB.other thanC.except forD.but for30. The singer on the stage has a young ______ face and a voice of an _______.A.boy… angelB.boy’s angelC.boy… angel’sD.boy’s …angel’sPartⅢReading Comprehension(40 minutes, 40 points)Directions: there are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneWhen I saw the notice “women film extras wanted”in a local newspaper, I jumped at the chance. Since childhood, I had dreamt of being a film star.The casting interview went well and two days later I was told that I had been chosen. I was to lose some of my enthusiasm for the idea, however .extras are often left in the dark for some time as to which role they will play. Finally, the nature of my role was revealed: I was asked to play a mental hospital patient.Despite my disappointment , I agreed to participate. Then, barely a week later, the day of filming dawned. All 13 of us extras, mainly housewives, were driven to an old hospital. The coffee and tea they served us looked and tasted like cement. Then we were rushed off to make-up. My hair was pinned back and make-up was applied that gave me a pale appearance. Then we just sat in a minibus for a few hours, as the cameras rolled elsewhere.After the second hour had passed I was becoming bored. I bet stars are never treated like this, I thought. I had expected to be so busy that I hadn’t come prepared for a long wait. Many of the others had brought a book or knitting.Three hours had now passed . Then at last we were called to do our scenes. When the director came in, we were instructed where to stand and what to do. Along with a few others, I was told to sit at a table and weave baskets. This was not an easy task. The cane (藤条) we had to use was very long . On several occasions my basket fell apart in front of my very eyes. On others I only succeeded in hitting a cameraman in the eye.Life for the other extras was far from easy. Jean, who was barefoot, had to circle the floor. Poor Alice was asked to pretend to bang her head against the wall. Meanwhile, veronica swept the floor .Thankfully, after just a few attempts, the scenes were done. And so my first taste of this “glorious” career was over. Although I found the experience quite interesting, my first screen role will almost certainly be my last.31. The word “ext ra s” used in this story means people who ______.A.have little experience of actingB.play unimportant in a filmC.pretend to be film starsD.need a part-time job32. According to the story, which of the follow statements is true about the author ?A.S he didn’t refuse the role assigned to her although she didn’t like it.B.She understood clearly that most film stars used to be extras.C.Unlike other women who were reading or knitting , she was busy with her scene.D.The only thing she did well was to use the cane as a weapon.33. Alice , one of the 13 women extras , was probably playing the role of _____.A. a doctor working in the mental hospitalB. a nurse who was helping her patientsC.another housewife busy with her workD.another patient with mental problem34. For the author , the first experience of acting in a film was _____.A.almost an adventureB. a real nightmareC.quite unpleasantD.very inspiring35. The best title for this story could be _____.A.On CameraB.In FashionC. A Funny DreamD. A Great CareerPassage TwoSome of the most popular attractions across America are the many free concerts offered to the public throughout the year. These involve not only amateur performers, but professional artists as well. The public parks of many cities across the country usually have bandstands and large lawns. As a service to citizens, they rent out space to performers free of charge. Amateur groups , with nothing more than a desire to perform, offer their talents freely to the public. Semi-professional artists are pleased to get the chance to perform before the public to perfect their craft and nurture the hope of being discovered before beginning a professional career. Famous professionals also give free concerts to make contact with their admiring fans. Often such concerts are sponsored by a large corporate organization and offered to the public free of charge as a cultural service and support for the arts .The free concerts feature all kinds of music from rock and roll, jazz, country-western to the classics. In addition , free performances may include the plays of Shakespeare or experimental theater of modern dramatists. In New York’s Central Park there has been a summer Shakespeare festival which draws huge crowds to the free performances.Of these concerts the ones held on a summer evening in the park are the most popular. They take on a festive air. Friends and groups gather together after work and spread out a blanket on the lawn facing the performers’stage. The early concerts get the best locations and enjoy a picnic supper while it is still daylight. The free seating is on a first come basis. Therefore, by the time the concert begins, as many as five thousand or more people may be in attendance. The concerts usually begin at 8 p. m, and are performed under the stars. The sound is made sufficiently loud so that no matter where one chooses to sit, he can hear very well . The only disturbance may be the sound of an overhead airplane on its final approach to an airport or the far-off siren (警笛声)of an ambulance on its way to the hospital . This matters little ! What counts is to soak up the atmosphere created by the music and to be with friends in the fresh open air . The best part of it all is that it’s free!36. Many America parks give free concerts on their lawns because they_____.A.have the necessary facilitiesB.can attract more visitorsC.want to serve the publicD.are in a position to invite musicians37. The concerts in parks are often financially supported by _____.A.the parks themselvesB.big organizationsC.professional musiciansD.music fans38. For Semi-professional artists, performing before the public is a good chance _____.A.to improve themselves in their careerB.to help train amateur performersC.to make friends with superstarsD.to get involved in profitable business39. The concerts can attract so many people mainly because_____.A.the attendants don’t have to payB.the seating is on a first come basisC.they provide free picnic supperD.they are held in the open air40.The phrase ”soak up” in the last paragraph probably means_____.A.absorbB.warm upC.enjoye upPassage threeLibraries form a vital part of the world’s systems of communication and education. They make available knowledge accumulated through the ages, people in all walks of life use library resources in their work. People also go to libraries to satisfy a desire for knowledge or to obtain material for leisure time activity. In addition ,many people enjoy book discussions, concerts, film programs, lectures, story hours, and a variety of other activities provided by libraries. Libraries also play an important role in preserving a society’s cultural heritage(遗产). The library ranks as one of society’s most useful service institutions.The contents of libraries have changed so much through the years that the word library itself is , in a sense, inaccurate. The word comes from the Latin word liber, which means book. Today’s libraries house many books, of course. However, they also have a wide variety of other materials that communicate, educate, and entertain. These materials include magazines, manuscripts( 手稿), newspapers, and computer documents. Audio and visual materials include CDs, audiocassette tapes, videotapes, films, maps, paintings, and photographs.In addition to regular books, a library may have large-type books, books for the blind and tape recordings of books, called talking books. Librarians keep pace with the changing contents of libraries to serve as many people as possible. Their efforts have turned libraries into multimedia resource centers.The expansion of library contents greatly increases the library’s ability to communicate and educate. For example, people interested in classical music can listen to CDs and read books on the topic. Students of agriculture can read magazines and watch videotapes on farming methods. Many people use magazines and newspapers find the most up-to-date material on current events.In addition to expanding contents, librarians have developed many kinds of libraries to serve the needs of different people. The materials of each kind of library are selected to meet the needs of a specific group of patrons. School libraries have collections that provide the information needed by elementary and high school students. Public libraries tailor their collections to the general public. Government library collection are geared chiefly toward serving the need of government officials. Thousands of special libraries provide information for professional people, such as advertising specialists bankers editors, engineers, lawyers, physicians and scientists.41. The word library originally meant_____.A.freedom from ignoranceB.collections of booksC.means of communicationD.storage of knowledge42. Which of the following statements shows libraries nowadays serve as multimedia resource centers?A.people can visit them at their convenient time.B.people can learn about different cultures in them.C.they house educational and recreational materials in a variety of forms.D.they provide information for professional people in different fields.43. Including talking books in their collections is a good example of_____.A.the expansion of the contents of librariesB.the development of special librariesC.the entertaining function of librariesD.the recording service in libraries44. In the last paragraph, the word ”patrons” probably means_____.A.professional peopleB.academic researchersC.librariansD.readers45. The information provided in this passage may help us_____.A.make better use of the library as a useful service institutionB.pay more attention to up-to-date news provided in librariesC.better understand librarians and appreciate their hard workD.save more time for entertainment in library activitiesPassage fourStudents who want to enter the university of Montreal’s athletic complex need more than just a conventional ID card-their identities must be proved genuine by an electronic hand scanner. In some California housing estates, a key alone is insufficient to get someone in the door, his or her voiceprint must also be verified(确认). and soon customers at some Japans banks will have to present their faces for scanning before they came enter the building and withdraw their money.All of these are applications of biometrics, a fast-growing technology that involves the use of physical or biological characteristic to identify individuals. In use for more than a decade at some high security government institutions in the United States and Canada, biometrics is rapidly pooping up in the everyday world.Biometric security systems operate by storing a digitized record of some unique human feature. When a user wishes to enter or use the facility, the system scans the person’s corresponding characteristics and attempts to match them against those on record. Systems using fingerprints, hands, voices, eyes, and faces are already on the market. Others using typing patterns and even body smells are in various stages of development.Fingerprints scanners are currently the most widely used type of biometric application, thanks to their growing use over the last 20 years by law-enforcement agencies. Sixteen American states now use biometric fingerprint verification systems to check that people claiming welfare payments are genuine. Politicians. In Toronto have voted to do the same ,with a testing project beginning next year.Not surprisingly, biometrics raises difficult questions about privacy and the potential for abuse. Some worry that governments and industry will be tempted to use the technology to monitor individual behavior. “If someone used your fingerprints to match your health-insurance records with credit-card record showing that you regularly bought lots of cigarettes and fatty foods,” says one policy analyst, ”you would see you insurance payments go through the roof.”In Toronto, critics of the welfare fingerprint plan complained that it would force people to submit to a procedure widely identified with criminals.Nevertheless, support for biometrics is growing in Toronto as it is in many other communities. In an increasingly crowded and complicated world, biometrics may well be a technology whose time has come.46. according to the author, biometric technology is _____.A.in the stage of theoretical studyB.widely used in the worldC.about to be out of dateD.developing rapidly47. What is one of the advantages of biometric technology?A.It better protects people’s privacy.B.It helps people follow a healthy life style.C.It is cheaper than traditional mathods.D.It identifies people more accurately.48. The author used the health insurance case mainly to ________.A.illustrate the use of the technologyB.give suggestions on buying insuranceC.draw attention to the problem of the technologyD.emphasize the importance of health diet49. In which of the following situations is biometric technology NOT used?puters are switched on by a voice order.B.Doctors diagnose disease through patients’ voice.C.Museum doors are controlled by palm scanner.D.The police identify criminals through fingerprints.50. Which word would you use to describe the author’s tone in this passage?A. Supportive.B. Objective.C. Critical.D. Indifferent.Part IV Cloze Test (15minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered bland, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Colleges in the US have added a new subject, “green chemistry”, to their curriculum (课程) today. “Green chemistry 51 how we can develop products that won’t 52 the environment,”explains Paul Anastas, director of Yale University’s Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering. It opened at the beginning of this year. The American Chemical Society,53 approves more than 600 college chemistry programs, only lists about a dozen that teach green chemistry. But that 54 is growing.Cambridge College in Massachusetts is offering “an introducton to green chemistry” course this fall and is offering the nation’s first bachelor’s and master’s 55 in green chemistry. The program will have classes in environmental science and even environmental 56 and policy. These subjects are not 57 taught to chemistry majors.Employers 58 the introduction of green chemistry. Businesses are increasingly seeking graduates 59 backgrounds in the subject because it can help them make or save money in the development and manufacturing of products. “We need people who can not only understand their place 60 , but also understand the worldwide perspective,” said Adam Peterson, a chemicals division manager at Dow Corning Corp.51 A. looks on B. looks in C. looks at D. looks after52 A. injure B. distress C. wound D. hurt53 A. which B. that C. such D. thus54 A. size B. number C. amount D. quantity55 A. titles B. degrees C. status D. ranks56 A. law B. act C. bill D. treaty57 A. controversially B. eventually C. gradually D. traditionally58 A. dislike B. ignore C. welcome D. enjoy59 A. on. B. in C. with D. from60 A. in a row B. in person C. in common D. in a chain二卷（25分）略参考答案：Part I Dialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points) 1—5 B D C A D6—10 B C A C BPart II Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points) 11—15 C B A A D16—20 A C B B A21—25 A A C C A26—30 D D D B BPart III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points) 31—35 B A D C C36—40 C B A A C41—45 B C A D A46—50 D D C B BPart ⅣCloze Test ( 15 minutes, 10 points )51—55 C D A B B56—60 A D C C B。

