专业术语—口腔生理学术语A1(英文详解)
口腔组织病理学名词英汉对照
口腔组织病理学名词英汉对照口腔组织病理学名词英汉对照第一章口腔颌面部发育branchial arch 鳃弓branchial groove 鳃沟cervical sinus 颈窦cleft jaw 颌裂cleft lip 唇裂cleft palate 腭裂copula 联合突ectomesenchyme 外胚间充质epithelial-mesenchymal transformation 上皮间充质转化facial cleft 面裂foramen cecum 盲孔frontonasal process 额鼻突fuse 融合globular process 球状突holoprosencephaly 前脑单脑室畸形hypobranchial eminence 腮下隆起incisive canal 切牙管lateral lingual prominence/swelling 侧舌隆突lateral nasal process 侧鼻突lateral palatal process 侧腭突lingula 下颌小舌maxillary process 上颌突Meckel's cartilage 第1鳃弓软骨或下颌软medial nasal process 中鼻突merge 联合nasal fin 鼻鳍nasal pit 鼻凹naso-palatal canal 鼻腭管neural crest 神经嵴odontogenic or tooth forming 成牙性olfactory placode or nasal placode 嗅板或鼻板oral pit 口凹orapharyngeal membrane 口咽膜patterning 模式发育pharyngeal pouch 咽囊primary palate 原发腭Rathke pouch 拉特克囊retinoic acid syndrome，RAS 维甲酸综合征secondary palate 继发腭stomatodeum 原口sulcus terminalis 界沟symphyseal cartilages 中缝软骨thyroglossal duct 甲状舌管tuberculum impar 奇结节第二章牙的发育ameloblast 成釉细胞ameloblastin 成釉蛋白amelogenesis 釉质形成amelogenins 釉原蛋白bell stage 钟状期bone sialoprotein, BSP 骨涎蛋白bud stage 蕾状期cap stage 帽状期cervical loop 颈环dental lamina 牙板dental papilla 牙乳头dental pulp 牙髓dental sac 牙囊dentin phosphoprotein, DPP 牙本质磷蛋白dentin sialophosphoproteins, DSPP 牙本质涎磷蛋白dentin sialoprotein, DSP 牙本质涎蛋白developing apical complex，DAC 发育期根端复合体enamel cord 釉索enamel knot 釉结enamel matrix serine protease1 酸蛋白酶1 enamel niche 釉龛enamel organ 成釉器enamel spindle 釉梭epithelial root sheath 上皮根鞘eruption pearls 上皮珠gubernacular canal 引导管inner enamel epithelium 内釉上皮层KLK4 激肽释放酶4 kallikrein4，lateral lamina 侧板Malassez epithelial rest 马拉瑟上皮剩余mantle dentin 罩牙本质matrix vesicle 基质小泡maturation stage 成熟期non amelogenins 非釉原蛋白non-collagenous protein, NSPs 非胶原蛋白odontoblast 成牙本质细胞odontoblastic process 成牙细胞突osteocalcin, OCN 骨钙素osteoprotein, OPN 骨桥蛋白outer enamel epithelium 外釉上皮层predentin 前期牙本质preodontoblast 前成牙本质细胞presecretory stage 分泌前期primary enamel knot 原发釉结primary epithelial band 原发性上皮带reduced dental epithelium 缩余釉上皮secondary enamel knot 继发釉结secretory stage 分泌期stellate reticulum 星网状层stratum intermedium 中间层terminal web 终棒tooth eruption 牙萌出tooth germ 牙胚tufetlin 釉丛蛋白vestibular lamina 前庭板第三章牙体组织abrasion, attrition 磨损acellular afibrillar cementum, AAC 无细胞无纤维牙骨质acellular cementum 无细胞牙骨质acellular extrinsic fiber cementum, AEFC 无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质acellular intrinsic fiber cementum, AIFC 无细胞固有纤维牙骨质ameloblastin 成釉蛋白amelogenins 釉原蛋白biglycan 双糖链蛋白聚糖biglycan 双糖链蛋白聚糖cariostatic potential 耐龋潜能cellular cementum 细胞牙骨质cellular intrinsic fiber cementum, CIFC 有细胞固有纤维牙骨质cellular mixed stratified cementum, CMSC 有细胞混合性分层牙骨质cementoid 类牙骨质cementum adhesion protein 牙骨质黏附蛋白cementum growth factor 牙骨质生长因子cementum 牙骨质circumpulpal dentin 髓周牙本质cross striations 横纹dead tract 死区decorin 核心蛋白聚糖decorin 核心蛋白聚糖dendritic cells 树突状细胞dental tissues 牙体组织dentin matrix protein-1,DMP1 牙本质基质蛋白-1dentin phosphoproteins，DPP或phosphophoryn 牙本质磷蛋白dentin sialophosphoproteins 牙本质涎磷蛋白dentin sialoprotein，DSP 牙本质涎蛋白dentin 牙本质dentinal tubule 牙本质小管dentino-cemental junction 牙本质牙骨质界direct innervation theory 神经传导学说enamel caps 釉帽enamel cuticle 釉小皮enamel lamellae 釉板enamel rod sheath 釉柱鞘enamel rod 釉柱enamel spindle 釉梭enamel tufts 釉丛enamel 釉质enamel-dentinal junction，EDJ 釉质牙本质界enamelin 釉蛋白enamelo-cemental junction 釉质牙骨质界Enamelysin 釉质溶解蛋白focal holes, FH 灶性孔glycosaminoglycans 糖胺聚糖gnarled enamel 绞釉hyaline layer 透明层hydrodynamic theory 流体动力学说incrementa1 1ine 生长线incremental lines 生长线interglobular dentin 球间牙本质intertubular dentin 管间牙本质intratubular dentin 管内牙本质lamina limitans 限制板long period incremental line 长期生长线macrophages and 巨噬细胞mantle dentin 罩牙本质matrix metalloproteinases 20，MMP20 基质金属蛋白酶20 micropores 微孔neonatal line 新生线non-amelogenins 非釉原蛋白odontoblast 成牙本质细胞odontoblastic process 成牙本质细胞突起osteodentin 骨样牙本质osteonectin 骨连接素osteopontin 骨桥蛋白parietal layer of nerves 神经壁层perforating fiber 穿通纤维perikymata 釉面横纹periodontoblastic space 成牙本质细胞突周间隙peritubular dentin 管周牙本质predentin 前期牙本质primary curvature 初级弯曲primary dentin 原发性牙本质proteinases 蛋白酶pulp core 髓核pulp proper 固有牙髓pulp 牙髓pulpo-dentinal complex 牙髓牙本质复合体reaction dentin 反应性牙本质remodeling 重塑reparative dentin 修复性牙本质reversal line 反转线rodless enamel 无釉柱釉质Schreger line 施雷格线sclerotic dentin 硬化性牙本质secondary dentin 继发性牙本质serine proteinases, kallikrein-4 丝氨酸蛋白酶Sharpey's fiber 沙比纤维short time incremental line 短时生长线tenascin 腱蛋白tertiary dentin 第三期牙本质the zone of Weil Weil层Tomes' granular layer 托姆斯颗粒层transduction theory 转导学说transparent dentin 透明牙本质tropocollagen 原胶原tuftelin 釉丛蛋白undifferentiated mesenchymal cell 未分化间充质细胞wedge shaped defect 楔状缺损第四章牙周组织alveolar bone proper 固有牙槽骨alveolar bone 牙槽骨alveolar crest group 牙槽嵴组alveolar process 牙槽突alveologingival group 牙槽龈组apical group 根尖组attached gingival 附着龈bundle bone 束骨cancellous supporting bone 松质骨circular group 环行组collagen fibers 胶原纤维compact supporting bone 密质骨cribriform plate 筛状板dentogingival group 龈牙组dentogingival junction 牙龈结合dentoperiosteal group 牙骨膜组elastin fibers 弹力纤维free gingival groove 游离龈沟free gingival 游离龈gingiva mesenchymal stem cells 牙龈间充质干细胞gingival col 龈谷gingival epithelium 牙龈上皮gingival sulcus 龈沟gingival 牙龈haversian system 哈弗系统horizontal group 水平组interdental papilla 牙间乳头interradicular group 根间组interstitial lamella 称间骨板junctional epithelium 结合上皮lamina dura 硬骨板oblique group 斜行组perforating fibers 穿通纤维periodontal ligament stem cell，PDLSC 牙周膜干细胞periodontal ligament，PDL 牙周韧带salcular epithelium 龈沟上皮sharpey's fiber 沙比纤维transseptal group 越隔组第五章口腔粘膜anchoring fibril 锚纤维attachment plaque 附着斑basement membrane zone 基底膜区basement membrane 基底膜cornified envelope 角化包膜cytokeratin 细胞角蛋白desmocollins 桥粒胶蛋白desmogleins 桥粒芯蛋白desmoplakins 桥粒斑蛋白Ebner gland 埃伯纳腺epithelial pegs, rete pegs 上皮钉突epithelial ridges, rete ridges 上皮嵴filiform papilla 丝状乳头foliate papilla 叶状乳头Fordyce spot 福代斯斑fungiform papilla 菌状乳头involucrin 总苞蛋白keratiocyte 角质细胞lamina densa 密板lamina lucida 透明板lamina properia 固有层lamina propria 固有层lamina reticularis 网板Langerhans cell 郎格汉斯细胞linea alba 白线lingual crypt 舌隐窝lingual follicle 舌滤泡lining mucosa 被覆黏膜loricrin 兜甲蛋白masticatory mucosa 咀嚼黏膜maturing population 成熟细胞群melanocyte 黑色素细胞melanophage 噬色素细胞Merkel cell 梅克尔细胞nidogen 巢蛋白oral mucosa，oral mucous membrane 口腔黏膜orthokeratinization 正角化palatine rugae 腭皱襞parakeratinization 不全角化perlecan 基底膜聚糖plakoglobin 桥粒斑珠蛋白plectin 网蛋白profilagrin 纤丝聚集蛋白原progenitor population 前体细胞群red lip，vermilion 唇红siderophage 噬铁细胞small proline-rich proteins 小富脯蛋白specialized mucosa 特殊黏膜stratum basale 基底层stratum corneum 角化层stratum germinativum 生发层stratum granulosum 颗粒层stratum spinosum 棘层submucosa 黏膜下层taste bud 味蕾tonofilament 张力细丝vallate papilla 轮廓乳头第六章涎腺acinus 腺泡actin 肌动蛋白antiproteolytic protein 抗蛋白溶解蛋白Bartholin's duct 舌下腺主导管basic secretory unit，salivon 基本分泌单位basket cell 篮细胞carbonic anhydrase 碳酸酐酶crystalloids 晶样体demilune 半月板dense body 致密小体excretory duct 排泄管excretory units 排泄单位exocytosis 胞吐goblet cell metaplasia 杯状细胞化生gustin 味觉素holocrine-type secretion 全浆分泌intercalated duct 闰管merocrine 局浆分泌minor salivary gland 小唾液腺mixed acinus 混合性腺泡mucous acinus 黏液性腺泡muramic acid 胞壁酸myoepithelial cell 肌上皮细胞myofilament 肌微丝myosin 肌球蛋白oncocytic metaplasia 大嗜酸粒细胞化生oncocytoma 大嗜酸粒细胞瘤oncocytosis 大嗜酸粒细胞增多症oxiphilic adenoma 嗜酸性腺瘤parotid gland 腮腺polymeric immunoglobulin receptor，pIgR 多聚体免疫球蛋白受体primitive pluripotential salivary duct cells 原始多潜能唾液腺导管细胞proline-rich protein 富脯氨酸蛋白saliva 唾液salivary glands 唾液腺secretory duct 分泌管serous acinus 浆液性腺泡Sj?gren syndrome 舍格伦综合征squamous metaplasia 鳞状化生Stensen's duct 腮腺导管sublingual gland 舌下腺submandibular gland 下颌下腺succinyl dehydrogenase 琥珀酰脱氢酶tyrosine-rich protein 富酪氨酸蛋白Wharton's duct 下颌下腺主导管zymogen granule 酶原颗粒第七章颞下颌关节articular eminence 关节结节articular zone 关节表面带articulating capsule 关节囊calcified cartilage zone 钙化软骨带condyle 髁突fibrocartilaginous zone 纤维软骨带glenoid fossa 关节窝proliferative zone 增殖带synovial membrane 滑膜temporomandibular joint，TMJ 颞下颌关节the intrarticular disc 关节盘第八章牙发育异常adontia 无牙amelogenesis imperfecta 釉质形成缺陷症central cusp deformity 畸形中央尖cervical enamel extension 颈部釉质延伸cleidocranial dysplasia 锁骨颅骨发育不全症concrescence 结合牙congenital syphilis 先天性梅毒congenital syphilitic teeth 先天性梅毒牙dens evaginatus of anterior teeth 前牙的牙外突dens evaginatus 牙外突dens in dente 牙中牙dens invaginatus 牙内陷dental fluorosis 氟牙症dentin dysplasia 牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia type I I型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia type II II型牙本质结构不良dentinogenesis imperfecta type II 牙本质形成缺陷症II型dilacerations 弯曲牙discoloration of teeth 牙变色distomolar 远中磨牙enamel agenesis 釉质不形成enamel hypoplasia 釉质形成不全enamel opacities 釉质混浊症enamel