哈尔滨工业大学2016年秋季博士综合考评笔试题
哈工大考博英语真题以及答案
General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz veinsystems is that such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the firstperformed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billionyears ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphicfluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of golddeposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increased between the time ofthe original gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of explorationtechniques designed to locate buried mineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as didthose deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simpleprospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in thepassage in which of the following ways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and hence, cansupport conceptual models that have great practical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized,are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-agegold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, andthus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold that are widely usedtoday are based on which of the following facts?A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surfaceexpressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. since the other types ofgold deposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporation Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference between marine andcontinental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is more consistent withresearchers’ findings in other disciplines than is data provided by datingcontinental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continentalsedimentation than it is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marinesedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than is continentalsedimentation.9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage asa whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions andthen offers specific examples of situations in which it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequencesand then explains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollenprofiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methods for determiningpast climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining pastclimatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yieldedcontradictory data.10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concludedwhich of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because of increasedamounts of evaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during thelast ice age than they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of lessevapo9ration rather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph that logicallycontinues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climatic changes.D. A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level, evaporation,and precipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpreting lake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accuratecorrelationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation.13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found ingeological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic conditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14. According to the passage the material used to determine past climatic conditionsmust be widespread for which of the following reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of vegetationⅢ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I and ⅡonlyD.I and Ⅲonly15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of pastclimates in arid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climatic conditions in arid andsemiarid regions than in temperate regionsB.Although in the past more research has been done on temperate regions,paleoclimatologists have recently turned their attention to arid and semiaridregions.C.Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid andsemiarid than in temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions becausetheir climates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about ￡3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over ￡34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor disruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British T elecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits of privatizing stateowned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivityin companies that have been privatized?A. A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB. a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC. a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to themD. a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buyingshares in their won companies?A.At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of the workers wereeligible to buy shares in their companies.B.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three different companies choseto buy shares in their companies.C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allowtheir employees the opportunity to buy shares.20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A. A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particularindustry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to forcecompanies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason thatstate-owned industries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programs must try toeliminate all resistance to the free-market system.21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatizationprocess in the United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.B.It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription forbusiness ownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage havesupported their arguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions 23-30 are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work ”in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive newindustrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.”More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries.Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was .A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’semployment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantageswere obvious24. According to the passage, historians of women’s labor f ocused on factory workas a more promising area of research than service-sector work because factoryworkA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians of women’s labor in theUnited States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sectorof the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much more short-termthan in factory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much moreshort-term than in factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with theunpaid work associated with homemaking26. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early millowners mentioned in the second paragraph?A.They hoped that by creating relativel y unattractive “female” jobs theywould discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means tokeep men’s wages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particularkinds of factory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinished revolution” the authormentions in L11 refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economicforces of industrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined joballocation28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly “male ”jobs are reclassified as “female” jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previousexperience as homemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of theirwartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hirewomen for factory work.29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of thepassage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men incarrying out details tasks?A.