2008考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is大1家to say it anyway.He is that大2家bird,a scientist who works independently大3家any institution.Hehelped popularize the idea that some diseases not大4家thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.大5家he,however,might tremble at the大6家of what he is about to do.Togetherwith another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only大7家that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in大8家are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,大9家12-15points above the大10家value of100,and have contributed大11家to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,asthe大12家of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,大13家.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breastcancer.These facts,大14家,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been大15家to social effects,such as a strong tradition of大16家education.The latter was seen as a(an)大17家of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately大18家.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 大19家them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this大20家state of affairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]given up[B]got over[C]carried on[D]put down16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes,“it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by, unfortunately,parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at18and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C]are more capable of avoiding stress.[D]are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph4,the stress women confront tends to be[A]domestic and temporary.[B]irregular and violent.[C]durable and frequent.[D]trivial and random.24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)shows that[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Strain of Stress:No Way Out?[B]Responses to Stress:Gender Difference[C]Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say[D]Gender Inequality:Women Under StressText2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reachingconsequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7billion and$11billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than1.2million articles each year in some16,000journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discusses[A]the background information of journal editing.[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D]the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to[A]cover the cost of its publication.[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.[D]complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text3In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than140years ago, today’s people–especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations–apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller.“In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demands calories and nutrients–notably,protein–to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inch and a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height–5′9″for men,5′4″for women–hasn’t really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don’t expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need topredict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C]compare different generations of NBA players.[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text4In1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52, was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slaveryplayed in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington, His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of1800by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in1803;the new land was carved into13states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B]in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)是大家网原创出品Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)是大家网原创出品Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)是大家网原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)是大家网原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45)是大家网原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times–and then again–working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression. [C]It’s worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may lookterrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topicinto a tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explainshow the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in“A&P,”the student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will verylikely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,thathis power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,because the“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one, he submits,could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning.He was willing to assert that“I have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,but not,I believe,in any higher degree.”(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him considerable,and music very great,delight.In1881,however,he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob,your landlord there.Write him a letter to1)make an apology,and2)suggest a solution.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2008年真题答案解析Section I:Use of English(10points)1.【答案】[B]【解析】本题测试语义逻辑衔接。

