湖北省联考考博英语2018年(题型回忆 写作主题)
2018级博士生英语试卷(答)(1)
`English Final Exam for 2018 Doctoral Students(Dec. 27, 2018)Student NO.___________________ Name____________________Paper OneEnglish Writing for Biomedical PurposesPart IDirections: Choose the right one from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.1.Inconsistent with previous studies, our results from a large cohort of patients_____ this long-standing assumption.A. contrastB. compareC. reinforceD. challenge2.Patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation were considered _____ ifthey met the following modified criteria for acute lung injury or the acute respiratory distress syndrome.A. acceptableB. eligibleC. considerableD. credible3.However, results from several small studies in humans have yielded inconclusiveevidence of a beneficial _____ of ascorbic acid on lead toxicity.A. effectB. effectivenessC. affectionD. efficacy4. A _____ disease such as diabetes can affect the whole body.A. systematicB. systemicC. generalD. whole5.All tumours from AOM treated mice were _____ to histological examinationafter routine processing and haematoxylin and eosin staining.A. subjectB. subjectedC. injectedD. directed6.Serious arrhythmias are prevented whenever possible by _____ treatment ofpremonitory signs or otherwise controlled immediately after recognition byappropriate therapy.A. aggressiveB. recessiveC. abusiveD. successive7.CT scans and digital subtraction angiograms of these patients wereretrospectively reviewed by two investigators in _____ to evaluate tumor feeding vessels.A. agreementB. consentC. approvalD. consensus8.The beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD) are well _____.A. elusiveB. confirmedC. establishedD. achieved9.Chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rodents is also suppressed by _____of NSAIDs.A. treatmentB. administrationC. managementD. registration10.Thus, it _____ further investigation of whether mfat-1 expression in diseasemodels such as non-obese mice can mitigate the development of type 1 diabetes.A. elucidatesB. interpretsC. warrantsD. guarantees11.We used a _____ questionnaire to determine whether participants met theAmerican College of Rheumatology survey criteria for gout.A. supplementaryB. complimentaryC. complementaryD. sentimental12.Ubiquitinated p53 was detected _____ immunoblotting _____ the DO-1 p53antibody.A.by...withB.for...inC.with...forD.via...on13.Cells were placed _____ a 60Co Picker unit irradiator (1.56 Gy/min) andexposed _____ 8 Gy -irradiation.B.in...withC.in...toD.on...to14.Our aim was to _____ whether or not vitamin D supplementation or deficiencyin infancy could affect occurrence of type 1 diabetes.A. studyB. ascertainC. clarifyD. research15._____ intake of purine-rich vegetables or protein is not associated with anincreased risk of gout.A. IntermediateB. ModerateC. MediumD. Immediate16.We would like to express our _____ to all the interview partners at the WorldHealth Organization for their time, expertise, and confidence.A. magnitudeB. altitudeC. aptitudeD. gratitude17.Apoptosis was analyzed _____ a FACScan(Becton Dickinson) and quantified_____ percentage of annexin-V and PI-positive.A. in...asB. on...forC. on...asD. by...for18._____ primary culture, the cells were resuspended _____ Dulbecco’s modifiedEagle’s medium containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum and gentamicin.A.By...withB.For...inC.To...byD.At...over19.Ebola virus can spread among humans primarily through unprotected directcontact of skin or mucous membranes with blood or body fluids of a person who is ill with EVD, or the _____ of a deceased patient who had EVD.A. corpusB. corpseC. corpsD. lupus20.Treatment _____ a low dose of cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg) showed no effect onthe testis, and DAZL staining was comparable _____ control (Fig.1B).A.of...toC.at...asD.at...with21.P-gp expression was strongly induced by SJW (400% increase at 300 µg ml-1)and by HYP (700% at 3 µM) _____ a dose-dependent manner.A.onB.inC.withD.by22.Baseline ADMA levels were higher in patients who had died than in patientswho were alive at 1 year follow-up (1.23［0.98 to 1.56］_____ 0.95［0.77 to 1.20］mmol/L, p＜0.001).A.fromB. B. versusC. C. toD.D. with23.The _____ for taking this approach is clear enough.A. rationaleB. notionC. hypothesisD. explanation24.This drug contains no _____ substances and has no side effects.A. toxinB. tonicC. toxicD. poisonous25.The risk of DVT and PE were significantly _____, and were highest in the firsttwo weeks, after urinary tract infection.A. roseB. raisedC. arousedD. arose26.Data was collected in the first year of life about frequency and dose of vitamin Dsupplementation and _____ of rickets.A. prescriptionB. absenceC. presentationD. presence27.Prostacyclin (PGI2) is produced from the endothelium throughcyclooxygenase-1, and binds to specific _____ in SMCs and activates adenylate cyclase.A. receiversB. receptorsC. receiptsD. recipient28.To _____ the hypothesis, experiments involving Western blots and RNAinterference were