雅思写作常用的形式主语从句
雅思写作常用从句
句型和语法句型和语法是评分标准的最后一项。
我们看考官的范文看起来不算难懂，但其句型变化较多样。
仔细研究，可以发现考官范文喜欢用并列句，被动句，It is +adj.+for sb. to do sth.，六大从句。
记住，我们的句型既有简单句，也有复合句。
不要一味堆砌从句。
简单句:注意意思要饱满和清楚1.主谓(宾)：名词+动词(名词)●The world is changing.Their adult world will be changing.Their adult world will be changing constantly.Their adult world will be changing in terms of technology.第一句话只有主语和谓语，句子信息量很少，意思不明确，增加了限定成分之后句子的意思才逐渐饱满。
●Exposure can encourage children.Exposure to computer games can encourage children to be self-centered and insensitive to others.Too much exposure to computer games can encourage children to be self-centeredand insensitive to others .被动句也是主谓结构，只是主宾顺序颠倒，且常常缺少人称。
功能:表客观，强调主语。
A child’s development cannot be provided by a computer.=A computer cannotprovide a child’s development.Stars are replaced by the next generation.Sport stars and pop stars are replaced by the next generation.Sport stars and pop stars are soon replaced by the next generation.Sport stars and pop stars are soon replaced by the next younger, more energetic generation.2.主系表:名词+be+名词/形容词/介词/数词• A problem is the level.A problem is the declining level.A problem is the declining level of health.A problem is the declining level of health in the general population.•Attending school is good.Attending school from a young age is good.Attending school from a young age is good for most children.注意:动名词doing 或者不定式to do 具有名词性质，可以作为主语，宾语或表语。
雅思写作中那些多样化句型之从句的应用技巧
雅思写作中那些多样化句型之从句的应用技巧好的雅思写作,除了要保证句法基础正确外,还需要达到句型多样化。
也就是说,考生在写作时,应该交替使用各种句型,包括短句、长句以及简单句、复合句、并列句。
这次小编来为同学们介绍从句应用。
1.名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句。
A主语从句:what引导:whatweemphasizeisthatformalexaminationisharmfultostu dents'creativity.我们强调的是考试对学生的创造力有害。
that引导(通常用it作形式主语):It’simperativethatthegovernmentshouldbeeffectivelyinvolve dinthecomprehensivemanagementofbothpublicandprivate schools.政府有必要有效地参与到公立和私立学校的管理中来。
how/whether等疑问词引导(也可用it作形式主语)whetheryoungpeopleshouldstudyabroadshouldbelefttoind ividualstojudge.年轻人是否应该出国留学,这应该留给个人去判断。
B表语从句thegreatcontributionofpublicschoolisthatpoorstudentshav eeasieraccesstoreceiveeducation.公立学校的巨大贡献是使贫困学生有了更容易获得教育的途径。
c宾语从句what引导:theywanttoimitatewhattheysee.他们想要模仿他们看到的东西。
that引导:otherpeopleholdthateradicationofancientbuildingsisthenat uralprocessofurbandevelopment.其他人认为拆除古老建筑是城市发展的自然进程。
雅思写作高级句型用法
雅思写作高级句型用法
水滴石穿，绳锯木断。
备考需要一点点积累才能到达好的效果。
我为您供应了“雅思写作高级句型用法”，欢迎阅读参考！
1.So + 形容词+ be + 主词+ that + 从句( 如此……以致于…… ) 例如：
So precious is time that we can ’ t afford to waste it.