2008年管理类联考英语真题及答案

绝密★启用前2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考英语试卷考生需知1.选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。

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Section I Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one to complete the sentence, Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.1. Oil is an important ___ material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.fertileflexible D.raw B.A.bleak C.2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to____ 25 percent of the world’s oil.presumeconsume C.resume D.assume B.A.3. You shouldn’t be so ____ I didn't mean anything bad in what I said.sophisticatedsensitive D.A.sentimental B.sensible C.4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ____ of art for later generations.themeA.viewpoint D.philosophy B.concept C.5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.suspect D.object C.withdrawA.deny B.6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.parallelneutral D.A.mutual B.optional C.7. Williams had not been there during the ____ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A.vital D.unique superior B.rigorous C.8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents holding a wide ___ of jobs.C.scale D.areafieldrange B.A.9. Modern manufacturing had ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A. translatedB. transformedC. transferredD. transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.excludedextendedD.excelled C.A.exceeded B.11. Voices were ____ as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.raiseddeveloped D.A.swollen B.increased C.12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to perfect health, ____ others will take a longer time.whereaswhere C.when D.which B.A.13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very ____ about the food he eats.particular D.peculiar C.unusualA.special B.14. Britain might still be part of France of it weren't ____ a disastrous flood 200,000years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.in D.forwith C.A.upon B.15. The Water Prize is an international award that ____outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.requires C.relaysreleases D.A.recognizes B.16. In its 14 years of ____ , the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.existence D.eminence endurance B.A.emergence C.17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had ____ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.________widespread belief, cockroaches(蟑螂)would not take over the world if there were no one around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ______to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A. turned inB. turned outC. turned upD. turned downSection II Cloze (10 Points)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes __21__ different nations compete against each other in a __22__ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.In order to __23__ the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). After all proposals have been __24__ , the IOC votes. If no city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues, with __25__ rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__ the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the __27__ of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to __28__ the Games effectively.The IOC also __29__ which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. __30__ , Tokyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico City, Mexico, the host of the 1968 Summer Games, were chosen __31__ to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America.__32__ the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into __33__ the host city’s time zone. __34__ the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay __35__ higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events __36__ , in prime viewing hours.__37__ the Games have been awarded, it is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television __38__ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39__ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40__ . When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, thecity was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. Suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C,and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Questions 41to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the chip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto(座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun,” says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some ＄10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites . These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual moneythat it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than4, 600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier-what Bob Meyer, publisher of Barter News, calls “the double coincidence of wants.” That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered” because many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade” trading partners for honesty, quality and so on . Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or non-tradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para . 1) probably refers to those who are________.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they________.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ______.A. the size of barter sitesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implied that Internet advertisements can help .A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin’, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shootin”, start thinkin’, and keep livin’.” The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance (监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker, who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technologyin Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes) that after the murder the city will to longer stand by in coldness, For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty-almost one in three people lives below the poverty line-and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical, Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60%of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess, But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark: now, a year later, the figure is 30%. Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30% (though the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murderB. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye” (Line 5, Para.2) isA. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48. We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPTpoverty D.flood C.indifference violenceA.B.49. Mayor Booker’s efforts against crime seem to be ____.A.fruitlessimpractical C.effective D.idealisticB.50. The best title for passage may be ____.A. Stop Shootin’, Start Thinkin’, and Keep Livin’B. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 per cent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner, While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship, in truth it may just be a from of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult,even more so when children are involved, The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an “escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in bong-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible ＄100，000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage. “He’d think it was my escape fund so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.” Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen, for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. “I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund and that I feel very secure in our relationship.I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy daysin the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”（from: ）51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because __ .A. “escape fund” helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy” (Line 2, Para, 2) probably means ____.simpleshrewd D.A.suspicious B.secure C.53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique womanB. She was once divorcedC. She is going go retireD. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show ____.A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summarizes this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’ is no longer taboo(禁忌语)”.This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared thattheir economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it, Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs. Suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice. A little hypocrisy（虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that keep the post of managing director, but all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade. Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die.And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection” (Line 1, Para.1) means__ .A. improving economic efficiencyB. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because .A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned” (Lines3-4,Para.2) the author implies that ____.A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have turned advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because if ____.A. set a long-term rather than short-term goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that ____.A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’ interests are being ignored by economic leadersSection IV Translation (20 points)Directions: In this section there is a paragraph in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The term “business model” first came into widespread use with the invention of the personal computer and the spreadsheet (空白表格程序) . Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and sub- components analyzed. You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought? –and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model thebehavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V Writing (20 points)Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.以往许多人报考成人高校，是为圆文凭梦。

2008年考研英语真题详细解析(3)

2008年考研英语真题详细解析(3)应用文范文Dear Bob,I am writing to express my apology to you.Several days ago, I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately, after I came back from Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will send it to you by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate for any troubles it may cause.Once again, I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.Sincerely yours,Li Ming大作文范文As is illustrated in the picture, the two disabled persons whose crippled legs are bound together do a lot of traveling. Accordingly, this far-reaching picture reflects a common phenomenon in today's society: the people who are in the dark want to turn the corner but they can not make it respectively and in turn they have to choose to pull together in times of trouble.There are several reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle, we may encounter various plights, where we would be at a loss rather than to seek for others' assistance. Further more, if we do not offer help to each other when we confront dilemma, we would not realize our dream. And no issue in China is as basic to build up the society in harmony as to conduct coordination in face of disasters.Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the value of mutual aid. It is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to advocate spirit of supporting each other. To begin with, the government shouldmake laws to encourage people to unite. In addition, people should enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they are in trouble. Only in those ways, can we make people, even not being acquaintance, help each other.。

2008年考研英语真题及解析

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8are a particularpeople originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and havecontributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including severalworld-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former hasbeen 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experien ce demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expens es[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far,made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches t aller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the geneti c architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, aut hor of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necess ary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one longargument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in an y higher degree.” (49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, ho wever, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。

2008年考研英语真题答案解析

2008年考研英语真题答案解析Section I: Use of English (10 points)1.【答案】[B]【解析】本题测试语义逻辑衔接。

“ selected”意为“挑选”; “prepared”意为“准备”; “obliged”意为“迫使，责成”;“pleased”意为“高兴地，满足地”，前一句“人们不敢说”，本句中由“but ”一词可推出意思与上句相反，即“Cochran 准备说”，所以选B.2.【答案】[D]【解析】本题测试词义辨析。