performed.A. testifyB. verifyC. justifyD. certify29.Over the past 5 decades, the proportion of DM-associated cardiovasculardiseases has been on the rise, thus _____ the need for more efforts to aggressively control the risk factors of CVDs.urgingA. urgingB. highlightingC. pressingD. enlightening30.Children _____ of having rickets during the first year of life had a RR of3.0(1.0-9.0) compared with those without the disease.A. doubtedB. suspectedC. diagnosedD. suspended31.Curcumin, a traditional medicine, exhibits anticarcinogenic andanti-inflammatory _____.A. asperityB. propertiesC. perspectivesD. prosperity32.In this study, we aimed to examine the rate of thrombolytic therapy in youngstroke patients with and without a history of migraine. We _____ that migraine would be associated with a lower rate of thrombolytic therapy.A. hypothesizesB. speculatedC. postulatedD. stipulated33.The mechanism by which PA28 exerts these effects has not been _____.A. anticipatedB. elucidatedC. remuneratedD. eliminated34.We utilized a previously described _____ to evaluate ubiquitination (Li et al,2013).A. agendaB. programC. portfolioD. protocol35.Surgical specimens of human colon cancer and adjacent normal colon mucosatissues were taken from eight Japanese patients who had _____ surgical operations for colorectal cancers at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, and samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.A. undertakenB. undergoneC. conductedD. performed36.It consists of 10 pages of text, 2 tables, 2 pages of ____ to figures, and 6photocopies of figures.A. legendsB. accountsC. descriptionsD. introductions37.There have been no reports ____ of rosiglitazone–associated elevations in theaminotransferase level or hepatotoxicity.A. to dateB. right nowC. for nowD. to go38.As shown in Table 1, p8 was overexpressed in 71.1% of PC and in 100% of PCcell lines, ____ it was not overexpressed in MC.A. howeverB. althoughC. whereasD. albeit39.The RT-PCR assay was repeated at least three times per each sample to confirmthe ____of the results.A. reproducibilityB. availabilityC. probabilityD. likelihood40.____ asthma, Th2 cytokines are a crucial contributing factor of allergic airwayinflammation and AHR.A. In the case ofB. In case ofC. Regardless ofD. Irrespective ofPart IIDirections: Choose the right one from the given four tenses marked A, B, C or D.ResultsZebrafish nkx2.5 Can Activate myo-2 Expression When Expressed in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle.To determine whether zebrafish nkx2.5 __46__ similarly to che-22, we __47__ nkx2.5 in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle and examined expressionof the endogenous myo-2 gene by antibody staining. The rationale for this approach __48__ as follows. In wild-type C. elegans, che-22 __49__ expressed exclusively in pharyngeal muscle, whereas it __50__ expression of the pharyngeal muscle-specific myosin heavy chain gene myo-2. However, ectopic expression of che-22 in body wall muscle __51__ expression of myo-2. Because myo-2 __52__ normally never expressed in body wall muscle, this extopic expression assay provides a sensitive test for che-22 function. We __53__ two transgenic lines expressing an nkx2.5 cDNA under the control of the unc-54 body wall muscle-specific promoter. In both lines, we __54__ myo-2 expression in the body wall muscles (Fig. 1 A and B). These results __55__ that nkx2.5 can function like che-22 to induce myo-2 expression.41.A. can function B. could function C. can have functioned D. could have functioned42.A. express B. expressed C. have expressed D. had expressed43.A. was B. is C. has been D. had been44.A. is B. was C. had been D. has been45.A. activates B. activated C. has activated D. had activated46.A. could activate B. can activate C. could have activated D. can have activated47.A. was B. has been C. had been D. is48.A. generate B. have generated C. had generated D. generated49.A. detected B. detect C. have detected D. had detected50.A. showed B. show C. had shown D. have shownPart IIIDirections: Choose the one that best fits into the Discussion Section from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.DISCUSSIONThe p8 gene is barely expressed in NP but is overexpressed in acute pancreatitis (4, 12) . It is also strongly __56__ in pancreatic development and regeneration (4) . We have demonstrated that p8 is overexpressed in PC in the__57__ study. The characteristic expression of p8 is mainly attributable to its mitogenic activity (5) .__58__, p8 expression in PC would not be cancer-specific. __59__, it should be clarified whether p8 overexpression in PC is simply attributable to the excessive growth activity of cancer cells or to some genetic change(s), such as mutations.We __60__ the correlation between p8 overexpression and various clinicopathological parameters in PC. Larger tumors (>2 cm) showed a significantly higher overexpression rate of p8, and less differentiated types, advanced stages, and cases characterized by shorter survival tended to show p8 overexpression. These results also reflect the mitogenic activity of p8.