“patient” (line17)B.“repetitive” (line18)C.“hoary” (line19)D.“homemaking” (line19)30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph tothe passage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn fromtwentieth-century history.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topicfor discussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear tocontradict it.D. A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissedunimportant.Passage FiveQuestions 31-36 are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’sprocreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept ofindividual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more generalintellectual trends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectualtradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists innon-English-speaking countries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism amongfeminists in English-speaking countries.32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of thefollowing?A.The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is ahistorical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.B.The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given theirtheoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.。
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二Passage 1We have come a long way since 1896, and the clock cannot be turned back. Indeed, not only are women increasingly taking their rightful place on the Olympics athletics track, but there are also growing signs that the myth of their inevitable sporting inferiority may be about to be shattered for good.Women certainly are catching up fast. But although all the evidence points to a relentless closing of the gap between the athletics performances of men and women, there is still one last obstacle the women have to overcome: blind male prejudice.“Women can out-perform men in endurance events, and at extremes of heat and cold,” says Dr Graig Sharp, of Birmingham University’s Department of PhysicalEducation. “But in speed events, for a number of physiological reasons, the gender gap will level out at about 10 percent.” Other experts, however, see no reason why women won’t continue to narrow the gap even beyond that margin. “We cannot rely on physiology to assert that sex differences are fixed and inevitable. Women have always had fewer chances to train or participate to the same extent in most sports,” says Dr Kenneth Dyer of Adelaide University.In Britain sportswomen still face discrimination, even after the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act outlawed most forms of discrimination ongrounds of sex alone. In a section devoted specifically to the question of women in sport, the Act lays down that it is still perfectly legal to shut out women from “any sport, game or other activity of a competit ive nature where the physical strength, stamina or physique of the average women puts her at a disadvantage to the average man.” The legislationin its present form begs more questions than it answers. What is an average woman? Who decides whether she is at a disadvantage?During the 1930s, the Olympic Games were dominated by white, Anglo-Saxon males. Not because they were the best, but because they were the best of those who, for a variety of social, economic and cultural reasons were able to compete. Today, many of the same events ate dominated by black athletes. Is it inconceivable that when women have finally been offered the opportunities in the same numbers at the same competitive level, they too may leave men as equals?It is only 10 years since a US judge pronounced the immortal words:” Athletic competition builds character in our boys; we do not need that kind of character in our girls.” Time is catching up. And so are women.1. According to the text, the author believes that ____A. Women have become