pearls 釉珠fusion 融合牙germination 双生牙ghost teeth 阴影牙hemifacial hyperplasia 半面过度增生hereditary hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 少汗外胚层发育不良hereditary opalescent dentin 遗传性乳光牙本质hypercementosis 牙骨质过度增生hypocementosis 牙骨质发育不全hypodontia 少牙hypomineralized enamel 釉质矿化不全hypophosphatasia 低磷酸酯酶症impaction of teeth 牙阻生lingual cusp deformity 畸形舌侧尖lingual fossa deformity 畸形舌侧窝macrodontia 巨牙mesiodens 正中牙microdontia 小牙mottled enamel 斑釉natal teeth 胎生牙noenatal teeth 新生牙non-fluoride enamel opacities 非氟性釉质混浊症paramolar 副磨牙persistence of deciduous teeth 乳牙滞留premature eruption 早萌premature loss 过早脱落regional odontodysplasia 区域性牙发育不良retarded eruption 延迟萌出shell-teeth 壳状牙supernumerary teeth, additional teeth, hyperdontia 多生牙supplemental teeth 附加牙talon cusp 鹰爪尖Taurodontism 牛牙症tetracycline stained teeth 四环素牙Turner teeth Turner 牙第九章龋病A. naeslundii 内氏放线菌A. viscosus 黏性放线菌acidogenic theory 酸原学说acquired pellicle 获得性薄膜Actinomyces 放线菌属acute caries 急性龋arrested caries 静止性龋bacterial plaque 菌斑biofilm 生物膜body of the lesion 病损体部cementum caries 牙骨质龋chemico-bacterial theory 化学细菌学说chemico-parasitic theory 化学寄生学说chronic caries 慢性龋dark zone 暗层dental caries 龋病dentin caries 牙本质龋enamel caries 釉质龋L. acidophilus 嗜酸乳杆菌L. casei 干酪乳杆菌L. fermentus 发酵乳杆菌Lactobacilli 乳杆菌属Mutans Streptococci 链球菌属pit and fissure caries 窝沟龋proteolysis-chelation theory 蛋白溶解,螯合学说proteolytic theory 蛋白溶解学说rampant caries 称猛性龋root caries 根龋S. mitis 轻链球菌S. mutans 变形链球菌S. sanguis 血链球菌S. sobrinus 远缘球菌salivary pellicle 唾液薄膜smooth surface caries 平滑面龋smooth surface caries 平滑面龋surface zone 表层three primary factors theory "三联因素"学说translucent zone 透明层translucent zone 透明层zone of bacterial invasion 细菌侵入层zone of demineralization 脱矿层zone of destruction 坏死崩解层第十章牙髓病leukotriene, LT 白三烯interleukin, IL 白细胞介素residual pulpitis 残髓炎vacuolar degeneration of the odontoblastic layer 成牙本质细胞空泡变性acute suppurative pulpitis 急性化脓性牙髓炎acute serous pulpitis 急性浆液性牙髓炎acute pulpitis 急性牙髓炎reversible pulpitis 可复性牙髓炎chronic closed pulpitis 慢性闭锁性牙髓炎chronic ulcerative pulpitis 慢性溃疡性牙髓炎chronic pulpitis 慢性牙髓炎chronic hyperplastic pulpitis 慢性增生性牙髓炎disseminated calcification 弥散性钙化retrograde pulpitis 逆行性牙髓炎prostaglandin, PG 前列腺素pulp stone 髓石idiopathic resorption 特发性吸收Endotoxin 细菌内毒素internal tooth resorption 牙内吸收pulp degeneration 牙髓变性pulp degeneration and necrosis 牙髓变性坏死pulp hyperemia 牙髓充血pulp calcification 牙髓钙化pulp necrosis 牙髓坏死pulp necrobiosis 牙髓渐进性坏死reticular atrophy of the pulp 牙髓网状萎缩pulp polyp 牙髓息肉pulp fibrosis 牙髓纤维性变pulpitis 牙髓炎tooth resorption 牙体吸收external tooth resorption 牙外吸收anachoresis 引菌作用tumour necrosis factor，TNF 肿瘤坏死因子transfer growth factor, TGF 转化生长因子第十一章根尖周炎acute alveolar abscess 急性牙槽脓肿acute periapical periodontitis 急性根尖周炎acute serous periapical periodontitis 急性浆液性根尖周炎acute suppurative periapical periodontitis 急性化脓性根尖周炎cellulites 蜂窝织炎chronic alveolar abscess 慢性牙槽脓肿chronic periapical abscess 慢性根尖周脓肿chronic periapical periodontitis 慢性根尖周炎chronic suppurative periapical periodontitis 慢性化脓性根尖周炎condensing osteitis 致密性骨炎endotoxin 内毒素interleukin, IL 白细胞介素lipoteichoic acids 磷脂壁酸peplidoglyans 肽葡聚糖periapical condensing osteoitis 根尖周致密性骨炎periapical cyst 根尖囊肿periapical granuloma 根尖肉芽肿periapical granuloma 根尖周肉芽肿periapical periodontitis 根尖周炎prostaglandin, PG 前列腺素transfer growth factor, TGF 转化生长因子tumor necrosis factor, TNF 肿瘤坏死因子第十二章牙周组织病abcesses of the periodontium 牙周脓肿Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans，Aa 放线共生放线杆菌actinomyces viscosus，Av 黏性放线菌acute necrotizing gingivitis 急性坏死性龈炎acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎adhesion 黏附aggregation 聚集aggressive periodontitis 侵袭性牙周炎atrophy 萎缩Bcteroides forsythus，Bf 福赛斯类杆菌becteroides melaninogenicus 中间型产黑色素拟杆菌capno gingivalis 牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌cellular adhesion molecules，CAM 细胞黏附分子chronic gingivitis 慢性龈炎chronic periodontitis 慢性牙周炎coaggregation 共聚collagenase 胶原酶collagenase 胶原酶colloid body 胶样小体congenital familial fibromatosis 先天性家族性纤维瘤病degeneration 变性dental plaque biofilm 牙菌斑生物膜dental plaque-induced gingival disease 牙菌斑性牙龈病desquamative lesion of gingival 剥脱性龈病损developmental or acquired deformities and conditions 发育性或获得性异常及其状况Diabetes 糖尿病diffuse atrophy of alveolar bone 牙槽骨弥漫性萎缩Down Syndrome Down综合征dystrophy 营养不良ecogenetics 生态遗传学epithelial attachment 上皮附着fusospirochetal gingivitis 梭螺菌龈炎gingival cleft 龈裂gingival col 龈谷gingival crevicular fluid, GCF龈沟液gingival diseases 牙龈病gingival enlargement associated with leukemia 白血病性龈增大gingival hyperplasia 龈增生gingival pocket 龈袋gingival recession 牙龈退缩gingival sulcus 牙龈沟gingivitis with leukemia 伴白血病性龈炎hereditary gingival fibromatosis 遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病hereditary gingival hyperplasia 遗传性龈增生human leukocyte antigen, HLA 人类白细胞抗原hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶hyperkeratosis of palms and soles-premature periodontal destruction of teeth syndrome 掌跖角化-牙周破坏综合征idiopathic gingival hyperplasia 特发性龈增生idiopathic plasma cell gingivostomatitis 特发性浆细胞龈口炎inflammation 炎症inter-cellular adhesion molecules-1，ICAM-1 细胞间黏附分子-1 interferon-γ，IFN-γ 干扰素-γinterleukin,IL 白细胞介素intrabony pocket 骨内袋junctional epithelium 结合上皮lipopolysaccharedes，LPS 脂多糖marginal gingivitis 边缘性龈炎matrix metalloprotinases，MMPs 基质金属蛋白酶medication-influenced gingivitis 药物性龈炎metalloproteinases 金属蛋白酶mucin 黏蛋白necrotizing periodontal diseases 坏死性牙周病neoplasia 肿瘤non-plaque-induced gingival lesions 非菌斑性牙龈病损occlusal trauma 咬合创伤oral salivary glands 口腔涎腺osteoblast，OB 成骨细胞osteoclast defferentation factor,ODF 破骨细胞分化因子osteoclast,OC 破骨细胞osteoporoterin,OPG 骨保护因子papillary gingivitis 牙龈乳头炎periodontal degeneration 牙周变性periodontal diseases 牙周病periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases 反应全身疾病的牙周炎periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions 伴有牙髓病变的牙周炎periodontitis 牙周炎periodontosis 牙周症plasma cell gingivitis 浆细胞龈炎Porphyromonas gingivalis，P.g 牙龈卟啉单胞菌pregnancy gingivitis 妊娠期龈炎presenile atrophy 早老性萎缩pressure side 压迫侧proteinases 蛋白酶pubertal gingivitis 青春期龈炎receptor activator of NF-κB ligand，RANKL 破骨细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配基receptor activator of NF-κB，RANK 破骨细胞核因子κB受体活化因子saliva 唾液secondary occlusal trauma 继发性咬合创伤senile atrophy 老年性萎缩steroid hormone-influenced gingivitis 激素性龈炎supragingival pocket 骨上袋susceptibility 易感性T.maltophilum 嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体tension side 张力侧tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase，TIMP 金属蛋白酶的抑制剂trauma 创伤traumatic occlusion 创伤性咬合trench mouth 战壕口炎Treponema 密螺旋体属TNF-α 肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α，vascular cell adhesion molecules-1，VCAM-1 血管细胞黏附分子-1 Vincent gingivitis 奋森龈炎vitamin C deficient gingivitis 维生素C缺乏性龈炎第十三章口腔粘膜病acantholysis 棘层松解acanthosis 棘层增生acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征amyloidosis 舌淀粉样变antinuclear antibody，ANA 抗核抗体apoptosis 凋亡ballooning degeneration 气球样变basophilic degeneration 嗜碱性变Behcet syndrome 白塞综合征benign lymphoadenosis of mucosa 黏膜良性淋巴组织增生病benign migratory glossitis 良性游走性舌炎benign mucous membrane pemphigoid 良性黏膜类天疱疮bulla 大疱candida albicans 白色念珠状菌candidiasis 念珠菌病cell apoptosis 细胞凋亡cheilitis granulomatosa 肉芽肿性唇炎chronic discoid lupus erythematosus 慢性盘状红斑狼疮colloid body 胶样小体crusts 痂dyskeratosis 角化不良epithelial atrophy 上皮萎缩epithelial dysplasia 上皮异常增生erosion 糜烂erythema multiforme exsudativum 多形渗出性红斑erythroplakia 红斑erythroplasia 增殖性红斑erythroplastic lesion 红色增殖性病变geographic tongue 地图舌granular erythroplakia 颗粒型红斑herpes simplex 单纯性疱疹herpetic stomatitis 疱疹性口炎HIV-gingivitis HIV牙龈炎homogenous erythroplakia 均质型红斑human immunodeficiency virus，HIV 人免疫缺陷病毒hyper- orthokeratosis 过度正角化hyperkeratosis 过度角化hyperparakeratosis 过度不全角化interspersed erythroplakia 间杂型红斑leukoedema 白色水肿leukoplakia 白斑lichen planus, LP 扁平苔藓lichen planus pemphigoides, LPP 类天疱疮样扁平苔藓lupus band 狼疮带macule 斑melanophages 噬黑色素细胞necrotizing gingivitis 坏死性龈炎non-Hodgkin lymphoma 非霍奇金淋巴瘤oculo-oral-genital syndrome 眼、口、生殖器三联综合征oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病oral hairy leukoplakia，OHL 口腔毛状白斑oral Kaposi sarcoma，KS 口腔卡波西肉瘤oral melanoplakia 口腔黑斑oral submucous fibrosis 口腔黏膜下纤维化papule 丘疹pemphigus 天疱疮periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens，PMNR 复发性坏死性黏膜腺周围炎potentially malignant disorder 潜在恶性病变precancerous lesion 癌前病变precancerous lesions of oral mucosa, PLOM 口腔黏膜癌前病变premalignant condition of oral mucosa, PCOM 口腔黏膜癌前状态programmed cell death 程序化细胞死亡pseudomembrane 假膜recurrent aphthous stomatitis, RAS 复发性阿弗他口炎recurrent aphthous ulcer，RAU 复发性阿弗他溃疡reticular degeneration 网状变性rhagade 皲裂sarcoidosis 结节病spongiosis 海绵形成ulcer 