__61__ reports (4, 5) have shown that p8 expression is induced by various proapoptotic __62__. It is suggested that p8 has an anti-apoptotic function (4, 5) . The significance of apoptosis in cancer cells is controversial. High spontaneous apoptosis is __63__ to be correlated with poor prognosis in PC (13) . If p8 has anti-apoptotic activity, p8 overexpression in PC cells would lead to resistance against apoptosis. Although we have not demonstrated the relationship between p8 and apoptosis in PC, the tendency toward shorter survival in p8-overexpressing cases is not __64__ with the past report (13) . It should be investigated whether p8 promotes PC cell growth through its anti-apoptotic activity.It is __65__ that p8 is a DNA-binding protein. As a transcriptional factor, it has a role in some phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signal pathways that involve its translocation to the nucleus and specific binding to DNA (4) . Potentially, p8 is phosphorylated by various kinases (4, 5) . Recent reports (14) showed that some kinases, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase, lead to inappropriate pancreatic cellular proliferation. Genetic mutations of K-ras, p16, and p53 in PC lead to cellular proliferation __66__ the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and/or the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways (14) . It is to be examined whether there is p8mutation in PC and how p8 participates in kinase signaling pathways.Recently, candidate of metastasis-1, a __67__ factor in human breast cancer, was identified (15) . Interestingly, p8 is structurally similar to candidate of metastasis-1 (15) . p8 might be __68__ in cancer metastasis, however, we could not find a significant difference in p8 expression between primary and metastatic lesions in our study. The relationship between p8 expression and cancer metastasis needs to be studied further.In __69__, we have demonstrated the overexpression of p8 in human pancreatic cancer. Our results suggest that p8 participates in the __70__ of pancreatic cancer, which reflects its mitogenic activity.51.A. induced B. reduced C. introduced D. seduced52.A. current B. / C. present D. former53.A. Thereafter B. Subsequently C. Additionally D. Therefore54.A. But B. Similarly C. However D. Consequently55.A. researched B. investigated C. discussed D. detected56.A. Previous B. Other C. Published D. Numerous57.A. stimuli B.stimulants C. stimulations D. simulations58.A. reported B. hypothesized C. concluded D. analyzed59.A. similar B. resilient C. consistent D. identical60.A. suggested B. confirmed C. recommended D. proposed61.A. via B. viz C. on D. along62.A. fresh B. risk C. novel D. contributing63.A. resolved B. dissolved C. immersed D. involved64.A. summarization B. summary C. end D. all65.A. attack B. onset C. development D. appearance Part IVDirections: Translate into English the Chinese phrases given in the brackets to complete the preceding sentences.1.After controlling for age, sex, race, preexisting coronary heart disease, mean arterial blood pressure,diabetes, glucose level, cholesterol level, smoking, body mass index, and study site, the presence of retinopathy____________. (与慢性心力衰竭发病危险增加2倍有关)2.Maximum mean relative enhancement ratio and mean slope of relative enhancement of lung cancerpatients____________. (明显低于健康人)3.____________ receive either alendronate (10 mg per day) or calcitriol (0.5 μg per day) a mean(±SD) of 21±11 days after transplantation. (149例病人被随机分组)4.These results establish Nrg4 as a brown fat–enriched endocrine factor ____________, includingtype 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (对治疗肥胖相关疾病具有潜在作用)5.____________ reported GSPE strongly decreased NO and iNOS expression by LPS-stimulatedmacrophages. （我们的研究成果与Houde 等人之前所做的研究一致）6.Among 988 patients with gastric cancer, pernicious anemia ____________. (有11例原已确诊为恶性贫血)7.Background: Obesity____________. (被认为是结直肠癌发病的重要危险因素)8.The p8 was overexpressed (positive cells >25% in 1,000 cells) in 27 of 38 (71%) of PCs,____________. (而慢性胰腺炎中仅有17%)9.However, ____________.（几个小规模的临床研究结果没有产生充分证据证明抗坏血酸对铅毒性具有有益作用）10.____________.（使用长效β2激动剂大大改善了慢性阻塞性肺病患者的治疗效果）。
湖北省2018中考英语真题书面表达汇编(含参考答案及分析)
湖北省2018中考英语真题书面表达（含参考答案及分析）目录（一）湖北省随州市（二）湖北省咸宁市（三）湖北省恩施州（四）湖北省黄石市（五）湖北省黄冈市（六）湖北省宣昌市（七）湖北省荆州市（八）湖北省武汉市（九）湖北省孝感市（十）湖北省鄂州市（十一）湖北省襄阳市（一）湖北省随州市29．书面表达目前，许多中学生利用周末和节假日上课外补习班，对此人们有不同的看法。
请根据下表内容写一篇短文。
注意：1．文章必须包括所有内容要点，要求语句通顺，意思连贯；2．词数：80词左右：（文章的开头已给出，不计入总词数）3．文中不得提及具体人名、校名及地名。
Nowadays, many middle school students are taking all kinds of after-school classes atweekends or on holidays. There are two different opinions about it.Some people think that【答案】Nowadays, many middle school students are taking all kinds of after—school classes at weekends or on holidays. There are two different opinions about it.Some people think that taking after—school classes can help students learn better and get into a good high school. What’s more, students can avoid spending too much time watching TV or playing computer games.However, others think students need time to rest and relax. After—school classes can cause a lot of stress for students and it is not good for their development.In my opinion, if necessary, we can take after—school classes, but it can’t take up too much time. We should first rest well at weekends and on holidays.【解析】【详解】亮点说明：这篇习作的层次清晰，内容饱满，表达流畅。