时间是如此宝贵，我们经不起铺张它。
2. 形容词+ as + 主语+ be，主语+ 谓语( 虽然…… ) 例如：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质肯定令人不满足。
3.The + 比较级+ 主语+ 谓语，the + 比较级+ 主语+ 谓语( 愈……愈…… ) 例如：
The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力，你愈进步。
4.It is time + 主语+ 过去式( 该是……的时候了) 例如：
It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
该是有关*实行适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
写作：形式主语从句是雅思写作中非常常用的一种句型
写作：形式主语从句是雅思写作中非常常用的一种句型形式主语从句是雅思写作中非常常用的一种句型。
我们先来看一下它是如何构成的。
(That + 一个完整的句子可做主语)。
比如说：(That education is important) is clear.这就是主语从句的基本形式。
但如果句子要是这样，主语过长。
所以，我们习惯于用it来代替原来的主语。
而把原来的主语放在句子的最后。
这句话可改为：It is clear that education is important.这就叫做形式主语从句。
以下的形式主语从句句型在雅思写作中都常常用到。
希望大家能认真掌握，灵活使用。
1 It is often the case that2 It’s a fact that3 It seems that4 It’s said that5 It’s reported that6 It’s believed that7 It’s unive rsally accepted that8 It’s announced that9 It’s estimated that10 It must be admitted that11 It’s obvious that12 It must be stressed out that13 It is widely-accepted that14 It cannot be denied that15 It can be foreseen that16 It’s as clear as crystal that17 It goes without saying that18 It is acknowledged that19 It is well-known that20 It is estimated that1．句子成分残缺不全We always working till late at night before taking exams.（误）We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams（正）We should read books may be useful to us. （误）We should read books which may be useful to us. （正）2．句子成分多余This test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you. （误）One test ends, but another is waiting for you. （正）The driver of the red car was died on the spot. （误）The driver of the red car died on the spot. （正）3．主谓不一致Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. （误）Some think that reading should be selective. （正）My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. （误）My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. （正）4．动词时态、语态的误用I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. （误）I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. （正）We have little time to read some books which we interest. （误）We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. （正）I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. （误）I have been studying in the college for two years（正）5．词类混淆It is my point that reading must be selectively. （误）In my opinion, reading must be selective. （正）Honest is so important for everyperson. （误）Honesty is so important for everyone. （正）The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. （误）The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. （正）一，现象解释型模板 ( 括号内为备选模板句型)1．__________has become a common part of people’s life.(空格内概括最近总体现象)（We have witnessed ______________）（________has been brought into focus）2. And _____has always aroused the greatest concern.（填题目要求讨论的具体现象）（According to _______, ___________.空格一据题目提示填the chart, the report 等，空格二填现象的具体表现一)3. What impresses us most is_____________. （现象的具体表现）（And / in addition______. 现象的具体表现二）4. The reasons _____________are varied. (过渡句，填现象或其结果，为下文分析原因作铺垫) ( Many reasons contribute to ________. )5. Among the various reasons, ____plays an important part.（原因一）6. That is to say,___________. （具体说明原因一）7. What is more, ___________, （原因二）8. For examples,____________. （举例说明原因二）或：(To begin with, ——）（原因一）（moreover,_______） (原因二)（In addition ，_____）（原因三）(As a result, _____) (原因导致的结果)9. When talking about __________, _____________.（空格一填作者要讨论的现象，空格二填作者的看法）（As to me, ________）10. On the one hand / First of all, _________.（支持看法的理由一）11. On the other hand, / Besides, / Furthermore, _______. （支持看法的理由二）12. In brief,/ To conclude, / In a word,_______.（总结）二，对比选择型模板1. Different people have different views on ______.( There is no complete agreement among people as to_______.)2. Some people prefer / consider____.3. However, others tend to / think_______.4. As to me, I agree with / to__________.5．Of course, _______. ( 承认自己所不赞同的看法有一定合理性)6. For example,_______. （举例说明，支持第五句）7. But __________. （转折指出这种观点的不足）8. The following reasons can account for my preference ___. （启下，过渡到下段具体阐述自己所支持的观点或理由）9. The main reason is ______. （支持观点的理由一）10. A good example to illustrate is____________. （举例说明理由一）11. For anther, _________. （理由二）12. From the foregoing, __________. （总结全文：从长远看---）或：1.2.3 同上4. Some people may say_____.5. They hold this opinion because_______.6. However, others believe_______.7. They argue that______.8. Personally, I am in favor of the _________.9. Firstly,___________. ( 个人看法的依据一)10. Secondly,__________. ( 个人看法的依据二)11. Most important of all, __________. ( 个人看法的依据三)12. Taking above-mentioned factors into consideration, we/I may reasonably conclude that________.