溃疡vaculation and liquefaction of basal cell 基底细胞空泡性变及液化vesicle 疱Wegener granulomatosis 韦格内肉芽肿white folded disease 白皱折病white sponge nevus 白色海绵状斑痣第十四章颌骨疾病acute suppurative osteomyelitis 急性化脓性骨髓炎aggressive osteoblastoma 侵袭性成骨细胞瘤brown tumor 棕色瘤cherubism 巨颌症chondroma 软骨瘤chondrosarcoma, CHS 软骨肉瘤chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis 慢性局灶性硬化性骨髓炎chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis 慢性骨髓炎伴增生性骨膜炎chronic suppurative osteomyelitis 颌骨慢性化脓性骨髓炎clear cell chondrosarcoma，CCCH S 透明细胞软骨肉瘤condensing osteitis 致密性骨炎conventional osteosarcoma 普通型骨肉瘤dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma 未分化软骨肉瘤desmoplastic fibroma of bone，DMPF 骨促结缔组织增生性纤维瘤enchondromatosis 内生软骨瘤病eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性细胞肉芽肿Ewing's sarcoma 尤文肉瘤familial fibrous dysplasia of the jaws 家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症familial mulitilocular cystic disease of jaws 家族性颌骨多囊性病Fibrous dysplasia，FD 纤维结构不良Garré's chronic nonsuppurative sclerosing ostitis Garré慢性非化脓性硬化性骨炎Garré's osteomyelitis Garré骨髓炎giant cell granuloma 巨细胞肉芽肿giant cell lesions of the jaws 颌骨巨细胞病变giant cell reparative granuloma 巨细胞修复性肉芽肿ground-glass appearance 磨玻璃样Hand-Schuller-Christian disease 汉-许-克病high grade surface osteosarcoma 高级别表面骨肉瘤high-turnover state 骨改建亢进histiocytosis X 组织细胞增生症Xhyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺功能亢进Langerhans cell disease 朗格汉斯细胞病Langerhans cell histiocytosis 朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症Letterer-Siwe disease 勒-雪病low grade central osteosarcoma 低级别中心骨肉瘤mesenchymal chondrosarcoma，MCHS 间叶性软骨肉瘤myeloma 骨髓瘤osteoblastoma 成骨细胞瘤osteochondroma 骨软骨瘤osteoid osteoma 骨样骨瘤osteoma 骨瘤osteomyelitis of jaws 颌骨骨髓炎osteoradionecrosis 放射性骨坏死osteosarcoma 骨肉瘤parosteal osteosarcoma 骨旁骨肉瘤periosteal osteosarcoma 骨膜骨肉瘤periostitis ossificans 骨化性骨膜炎peripheral giant cell granuloma 周围性巨细胞肉芽肿plasmacytoma 浆细胞瘤primary chondrosarcoma 原发性软骨肉瘤primitive neuroectodermal tumor, PNET 原始神经外胚层肿瘤radiation osteomyelitis 颌骨放射性骨髓炎secondary osteosarcoma 继发性骨肉瘤small cell osteosarcoma 小细胞骨肉瘤telangiectatic ostersarcoma 毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤Touton giant cell 图顿巨细胞tuberculous osteomyelitis 结核性骨髓炎tunneling resorption 穿凿性吸收第十五章颞下颌关节病condylar hyperplasia 髁突增生diffuse type giant cell tumour of tendon sheath 弥漫型腱鞘巨细胞瘤eburnation 象牙化loose body 游离体osteoarthritis,OA 骨关节炎osteoarthrosis 骨关节病osteophytic lipping 骨赘性唇状突pannus 血管翳pigmented villonodular synovitis, PVNS 色素性绒毛结节性滑膜炎rheumatoid arthritis，RA 类风湿性关节炎rheumatoid nodule 类风湿性小结synovial chondromatosis 滑膜软骨瘤病temporomandibular disorder, TMD 颞下颌关节紊乱病vermiform bodies 蚓状小体vertical cleft or tangentical cleft 垂直或水平方向裂隙villous projection 绒毛状突起第十六章涎腺非肿瘤性疾病与涎腺肿瘤aberrant salivary gland 迷走唾液腺accessory salivary gland 副唾液腺acinic cell adenocarcinoma 腺泡细胞腺癌acinic cell adenoma 腺泡细胞腺瘤acinic cell carcinoma 腺泡细胞癌acquired immune deficiency syndrome，AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征actinomycosis of salivary glands 唾液腺放线菌病acute pyogenic paratitis 急性化脓性腮腺炎acute sialadenitis 急性唾液腺炎adenocarcinoma，not otherwise specified 非特异性腺癌adenoid cystic carcinoma 腺样囊性癌adenolymphoma 腺淋巴瘤adenomatoid hyperplasia of mucous glands 黏液腺腺瘤样增生adenomatosis of minor salivary glands 小唾液腺腺瘤病adenomyoepithelioma 腺肌上皮瘤aplasia of salivary gland 唾液腺发育不全basal cell adenoma 基底细胞腺瘤basal cell adenoma, canalicular type 小管状型基底细胞腺瘤basal reserve cell theory 基底储备细胞理论canalicular adenoma 小管状腺瘤carcinoma arising in a benign mixed tumour 良性混合瘤中的癌carcinoma arising in a pleomorphic adenoma 多形性腺瘤中的癌carcinoma ex benign mixed tumour 良性混合瘤癌变carcinoma ex lymphoepithelial lesion 淋巴上皮病变癌变carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma 多形性腺瘤癌变carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma 癌在多形性腺瘤中chromogranin A 嗜酪素Achronic recurrent parotitis 慢性复发性腮腺炎chronic sclerosing si aladenitis 慢性硬化性唾液腺炎chronic sialadenitis 慢性唾液腺炎clear cell adenocarcinoma 透明细胞腺癌clear cell adenoma 透明细胞腺瘤clear cell carcinoma 透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma， not otherwise specified 非特异性透明细胞癌clear cell oncocytoma 透明细胞大嗜酸粒细胞瘤comedo carcinoma 粉刺状癌congenital absence of salivary gland 唾液腺先天性缺失cribriform salivary carcinoma of excretory ducts 排泄管筛状唾液腺癌crystalloids 晶样体cylindroma 圆柱瘤cystadenocarcinoma 囊腺癌cystadenolymphoma 淋巴囊腺瘤cystadenoma 囊腺瘤cystic duct adenoma 囊性导管腺瘤cytomegalic inclusion disease 巨细胞包涵体病degenerative sialosis 变性型唾液腺肿大症degenerative swelling of salivary gland 唾液腺退行性肿大development anomalies of salivary gland 唾液腺发育异常developmental anomalies of ducts 导管发育异常developmental lingual salivary gland depression 发育性舌侧下颌唾液腺陷入displacement of salivary gland 唾液腺异位ductal papilloma 导管乳头状瘤ductoacinar unit 导管腺泡单位epidemic parotitis，mumps 流行性腮腺炎epidermoid carcinoma 表皮样癌epidermoid papillary adenoma 表皮样乳头状腺瘤epi-myoepithelial island 上皮肌上皮岛epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma 上皮-肌上皮癌glycogen-rich adenocarcinoma 富含糖原腺癌glycogen-rich adenoma 富含糖原腺瘤high-grade salivary duct carcinoma 高度恶性唾液腺导管癌high-grade transformation 高级别恶性转化HIV-associated salivary disease AIDS病病毒相关性唾液腺疾病human immunodeficiency virus，HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma 玻璃样透明细胞癌hybrid tumors 杂交瘤intraductal papillary hyperplasia 导管内乳头状增生intraductal papilloma 导管内乳头瘤inverted ductal papilloma 内翻性导管乳头状瘤Kuttner's tumour Küttner瘤large cell carcinoma 大细胞癌large cell undifferentiated carcinoma 大细胞未分化癌lobular carcinoma 小叶癌low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma of the palate 腭低度恶性乳头状腺癌lymphoeithelioma-like carcinoma 淋巴上皮瘤样癌lymphoepithelial carcinoma 淋巴上皮癌lymphoepithelial cyst 淋巴上皮囊肿malignant lymphoepithelial lesion 恶性淋巴上皮病变malignant mixed tumour 恶性混合瘤malignant papillary cystadenoma 恶性乳头状囊腺瘤malignant pleomorphic adenoma 恶性多形性腺瘤mixed epidermoid and mucus secreting carcinoma 混合性表皮样和黏液分泌性癌mixed tumour 混合瘤monomorphic adenoma 单形性腺瘤monomorphic adenoma, canalicular type 小管状型单形性腺瘤mucoepidermoid carcinoma 黏液表皮样癌mucoepidermoid tumor 黏液表皮样瘤mucusproducing adenopapillary[non-epidermoid] carcinoma 产黏液乳头状腺癌multicellular theory 多细胞理论myoepithelioma 肌上皮瘤necrotizing sialometaplasia 坏死性唾液腺化生neuroendocrine carcinoma 神经内分泌癌non-invasive carcinoma 非侵袭性癌oat cell carcinoma 燕麦细胞癌obstructive electrolyte sialadenitis 阻塞性电解质性唾液腺炎oncocytic cystadenoma 大嗜酸粒细胞囊腺瘤oncocytoma 大嗜酸粒细胞瘤oncotytic adenoma 大嗜酸粒细胞腺瘤oxyphilic adenoma 嗜酸性腺瘤papillary cystadenocarcinoma 乳头状囊腺癌papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum 淋巴乳头状囊腺瘤paraneoplastic syndromes 瘤外综合征pleomorphic adenoma 多形性腺瘤pluripotential unicellular reserve cell theory 多能单储备细胞理论polyarteritis 多动脉周围炎polycystic parotid gland 多囊腮腺polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma 多形性低度恶性腺癌polymyositis 多发性肌炎psammoma bodies 砂粒体radiant impair 放射线损伤salivary duct carcinoma 唾液腺导管癌salivary duct cyst 唾液腺导管囊肿salivary duct stone 唾液腺导管结石salivary gland cyst 唾液腺囊肿salivary gland virus disease 唾液腺病毒病sclerosing polycystic adenosis 硬化性多囊性腺病sebaceous adenoma 皮脂腺腺瘤semipluripotential bicellular reserve cell theory 半多能双储备细胞理论serous cell adenocarcinoma 浆液细胞腺癌serous cell adenoma 浆液细胞腺瘤sialadenitis 唾液腺炎sialadenoma papilliferum 乳头状唾液腺瘤sialadenosis 唾液腺症sialolithiasis 涎石病Sjǒgren syndrome 舍格伦综合征small cell anaplastic carcinoma 小细胞间变癌small cell carcinoma of the salivary glands 唾液腺小细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma 鳞状细胞癌static bony cavity 静止骨腔synaptophysin 突触素syringocystadenoma papilliferum 乳头状汗腺瘤terminal duct carcinoma 终末导管癌tubelo-acinae-comples 小管-腺泡复合体tuberculosis of salivary glands 唾液腺结核undifferentiated carcinoma with lymphoid stroma 伴有淋巴样间质的未分化癌undifferentiated carcinoma 未分化癌Warthin tumour without lymphoid stroma 无淋巴样间质的Warthin瘤Xerostomia 口干症第十七章口腔颌面部囊肿aneurysmal bone cyst 动脉瘤性骨囊肿botryoid odontogenic cyst 葡萄状牙源性囊肿branchial cleft cyst 鳃裂囊肿cervical lymphoepithelial cyst 颈部淋巴上皮囊肿dental lamina cyst of the newborn 新生儿牙板囊肿dentigerous cyst 含牙囊肿dermoid or epidermoid cyst 皮样或表皮样囊肿epithelial cysts of the jaws 颌骨上皮性囊肿epithelial plaque 上皮斑eruption cyst 萌出囊肿follicular cyst 滤泡囊肿gingival cyst of adults 成人龈囊肿gingival cyst of infants 婴儿龈囊肿glandular odontogenic cyst 腺牙源性囊肿globlo-maxillary cyst 球状上颌囊肿heterotopic oral gastrointestinal cyst 异位口腔胃肠囊肿inflammatory collateral cyst 炎症性根侧囊肿lateral periodontal cyst 发育性根侧囊肿mandibular infected buccal cyst 下颌感染性颊囊肿median mandibular cyst 下颌正中囊肿mucocele 黏液囊肿mucous extravasation cyst 外渗性黏液囊肿mucous retention cyst 潴留性黏液囊肿mucus producing odontogenic cyst 牙源性产粘液囊肿Nasolabial (Nasoalveolar) Cyst 鼻唇(鼻牙槽)囊肿Nasopalatine Duct (Incisive Canal) Cyst 鼻腭管(切牙管)囊肿odontogenic cyst 牙源性囊肿oral lymphoepithelial cyst 口腔淋巴上皮囊肿paradental cyst 牙旁囊肿plunging ranula 潜突型囊肿pseudocyst 假性囊肿radicular cyst 根尖囊肿ranula 舌下囊肿residual cyst 残余囊肿Rushton body 透明小体sialo-odontogenic cyst 涎腺牙源性囊肿simple bone cyst 单纯性骨囊肿static bone cyst 静止性骨囊肿teratoid cyst 口腔畸胎样囊肿thyroglossal tract cyst 甲状舌管囊肿第十八章牙源性肿瘤acanthomatous type 棘皮瘤型adenoameloblastoma 腺样成釉细胞瘤adenomatoid odontogenic tumor 牙源性腺样瘤ameloblastic carcinoma - primary type 成釉细胞癌,原发型ameloblastic carcinoma - secondary type (dedifferentiated) 成釉细胞癌,继发型(去分化)ameloblastic carcinoma 成釉细胞癌。