2018年湖北省高考联考英语试题-含答案
2018年湖北省高考联考英语试题-含答案2018年湖北省高考联考英语试题本试卷共12页，72题。
全卷满分150分，考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试卷和答题卡上，并将准考证条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。
2.选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用合乎要求的2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。
3.非选择题的作答：用合乎要求的签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。
写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。
4.考试结束后，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。
第一部分：听力(共两节，每小题1.5分，满分30分)做题时，先将答案划在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What does the woman ask John to do?A. Leave the room for a moment.B. Have a discussion with Pete.C. Get something to eat.2. How are the prices in the restaurant?A. Reasonable.B. High.C. Low.3. What does the man really want to say?A. The lady shouldn't care too much about it.B. He gave the kid fewer candies on purpose.C. The kid has secretly had some of the candies.4. What day is it when the conversation takes place?A. Saturday.B. Monday.C. Sunday.5. How does the man feel?A. Worried.B. Relieved.C. Confused.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
湖北省八市2018届高三3月联考英语试题+Word版含答案【KS5U+高考】
英语试题答案第一部分听力1—5 BBCCC 6—10 AAACB 11—15 ACACC 16—20 ABABB第二部分阅读理解21-23 DDB 24-27 BDCD 28-31 DAAC 32-35 BABD 36-40 FBDGC第三部分英语知识运用第一节完形填空41-45 BDCAD 46-50 CABDA 51-55 CBDAC 56-60 BDCBA第二节语法填空61. as 62. meaningful 63. impossible 64. had become 65. although / because66. worse 67. what 68. particularly 69. The 70. convincing第四部分写作第一节短文改错第一处：第二句去掉with 第二处：第三句interesting改为interest第三处：第四句worrying改为worried 第四处：第五句play改为playing第五处：第六句advices改为advice 第六处：第七句Listed改为Listing第七处：第七句put后面的them改为it 第八处：第八句were改为was第九处：第九句rid后加of 第十处：第十句turn改为turned第二节书面表达参考答案：Dear teachers and fellow students,In a couple of weeks, we’ll have to say goodbye. How time flies! Gone will be the days when we are full of dreams and efforts. Now It’s really hard for me to put my feelings into words. The past three years has been really a wonderful journey, full of laughter and tears.To make Confucius Institute more powerful and fruitful, our great teachers and dear students have contributed the time, energy, love and the whole heart. It’s time to recall those beautiful days we spent together. You are the very person that gives me a hand when necessary. Here, I’m extremely grateful for all that you, dear teachers and students, have done for me.It’ll soon be the time for us to depart, though unwillingly. I still have thousands of blessings for you. May all your dreams come true! May our friendship last till the end of the universe!That’s all. Thank you.Sincerely yours,Li Hua 听力原文Text 1M: What’s in the envelope?W: This is my application for a fashion school that I read about in Seventeen magazine.(1)I’ve stayed up for two whole nights finishing it.Text 2M: What a great concert! I’m so glad we came. I love that band.W: Me, too. But they didn’t play my favorite song. I don’t go to a lot of concerts, so that was pretty disappointing.(2)Text 3M: Let’s go over this one more time. First right, then straight for two hundred meters. The post office is on the left.You can’t mis s it.W: I got it. Right, straight, it’s on the left. (3)Text 4M: Only three more days until we have summer vacation. I can’t wait to go to the East Coast. What will you be doing?W: I’m going to visit my parents in the house I grew up in. It’s in Sout hern Europe.(4)Text 5M: It’s been a long Monday at work, honey. Can we see the movie another time?W: That’s fine with me. I’d prefer to go earlier in the day, anyway.M: Great. How about if we go in five days? I’ll try to finish work earlier in the aft ernoon. (5)Text 6W: Terrence, it’s me.M: What’s going on? It’s the middle of the night.W: I’m sorry but my flight didn’t land until very late.M: Well, take a taxi home. I have an appointment very early, so I need to rest.W: But it’s raining and there is a line all around the station for cabs. It’ll take me at least an hour to get one if I wait. (6)M: OK. I’m coming. It should take me 35 minutes or so. I will bring you an umbrella.W: Dear, I won’t need an umbrella then! It’s pouring.M: OK.I’ll bring some dry clothes for you. (7) And you can have something to eat when you get home. Text 7M: Do you have anything you want to tell me, Ruth?W: No, Mr. Choate. I promise.M: So, if I were to look in your bag, I wouldn’t find anything out of th e ordinary?(8)W: Like what? It’s just my book, pencils, and papers — the usual school stuff. (8)M: Well, it smells like a dog. You know you aren’t allowed to bring pets to school, right?W: Of course, I know that. I wouldn’t bring my pet Rex to school. W hy would I do that?M: What was that? I just heard a small sound…like a dog’s bark.W: Oh, no! Fine, you caught me. I won’t do it again, I promise. I just missed him.That’s all.M: Very well, young lady. Now, I have to call your parents. (9)Text 8W: How long have you lived in Beijing?M: I have been here my whole life — 20 years.