“unique”意为“唯一的，独特的”;“particular”意为“特殊的，独特的”;“special”意为“特别的，特殊的”;“rare”意为“稀罕的，珍贵的”，rare bird 意为“稀有的人”，空格相关意思是“只有Cochra准备说”，而且“rare bird”是固定搭配,所以选D3.【答案】[A]【解析】本题测试介词的语意搭配, independently of 意为“不依赖于，独立”，所以选A4.【答案】[C]【解析】本题测试词义辨析。

由“actually”推出本句是对现在和以前对疾病看法的对比，所以选C5.【答案】[C]【解析】本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。

Even 做程度副词，表示递进关系，意为“即使他自己也…”.所以选C6.【答案】[A]【解析】本题测试词义搭配。

空格相关意思是“一想到他即将要做的，即使他自己也….”“At thought of ”意为“一看到…”; at sight of意为年“一看见”;at cost of 意为“以…的代价”;at risk of意为“冒着….的危险”，所以选A7.【答案】[B]【解析】本题测试动词辨析。

advice意为“建议”; suggest意为“建议，提出’”; protest “主张，断言”; object“反对”，此句指“在论文中，他建议…”，所以选B8.【答案】[A]【解析】本题测试词组搭配，in progress 意为“进行中”;in fact 意为“事实上”; in need意为“在危难中”; in question 意为“正在被讨论的”，前一句正在谈论“ group 群体” ,本句衔接上一句表达“正在被讨论的这个群体”，所以选D9.【答案】[B]【解析】本题考查动词辨析。

【考研必备】2008年考研英语真题及解析

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is1to say it anyway.He is that2bird,a scientist who worksindependently3any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not4thought to have a bacterialcause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5he,however,might tremble at the6of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only7that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explainsthe process that has brought this about.The group in8are a particularpeople originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,912-15points above the10value of100,and have contributed11to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the12of their elites,including several world-renownedscientists,13.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such asbreast cancer.These facts,14,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been15to social effects,such as a strong tradition of16education.The latter was seen as a(an)17of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18.His argument is that the unusual history of thesepeople has19them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this20state of affairs.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1.[A]selected.[A]unique.[A]of[B]prepared[B]particular[B]with[C]obliged[C]special[C]in[D]pleased[D]rare[D]against[D]lately.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[C]Even.[A]Only[B]So[D]Hence[D]risk.[A]thought.[A]advises.[A]progress.[A]attaining0.[A]normal[B]sight[C]cost[B]suggests[B]fact[C]protests[C]need[D]objects[D]question[D]calculating[D]total[B]scoring[B]common[C]reaching[C]mean1.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably2.[A]missions3.[A]affirm[B]fortunes[B]witness[C]interests[C]observe[D]careers[D]approve1 1 1 1 26.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing[C]consequence[D]instrument7.[A]development[B]origin8.[A]linked[B]integrated[B]subjected[C]woven[D]combined[D]directed9.[A]limited0.[A]paradoxical[C]converted[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr.Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes,“it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by,unfortunately,parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at18and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain.Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[ [ [ [A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda’s research suggests that women.[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C]are more capable of avoiding stress[D]are exposed to more stress23.According to Paragraph4,the stress women confront tends to be.[A]domestic and temporary[B]irregular and violent[C]durable and frequent[D]trivial and random24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line5,Para.5)shows that.[ [ [ [A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making moneyB]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expensesC]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobsD]Alvarez paid practically everything by check25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[ [ [ [A]Strain of Stress:No Way Out?B]Response to Stress:Gender DifferenceC]Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say?D]Gender Inequality:Women Under StressText2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,madehandsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7billion and$11billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2million articles each year in some16,000journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is theso-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(orhis employer)to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybridsof these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discusses.[A]the background information of journal editing[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers[D]the traditional process of journal publication27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that.[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to.[ [ [ [A]cover the cost of its publicationB]subscribe to the journal publishing itC]allow other online journals to use it freelyD]complete the peer-review before submission30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[ [ [B]A new mode of publication is emerging.C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D]Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text3In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National BasketballAssociation(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than140years ago,today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller.“In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appearsto result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demands calories and nutrients—notably,protein —t o feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inch and a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height—5'9"for men,5'4"for women—hasn’t really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth,larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don’t expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon,senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to.[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA playersB]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[[C]compare different generations of NBA players[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future.[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable35.The text intends to tell us that.[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B]human height is becoming even more predictable[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText4In1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52,was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significant,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington,His Slaves,and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of1800by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in1803;the new land was carved into13states,including three slave states.Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately150other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to.[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that.[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B]in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[ [ [ [A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his.[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text,some segments have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)_______________.Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)_______________.Grammar, punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise.Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)_______________.Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)_______________.These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45)_______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words,sentences andcorrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C]It’s worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in“A&P”the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,because the“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one,he submits,could havewritten it without possessing some power of reasoning.He was willing to assert that“I have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not,I believe,in any higher degree.”(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him considerable,and music very great, delight.In1881,however,he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob,your landlord there.Write him a letter to1)make an apology,and2)suggest a solution.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20points)2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。