专业术语-口腔生理学术语Q-R(英文详解)-医务英语
专业术语-口腔生理学术语Q-R(英文详解)-医务英语专业术语-口腔生理学术语Q-R(英文详解)Quadrate - one of the bones which together with the articular bones and the dentary, made/make up a reptile's jaw. In mammals the quadrate bone is incorporated into the middle ear as the incus.Ramus - the vertical part of the mandible which supports the coronoid and the condylar processes.Recombinant DNA - is DNA from a plasmid into which has been inserted a foreign gene. The plasmid is then introduced into a host cell, often the bacterium E.coli. The host cell may then express the foreign gene and secrete the desired protein. This process, commonly known as genetic engineering, has been used to great effect in synthesising proteins such as insulin and interferon.Reduced enamel epithelium - (REE) the epithelium produced by the combination of the external and internal enamel epithelium. The REE remains covering the enamel crown until the tooth erupts when it fuses with the oral epithelium. The REE remaining on the enamel surface becomes the junctional epithelium.Refined carbohydrates - natural carbohydrates from which other bulk such as fibres have been removed. Granulated sugar is a refined form of sugar cane.Remineralisation - the replacement of mineral salts lost by de-mineralisation of a solid salt.Remodelling - of bone refers to the constant removal by osteoclasts and rebuilding by osteoblasts The mass of bone can be controlled constantly by altering the balance between removal and rebuilding. The shape of a bone can also be altered by removing in one place and building somewhere else, without necessarily changing the total mass of a bone mass.Repositioning - of a tooth refers to its movement within the entire dentition which involves the remodelling of the tooth socket. Repositioning of teeth occursnaturally due to continued eruption and mesial (or distal) drift.。
口腔生理学术语(L)
口腔生理学术语(L)口腔生理学术语(L)口腔生理学术语(L) lamella-bone - the microscopic structure of cortical bone gives it the appearance of concentric or parallel plates ( from latin, lamella, the diminutive of lamina, meaning a plate or leaf).lamina propria - the layer of loose connective tissue underneath the epithelium of mucosa, which provides physical and nutritional support.lamina-dura - the name given to the radiographic appearance of a dense layer of bone around the tooth root. it represents the dense cortical bone lining the tooth socket.laminin - an adhesive molecule of connective tissue related to fibronectin andtenascin.langherhans cells are active in the immune response of the skin and mucous membrane. they act as sentries, detecting the presence of foreign antigens on the surface of the epithelium. they do not contain keratin and are thus sometimes called clear cells.lectin - a protein molecule which bindson to a specific sequence of sugars. bacteria may use lectin attachments tobind onto each other or oral surfaces.leucocytes - un pigmented (white) cells of the blood. those with granular cy lasm are neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. the agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes.leucotriens- concerned with signalling between cells of the immune system and a member of the eicosanoid family of hormones.ligand - a protein molecule which binds to another specific protein molecule. the forces of the bond are week and thus protein-ligand bonds depend on close fit of one molecule to the other, so as to capture as many bonding sites as possible. ligands are specific for a particular protein. they are found on cell surfaces of microorganisms where they assist in cell adhesion. they are also sights on cell membranes onto which protein messengers attach such ascytokines (see also lectins).limbic system - a ring of structures around the thalamus which play a major role in pain as well as other types of behaviour. the limbic system includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, septum and cingulum. the limbic system plays an important role in pain at the level of motivation to avoid it. it thus operates at a slightly higher levelthan the reticular formation with strong connections to the thalamus and cortex.lipid - - large molecules containing hydrogen and carbon which are insoluble in water. simple lipids consist of long chains of fatty acids. compound lipids contain phosphoric acid, sugars, nitrogenous bases or proteins, and include the phospholipids, glycolipids and lipoproteins. steroids may also be classified as lipids.lubrication - helping two surfaces to slide over each other.lycine - one of 20 aminoacids common in proteins. it is a common amino acid of collagen and like proline must be hydroxylated by ascorbic acid in order to allow the formation of bonds which will hold the triple helix together..lymphocytes - white cells involved in the immune response. b lymphocytes are so called because they mature in bone while t lymphocytes mature in the thymus. both cells look alike until they recognise a foreign antigen. the b cell starts to make antibodies while the t lymphocytes accumulate vesicles loaded with cytotoxic agents. on contact with a foreign cell, the lymphocytes changes shape so that all it vesicles are pointed at the enemy. the release of cytotoxicagents need to be carefully controlled. one of the methods by which the enemy cell is killed is by agents which make holes in its cell membrane. enemy cells maybe bacteria, or the bodies own cells which have ingested viruses or they may be cancer cells, or the cells of transplanted organs.lymphokines - a variety of cytokines released by lymphocytes which coordinate the proliferation of t and b lymphocytes. they also regulate the brain's contribution to the immune response via the hypothalamus - adrenal cortex axis.lysosomes - small membrane bound vesicles in the cy lasm of cells which contain toxic enzymes. when a cell dies, these membranes rupture and the enzymes are released. they break down the cells structure, and the debris is removed. the lysosome also contains cytokines which summon inflammatory cells and stimulate inflammation. the contents of lysosomes can be released by macrophages and neutrophils both to kill bacteria and viruses, and to stimulate inflammation.口腔生理学术语(L) 相关内容:。
专业术语—口腔生理学术语R1（英文详解）-医务英语
专业术语—⼝腔⽣理学术语R1(英⽂详解)Rest Position - a position the jaw adopts when at rest with the lips lightly together.Reticular fibres - are fine type III collagen fibres forming a net-like supporting framework or reticulum. They are found around small blood vessels, nerve cells, muscle fibres and in particular beneath epithelial membranes as part of thebasal lamina.Reticular formation - in the central core of the medulla, it consists of several structures, including the periaquaductal grey. The reticular formation integrates information from many sources and influences sensory motor and autonomic activity. It is involved in aversive drive (behaviour which is an instinctive turning away from the unpleasant).Retinoic acid - a product of retinol(Vitamin A) which binds onto cell membranes and controls cell division and differentiation through gene expression.Ribosomes - - structures in the cy lasm of cells which attach onto messenger RNA. At the ribosome, the code of nucleotides on the mRNA is translated into a series of aminoacids.RNA - Ribosenucleic acid - seenucleic acids.Root resorption - resorption of cementum and underlying root dentine by osteoclasts. Temporary zones of root resorption may occur during orthodontic tooth repositioning. More extensive and irreversible root resorption may occur if the root becomes ankylosed.Rugae - raised ridges of epithelium, each with its core of lamina propria, found on the anterior wall of the hard palate.。
口腔生理学术语(英文)