(10)W: I moved here about eight years ago. It seems like there have been many changes since then.M: When I was a little boy, we didn’t have to worry about traffic. There wer e many bicycles but not as many cars as now.W: Could you find Western food back when you were a child?(11)M: There were one or two places that had Russian and Italian food.(11) Now there are many more Western restaurants. You can even find Spanish food!W: Yes, fast food restaurants like McDonald’s and KFC are everywhere.M: I never eat that stuff, but my brother loves it. He even had his birthday party at KFC last year.W: Wow, Chinese people these days have accepted many Western customs. I only wish people in the West would eat more Chinese food.M: Good luck with that. Most of my American and British friends don’t like hot food. But my African friends have no problem eating hot food.(12)Text 9W: Have you ever been in a hot air balloon for a ride?M: No, what is a hot air balloon? That sounds interesting.W: It’s a big balloon that you ride around in the sky.M: How do you ride a balloon? I’ve never heard of such a thing.W: Well, we would actually ride in a large basket that is tied to the balloon.M: How does the balloon stay in the air?W: There is a special machine that burns gas. The heat from the burning gas lifts the balloon and gets you up in the air. (13)M: Wow. That sounds fun. But is it dangerous? I don’t like to do dangerous acti vities.W: Well, it’s not without risk, but it is perfectly safe if you have a professional balloon pilot to help control it.M: OK. Let’s go for it! How much does it cost to ride in a hot air balloon? I’ll pay for it.W: No need! We can both pay. It will only cost us $10 each.(14)M: Great. I can’t wait to go.W: Let’s meet tomorrow and I’ll drive us there. We have to go to a small area next to the city airport. It’s a little hard to find, but I’ve been there before. (16) I’ll pick you up after breakfas t. (15)M: OK. Bye!Text 10 (第20题为推断题)Although many people traveling to Mexico choose beachside vacation, Mexico’s capital is also a great destination. As one of the largest cities in the world, Mexico City is a place of endless fascination.The famous capital is a great place for any traveler looking for a variety of things to do. (17)Greater Mexico City is certainly large, with 21 million people and over 300 neighborhoods. But most of the tourist attractions are located in the city center. Visitors can amuse themselves with art and history museums, parks, and theaters. Buses, taxis, streetcars, and the subway will help you get around, but you should certainly spend as much time as you can on foot. (18)Walking around, you will also come across people selling their products and shopping malls with lively music playing. Mexico City is also a wonderful place to dine out. Here, you can sample food from all 31 of Mexico’s states.(19) You will also find a variety of international dishes, including food from other Latin American countries, as well as France, Italy, Spain, India, Japan, and Korea, among others. Mexico City is also known for having very fresh seafood. It is hard to run out of things to do. However, if you do want a day trip outside of the city, you can visit the Aztec pyramids. They are located about 30 miles outside of the city.。
考博英语模拟题2018年(20)_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语模拟题2018年(20)(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Vocabulary1.China Daily never loses sight of the fact that each day all of us______ a tough, challenging world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA encounterB acquaintC presideD confront该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2.5答案:D[解析] confront意为“面对，面临”，如：We are confronting tremendous and even **plicated problems. 我们正面临巨大的甚至更为复杂的问题。
而encounter意为“遭遇(困难、危险等)，邂逅”，如：During the long distance journey, they encountered many unexpected difficulties. 在长途旅行中，他们遇到许多预想不到的困难。
acquaint意为使……熟悉，使……认识，如：I"m not acquainted with the lady我不认识那个女人。
preside 意为“主持”，常与at或over搭配，如：He is presiding at a meeting他正主持会议。
所以，本题选D。
2.A friendship may be ______, casual, situational or deep and lasting.SSS_SINGLE_SELA identicalB originalC superficialD critical该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2.5答案:C[解析] superficial意为“表面的，肤浅的”，正好与后面的deep构成语义上的对比，符合本题题意，如：His wound was only superficial and soon got well. 他只伤在表皮，不久就好了。
2018年考博英语作文参考范文【五篇】
【导语】昨天如影——记住你昨天的挫折和失败的教训；今天如画——美好的⽣活、快乐和幸福的⼈⽣要靠你⾃⼰去描绘；明天如梦——珍惜今天, 选择好⾃⼰的⽬标，努⼒地为⾃⼰的明天去寻求和拼搏。
以下是为⼤家整理的《2018年考博英语作⽂参考范⽂【五篇】》希望对⼤家考试有帮助。