equals to men in sportsB. Women are inevitably inferior(身份)低下的，下级的) to men in sportsC. Women are at a disadvantage in most items of sportsD. The position of women in sports has changed with their achievements2. In the sentence “Women can out-perform men”, the word “out-perform” mean____A. DistinguishB. EnvyC. DefeatD. Match3. In paragraph 3, Dr. Graig Sharp’s statement shows that ____A. Women are physically and mentally weaker than menB. 10% women can surpass men in endurance sportsC. Women have either an advantage or a disadvantage in physiqueD. Women are catching up fast in their athletics performances4. The word “inconceivable”(Para.6, Sen.3) means ____A. ImaginableB. UnbelievableC. PredictableD. Impossible5. The function of paragraph 4 is ____A. To argue for the ActB. To use an example to support the idea in paragraph 1C. To reason out the controversies in paragraph 2D. To show an example of sex discriminationPassage 2It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government’sHuman Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon----the “finish lines” each has crossed arelargely arbitrary points, “first drafts” rather than thedefinitive version. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they’rebeen in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likelyto take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up this February when Britain’s Wellcome Trust,an HGPparticipant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP’s complains.Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do,” but by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our inve stors,” Venter told Newsweek in Match, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.” At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches, andexpressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday’s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.” With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.6. The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of _____A. The enthusiasm in scientific researchB. The significance of the space raceC. The public versus private conflictD. The prospect of the completion of DNA sequence7. The tone of the author to what they will say on the joint press conference this Monday is____A. AstonishedB. Enthusiastic热心的，热情的;热烈的C. DisappointedD. Doubtful8. It is implies in the third paragraph that ____A. The “finish lines” does mean what it readsB. The sequencing machines have stopped at the “finish lines”C. The former warriors are now collaboratorsD. Both sides will work on independently9. The word “thaw” (line3, para4) most probably means ____A. Aggravation in tensionB. Improvement in relationC. Intensification in attacksD. Stoppage of coordination10. The critical thing facing the scientists is to ____A. Apply the newly-found knowledge to the benefit of mankindB. End their horse race for the success of scienceC. Get down to their genome researchD. Set their differences asidePassage 3Family is older than the human species, work is younger, friendship is about as old as we are. It is friendship that marks us as human. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote an essay comparing human being with termites. Termites build nests as elaborate and as well designed as our cathedrals. Every termite nest is an architectural wonder, with arches, vaults, galleries, ventilators, storerooms, and nurseries. But no single termite carries the architectural plan in her head. The building of the nest is a collective process. Each termite rolls little balls of mud and sticks them onto other little balls rolled by her neighbors. Out of this collective rolling and sticking the cathedral grows. (状语提前)Thomas is saying that human societies grow in the same fashion. Instead of rolling mud balls we play words. Instead of piling arch upon arch to make a nest we pile conversation upon conversation to make a culture. Just as no single termite knows how to build a nest, no single human knows how to build a