2008医学考博英语统考真题

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man’s absence.2. A.A thoracic case.thoracic[θɔː'ræsɪk]adj.[解剖]胸的；[解剖]胸廓的B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.3. A.In the housing office on campus. B.In the downtown hotel.C.At a rental agency.D.In the nursing home.4. A.Thrilled.vt.使…颤动；使…紧张；使…感到兴奋或激动n.激动；震颤；紧张vi.颤抖；感到兴奋；感到紧张B.Refreshed[rɪ'freʃ]vt.更新；使……恢复；消除……的疲劳vi.恢复精神；喝饮料，吃点心；补充给养C.Exhausted.exhausted[ɪɡ'zɔːstɪd]adj.疲惫的；耗尽的v.耗尽；用尽；使…精疲力尽（exhaust的过去式）D.Depressed.adj.沮丧的；萧条的；压低的v.使沮丧；使萧条（depress的过去式和过去分词形式）；压低5. A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.picnic['pɪknɪk]n.野餐vi.去野餐C.To cruise,even without his friends.n.巡航，巡游；乘船游览vt.巡航，巡游；漫游vi.巡航，巡游；漫游D.To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A.He’s got a revert.[rɪ'vɜːt]vt.使回复原n.恢复原状者vi.回复；重提；返祖遗传；归还B.He’s got nausea.nausea[ˈnɔ:ziə]n.恶心，晕船；极端的憎恶C.He’s got diarrhea.diarrhea[,daɪə'riə]n.腹泻，痢疾D.He’s got a runny nose.流鼻涕用的线7.A.To suture the man’s wound.suture['suːtʃə]n.缝合；缝合处；缝合状vt.缝合B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man’s injured.D.To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A.Mr.Lindley had got injured. B.Mr.Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr.Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr.Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.分手；结束，打碎B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.adj.废弃的；被甩了的v.倾倒；猛地扔下11.A.The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.12.A.It was more expensive than the original price. B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.13.A.excited. B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.adj.漠不关心的；无关紧要的；中性的，中立的D.Concerned.14.A.She regrets buying the car. B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the car.D.This is the car she has been wanting.15.A.He is seriously ill. B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16.A.He has got bowel cancer. B.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.17.A.To have a colonoscopy. B.To seek a second opinion.C.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.18.A.A pretty minor surgery. B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.19.A.Thankful. B.Admiring. C.Resentful. D.Respectful.20.A.It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D.It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21.A.Smoking and Lung Cancer. B.Lung Cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.22.A.Current smokers exclusively. B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problems.D.At age40or over.23.A.156 B.269 C.7498 D.942724.A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer,men seem to live longer than men.25.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26.A.A hobby B.The whole worldC.learning experience.D.A career to earn a living27.A.Her legs were brokenB.Her arms were brokenC.Her shoulders were severely injuredD.Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28.A.She learned a foreign language B.She learned to make friends.C.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned a living skills.29.A.She worked as a skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in a clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.30.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten. B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section A31.I’m afraid that you’ll have to___________the deterioration n.恶化；退化；堕落of the condition.A.account for对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占B.call for要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊C.look for寻找D.make for导致；有助于；走向32.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous adj.慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的___________of your time to the nursing home.A.affliction n.苦难；苦恼；折磨B.alternative adj.供选择的；选择性的；交替的n.二中择一；供替代的选择C.allocation n.分配，配置；安置（location n.位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地）distributeD.alliance n.联盟，联合；联姻33.Every product is_________tested before being put into market.A.expensivelyB.exceptionally adv.异常地；特殊地；例外地C.exhaustively adv.耗尽一切地D.exclusively adv.唯一地；专有地；排外地34.Having clean hands is one of the___________rules when preparing food.A.potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的B.conditional adj.有条件的；假定的n.条件句；条件语C.inseparable adj.[数]不可分割的；不能分离的n.不可分离的事物；形影不离的朋友D.cardinal n.红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色；【鸟类】(北美)主红雀adj.主要的，基本的；深红色的35.The educators should try hard to develop the________abilities of children.A.cohesive adj.有结合力的；紧密结合的；有粘着力的B.cognitive adj.认知的，认识的C.collective adj.集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的n.集团；集合体；集合名词ic adj.喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的n.连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物36.Mortgage vt.抵押n.抵押房屋抵押贷款___________had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A.defects n.缺点，缺陷；不足之处vi.变节；叛变B.deficits n.赤字；不足额C.defaults vi.拖欠；不履行；不到场n.违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值vt.不履行；不参加（比赛等）；对…处以缺席裁判（fault n.故障；[地质]断层；错误；缺点；毛病；（网球等）发球失误vi.弄错；产生断层）D.deceptions n.欺骗，欺诈；骗术37.The symptoms n.[临床]症状；症候；病徵may be__________by certain drugs.A.exaggerated adj.夸张的，言过其实的v.夸张，夸大B.exacerbated vt.使加剧；使恶化；激怒=aggravateC.exceeded adj.非常的；过度的；溢出的v.超过（exceed的过去分词）；越出D.exhibited adj.展出的v.展出；表现出（exhibit的过去分词）38.Her story was a complete adj.完整的；完全的；彻底的vt.完成_________from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A.facility n.设施；设备；容易；灵巧B.fascination n.魅力；魔力；入迷（adj.fascinating迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的fascinated着迷的；被深深吸引的）C.fabrication n.制造，建造；装配；伪造物（n.fabric织物；布；组织；构造；fabricator制作者；杜撰者v.fabricated制造，组装；伪造，捏造（fabricate的过去分词）vt.fabricate制造；伪造；装配）D.faculty n.科，系；能力；全体教员39.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out排除；取消；划去；反对；阻止_________.A.salvage n.打捞；海上救助；抢救财货；救难的奖金vt.抢救；海上救助B.safeguard n.[安全]保护；保卫；保护措施vt.[安全]保护，护卫C.sabotage vt.妨害；对…采取破坏行动vi.从事破坏活动n.破坏；破坏活动；怠工D.sacrifice n.牺牲；祭品；供奉vt.牺牲；献祭；亏本出售vi.献祭；奉献40.The government always_________on the background n.背景；隐蔽的位置vt.作…的背景adj.背景的；发布背景材料的of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A.takes up拿起；开始从事；占据(时间,地方)B.checks up检查；核对（check out检验；结账离开；通过考核；盖章，结账后离开，结帐后离开，办理退房、出院手续）C.works out解决；算出；实现；制定出；消耗完；弄懂；锻炼D.looks into调查；观察；窥视；浏览；看Section B41.The19th century physiology n.生理学；生理机能was dominated vt.控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位vi.占优势；处于支配地位by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass体重and activity.A.boosted adj.升高的；升压的；加力的v.提高，推进；宣传（boost的过去式）erned v.管理（govern的过去式和过去分词）；统治；支配C.clarified adj.澄清的；透明的v.阐明（clarify的过去分词形式）；澄清D.pioneered v.倡导；作先驱（pioneer的过去式）42.Surely,it would be sensible adj.明智的合乎情理的通情达理的意识到的，能感觉到的to get a second opinion before taking any further action.采取进一步行动，进一步的行动A.realistic adj.现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的B.sensitive adj.敏感的；感觉的；[仪]灵敏的；感光的；易受伤害的；易受影响的n.敏感的人；有灵异能力的人C.reasonable adj.合理的，公道的；通情达理的D.sensational adj.轰动的；耸人听闻的；非常好的；使人感动的（economic sanction经济制裁）43.The Chinese people hold the ancestors n.祖先；被继承人in great veneration.n.尊敬；崇拜（Ancestor veneration祖先崇拜）A.recognition n.识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；公认B.sincerity n.真实，诚挚C.heritage n.遗产；传统；继承物；继承权D.honor n.荣誉；尊敬；勋章vt.尊敬；[金融]承兑；承兑远期票据44.I worked to develop the requisite skill必要技能（requisite adj.必备的，必不可少的；需要的n.必需品）for managerial adj.[管理]管理的；经理的post.n.岗位；邮件；标杆vt.张贴；公布；邮递；布置vi.快速行进A.perfect adj.完美的；最好的；精通的vt.使完美；使熟练n.完成式B.exquisite adj.精致的；细腻的；优美的，高雅的；异常的；n.服饰过于讲究的男子C.unique adj.独特的，稀罕的；[数]唯一的，独一无二的n.独一无二的人或物D.necessary adj.必要的；必需的；必然的n.必需品45.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity维修活动and an index n.指标；指数；索引；指针vi.做索引vt.指出；编入索引中of physiological age生理年龄,the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.二者择一的；要么…要么…A.instance n.实例；情况；建议vt.举...为例B.indicator n.指示器；[试剂]指示剂；[计]指示符；压力计C.appearance n.外貌，外观；出现，露面D.option n.[计]选项；选择权；买卖的特权（potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）46.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise剧烈运动.（strenuous adj.紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的）A.arduous adj.努力的；费力的；险峻的B.demanding adj.苛求的；要求高的；吃力的v.要求；查问（demand的ing形式）C.potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的D.continuous adj.连续的，持续的；继续的；连绵不断的47.The hospital should be held accountable for负责，对…应付责任the quality of care护理质量it delivers.A.practicable adj.可用的；行得通的；可实行的B.reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的n.可靠的人C.flexible adj.灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的D.responsible adj.负责的，可靠的；有责任的48.Greenpeace n.绿色和平组织（保护动物不遭捕猎等）has been invite to appraise vt.评价，鉴定；估价the environment costs of such an operation.A.esteem vt.尊敬；认为；考虑；估价n.尊重；尊敬B.appreciate vt.欣赏；感激；领会；鉴别vi.增值；涨价appropriate adj.适当的；恰当的；合适的C.evaluate vt.评价；估价；求…的值vi.评价；估价audit,estimate,assess,reckonD.approve vt.批准；赞成；为…提供证据vi.批准；赞成；满意49.The company still hopes to find a buyer,but the future looks bleak.adj.阴冷的；荒凉的，无遮蔽的；黯淡的，无希望的；冷酷的；单调的A.chilly adj.寒冷的；怕冷的B.dismal adj.凄凉的，忧郁的；阴沉的，沉闷的n.低落的情绪C.promising adj.有希望的，有前途的v.许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）D.fanatic n.狂热入迷者；盲信者；盲信adj.狂热的；盲信的50.These were vital adj.