01 Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless， it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere， whether in the shower or in the job， whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio， from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability， education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education， then，is a very broad， inclusive term. It is a lifelong process， a process that starts long before the start of school， and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life. Schooling， on the other hand， is a specific，formalized process， whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country， children arrive at school at approximately the same time， take assigned seats， are taught by an adult， use similar textbooks， do homework， take exams，and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned， whether they are the alphabet or a understanding of the working of government， have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example， high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.02 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall， and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work， but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities， for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique， for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day， as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down，while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements. Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety， for the notes are already there，waiting for them， and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion， and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound， and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.03 The Definition of “Price” Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services， including labor，professional， transportation， and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the “system”of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad， complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price”， many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or， in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is， of course， valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction，much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount， but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged， the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made， the form of money to be used， the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction， guarantees on the product or service， delivery terms， return privileges， and other factors. In other words， both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total“package” being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.04 Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights， radio， televisions， and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure， people grope about in flickeringcandlelight， cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them， and food spoils in silent refrigerators. Yet， people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity. All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats， it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram， which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain， too， sends out brain waves of electricity， which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals， certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together， the effects can be astonishing. The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity， and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.05 The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning， human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable， and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned， but the stories， later called myths， persisted and provided material for art and drama. Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music， dance， masks， and costumes were almost always used， Furthermore，a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate，a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition， there were performers， and， since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites， religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes， they often impersonated other people， animals， or supernatural beings， and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle， the coming rain， the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities. Another theory traces the theater‘s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt， war， or other feats) are gradually elaborated，at first through the use of impersonation， action， and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.。
湖北省2018届高三八校第二次联考英语试卷
鄂南高中华师一附中黄冈中学黄石二中荆州中学孝感高中襄阳四中襄阳五中2018 届高三第二次联考英语试题第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40 分）第一节（共15 小题；每题 2 分，满分30 分）阅读以下短文，从每题所给的A、 B、 C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最正确选项。