culture. A single termite alone cannot survive, and a single human being alone is not human. Human societies are glued together with conversation and friendship. Conversation is the natural and characteristic activity of human beings. Friendship is the milieu within which we function.Work came later in human history than conversation. We invented work when we becamecivilized. Unlike friendship, work is a mixed blessing. At its worst, work is slavery. At its best, work is a sustained and lifelong conversation. The more satisfying and enjoyable work is, the more it partakers of the nature of conversation. Science at the working level is mostly conversation. The building where I work has twenty people in twenty rooms. Most of the doors are open. From morning till night the buzz of conversation seldom ceases. That is the way science is done. When I am not talking with friends down the hall, I am writing papersfor friends around the world. Without the friends, my activity would be pointless. Scientists are as gregarious as species as termites. If the lives of scientists are on the whole joyful, it is because ourfriendships are deep and lasting. Our friendships are lasting because we are engaged in a collective enterprise. Our enterprise, the exploration of nature’s secrets, had nobeginning and will have no end. Exploration is as natural anactivity for human beings as conversation. Our friends the explorers are scattered over the centuries, from Archimedes and Euclid to the unborn genius who will one day understand the mystery of how our exploring minds work.11. Human species distinguish itself from other animals by ____A. Collective workingB. Smooth cooperationC. Immense workingD. Lasting friendship12. The writer’s analogy of termites to human beings suggests that ____A. The building of the neat is a collective processB. Human societies grow in the nest-building fashionC. The nest-making may be likened to culture-makingD. An architectural wonder must be as elaborate as a termite nest13. According to the author, work as one of human inventions is ____A. The source of civilizationB. The product of civilizationC. A premise of civilizationD. A foundation of civilization14. According to the text, friendship emerged in scientists as a result of ____A. Their ceaseless conversationB. The exact number of colleagues and friendsC. The efficiency of making friends on phoneD. Their friendly wording situation15. In the last paragraph, “Scientists are as gregarious as species as termites” where ‘gregarious’is equivalent to ____A. Living in the company of othersB. Industrious in terms of workC. CivilizedD. IngeniousPassage 4happened to them. The world has been Globalization belonged to us; financial crisesturned on its head. Consumers in the wealthiest nations arestruggling with the consequences of the credit crunch and with the soaring cost of energy and food. In China, retail sales have been rising at an annual 15 percent. I cannot think of a better description of the emerging global order.The trouble is that the politics of globalization lags ever further behind the economics. For all its tacit recognition that power has been flowing eastwards, the west still wants to imagine things as they used to be. In this world of them and us, “they” are accused in the USpres idential contest of stealing “our” jobs. Now, you hear Europeans say, “they” are driving up international commodity prices by burning “our” fuel and eating “our” food.What struck me, though, was how this crisis (no one is sure it is over) provides a perfect metaphor for the new geopolitical landscape.Think back to the financial shocks of the 1980s and 1990s. For those of us in the west, these were unfortunate events in faraway places; Latin America, Russia, Asia, Latin American again. There was a risk of contagion, but in so far as rich nations paid a price, it lay largely in the cost of bailing out their own feckless banks. The really unpleasant medicine, prescribed by the International Monetary Fund, had