口腔护生理学术语Calcium-binding proteins - proteins which have the ability to store calcium ions and to bind onto calcium in the hydroxyapatite of the enamel surface.Calculus - a hard deposit of calcified plaque which is found around the neck of the tooth. When it is above the free gingival margin (supra-gingival) it is white and chalky. When it is below (sub-gingival) it is dark and hard.Candidiasis - an infection caused by Candida albicans, a normal commensal of the mouth; also called "thrush";Capsule - a fibrous casing surrounding an organ or gland; also a coating for some bacteria which protects them, from the bodies immune system. It is only the variety of Pneumococcus sp. which has a capsule which is able to pass the immune barrier and cause pneumoniaCaries - the demineralisation, and breakdown of tooth structure by plaque acids.Cariogenic - likely to cause caries. Sugar is cariogenic because it supports the growth of plaqueCarious plaque - types of plaque which are associated with caries .Carnivorous - an animal whose diet consists of animal tissue.CEJ - see cemento-enamel junction.Cell junctions - sites on the cell membrane where cells attach to neighbouring cells. There are three main types. 1. adhering junctions, which anchor cells to each other to resist separation. They m Template - an outline form which can be used to make many identical copies without being used itself. Metal templates can be used placed over a piece of clothing material, which is then cut according to the shape of the template. Many pieces can be made from the same template, and they will all be the right shape for that part of the garment. Molecular templates can guide the formation of crystals by providing a shape which is characteristic of, for example anapatite crystal. The role of templates in crystal formation is calledepitaxy.Temporomandibular joint - the joint between the condyle of the mandible and the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone. The joint is divided into an upper and lower compartment by a fibrous disc and surrounded by a capsule.Tenascin - an adhesive molecule of connective tissue related to fibronectin andlaminin.Thalamus - the major co-ordinating centre or sensory information in the brain.Threshold - the minimum level of a signal(sound. pressure, pain) which is detectable.Thrombin - the final chain in the series of blood clotting forms fibrin from fibrinogen. Thrombin is formed from prothrombin by a prothrombin activator, itself the end of a series of reactions. This cascade of events may begin two ways. One, is the release of tissue factors from damaged vessels. The other, is the activation of factors in blood platelets which are altered by coming into contact with collagen or an artificial surface.Thromboxanes - concerned with platelet clotting and a member of the eicosanoid family of hormones.ical - in a local area. e.g application of medication to the affected part only.Trabecula-bone -a description of the radiographic appearance of spongy bone. Radiographs provide an unusual opportunity to see condensations within spongy bone. These condensations form lines, or beams with are orientated so as to give the best support to loads tending to crush or fracture the bone.( the Latin word for a wooden beam was trabes, a small beam was a trabecula)Transcription- a process which leads to the copying of a gene's code, from a section of DNA, onto a strand of messenger RNA and which eventually leads to the synthesis of the peptide or protein which that gene codes for.Transforming growth factor- TGF a superfamily of cytokines secreted by a variety of cells (monocytes, T cells, platelets, fibroblasts). The family includebone morphogenic proteins, which stimulate angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation and inhibit T cell proliferation.Tropocollagen - the precursor to the collagen molecule secreted by the cell. The removal of terminal peptides on the tropocollagen allows each molecule to join end to end with another to make a collagen fibril.Tubule - a small tube leading into a duct,or as in dentinal tubules.Turnover - the replacement of cells by mitosis which keeps pace with cell loss, as in epithelia and blood cells. Also refers to the continual replacement of connective tissues like bone and fibrous tissue.ay form a belt of adhesions between cells (as between muscle cells) or spot attachments like desmosomes which hold epithelial cells together. 2. tight junctions have no space between the membranes and allow no leakage between cells. They are found between cells of a secreting glands and between endothelial cells of blood vessels to prevent fluid leaking out. 3. gap junctions are channels which allow transfer of small molecules like ions, sugars and amino acids, between cells.Cemento-enamel junction- the junction between the enamel covering the crown of the tooth and the cementum covering its root. Often referred to as the CEJ.Cementoblasts - cells of mesenchyme origin, induced by proteins from cells of ectodermal origin, to form a layer of cementum around the roots of teeth.Cementum - a thin layer of bone-like material covering the roots of teeth and sometimes the enamel surface, containing both extrinsic and intrinsic fibres.Central nervous system - the brain and spinal cord. The nerves which leave the spinal cord and brain comprise the peripheral nervous system.Chemotaxis - the movement of cells in response to chemical messengers. The movement of neutrophils and macrophages into damaged tissues is brought about by signals released by damaged tissues, and bacterial products..The term applies to the movement of any organism attracted by a specific chemical, which may be a suitable nutrient.Cholinergice - cell receptors specific for the neurotransmitter acetyl choline. Cholinergic receptors are found at neuromuscular junctions of muscle fibres and at all the synaptic junctions of the parasympathetic nervous system. They are also found at the pre- ganglionic synapse of the sympathetic nervous system.Chondroitin sulphate - the major glycosaminoglycan of cartilage , the other being keratan sulphate.Chromosomes - structures in the nucleus of a cell which appear visible during cell division. Each chromosome (humans have 24) is a tightly coiled string of DNA wound round a protein.Clearance - the removal by swallowing, of substance in the mouth. Clearance is dependent on the completeness of swallowing and the rate of flow of saliva.Clones - a family of cells, or organisms, which are all identical to a single parent. They are produced by asexual reproduction. When a B lymphocytes has recognised a foreign antigen, it provides millions of identical daughter cells in order to produce the specific antibodies in large quantities.Clotting - see blood clottingCode - the code of nucleotides is written in "words" of three letters using an"alphabet" of four "letters". These four components of the code are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.Collagen - the most common protein found in the body. It has a fibrous structure and makes up the main organic component of bone and dentine, and the fibres of tendons and ligaments.Collagenase - an enzyme produced by fibroblasts which breaks down collagen fibres. The fibroblast recycles the component amino acids, and secretes new collagen fibres. This process of remodelling occurs throughout life. Osteoclasts also secrete collagenases in order to remove bone matrix.Several bacteria are able to secrete collagenases and are thus able to break down and penetrate through collagen fibres in the periodontal ligament.Colonies - communities of organisms which have taken up residence in a habitat .Competency - the ability of a cell to respond to messengers which could cause it to differentiate into a more specialised cell. Some cells, like pericytes remain competent throughout life, whereas others, such as the oral epithelium, are only able to form an tooth bud during the 12th to 16th week of foetal development.Composite - a material made from two or more different types of material which contribute different properties. For example bone is a combination of a resilient fibres of collagen in a brittle matrix (hydroxyapatite).Compressive strength - ability to withstand a crushing force.Condylar process - the vertical extension of the mandible which ends in the condyle head, the moveable part of the temporomandibular joint.Connective tissue - one of the four main types of collections of cells (tissues) which consists of cells in a matrix of ground substance and fibres. Some connective tissues support structures like blood vessels and glands. Others are more