或:1. When asked about______, different people will offer different opinions.2. Some people take it for granted that _________. (观点一)3. In their opinion, _________. (观点的理由一)4. Besides, ________. (观点的理由二)5. However, other hold _______. (观点二)6. They maintain that_______. (观点二的理由一)7. And _________. (观点二的理由二)8. Weighing up these two arguments, I am for _______.9. For one thing, ________.（作者观点的理由一）10. For another, ___________.（作者观点的理由一）11. For instance, ___________.（举例说明）12. Therefore, as stated above, __________. ( 综上所述，再次强调选择)三，问题解决型模板1. With the development / improvement of ____, ________. ( 空格一填铺垫，空格二写某一问题)2. It is necessary that________. （关注解决问题的必要性）3. On the one hand, ________. （解决问题很必要的理由一）4. On the other hand, ________. （解决问题很必要的理由二）5. Therefore, how to_____is worth paying attention. （承上启下，空格内填要解决的问题）6. Firstly,________. （解决办法一）7. Secondly, _________. （解决办法二）8. For example, ________. （举例解释解决办法一）9. Thirdly, ______. （解决办法三）10. In other words, ________. （阐明解决办法三）11. In fact, ways to _______are countless. （总结：解决办法多种多样）12. It’s time that ________. （强调解决问题时不可待，虚拟语气：从句中用一般过去时态）或：1. There has been a discussion recently about____________.2. It is obvious that_________. （解决问题的必要性一）3. Additionally, _________. （解决问题的必要性二）4. So it is high time_________. （承上启下，说明解决问题的必要性）5. First of all, ______. （解决办法一）6. The reason is _______. （解决办法一的理由）7. Secondly, __________. （解决办法二）8. That is to say,_________. （解决办法二的理由）9. Thirdly, __________. （解决办法三）10. In fact, more than three ways can be adopted. （说明解决办法很多）11. As for me, _______. （小结：解决问题的根本途径）12. All in all, ________. （总结全文）或：1. It is certain that_________. （提出问题及解决的必要性）2. For one reason, _____. （解决问题的必要性一）3. For another, ______. （解决问题的必要性二）4. However, some still puzzle on how to ________. （转折到谈如何解决问题）5. Here come some suggestions.6. To begin with, _______.7. Secondly, _________.8. For instance, _______.9. Thirdly, __________.10. That is because _________. （解决办法三的理由）11. The solution vary according to different situations.（解决某一问题的办法因情而宜）12. Therefore, _________. （总结全文，要灵活地依据具体情况处理问题）四，观点论证型模板1. It is true that ________. （指出普遍存在的观点）2. However, _________. （谈不同的观点）3. I think__________. （提出自己的观点，即文章的论点）4. ________can be listed as follows. （过渡句，转向论点的论证，空格内根据具体情况填具体的词）5. Firstly, _________. （论证理由一）6. Secondly, ________. （论证理由二）7．For example, _____. （举例说明论证理由二）8. Thirdly, ________. （论证理由三）9. A case in point is ________. （举例说明论证理由三）10. It goes without saying that ________.（转折句，提出执行该观点时应注意的事项）11. There is no doubt that________. （得出结论）12. In conclusion_________. （总结全文）或：1. Some people believe that ________. （直接提出本文的论点）2. The truth is deep and profound. （进一步强调观点的正确性）3. As we know, _________. （论证理由一）4. In addition, ________. （论证理由二）5．There are numerous examples________. （承上启下）6. A case in point is________. （举例一具体论证）7. This is close to suggest________. （总结例一）8. For another example, _________. （举例二具体论证）9. Moreover, _________. （举例三具体论证）10. All mentioned above tell us__________. （总结上文，重申论点）11. But one thing we have to notice is that___ __. （提出该论点应注意什么）12. In short, ________. （总结全文）议论文的框架（1）不同观点列举型（选择型）There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People,however,differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的议论文Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. T o begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.（3）答题性议论文Currently, there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.（4）谚语警句性议论文It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （also theoretically ）A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）1．说明事物现状2．事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）3．你对现状（或前景）的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ________（A的优点之一）. Besides ____________（A的优点之二）.But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________（A 的第一个缺点）．T o make matters worse,____________（A的第二个缺点）．Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ________（我的看法）．（From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ________（对前景的预测）．解决方法题型要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径1．问题现状2．怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）In recent days, we have to face I problem——A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ________（说明Ａ的现状）．