至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的decisions n.决定，决心；决议that bore upon（bear upon）有关；瞄准；对…施加压力the happiness of everybody.A.ensured vt.保证，确保；使安全B.ruined n.废墟；毁坏；灭亡vt.毁灭；使破产vi.破产；堕落；被毁灭C.achieved vt.取得；获得；实现；成功vi.达到预期的目的，实现预期的结果，如愿以偿D.influenced n.影响；势力；感化；有影响的人或事vt.影响；改变Part III Cloze(10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid?Or is intelligence n.智力；情报工作；情报机关；理解力developed by our environment and our experiences（可数名词：经历；不可数名词：经验）?Strangely___51___,the answer to both these questions is yes.To some extent在一定程度上；在某种程度上our intelligence is given us at birth生下来时（innate adj.先天的；固有的；与生俱来的）,and no amount of即使再大（或再多）的…（也不）special education can make a genius n.天才，天赋；精神___52____a child born with low intelligence.On the other hand另一方面,a child who lives in boring adj.无聊的；令人厌烦的environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding.Thus the___53___of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth,but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___.This view,not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent在一定程度上；在某种程度上___55___we are born with.The closer the blood relationship血统；血缘关系between two people,the closer they are likely to be in intelligence.Thus if we take two unrelated people___56___,it is likelythat their degrees of intelligence will be completely different.If on the other hand we take two identical twins[遗]同卵双胞胎；[妇产]单卵性双胎they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters,parents and children,usually have___57___intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments.We might send one,for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring.We would soon find differences in intelligence developing,and this indicates vt.表明；指出；预示；象征that environment___59___birth plays a part.This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___that people who live in close contact with each other.But who are not related at all,are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.53.A.amounts n.数量，总额（amount的复数）v.总和（amount的第三人称单数形式）B.qualities[统计]品质C.limits n.限制；限度；界线vt.限制；限定D.scores n.分数；二十；配乐；刻痕vt.获得；评价；划线，刻划；把…记下vi.得分；记分；54.A.disposition n.处置；[心理]性情；[军]部署；倾向B.perception n.知觉；[生理]感觉；看法；洞察力；获取C.endowment n.捐赠；捐助；捐款；天资56.A.in advance adv.预先，提前B.for effect为了给人良好的印象；为了得到效果C.at random胡乱地；随便地；任意地D.under way进行中；航行中；在行进57.A.similar adj.相似的n.类似物B.various adj.各种各样的；多方面的C.appropriate adj.适当的；恰当的；合适的vt.占用，拨出D.inborn adj.天生的；先天的Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage One1.Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart.Without it, Sean would die.Sean’s case is not unusual.Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.四处走动；供应；（消息）流传2.Now scientists say/they can alter the genetic make-up基因组成，遗传构成of certain animals/so that their organs may be acceptable to使...可接受humans.With this gene-altering technique to overcome vt.克服；胜过vi.克服；得胜（come over过来；顺便来访；抓住）our immune rejection免疫排斥to foreign organs,scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants vt.移植；迁移；使移居n.移植；移植器官；被移植物；移居者vi.移植；迁移；移居by the year2008.3.That prospect n.前途；预期；景色vi.勘探，找矿vt.勘探，勘察,however,has stirred up激起；煽动；搅拌；唤起strong opposition n.反对；反对派；在野党；敌对among animal fight activities.They protest vi.抗议；断言vt.抗议；断言n.抗议adj.表示抗议的；抗议性的that the whole idea of/using animal organs is cruel adj.残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的，让人受难的；无情的，严酷的and unjust.adj.不公平的，不公正的；非正义的.Some scientists also fear such transplants may transmit vt.传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传unknown diseases to humans.4.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is lions of/dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs.They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable adj.可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的.The key is to convince people to eat healthily,and not to smoke or drink alcohol.Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial adj.人造的；仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的organs.5.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help,spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea.If enough people were educated about organ donations,everyone who needed an organ could be taken off起飞；脱下；离开the waiting list in a year.61.What is the problem the passage begins with?A.High mortality rate of immune rejection.B.A malpractice n.玩忽职守；不法行为；治疗不当in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplant.D.A shortage of human organs.62.Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue技术问题,according to the passage but also it_________________________.A.introduces an issue of inhumanity n.不人道，无人性；残暴B.raises the issue of justice n.司法，法律制裁；正义；法官，审判员in medicineC.presents a significant adj.重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的n.象征；有意义的事物threat to human nature人性；人类本性D.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63.Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs,some scientists___________________.A.are to narrow adj.狭窄的，有限的；勉强的；精密的；度量小的n.海峡；狭窄部分，隘路vt.使变狭窄the scope n.范围；余地；视野；眼界；导弹射程vt.审视of organ transplantsB.switch to v.切换到；转到；转变成t he development of artificial organse up with提出；想出；赶上alternatives to the current problemD.set out to打算，着手,开始purchase n.购买；紧握；起重装置vt.购买；赢得vi.购买东西better ways of treating heart disease64.It can be inferred from推断the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential n.潜能；可能性；[电]电势adj.潜在的；可能的；势的（potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）to be explored vt.探索；探测；探险C.people prefer vt.更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升vi.喜欢；愿意the use of animal organs for medical purposes n.目的；用途；意志vt.决心；企图；打算D.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65.The information the passage carries is__________________________.A.enlightening adj.使人领悟的；有启发作用的v.启蒙；通知（enlighten的ing形式）B.unbelievable adj.难以置信的；不可信的C.imaginative adj.虚构的；富于想象的；有创造力的（imaginable可能的；可想像的）D.factual adj.事实的Passage Two1.There is a great irony n.讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事adj.铁的；似铁的of21st century global health:While many hundreds of millions of数以亿计people lack adequate adj.充足的；适当的；胜任的food as a result of economic inequities n.不公平，不公正,political corruption政治腐败（corruption n.贪污，腐败；堕落）,or warfare n.战争；冲突,many hundreds of millions more are overweight/to the point of达到…的程度increased risk for/diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity n.肥大，肥胖is a worldwide phenomenon n.现象；奇迹；杰出的人才,affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but/the poorest countries/to divert vt.转移；使…欢娱；使…转向scarce resources稀有资源（scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的adv.仅仅；几乎不；几乎没有）away from food security粮食安全；食品安全；食物保障to take care of people with preventable adj.可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的heart disease and diabetes.n.糖尿病；多尿症长难句：Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon,affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but/（the poorest countries）to divert away from/food security to/take care of people with /preventable heart disease and diabetes.2.To reverse n.背面；相反；倒退；失败vt.颠倒；倒转adj.反面的；颠倒的；反身的the obesity epidemic adj.流行的；传染性的n.传染病；流行病；风尚等的流行,we must address vt.演说；从事；忙于；写姓名地址；向…致辞；与…说话；提出；处理n.地址；演讲；致辞；说话的技巧；称呼the fundamental cause根本原因.Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended vt.花费；消耗；用光；耗尽in activity.The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity.People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active.Market economies encourage this.They make people with expendable adj.可消费的；排出的；不重复使用的；可牺牲的n.消耗品income into consumers of aggressively adv.侵略地；攻击地；有闯劲地（侵略=aggress;aggression;invade;invasion）（exaggerated adj.夸张的，言过其实的v.夸张，夸大aggravate vt.加重；使恶化；激怒）marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value营养价值,and of cars,television set,and computers that promote sedentary adj.久坐的；坐惯的；定栖的；静坐的behavior.Gaining weight are good business.Food is particularly business because everyone eats.3.Moreover adv.而且；此外,food is so overproduced vt.过度生产that many countries, especially the rich ones,have far more than远远超过，多得多的they need-another irony.In the United States,to take an extreme adj.极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的n.极端；末端；最大程度；极端的事物example,most adults--of all ages,incomes,educational levels,and census vt.实施统计调查n.人口普查，人口调查categories n.种类，分类；[数]范畴–are overweight.The U.S.food supply provides3800kilocalories per person per day,nearly twice as much as required vt.需要；要求；命令by many adults.Overabundant adj.太充足的；过多的food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising,health claims,new products,large portions.And campaigns vi.作战；参加竞选；参加活动n.运动；活动；战役directed toward children.Food marketing promotes weight gain.Indeed adv.的确；实在；真正地；甚至,it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food;certainly not the agriculture,food product, grocery n.食品杂货店,restaurant,diet or drug industries.All flourish n.兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰vt.夸耀；挥舞vi.繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期when people eat more.And all employ armies of lobbyists n.说客；活动议案通过者to discourage vt.阻止；使气馁government from doing anything to inhibit vt.