A’ ll make when you move tohaveSydney, but y Choosing where to live may be one of the biggest decisions youplenty of help.Temporary arrival accommodationBefore you move to Sydney, we recommend that you book a temporary place to stay. Once you get here, you canlook for longer-term accommodation.On-campus-residential colleges (fully catered饮食全包的)The University has eight residential colleges on the Camperdown/Darlington Campus, including International House, aresidential community of global scholars. Colleges provide comfortable, fully furnished single rooms and daily meals,along with sporting, cultural, leadership and social programs. They also include on-site tutorials(指导课) in addition tocampus-based classes.On-campus residences (self-catered 饮食自理的)The University has two self-run residences— Queen Mary Building(QMB) and Abercrombie Student Accommodation —Off-campus livingMore than 90 percent of our students live off campus. The University is close to many dynamic and multiculturalsuburbs such as Annandale, Newtown, Chippendale and Glebe. A great place to search is our large online database ofproperties.21. Where can you find a place to live temporarily?A. On “”.B.On “”.C.On “”.D. On “campus.html”.22.What do students living in QMB have access to?A.Their own kitchens.B.On-site tutorials.C.Daily meals.D.Gyms.23.What is the most popular choice among students?A.Living off campus.B.Living in host families.C.Living in self-catered flats on campus.D.Living in fully catered houses on campus.BEveryone should be so lucky as to have a friend like Francia Raisa. On Thursday, singer and actress Selena Gomez,25, used Instagram to explain why she was “ layingthissummerlow. She” posted a photo of herself in a hospital bed withher friend Francia Raisa holding hands. She said she recently received a kidney transplant from her best friendbecause of complications( 并发症 ) from lupus( 狼疮 ), an autoimmune disease, which means it is the result of the immune system attacking normal tissue, including the kidneys, brain, heart and lungs.People with lupus may first experience tiredness, joint pain or a little bit of rash(皮疹) on their bodies and can gofor a long time before their doctors realize it is more serious. Many people see two or four doctors before the real problem is picked up. According to Dr. Kyriakos Kirou, roughly a third to one-half of people with lupus develop kidneydisease, and up to one in five of them will eventually need a transplant, sometimes because they weren’ t treated with effective drugs to prevent the immune system from attacking the kidneys. Though Gomez said that she wasnow, ” she warned about the dangers of not taking medical diagnoses seriously, like she initially did.Her Instagram post also called attention to two major health topics: the need for living organ donators and the factthat Gomez represents three groups more likely to be diagnosed with lupus and lupus-related kidney disease. Nine out of10 people diagnosed with lupus are women, and most develop the disease between the ages of 15 to 44. And lupus istwo to three times more common among women of color, including Hispanic women, according to the Lupus Foundation.Raisa is Latina, and Gomez’s father is of Mexican origin. While it ’nots essential that the organ donator and receiverbe of the same ethnicity, people who share a similar background sometimes are better matched, according to data from the United Network for Organ Sharing.24.What can we learn about Francia Raisa?A.She is lucky.B.She is selfless.C.She is optimistic.D.She is encouraging.25. What is lupus like at its early stage?A. It is deadly.B. It is hard to recognize.C. Its symptoms are psychological.D. It reminds you of a kidney disease.26. What does the underlined word“ them” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. People with lupus.B. Colored women lupus patients.C. Lupus patients with kidney disease.D. Women between the ages of 15 to 44.27.What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?A.Raisa and Gomez have a similar background.B.Gomez has fully recovered thanks to the kidney from Raisa.C.It is vital for the donator and receiver to be of the same race.D.The organ from the donator of the same race matches the receiver better.CA few weeks ago, I called an Uber to take me to the Boston airport for a flight home for the holidays. As I slid intothe back seat of the car, the warm intonations( 语调 ) of the driver’ s accent washed over me in a familiar way.I learned that he was a recent West African immigrant with a few young children, working hard to provide for hisfamily. I could relate: I am the daughter of two Ethiopian immigrants who made their share of sacrifices to ensure mysuccess. I told him I was on a college break and headed home to visit my parents. That ’hows he found out I go toHarvard. An approving eye glinted at me in the rearview window, and quickly, we crossed the boundaries of rider anddriver. I became his daughter, all grown up—the product of his sacrifice.And then came the fatefu l question:“ What do you study?” I answered“ history and literature” and voice faded, as I knew it might. I didn’ t even get to add-American“studiesandAfrican” before he cut in, his voice thickwith disappointment,“ All that work to get into Harvard, and you study history?”Here I was, his daughter, squandering the biggest opportunity of her life. He went on