to be taken by the far less fortunate borrowers.The parameters of globalization were set by the west. Liberalization of trade and capital flows was a project owned largely by the US. It was not quite an imperialist enterprise, but, while everyone was supposed to gain from economic integration, the unspoken assumption was that the biggest benefits would flow to the richest. The rules were set out in something called, unsurprisingly, the Washington Consensus.Against that background, the west’s present discomfort is replete with irony. Asizeable chunk of the excess savings that inflated the credit bubble were a product of the Washington Consensus. Never again, the victims of the 1997 East Asian crisis said to themselves after being forced to take the IMF’s medicine. This would be the lasttime they were held hostage to western bailouts. Instead they amassed their own hugeforeign currency reserves.So the boot is now on the other foot. The IMF is forecasting thatthe advanced economies will just about keep their heads above water. With luck, growth this year and next will come in at a touch above 1 percent. If they do avoid recession----and most of my American friends think it unlikely as far as the US is concerned----they will have to thank robust growth rates in Asia and Latin America. The forecast for China is growth of about 9 percent in both years, for India 8 percent and for emerging and developing economies as a whole something more than 6 percent.The old powers have not grasped this new reality. There are nods, of course, to a need to restructure international institutions. The rising nations, you hear western politicians aver, must be given more of a voice. More seats, maybe, at the World Bank, the United Nations and, yes, on the board of the IMF. But the assumption is that the rising powerswill simply be accommodated within the existing system----a small adjustment here, a tweak there and everything will be fine again.Missing is a willingness to see that this is a transformational moment that demands we look at the world entirely afresh.16. According to the passage, we can draw the conclusion that the statement “Globalizationbelonged to us; financial crisis happened to them” is ____A. A valid view held by most EuropeansB. An illusion cherished by most EuropeansC. A result due to the differences between nationsD. A sensible forecast17. The sentence “The world has been turned on its head” can be paraphrased as ____A. The world is radically transformedB. The development pace is acceleratedC. The world is in total confusionD. God has altered it favor18. At the end of the second paragraph, the author employs several “they” and “our” to aim at____A. A vivid descriptionB. An ironic effectC. A precise conclusionD. Being objective19. According to the passage, the financial shocks of the 1980s and 1990s ____A. Is beneficial to the westB. Is strictly confined to the less developed nationsC. Mainly plagued the less developed nationsD. Is attributed to the rich countries20. Which of the following is true?A. The rich countries have made a sense of the new realityB. The countries other than the rich ones have learnt their lessons from the past crisesC. The globalization was launched by the eastD. The globalization only benefits the westPassage 5According to Aristotle, the subject of tragic drama were rightly drawn from ancient mythology, a source considered invariably reliable, for it was believed that if man had invented such strange incidents, they would have appeared impossible. Furthermore, the chief characters of a tragic action should be persons of consequence, of exalted station, according to Aristotle, and the leading personage should not be a mancharacterized by great virtue or great vice, but of a mixed nature, a proclivity for errors and weaknesses that lead him in to misfortune. Such a mixture of good and evil makes the protagonist seem like ourselves, thus more quickly arousing the spectator’ssympathy, saturating him with feelings of compassion, driving