structural, like bone, tendons and cartilage.Contralateral - the opposite side as distinct from ipsilateral. Often used to refer to the teeth, joint or muscles on the opposite side from the chewing side.Coronoid process - the vertical extension of the mandible anterior to the condyle to which the temporal muscle attaches.Cortical-bone - the outer layer of bone which is dense and made up of lamellae.Covalent bond - a strong bond between atoms formed by sharing outer electrons. When an atom has 8 outer electrons it is stable. Those which naturally have 8, like neon and argon gasses are quite unreactive. The carbon atom has 4 outer electrons and therefore needs 4 extra electrons to be stable. Four hydrogen atoms make a good partnership for carbon,(CH4, C2 H6 ... etc)hence hydrocarbons,(saturated with hydrogen atoms) are quite stable, insoluble and unreactive. One oxygen atom (outer shell has 6 electrons) and two hydrogen atoms (H2O) also makes a stable arrangement, although not as stable as the hydrocarbon, family as the water molecule is a little unbalanced, providing hydrogen bonds and other unusual properties of biological importance, such as its ability to hold other molecules in a solution.Cusps - peaks or raised areas of a tooth which usually fit into a fossa on the opposing tooth.Cytokines -chemical messengers that allow neighbouring cells to communicate with each other. They are paracrine messages as distinct from endochrine or hormonal messengers. There are several main families of cytokines including growth factors , neurotransmitters, , lymphokines and many others. The method of communication involves detection of the chemical message, a ligand , by receptor proteins (for example an integrin on the cell membrane of the receiving cell. The result of the message is a shift in the level of gene expression or the expression of new genes and altered cell behaviour. Cytokines are complex as they sometimes inhibit and/or facilitate the actions of each other.Cylasm - the contents of the cell, not including thenucleus.Cytoskeleton - a system of fine filaments which cross the cell in all directions, helping toand keep or change its shape. There are three main types of filaments; in order of decreasing size they are, microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.Cytotoxins - products released by bacteria which are toxic to other living cells.Darwinian medicine - an approach to the treatment of infective diseases which takes account of the co-evolution between the host and its parasite.Deciduous - from the Latin "falling" it applies both to trees which lose their leaves in winter and teeth which are lost to make way for the permanent set.Demineralisation - reduction in amount of mineral in tissue. This reduction occurs when the crystals of apatite are dissolved, usually in an acid environment.Dental abscess- an abscess around the apex of a tooth due to spread of infection from the pulp .Dental papilla - the condensation of dental mesenchyme which provides the stem cells from which ondontoblasts, cementoblasts and osteoblasts will form the pulp-dentine, cementum and alveolar bone of the tooth socket.Dentary - one of several bone which together made up the lower jaw in early reptiles. During evolution the other bones, the articular and quadrate bones, became part of the inner ear, and the dentary became the single the mandible of mammals.Dentine - a hard material like bone which forms the root and inner core of the crown of teeth. Unlike bone, dentine has fine tubules which contain the elongated process of odontoblasts, the dentine forming cells.Dentine-pulp - a term used to describe the unity between dentine and pulp, and to view it as one integrated tissue.Depolarisation - all cells have a slight difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. This difference is called a membrane potential and is due to a greater number of sodium ions (positively charged) outside the cell than inside. This imbalance is maintained by a membrane pump which pushes sodium ions out of the cell. Another pump also pushes potassium ions into the cell so there should be no difference in the balance of positive ions. But the potassium ions leak back out again, so there is always a potential difference across the membrane. Nerve cells have the ability to depolarise or reverse the membrane potential so that the inside is positive and outside negative. This reversal is short lived and is soon corrected, but it is long enough to influence the adjacent parts of the membrane and to be carried, like a wave, all the way along a nerve axon to the next nerve where it reaches a synapse The reversal is caused by a sudden opening of cellmembrane gates which allow a flood of sodium ions into the cell. This flood causes the inside to become positive, but the gates are soon shut and potassium gates opened, which allows potassium ions to flood out and restore the membrane potential. This can all happen several times in one second, but after a while there is no flood, and the sodium pump has to get to work to build up enough pressure for the depolarisation to work again.Dermatan sulphate - a glycosaminoglycan found in skin, tendon, blood vessel and heart valves.Desmosomes -one of the types of cell junctions by which cells join or communicate with each other. Desmosomes consist of a round plaque of protein, desmoplakin on the cell membrane. Into the plaque are attached fine filamanents which are part of the cell's cytoskeleton. So the plaque is attached to the skeleton of the cell. Where the filaments enter the plaque the are so dense as to be visible with a light microscope. They are then called tonofilaments. The plaque of one cell adheres to the plaque of another. This system of joining cells is designed to resist mechanical separation, so we see desmosomes joining epithelial cells which hold tightly to each other. If epithelium is processed for histology, some shrinkage occurs and the epithelial cells separate from each other, except where the desmosomes hold them together. The pulled out tags of cell membrane give these cells a star-like shape, and so they are called the stellate cells.Desquamation - the detachment of cells from the surface of an epithelium.Dextrans - polysaccharides made by bacteria. They have a slimy consistency and contribute to the sticky nature of plaque.Differentiate - change in the pattern of genes expressed by a cell resulting in altered function, from a more primitive parent cell to a more specialised group of daughter cells.Diphyodont - only two sets of teeth, one deciduous and one permanent (from "di" = two,"phyo+ = generation and "dont" =teeth). See also polyphyodontDisplacement - of a tooth refers to its movement within the confines of the tooth socket. A tooth can be displaced more easily when forced in a lateral direction than when forced into the socket. Continual or frequent displacement of a tooth may lead to it repositioning itself in the socket.DNA - Deoxyribosenucleic acid - a complex nucleic acid molecule which is used by cells to store genetic material as genes which control the structure of proteins and hence influencing all enzyme reactions. DNA is coiled in a single closed loop in procaryotes, but coiled round other proteins to form a chromosome, and stored in the nucleus of eucaryotesDuct - a tube which carries a secretion onto the surface of skin or mucosa.Ecological balance - astable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem. In the ecosystem of the mouth this balance is brought about by competition and cooperation between the different organism and the hosts defences which tend to control population size.Ecosystem - a stable environment in which live a large number of different forms of life, each affecting the other. Example are a forest, desert, tidal area, soil, oral cavity, gut.Ectoderm - the outer of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells begins to differentiate. The ectoderm will form the epidermis of the skin and the nervous system. The other two layers are the mesoderm and the endoderm.Ectomesenchyme - a name given to dental MESENCHYME which reflects its partly ectodermal origin.Eicosanoids - are a class of hormones which are all made from phospholipids. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leucotriens.Elastic fibres -are long, thin, ribbons-like fibres, sometimes even sheet-like. They are composed of a central core of elastin, a rubbery protein, surrounded by glycoprotein microfilaments. Elastin is found all over the body but particularly in the walls of blood vessels and in our vocal chords.Electron - the negatively charged elements of an atom which circle the nucleus. If an electron is lost the atom becomes a relatively positively charged ion. It has been ionised .Electron Transport System- Hydrogen ions produced during the 3 preparatory steps of aerobic respiration are carried by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The hydrogen ion plus one electron form NADH, which is taken to the electron transport system. This transport system is run by a series of 5 molecules. The first, removes the two electrons from NADH,( one comes from the hydrogen atom, leaving behind a hydrogen ion). These two electrons, bounce from the first molecule in the transport system to the second, third, forth and then last one, cytochrome oxidase, which finally places the electrons onto oxygen gas O2. The electron rich oxygen atoms are attractive to the hydrogen ions and they combine to form water. (Oxygen in the process of aerobic respiration acts therefore as an electron acceptor). In the process of bouncing "downhill" the electrons have released sufficient energy to power up a small battery. This battery has been made by pumping hydrogen ions out of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The collection of hydrogen ions outside, piles up and their electrical pressure mounts. They want to get back across the membrane, and are allowed, one at a time to pass back through the enzyme ATP synthase. This enzyme sits like a water wheel in the cell membrane, turned by the passage of hydrogen ions. Its turning wheel builds an ATP molecule in every turn. The wheel may be going at about 200 revolutions per second, powering the synthesis of an ATP molecule with each turn. ATP formed in this way takes a while but can be sustained to fuel the body during aerobic exercise. When the demand for power exceeds this rate, the cells have to rely on anaerobic respiration.Electrostatic - a force generated by differences in electric charge of two particles.Enamel prisms - rod-like bundles of hydroxyapatie crystals which are orientated at right angles to the tooth surface. Each prism can be traced from the outside of the enamel all the way to the dentine junction.Enamel - the outer layer hard layer which covers the dentine around the crown of a tooth. Enamel consists of closely packed crystals of hydroxyapatite with very little organic material. A recognisable unit of structure in enamel is the enamel prism.Enameloid - a type of enamel found in fish and reptiles in which the enamel prisms are haphazardly arranged; in contrast enamel prism are parallel to each other and orientated at right angle to the tooth surface.Endocrine glands - the secretion passes into the blood stream, like insulin, epinephrine.Endoderm - the inner of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells begins to differentiate. The endoderm will form the gut system and its associated organs. The other two layers are the mesoderm and the ectoderm.Endoplasmic reticulum - a system of inner cell membranes which is continuous with the nuclear membrane. It transports products of cell synthesis to the golgi apparatus. Described as rough endoplasmic reticulum when there are many ribosomes attached.Endorphins - a neuropeptide which has specific binding sites on nerve cells called opiate receptors. When the receptor is activated by endorphins or morphine it reduces the excitability of the post synaptic cell. Peptide receptors are also found on lymphocytes which suggest an association between neuropeptides and the regulation of the immune response.Endosteum - a layer of bone forming cells, osteoblasts which covers the entire surface of the internal aspect of cortical and spongy bone, separating it from the surrounding connective tissue. see also bone membrane.Endothelial cells - the epithelial cells of the endothelium which lines blood vessels. The cells are flattened into a pavement stone shape and are usually two or three layers thick.Endotoxins - the contents and cell wallsof dead bacteria which may be toxic to the host.Enkephalins - similar in structure and action to endorphins.Environment - describes the surroundings in which organisms live. Some physical features of an environment are fairly stable, like trees, rivers, mountains, houses, soil, teeth. Some physical features are changeable, like wind, water, light, pH, food supply. Others features are less predictable, such as the balance in the community of collaborators, competitors and parasites. All forms of life including bacteria in the mouth, have an environment, which has an important influence on their survival. Successful organisms manage to exploit their environment to the best advantage or to adapt to it, perhaps only after several generations, if it becomes a serious challenge to the species.Enzyme - a protein that controls and helps a chemical reaction to take place, but is not used up in the process. Usually each enzyme is specific for a particular step in a reaction. Enzymes are sensitive to their environment, especially to excessive temperature or pH.Epidermal growth factor - a cytokine that stimulates epithelial cell proliferation.Epinephrine - a neurotransmitter substance found at all adrenergic synapses (nor epinephrine or epinephrine). It is the most common neurotransmitter in the nervous system, in particular at ganglion cells of the sympathetic nervous system.Epitaxy - the initiation of crystalformation in a saturated solution by providing a template against which crystal can form. There are specific sites on collagen molecules which appear to function as templates against which hydroxyapatite crystals form.Epithelial attachment- the cuff of junctional epithelium which joins the gingival sulcus epithelium to the enamel of the tooth. Apical migration of the epithelium down onto the cementum may occur due to ageing or periodontal disease. Loss of attachment produces a periodontal pocket and a new habitat for anaerobic oral bacteria.Epithelium - a layer of cells which forms alining for a tube or the covering for an organ or the whole body.Eucaryote - a cell in which the genetic material is confined to the nucleus, in distinction to a procaryote in which the genetic material is dispersed throughout the cell. Other distinctions of eucarytoic cells are the presence of organelles such as the golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and mitochondriaExocrine glands - the secretion passes intoa duct like sweat, saliva and mucous.Extinct - a plant or animal species may entirely cease to exist. Recent examples are the dodo, a large flightless bird which used to live as recently as two hundred years ago, on the island of Mauritius. There are today many species of birds, flowers, fish, insects, large mammals, including certain types of whale, which are threatened with extinction, most as a result of human activity. Happily, the smallpox virus is about to become extinctExtra cellular matrix - the supporting surrounding material of a cell including ground substance and fibres.Extrinsic fibres - refers to those fibres of cementum which are continuous with periodontal ligament fibres. Extrinsic fibres have been trapped in cementum during its formation in order to anchor them. see also intrinsic fibres, and sharpey's fibres.Exudate - the fluid plasma which leaks out of blood vessels due to an increase in capillary permeability. The increased permeability, is caused by histamine, and bradykinin, which are released in response to tissue damage. The formation of an exudate is the first step in the process of inflammation.Fatty acids - long straight chains of carbon and hydrogen ending with an acid group at one end. Saturated fatty acids have no capacity to absorb more hydrogen atoms. Animal fats are mostly of this type and are considered less healthy as they end to accumulate in the linings of arteries.Feedback - a system of control, where work being done is modified by the product. For example the blood pressure is maintained by the strength of the heart beat and the muscle tone of the arterioles. In the walls of the large arteries are receptors sensitive to the degree of stretch in the muscle wall. As the blood pressure increases, the wall are stretched, and the receptor sends signals via the