Second, ________（举例进一步说明现状）Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ________（解决方法一）. For another ________（解决方法二）. Finally, ________（解决方法三）.Personally, I believe that ________（我的解决方法）. Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is a waiting us because ________（带来的好处）.阐述主题题型要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．1．阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．2．分析并举例使其更充实．The good old proverb ________（名言或谚语）reminds us that ________（释义）. Indeed, we can learn many things form it.First of all,________（理由一）. For example, ____________（举例说明）. Secondly,________（理由二）. Another case is that ________（举例说明）. Furthermore , ____________（理由三）．In my opinion, ________（我的观点）. In short, whatever you do, please remember the say____A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.人生哲理背诵文本一、成功的关键因素(Critical Success Factor):explain its intended meaning:In my view, it is the real/ indisputable/ undeniable/ uncontrovertible/ unequivocal/ unquestionable /sure-enough （同义替换词）meaning of the drawing that perseverance （变量）is critical for everyone to achieve the eventual goal.Although there are all sorts of/ a number of controversial factors/agents/ ingredients/elements to contribute to success, such as courage and resources, prudence and determination, diligence and frugality, a positive and aggressive attitude, initiative and self-confidence, enthusiasm and optimism, learnedness and curiosity, frustration and perseverance, favorable circumstances, adverse circumstances, chance or opportunity, destiny or fortune, and so on, in my view, as this picture indicates, perseverance is one that is usually more important than all the others.(93字)Support your view with an example/examples:One of the characteristics/properties/features/virtues/qulities/characters of successful people/notable figures/famous people is having perseverance, including novelists, engineers, scholars，poets, artists, thinkers, writers, and mathematicians. For example, Albert Einstein was a simple man but a great scientist in the 20th century, who won a 1921 Nobel Prize. Albert Einstein had a great effect on science and history, and his achievement was even greater than only a few other great scientists have achieved. His creativity or scientific accomplishment is the result of a combination of hard work and perseverance. (82字) In addition, A number of great scientists found that success favors those who persevere, such as EdisonThomas Alva, Alfred Nobel, Sir Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Huxley Thomas Henry, James Watt, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Beethoven, Qian Xuesen, Mao Yisheng and so on.Harry Truman: (1884-1972) 美国第33任总统(1945-1953年）A pessimist is one who makes difficulties of his opportunities and an optimist is one who makes opportunities of his difficulties.二、人生观和价值观(philosophy of life and values of life):explain its intended meaning:In my view, it is the real/ indisputable/ undeniable/ uncontrovertible/ unequivocal/ unquestionable /sure-enough meaning of the drawing that we should live each day with gentleness, vigor and a keenness of appreciation, and Life lies in struggling. Greed is a false value. Often we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our true values of life. The picture enlightens us becoming more appreciative of the meaning of life and its permanent spiritual values. Life is ten percent what you make it and ninetypercent how you take it. The value of life lies not in the length of days, but in the use we make of them. So having right values in life is very important for us, especially youngster. (103字) 生活有百分之十在于你如何塑造它,有百分之九十在于你如何对待它.生命的价值不在于能活多少天,而在于我们如何使用这些日子。
雅思写作之万能句型结构
雅思写作之万能句型结构
1.主语+谓语+宾语
这是最基本的句型结构，例如“我喜欢读书”可以表达为“I enjoy reading books”。
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
这种句型结构可以用来表达给予或获得某物的行为，例如“他给了我一本书”可以表达为“He gave me a book”。
2.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
这种句型结构可以用来补充说明宾语的性质或状态，例如“我认为学习英语很重要”可以表达为“I think that learning English is important”。
3.主语+系动词+表语
这种句型结构可以用来表达状态或感觉，例如“他很开心”可以表达为“He is happy”。
4.并列句
1
这种句型结构可以用来表达两个或多个并列的概念或事实，例如“我喜欢读书和看电影”可以表达为“I enjoy reading books and watching movies”。
5.复合句
这种句型结构可以用来表达一个主句和一个或多个从句，例如“虽然我很喜欢读书，但是时间不够”可以表达为“Although I enjoy reading books, I don't have enough time”。
6.倒装句
这种句型结构可以用来强调某个词语或表达方式，例如“只有通过努力学习才能取得好成绩”可以表达为“Only by studying hard can you achieve good grades”。
7.强调句
这种句型结构可以用来强调某个词语或表达方式，例如“我最喜欢的科目是英语”可以表达为“My favorite subject is English”。