抑制；禁止=bar；restrain；control；stay overeating.注：discourage sb from doing阻止某人做某事;阻止做某事;不鼓励;劝某人打消做某事的念头66.The great irony of21st century global public health refers to_____________.A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive adj.反作用的；抵抗的；反对的n.反作用；抵抗，对抗；反对measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous adj.多余的；不必要的；奢侈的consumption of foodC.the scarce natural resource and the negligence of food securityD.the consumption n.消费；消耗；肺痨of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67.To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic,according to the passage,is _______.A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with处理，应付the energy imbalance issueC.to combat vt.反对；与…战斗n.战斗；争论adj.战斗的；为…斗争的diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health68.As we can learn from the passage,the second irony refers to参考；涉及；指的是；适用于_____________.A.affluence n.富裕；丰富；流入；汇聚and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperity经济繁荣；发展生产（prosperity n.繁荣，成功）D.diseases of civilization n.文明；文化and pathology n.病理（学）;异常状态of inactivity69.As a result of the third irony,people_____________________.A.consume3800kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards朝...方向驱使（Drive Towards The Light驶向光明drive towards south照南开Drive Towards Zero零排放）weight gain70.Which of the following can be excluded vt.排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出as we can understand based on the passage?A.The economic dimension.经济局面（层面）B.The political dimension政治方面（层面）C.The humane adj.仁慈的，人道的；高尚的dimension.人文方面（层面）D.The dietary n.饮食的规定；食谱adj.饮食的，饭食的，规定食物的dimension饮食层面注：dimension n.方面;[数]维；尺寸；次元；容积vt.标出尺寸adj.规格的3-dimension三维Passage Three1.Women find a masculine adj.男性的；阳性的；男子气概的n.男性；阳性，阳性词（muscle n.肌肉；力量vt.加强；使劲搬动；使劲挤出）face with a large jaw n.颌；下巴；狭窄入口；唠叨vt.教训；对…唠叨and a prominent adj.突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的brow n.眉，眉毛；额；表情more attractive when they are more likely to conceive vt.怀孕；构思；以为；持有，according to a study published in the June24Nature.Before,during,and just after menstruation n.[生理]月经；月经期间；有月经，however,they seem to be drawn to被…所吸引less angular adj.[生物]有角的；生硬的，笨拙的；瘦削的,more“feminine”adj.女性的；妇女（似）的；阴性的；娇柔的male faces, the researchers report.2.“Other studies of female preference n.偏爱，倾向；优先权,mainly for odors n.气味；名声,show changes across the menstrual cycle生理]月经周期,”says leading author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St.Andrews on Scotland.“we thought/it would be interesting to look at visual adj.视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的preferences and see if they changed also.3.The research showed39Japanese women composite n.复合材料；合成物；菊科adj.复合的；合成的；菊科的vt.使合成；使混合male faces that/emphasized masculine or feminine facial features面部特征；面容to differing degrees.The women preferred vt.更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升images with more masculine features男性特性when they were in the fertile adj.富饶的，肥沃的；能生育的phase n.相；阶段；[天]位相vt.使定相；逐步执行of their menses n.[生理]月经；[生理]行经but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.4.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue vt.继续；从事；追赶；纠缠,according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for偏爱…muscular faces was evident adj.明显的；明白的=obvious/distinct/visible among23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term adj.短期的relationship, Penton-Voak says.The26women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship 长期关系,however,preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.5.Another22women/who were using oral contraceptives[药]口服避孕药/did not show monthly changes/in the faces they preferred even for即使对于short-term relationships, indicating that表明,正在翻译,结果表明(indicat e vt.表明；指出；预示；象征)hormones n.[生理]激素，荷尔蒙might play a role in在……起作用determining vt.决定，确定；判定，判决；限定attractiveness n.吸引力；迷惑力,Penton-Voak says.6.Men/whose faces have some feminine softness n.温柔；柔和/are perceived as“kinder’men/who may make better husbands and partners,he adds,white macho adj.大男子气概的n.强壮男子；大丈夫features may be associated with和…联系在一起；与……有关，与……有关系higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes.He cautions n.小心，谨慎；警告，警示vt.警告,however,that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior实际行为.71.The researchers made a study on_____________________.A.women’s menstrual cycleB.men’s preferred female imagesC.women’s visual preferences of menD.men’s masculine and feminine features72.Women are drawn to a masculine face,according to the researchers,when they___________.A.grow to be feminineB.are on oral contraceptives[药]口服避孕药C.are ready for conception n.怀孕；概念；设想；开始D.are on menstruation n.[生理]月经；月经期间；有月经73.It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by受…的影响___________.A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycle[生理]月经周期D.the term of relationship they seek74.Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle,as Penton-Voak implies,does not mean that__________________.A.visual preferences do exist vi.存在；生存；生活；继续存在B.a woman acts this way is reality n.现实；实际；真实C.a man will buy into the phenomenon n.现象；奇迹；杰出的人才D.men and women prefer vt.更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升the same image75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage Four1.Well-do they or don’t they?For years,controversy n.争论；论战；辩论has raged n.愤怒；狂暴，肆虐；情绪激动vi.大怒，发怒；流行，风行over whether the electromagnetic fields电磁场produced by power lines电力线;输电线could cause cancer,especially leukemia白血病in young children.But in Britain last week,confusion n.混淆，混乱；困惑reached new heights达到新的高度.2.One team from Bristol announced that/it has evidence to back n.后面vt.支持；后退；背书；下赌注a controversial adj.有争议的；有争论的but plausible adj.貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的theory n.理论；原理；学说；推测which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(Electric fields attract airborne pollutants).Only to be followed/by the release of results/by another group/in London/which suggested/there is nothing to worry about.what is going on?3.Actually,the confusion may be more apparent adj.显然的；表面上的than real.There can be no doubt that/the effects/of power lines on water droplets水滴；微水滴，小水滴,pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered vt.发现；揭开；揭露by the Bristol team are real and interesting.But to suggest that/they have anything to do with leukemia in children is prematureadj.早产的；不成熟的；比预期早的n.早产儿；过早发生的事物.The extra n.临时演员；号外；额外的事物；上等产品adj.额外的，另外收费的；特大的adv.特别地，非常；另外exposure n.暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny adj.微小的；很少的,and it is not obvious adj.明显的；显著的；平淡无奇的why radon-a gas normally associated with与…有关系；与…相联系lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.4.The second study,which drew reassuring vt.使…安心，使消除疑虑blank,is the world’s biggest ever probe n.探针；调查vt.探查；用探针探测of the statistical adj.统计的；统计学的link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances日用电器.It is one of several recent studies近代研究that have failed to find a link.Unlike adj.不同的，不相似的earlier research,these newer studies involved vt.包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields.The fields they measured included vt.包含，包括(exclude vt.排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出.preclude vt.排除；妨碍；阻止) input from major power lines if they were nearby.5.Which is not to say the research is perfect.Critics n.评论家；批评者；吹毛求疵的人（critic的复数）argue that/Britain’s childhood cancer study,for example,has not yet taken into account考虑；重视；体谅(take sth into account对某事加以考虑;考虑;把;考虑某事)the surges n.汹涌；大浪，波涛；汹涌澎湃；巨涌v.汹涌；起大浪，蜂拥而来in exposure that might come from,say, switching appliances on and off.And some people might wonder n.惊奇；奇迹；惊愕vt.怀疑；惊奇；对…感到惊讶adj.奇妙的；非凡的why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure n.数字；人物；图形；价格；（人的）体形；画像vt.计算；认为；描绘；象征in last week’s study.But neither criticism n.批评；考证；苛求amounts to相当于，总计为a fatal blow.致命的打击.Electrical fields cannot penetrate vt.渗透；穿透；洞察the body significantly adv.意味深长地；值得注目地,for example.6.A more serious concern vt.涉及，关系到；使担心n.关系；关心；关心的事whether the British research provides an all-clear adj.放行；空袭警报信号解除的；无危险信号的signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore adv.因此；所以produce higher magnetic fields.Pedants(书呆子)would conclude vt.推断；决定，作结论；结束that it doesn’t.But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.7.In Britain the latest epidemiological study流行病学研究can be taken as the final word on the matter.If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen adj.未预见到的，无法预料的way increase the risk of cancer,we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76.Both the question“Well-do they or don’t they?”and the question“what is going on?”suggest _______________.A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent n.到来；出现；基督降临；基督降临节of bewilderment n.困惑；迷乱；慌张among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London77.What would the author say of the result of the first study?A.Enlightening adj.使人领悟的；有启发作用的v.启蒙；通知（enlighten的ing形式）B.Insignificant adj.无关紧要的C.Reassuring adj.安心的；可靠的；鼓气的v.使放心（reassure的ing形式）D.Apparent adj.显然的；表面上的(parent n.父亲（或母亲）；父母亲；根源)78.What can be suggested from the results of the second study?A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.。