to deliver the age-old lecturethat all immigrant kids know. We are to money and send money back home. The become doctors (or lawyers, if our parents are being generous) — to make unspoken demand, made across generations, which my Uber driver laid outplainly, is simple: Fulfill your role in the narrative(故事) of upward mobility so your children can do the same.I used to feel anxious a nd backed into a corner by the questioning, but now as a junior in college, Itheir support more than anything. This holiday season, I ’ vepromised myself I won’ thuff and get annoyed at their inquiries. I won ’ t defensively respond with I plan“tobutgo to law school!” whenIget unrequested advice.I ’ ll justsmile and nod, and enjoy the warmth of the occasion.28. What disappointed the driver?A. The author’ s attitude towards him.B. The school that the author is attending.C. The author’ s majors in history and literature.D. The author’ s interests in African American studies.29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word“ squandering” in Paragraph 4?A.wastingB.creatingC.valuingD.seizing30.Why are immigrant kids expected to be doctors or lawyers?A.Their parents want them to move upward in society.B.Their parents are high achieving as well.C.They have more opportunities.D.They are very smart in general.31. How did the author react to the driver’ s questioning?A. Getting upset.B. Feeling satisfied.C. Defending herself.D. Appreciating his concern.DWhat’ s small, buzzes here and there and visits flowers? If you said bees or hummingbirds, you got it. You wouldn be the first if you mixed the two up. Now a group of researchers even say we should embrace our history of considering the two together in the same group. The way scientists study bees could help them study hummingbird behavior, too.Scientists first compared the two back in the 1970s when studying how animals search for food. The idea is that animals use a kind of math to make choices in order to minimize the work it takes to earn maximum rewards. Researchers at the time focused on movement rules, like the order in which they visited flowers, and where flowers werelocated relative to others. It was “ almostlike an algorithm( 算法 ) ”for efficient searching, said David Pritchard, a biologist at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. Hummingbirds and bees had similar solutions.As the field of animal cognition( 认知 ) appeared, hummingbird and bee research parted. Neuroscientists and behavioral ecologists developed ways to study bee behavior in naturalistic settings. Hummingbird researchers compared hummingbirds to other birds and borrowed methods from psychology to study their ability to learn in the lab. To be fair, hummingbirds and bees differ. For example, hummingbirds have more advanced eyes and brains than bees. Honeybees and bumblebees are social; hummingbirds typically aren ’ t.But however they perceive( 感知 ) or process information, they both experience similar information, Dr. Pritchard said. In day-to- day searching for food, for example, hummingbirds may rely on more of a bee ’s-eye view than abird ’s-eye view. Like other birds, they rely on landmarks, distances and directions to make maps when travelling long distances, but they don ’ uset these cues to find flowers. Move a flower just an inch or so away from where a hummingbird thought it was and it will hover over the flower ’ s originaltchardlocationisinvestigating.Dr.Pri if, like bees, hummingbirds engage in view matching — hovering, scanning snapshots of a place to its memory and using those as references later.32.What is the center of research on hummingbirds and bees in the 1970s?A.Memory.B.Movement rules.C.Reward calculating.rmation processing.33.Which subject ’ s research methods were adopted to study the learning ability of Hummingbirds?A.Math.B.Biology.C.Ecology.D.Psychology.34.How do researchers find out that hummingbirds are not like birds?A.By setting them free.B.By moving flowers.C.By matching view.D.By making maps.35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.Hummingbirds and BeesB.Hummingbirds in the LabC.New Trends in Studying BeesD.Thinking of Hummingbirds as Bees第二节(共 5 小题；每题 2 分，满分10 分 )依据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最正确选项。
湖北联考考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析
湖北联考考博英语历年试题型题量综合分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。
华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。
1、考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。
而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。
首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。
并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。
其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。
因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。
如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。
所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
2、考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。
指导作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。
规划作用。
考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。