outhis petty personal emotions, and thus “purging” the soul through pity and terror. The crimes suitable for tragic treatment may be committed either in ignorance, or intentionally, and are commonly against friends or relatives, though crimes committed intentionally are generally the more dramatic and impressive----this in spite of the fact that the central crime in Oedipus the King was committed in ignorance. As to style, a certain archaic quality of diction is needful to the dignity of tragedy.Another of the most famous of the Aristotelian rules were those relating to the so-called unities of time, place, and action. The unity of time limits the supposed action to the duration of a single day,unity of place limits it to one general locally; and unity of action limits the play to a single set of incidents related cause and effect, “having a beginning, a middle, and an end.” Concerning the unity of time, Aristotlenoted that all the plays since Aeschylus, except two, did illustrate such unity, but he did not lay down such a precept as obligatory. Perhaps tacitly he assumed that observance of the unity of place would be the practice of good playwrights, since the chorus was present duringthe whole performance, and it would indeed be awkward always to devise an excuse for moving fifteen persons about from place to place.But the third unity, that of action, is bound up with the nature not only of Greek but of all drama, for Aristotle conceived the action, or plot, of a play as of far greater importance than the。
哈尔滨工业大学博士论文题目
1432003 交通运输工程 1432004 交通运输工程 1432005 交通运输工程 1432006 交通运输工程 1407007 化学 1407004 化学工程与技术 1407008 化学工程与技术 1407009 化学工程与技术 1407011 化学工程与技术 1412002 数学 1412003 数学 1412004 数学 1412007 数学 1412008 数学 1412009 数学 1412010 数学 1412011 数学 1412012 数学 1412013 数学 1412014 数学 1412015 数学 1412017 数学 1412018 数学 1412022 数学 1411010 物理 1411001 物理学 1411003 物理学 1411004 物理学 1411005 物理学 1411006 物理学 1411007 物理学 1411008 物理学 1411011 物理学 1411012 物理学
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1409006 材料科学与工程 1409041 材料科学与工程 1409042 材料科学与工程 1409043 材料科学与工程 1409044 材料科学与工程 1406008 电气工程 1406003 电气工程 1406005 电气工程 1406006 电气工程 1406011 电气工程 1406012 电气工程 1406013 电气工程 140602 电气工程 1406021 电气工程 1401003 仪器科学与技术 1401004 仪器科学与技术 1401010 仪器科学与技术 1406007 电气工程 1406004 电气工程 1406009 电气工程 1406010 电气工程 1406014 电气工程 1406015 电气工程 1406016 电气工程 1406017 电气工程 1406018 电气工程 1406019 电气工程 1406020 电气工程 1401001 仪器科学与技术 1401002 仪器科学与技术 1401005 仪器科学与技术 1401006 仪器科学与技术 1401008 仪器科学与技术 1401009 仪器科学与技术
[金牌原创]博士生综合考试(口试)参考题.doc
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博士生综合考试（口试）参考题（2014. 12）1、基础部分分类参考题现代数学1.请你谈谈数学与其他学科发展的关系，并列举一些你的研究领域中所常用的数学方法和技巧。
2.按照数学的历史发展，它可以分为初等数学、高等数学和现代数学。
请你描述现代数学的特征。
3.矩阵理论被称为高等数学屮的算术（R. Bellman语）。
请举例说明矩阵理论的一些运用。
近代物理、光学1.简述牛顿时空观和爱因斯坦时空观之特点。
2.简述相对论中同时的相对性和运动的时钟变慢的物理意义。
3.物体运动时的质量m和静止时的质量m（）有何区别。
4.说明相对论质能关系E=mc2的物理意义和E=mc2-m（）c2的意义。
5.简述光电效应的物理意义。
6.在量子物理学中微观粒子具有哪二重性？7.不确定关系说明了微观粒子的什么性质。
高等化学1.碳的同素异形体有哪些？并简述碳纳米管研究的新进展。
2.阐述键价理论的基本概念？请举例说明。
3.矿物表面荷电的原因是什么？4.简述纳米材料（粒子）的待征。
5.举例说明亲水性大分子在矿物加工中的应用。
6.DLVO理论的本质是什么？举例说明DLVO理论的应用。
7.化学电源的种类有哪些？8.消除NOx和SO2带來的环境污染一直是一个热门研究课题，请简要叙述消除NOx和煤及石油加工、使用中脱硫的方法。
思想政治1.试述中国特色社会主义的一条道路和一个理论体系的内容，以及坚持这条道路和这个理论体系的重大意义。
2.试述构建社会主义和谐社会的指导思想、目标任务和原则。
3.联系当前实际，谈谈怎样增强社会主义意识形态的吸引力和凝聚力。
4.着眼改革创新，谈谈怎样在思想政治工作中注重人文关怀和心理疏导。
5.谈谈你对唯物辩证法与科学发展观的关系的看法。
2、扩充知识部分分类参考题知识经济与技术创新1.什么是技术创新扩散？2.什么是知识创新？高技术创新有哪些风险？现代信息技术3.请给岀信息的定义？信息可以计量吗？信息量与事物发生的概率有什么关系？4.请说明什么是现代信息技术？它涉及到哪些技术？5.请说明现代信息技术的核心技术是什么？知识经济与技术创新6.人类经济发展可分为哪几个阶段，各阶段发展起决定作用的关键因素是什么？7.知识经济的主要特点是什么？8.为什么说知识经济是可持续发展的经济？9.什么是高科技，知识经济的支柱产业有哪些？10.发展知识经济需要哪些必要条件？什么叫技术创新？煤炭加工利用11.试从我国能源资源结构说明煤炭在廿一世纪上半叶仍应为第一能源？12.一次能源一般有那些，我国主要的一次能源是什么，和发达国家相比，我国一次能源的结构有什么特点？13.什么叫水煤浆，使用它的优点是什么？煤炭是否是一种洁净燃料，为什么？14.在一次能源屮现称为洁净能源的有哪几种？环境学、环境生态学15.为什么说，我国的大气污染是煤烟型污染16.何谓可持续发展，在可持续发展战略中环境保护的地位和作用是什么？17.什么是清洁生产，它对环境保护工作的作用是什么？1&白色污染指的是什么，对它的控制途径主要有那些？19.为什么要保护大气臭氧层，破坏因素是什么？20.什么是环境意识？今天的主要世界环境问题有那些？21.什么是温室效应，对资源与环境保护有何不利影响？22.对三峡工程可能带来的环境影响你能说出多少？23.生态意识有那些主要观点？24.什么是绿色消费？在大学校园中倡导“绿色文化”你认为应发展的主要方面有哪些？25.煤炭开采过程中对环境产生那些影响？