2008年考研英语真题答案及解析

个发源于中欧的特殊民族。从含义上看，A 和 C 明显不合文意。而 in fact 是副词性的词组，放在 be 动词之后，
排除掉 B 项。D 代入文中，“正在讨论的这个群”，与前面提到这个观点还在争议中刚好吻合。故答案为 D。
9.[A] attaining 获得，达到 [B] scoring 得分 [C] reaching 达到，实现 [D] calculating 计算，核算
的原因，那么这里自然也是谈到 the latter 的原因，四个选项中能表达这一含义的只有 C。
18.[A] linked 联系，连接，有关联
[B] integrated 使合并，使结合
[C] woven 编，织
[D] combined 结合，组合，综合
【答案】 A 【考点】词义辨析
【难度系数】0.491
这群人做贡献非常大。故答案为 B。
12.[A] missions 使命，任务 [B] fortunes 财富，运气 [C] interests 兴趣
[D] careers 事业，职业
【答案】 D
【考点】词义辨析
【难度系数】0.362
【解析】空所在的整个从句大意是：这个群体对于西方的知识文化生活做出了重大的贡献，正如他们精英的的那样，
【解析】空所在的句子是显然是修饰这种进化压力的定语从句，而所填入的词应该是修饰文章谈到高智商和疾
病这种状况的。从文章可以看出，这些人一方面拥有高的智商，对社会做出巨大贡献，另一方面又饱受疾病的
困扰，显然这是一个看似矛盾的结论，A 正能表达这种状况，故答案为 A。
三、全文翻译
人类某些族群的智商可能高于其他族群，这种观点是一种不敢冠之以名的假设理论。但是格雷戈里·柯克伦

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