2。
托福写作：主语从句和定语从句
托福写作：主语从句和定语从句一、主语从句：用that 或wh-词引导的从句作为主句的主语名词。
1. whether 引导的主语从句例：Whether the increase of fuel price can solve the world's environmental problem is a controversial issue.Whether universities should provides students with practical skills or academic knowledge is a controversial issue.2.先行词it开始的主语从句例：It is obvious that we are living in an information age.It is obvious that investing in education is investing in one's future.3.what 引导的主语从句例：What the government should do is to create policies to encourage low carbon development.What most companies and workforces need are not robots, but creative people who can contribute ideas.What the poor countries need most is not money, but advanced technologies and talents in some key areas.二、定语从句1 who 引导，修饰“人”例：Those who feel that sports stars' salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few.Students without teachers will surely be lost; but students who simply rely on teachers for knowledge aren't really learning.Children who enter school at an early age are generally more confident and independent than children who stay at home with their parents.2.that 引导，修饰“物”例: Likewise,economics is a fundamental discipline that allows societies to be stable and move forward.The workload that could take months to finish by manual labor could be done flawlessly by robots in minutes.How to handle criminals is a problem (that) all countries and societies face. (that 在定语从句中做宾语可省略)3. 逗号后加which 引导，修饰前面的整个句子（非限制性定语从句）例If fuel prices go up, either fewer people will drive or people will drive less, which makes sense for reducing polltion.Demand for various commodities creates a huge market for the local and international businesses,which in trun increases demand for the labor market.Government should develop and launch a good traddic control system, which can monitior and facilitate traffic flows on major roads for better and safer roadusage,reducing the chances of accidents.。
3---雅思经典必背之主语从句
• 无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人过着挨饿 无可争辩， 受冻的痛苦生活。 受冻的痛苦生活。 • starvation，exposure starvation， • It is indisputable that millions of people today are still living a miserable life, facing the danger of starvation and exposure.
• 人们普遍认为太空探索能促进科学事业的发 展。 • It is commonly / widely / generally • believed / accepted / acknowledged that… • space exploration • improve / promote / boost • It is commonly believed that space exploration can promote the development of science.
• 谁对老年人负责这个问题明天将被讨论。 谁对老年人负责这个问题明天将被讨论。 • Who will be responsible for the senior citizens will be discussed tomorrow. • 我将要讲的内容非常重要。 我将要讲的内容非常重要。 • What I am going to say is very important.
• 无可争辩的，寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重 无可争辩的， 要的作用，尤其是最近几年。 要的作用，尤其是最近几年。 • indisputable • It is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing effect， important effect，pecially in the last few years.
雅思写作之高级句型结构
雅思写作之高级句型结构
1.主语从句：It is important to note that...
2.强调句型：It is...that...
3.倒装句型：Only by...can we...
4.并列句型：Not only...but also...
5.复合句型：What is more worrying is that...
6.省略句型：
So far, there is no evidence to suggest that...
7.虚拟语气：
If it were not for...，we would not have...
8.插入语：
In conclusion, in spite of the fact that..., we should not neglect the importance of...
9.名词性从句：The fact that...is that...
10.副词短语：
In general, it is widely believed that...
这些句型结构可以使您的文章更加丰富、多样化和有深度。
但是，使用这些句型结构时要注意适当和自然，不要过度使用或滥用。
同时，要在写作中注重内容的逻辑性和连贯性，这样才能写出高质量的雅思作文。
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形式主语从句是雅思写作中非常常用的一种句型。
我们先来看一下它是如何构成的。
(That + 一个完整的句子可做主语)。
比如说：(That education is important) is clear.这就是主语从句的基本形式。
但如果句子要是这样，主语过长。
所以，我们习惯于用it来代替原来的主语。
而把原来的主语放在句子的最后。
这句话可改为：It is clear that education is important.这就叫做形式主语从句。
以下的形式主语从句句型在雅思写作中都常常用到。
希望大家能认真掌握，灵活使用。
1. It is often the case that...
2. It’s a fact that...
3. It seems that...
4. It’s said that...
5. It’s reported that...
6. It’s believed that...
7. It’s universally accepted that...
8. It’s announced that...
9. It’s estimated that...
10. It must be admitted that...
11. It’s obvious that...
12. It must be stressed out that...
13. It is widely-accepted that...
14. It cannot be denied that...
15. It can be foreseen that...
16. It’s as clear as crystal that...
17. It goes without saying that...
18. It is acknowledged that...
19. It is well-known that...
20. It is estimated that...
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