SK方程族的代数几何解(2014. 6.4)26.己知谱问题怎样从该谱问题得到该族方程？27.刘维尔定理在弯曲的Riemann面上是否依然成立？2&矩阵W —是否满足驻定的?W⑵29.3是全纯的吗？30.是否可以用相同的方法求解kk方程的代数几何解？生物遗迹学理论与应用研究(2014. 5.9)31.遗迹化石与实体化石的区别？32.遗迹化石的研究方法有哪些？33.遗迹化石有哪些种类？34.遗迹化石具备哪些性质？35.遗迹化石的描述方法？选煤工程设计思路与进展(2014. 4. 29)36.简述我国煤炭资源分布有何特点？37.简要说明我国选煤现状？3&简要说明我国选煤设备发展现状39.选煤厂工程设计主要有哪几个阶段？40.选煤厂车间设备布置遵循原则是什么？煤岩剪切变形及其结构演化(2014. 4. 20)41.当煤层围岩为沉积岩时，煤层为什么却发生了变质和变形作用？42.与构造岩的分类相比，构造煤的分类有什么不同？43.煤岩为有机岩，能否向无机岩转化？其转化的条件是什么？44.煤岩为什么易发生剪切变形，其剪切变形特征有哪些？45.煤岩构造变形是否影响到微-纳米结构的变化？改进的Anderson断层模式及在裂陷盆地中的应用(2014. 4. 7)46.Anderson断层模式的假设前提是什么？47.Anderson断层模式在应用屮发现存在哪些问题？48.什么是“摩尔空间” ？49.用改进的Anderson断层模式如何解释裂陷盆地复杂断裂系统的成因机制？50.改进的Anderson断层模式对经典断层模式的改进表现在哪几个方面？SVC和STATC0M应用于提髙交直流混联电网稳定性和抑制次同步振荡(2014. 3. 29)51.HVDC引起次同步振荡的可能來源主要有哪些？52.电网的静态电压稳定性和暂态电压稳定性分别指什么？53.按照传统方式两套直接并联运行的独立控制的SVC之间出现无功振荡的原因？54.SVC抑制次同步谐振是通过什么原理实现的？55.为什么电网需要动态无功电压支撑？低渗透油气储层裂缝的分布规律与预测评价方法(2014. 3. 27)56.储层裂缝有哪些成因类型？57.储层裂缝有哪些控制因素？5&拉张裂缝和扩张裂缝形成的地质条件哟哟什么差异？59.裂缝在致密低渗透储层中的作用有哪些？60.储层裂缝的预测方法有哪几类？根据气候条件设计一如何建造适合当地气候坏境的绿色建筑(2014. 3. 17)61.绿色建筑的特征是什么？62.为什么要做轻质建筑呢？63.绿色建筑为什么要大量使用钢材？64.中国政府对待绿色建筑的态度是什么？65.如何看待清华的节能楼？当代中国文化软实力构建与大学的文化担当(2013. 12.3)66.建构当代中国文化软实力的重要意义？67.如何理解文化软实力是综合国力的重要组成部分？6&如何理解道德是文化软实力的制高点？69.大学在中国文化软实力建构过程中的地位？70.大学生在当代中国文化软实力建构中的责任？中国共产党与中国梦(2013. 11. 19)71.中国梦的基本概念是什么？72.孔子的大同世界思想的内容是什么？73.陈独秀的新社会理想是什么样子的？74.中国共产党靠什么实现了救国救民的梦想？75.如何理解党中央的富民强国战略？Novel Tailings Management Technologies (2013. 11. 15)76.传统的尾矿处理方式是什么？77.使用尾矿库处理尾矿会对坏境产生哪些危害？78.新型的尾矿处理方法有哪些？79.尾矿根据其颗粒粒径的组成分为儿类？80.固结尾矿的技术有哪些？岩石力学若干进展与面临挑战(2013. 11. 13)81.我国目前试验技术的发展如何？82.我国关于岩石力学的数值分析方法有哪些？83.岩石力学发展面临的挑战有哪些？84.我国学者过去30年对岩石力学的研究情况是怎样的？85.中国岩石力学的研究现状是怎样的？注：本参考题适用于2014年12月综合考试(口试)；口试时专家将根据研究牛的选题情况、所学专业等参考此有关的参考题进行提问。
哈尔滨工业大学工作人员招聘笔试试题考试真题
哈尔滨工业大学招工作人员员考试笔试试题
一、填空题（20分）（顺序有点乱）
1、2015年是世界反法西斯、抗日战争多少周年？
2、高校德育内容
3、严格要求与尊重信任相结合原则
4、中国最早的军事著作
5、四大名著中，代表清朝最高艺术成就的是？
6、高校德育的基本途径
7、不记得了
8、不记得了
9、不记得了
10、文房四宝
二、简答题（20分）
1、高校德育的主要任务
2、社会主义核心价值观首次提出在哪次会议？具体内涵是？
3、辅导员的工作要求
4、三严三实
三、论述题（60分）
1、校训是什么？结合我校校训设计主题教育方案
2、高校创新创业教育的症结，及如何面对
3、辅导员如何面对毕业生离校的黑色5月？。
中国科学院2016年博士研究生入学考试试题(生态学B)
中国科学院2016年博士研究生入学考试试题（生态学B）
一、名词解释（6*5分=30）
1、偏利共栖
2、Gaia假说
3、林德曼效率
4、拮抗作用
5、尺度推绎
6、生长呼吸
二、简述（3*10分=30）
1、简述森林生态系统与CO2交换（通量）的主要过程及其主要生物物理驱动机制。
2、生态对策？举例说明R/K对策者的差异性。
3、利用生态学原理，简述“封育”对草地生态系统碳循环影响。
三、论述（2*20分=40）
1、人类活动引起全球变化降水格局，对干旱和半干旱地区生态系统影响深刻。
试论降水属性（降水强度、降水频率、降水时间）的变化
对草地生产力季节和年际变异的影响。
2、生态系统由生产者、消费者、分解者组成。
请以草地生态系统为例，试论如何进行可持续的草地管理才能提高各组分的生态服务功能。
哈尔滨工业大学自主招生综合素质评价面试及试题指导【单招】
哈尔滨工业大学自主招生综合素质评价面试及试题指导一．哈尔滨工业大学综合素质评价性面试形式（一）.个人陈述答辩式1.一对一谈话形式面试多轮一对一面试的形式，通常为考生与面试官一对一交流，并进行多轮，通常是三到五轮，类似车轮战，每轮的面试官都会为考生的表现独立打分，最后结果是综合各轮分数给出考生面试得分。
2.多对一谈话形式面试多对一（三对一）面试即一位考生同时面对三位或多位主考官，回答提问后综合几位考官的打分，给出考生的一个平均分作为考生面试得分。
3.多对一谈话形式面试多对多面试即多位考生同时面对多位考官，考生分成若干小组，每小组抽题，无组织自由参与问题的讨论。
考官考察每位考生在自由讨论中的表现，分别给每位考生打分。
个人陈诉答辩需注意的以下几点：面试时按10-20人分成大组，每次进入1名考生，接受3-5名面试官的集体面试，面试时间为每人10分钟。
首先进行自我介绍，接着考官会从考生的基本情况开始提问。
如：高中时学习情况如何？与老师和同学们关系？平时回家都做些什么农活？家里有没有兄弟姐妹？要报考这所学校的初衷是什么？等等，此时考生如实作答即可。
如果考生较多的情况下，可能就不了解最基本的情况，一般对考生基本情况的了解不会超过十五分钟。
如果时间充足，就会进入到考生基本素质的测试阶段。
主考官会就考生的知识储备、学习能力、心理素质等诸多方面的问题进行提问。
多数采取考官临场提问的方式，这些问题都比较开放，不需要考生思考和计算就能回答的问题。
比如，请谈谈你如何体现自己生活中的幸福感？你对琼瑶的小说有什么看法？等等。
考官也可能会准备一些题目，在面试的时候，要求考生回答这些问题。
为了公平、公正，在面试时，学校一般给考生一次更换题目的机会，但是，更换题目往往会对考生的得分情况产生负面的影响，所以，如果能够作答，尽可能的不要更换题目。
(二).场景化面试场景面试一般用于英语场景测试中，即考官给出一个对话的场景，让多个考生共同参与。
哈工大博士生入学考试常微分试题
第一套:1．设 : R ×R R 连续且 ),(x t f n →n 0)0,(=t f . 对微分方程 ),(x t f dtdx = 分别叙述其零解的稳定，渐近稳定的定义。
2．判断下列微分方程的零解的稳定性 （1） ,22x y x dt dx ++−= （2） ,sin 2y x dtdx −−=.2y x y x dt dy −−−= .432xy y x dt dy −+−=3．证明系统 y xy x dtdx ++=22,4252x yx y dt dy ++−= 没有非常数周期解。
4．以R ∈μ为参数讨论系统 ,yz y x dtdx +−=μ ,22z y x dtdy ++=μ,522z x x z dt dz +−−= 的零解的稳定性和周期解的存在性。
第二套：1．设 : R ×R R 连续且 ),(x t f n →n 0)0,(=t f . 对微分方程 ),(x t f dtdx = 分别叙述其零解的稳定，渐近稳定和不稳定的定义。
2．判断下列微分方程的零解的稳定性 （1） ,2x y x dt dx ++−= （2） ,sin 2y x dtdx −−=.2y x y x dt dy −−−= .343y x y x dt dy −+−= 3．证明系统 .532y xy x dtdx ++=,552x yx y dt dy ++−= 不存在非常数周期解。
4．以R ∈μ为参数讨论系统 ,yz y x dtdx +−=μ ,2y y x dtdy ++=μ,522z x x z dt dz +−−= 的零解的稳定性和周期解的存在性。
5． 讨论向量场 ,52x y x dtdx −=,2x y dt dy +−= 的零解的稳定性。