brain to the sympathetic nervous system back to the heart and blood vessels, causing decreased pumping effort and more relaxed muscle tone in the arteries. In chemical reactions the accumulated product slows down the rate of production. For example if the oxygen level of the body falls, the rate of respiration.increases to restore the levels to normal. These control system are thus circular; what is produced returns to control the further production. They are examples of negative feedback, and are common in maintaining stability or homeostasis. Positive feedback is less common as it tends to be unstable. An example is the release by platelets of thrompotaxin. When the levels of thrombotaxin are high, they do not inhibit further production as occurs in a negative feedback system but actually stimulate more platelets to produce more thrombotaxin and so on until there is an explosive increase in the number of sticky platelets. This is useful in an emergency to s bleeding, but very dangerous when a clot forms inside a blood vessel.Fibre - a long thin string-like structure constructed of smaller fibrils and even smaller microfibrils. Examples are collagen, elastic and keratin fibres. Collagen fibres are arranged parallel to each other in a tendon, to give it great resistance to tension (pulling).Fibrinogen - a large soluble protein found in blood which is converted into fibrin during blood clotting.Fibroblasts - cell of connective tissue which form both the intercellular matrix and fibres.Fibronectin - a glycoprotein which is found in the extracellular matrix and is important for the attachments, and therefore the movement of cells.Filamentous - long, thin, hair-like.Fluorapatite- an apatite crystal in which fluoride has replaced hydroxyl ions.Fluorosis - mottling of the teeth caused by an excess of fluoride in the drinking water. A fluorosis index recognises 4 stages of severity.Foramina - the plural of foramen, which is a hole, for example Foramen Ovale.Fossils - dead plant or animal remains whichhave become infused with minerals over many millions of years and are now hard and rock -like. The original shape of the animal or plant may be very well preserved.Fractal dimension - a dimension which is some fraction in between a line(1) and a plane(2), or a plane and a solid (3). These fractal dimensions are useful in describing the quality of natural lines and surfaces, such as coastlines, trees, vascular branching and the patterns of trabecula boneFreeway space - the space between the teeth when the jaw is in a rest position.Gangrene - the death of tissue on a large scale. May be caused by certain bacteria which spread rapidly through tissues, or by an inadequate blood supply.Ganglion - a collection of nerve cells usually found outside the central nervous system, from which axons arrive from the periphery and proceed to the spinal cord or brain.Gene cloning - a technique which uses recombinant DNA, inserted into a host cell as a plasmid which reproduces copies of itself, and hence the inserted gene, many times。
口腔科英语专业词汇
口腔科英语专业词汇翻译牵引钩hook铅毒性口炎lead stomatitis前导anterior guidance前弓anterior arch前弓区anterior arch area前磨牙premolars, bicuspid teeth ; 又称“双尖牙”。
X线头影测量机cephalometric X-ray machineX线头影测量片cephalometric roentgenogram[成釉器]星网状层stellate reticulum, enamel pulp; 又称“釉髓”。
[成釉器]中间层stratum intermedium[家族性]巨颌症cherubism[牙]根管root canal[牙]根尖孔apical foramen[牙]龈瘤epulis咬合occlusion; 下颌静止位时，上下牙的接触关系。
咬合叉bite fork, face-bow fork咬合叉固定夹bite fork clamp咬合垂直距离occlusal vertical dimension咬合堤occlusal rim咬合垫occlusal pad咬合干扰occlusal interference咬合夹板occlusal splint咬合架articulator咬合间记录interocclusal record咬合力occlusal force, biting force咬合力计occlusometer咬合面occlusal surface咬合面窝occlusal fossa咬合磨损occlusal wear咬合平衡occlusal equilibration咬合平面occlusal plane咬合平面导板occlusal guide plate咬合平面规occlusal plane guide咬合托bite plate咬合紊乱occlusion disorder咬合型occlusal pattern咬合学occlusion咬合翼片bite wing film咬合缘occlusal margin咬合支托occlusal rest咬合重建occlusal reconstruction咬合片occlusal filmⅠ类错咬合class ⅠmalocclusionⅠ型卡环type Ⅰclasp, pull type clasp, Aker clasp; 又称“拉型卡环”、“阿克卡环”。
牙科专业用语中英文对照
牙科专业用语中英文对照通用类颊面Buccal舌面Lingual 腭面Palatal 近中面Mesial 远中面Distal 牙合面Oeclusal 切端Incisal 颈部Neck 前牙Anterior xxxxCentral侧xxLatral xxCanine/cuspidxxPosterior xxPre-Molar 第一双尖牙First Prc-Molar 第二双尖牙Second Pre-Molar 磨牙Molar 第一磨牙First Molar 第二磨牙Second Molarxx 牙Wisdom覆牙合Over Bite 覆盖Over Jet 缺失牙Pontic 牙模Model 颜色Shade 形态Shape/Anatomy 金属牙合面Metal Occlusal 金属舌面Metal Backing 缓冲（离开）Relief 牙合架Articulator 工作模Master Model 对牙合模Opposite Model 参考模Study Model 连接模Splint/Joint/Connect 分开Separate 烤瓷冠CMC 烤瓷桥CMB 胶托类全口腔胶托Full /Full AcrylicDenture ,F/F半口胶托Full Upper or Lower Acrylic Denture 局部胶托Partial AcrylicDenture ,P/-or-/p 钢丝xxS.S.Wire Clasp 钢丝牙合支托S.S. Rest 个别托盘Special Tray,S/T 蜡堤Bite Block 胶托修理Repair 软胶Soft Ling 衬垫Reline弹性义齿Flexible Denture / Valplast 胶托加网Add Mesh 钢托类钢托Cobalt-Chrome Centure/Vatallium舌杆Partial Denture（美式）UPD/LPD腭板Lingual Bar 连续卡环PalatalPlate牙合支托Continue Clasp/Kennedy Clasp 舌板Occlusal Rest 上半口网状钢Lingual Plate 半口胶托Full Upper Mesh 钢托上加钢牙Full Upper or LowerDenture 马蹄形Dummy前后杆Horse ShoeDouble Bar / Ant .& Post .Bar 烤瓷类贵金属烤瓷Porcelain on Precious Alloy半贵金属烤瓷Porcelain on S/P(Semi-Precious)非贵金属烤瓷Porcelain on N.P.(Non-Precious)玛利兰桥Maryland Bridge 嵌体Inlay桩核Post高嵌体Onlay瓷贴面Porcelain Veneer / Porcelain 假牙龈/牙肉Gum Porcelain 全瓷冠Full Ceramic 金属边Metal MarginCrown(ln-ceram)种植牙Implant瓷边Porcelain Margin/Porcelain 桩连冠Post Crown/Down Crown Shoulder 通透性的Transparent涂金粉Gold Plating 透明的Translucent金属冠Full Metal Crown 不透明的Opacity一．At the registration 挂号1. What can I do for you?2. What is wrong with you?3. Do you want to see a dentist?4. Which speciality do you want to register with?您要挂哪个科的号？5. Do you want to have your tooth pulled ( tooth filled )?您要拔牙补牙吗？6. For a filli ng? A den ture? Or a clea ning补牙？镶牙？还是洁牙？7. Is this your first visit to this dental clinic?8. May I have your address, telephone number, age and occupation, please?请告诉我您的地址，电话号码，年龄，职业。
口腔医学_中英文对照_常用词汇-推荐下载
Alveolarbone 牙槽骨 学
endodontics 牙体牙髓病 odontoclasis 牙折
carcinoma of sinus extraction 拔牙术 念珠菌病
上颌窦癌
carcinoma of tongue infection 间隙感染
舌癌
露
pulpectomy 牙骨摘除术 嚼肌间隙
pulpitis 牙髓炎
pyogenic osteomyelitis 下间隙
化脓性骨髓炎
radiation osteomyelitis 放射性骨
髓炎
radicular syst 根端囊 tooth decay 龋齿
肿
recurrent aphthae 复 发性口疮
root canal therapy 根管治疗
root of tooth 牙根 脓肿
submasseteric space
submaxillary space 颌
tartar 牙石
temporomandibular joint 颞颌关节
thrush 鹅口疮
tooth replantation 牙 caries 龋齿
cellulitis of the
floor of the mouth 口 上颌骨骨折
底蜂窝织炎
cementum 牙骨质
dental arch 牙弓 疱疹性口炎
fascial space
fluoride 氟化物
fracture of maxillary oral surgery 口腔外科
青少年牙周炎
gingivitis 药物性龈炎 luxated tooth 牙脱位 parotitis 腮腺炎
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abductors - muscle taking a limb or the jaw away from the body.
acetyl choline - aneurotransmitter substance found at all cholinergic synapses including those of motoneurones at the neuromuscular junction.
acini - the secreting units of a gland. each acinus is a sack-like structure, lined by secreting cells. the sack opens out into a tubule.
adductors - muscle bringing a limb or the jaw towards the body.
adhesion - to form a chemical bond of attachment between two surfaces (see ligand and lectin).
adrenalin - see epinephrine.
aerobic respiration -a type of respiration which requires oxygen and in which glucose is broken down to release energy in a series of steps. the end products are carbon dioxide and water. step 1;glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid in the cell cylasm with the release of 4 hydrogen atoms. step 2; pyruvic acid is oxidised to acetylcoenzyme a (acetyl coa), with the release of 4 further hydrogen atoms. step 3; in the kreb cycle, 16 atoms of hydrogen are released. at all stages the hydrogen atoms are used to form the high energy molecule adenosine triphospate (atp) via the electron transport system . see also anaerobic respiration .
affected dentine - dentine which has been demineralised by acids in advance of invading caries bacteria. a distinction is made between affected dentine and infected dentine, because affected dentine is able to remineralise and should not be removed during cavity preparation.
aggregate - clumps or collections of small particles or bacteria .
alveolar bone - bone which develops around the roots of the teeth to hold them firmly in place. see gomphosis. if the teeth are extracted, the alveolar bone resorbs away. alveolar bone consists of both trabecula and cortical types of bone.。