三维视景平台在黄河下游河道整治规划中的应用研究

三维视景平台在黄河下游河道整治规划中的应用研究王彤王军良张继勇谈皓王莉程冀马迎平彭彦铭黄河勘测规划设计有限公司，河南郑州，450003摘要：本文通过对“数字黄河”的三维视景平台－“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”在“黄河下游游荡性河段河道河势演变及整治方案研究”中应用情况的介绍，提供了一种三维视景平台在黄河下游河道整治规划中的应用思路和方向。

“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”是“数字黄河”工程的基础设施，它将整个黄河下游装入了计算机，在计算机中建立了与现实黄河下游相对应的虚拟对照体，从而为在计算机中进行黄河下游治理方案研究提供了一个基于GIS的三维视景平台，在其上可以挂接任何基于GIS的数学模型及应用分析结果，为黄河下游治理方案的比选提供形象、直观的三维可视化支持。

“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”所建设的与现实黄河下游一一对应的数字河道、防洪工程等为黄河下游河道整治规划提供了三维可视化的决策支持平台。

1 黄河下游河道概况及整治黄河下游属游荡性河道，白鹤至高村河段河道比降在1.70～2.650/000之间，河床断面宽度达1.5～3.5km。

天然情况下河道内沙洲密布，水流分散，汊流丛生，有时多达4～5股。

自上个世纪60年代末开展游荡性河段河道整治以来，陆续修建了一些河道整治工程，“宽、浅、乱”的河槽形态有所改善，河道整治工程控制较好的河段河势比较稳定，主溜基本为单股，但河道整治工程控制较弱的河段，常出现二、三股河，仍具有“宽、浅、乱”的基本特点。

从整体看，黄河下游白鹤至高村河段游荡多变的特性基本没有改变。

河道整治是一项十分复杂的系统工程，影响因素众多，涉及面广，特别是游荡性河段问题更为复杂。

河道整治必须做到上下游、左右岸统筹考虑，兼顾防洪与护滩保村、两岸供水及经济社会发展的需求等问题。

要充分利用高速发展的现代化科技，利用科学的思想和方法，进行黄河下游游荡性河道的整治规划与研究工作。

黄河水利委员会李国英主任曾在其所著《治理黄河－思辨与践行》一书中指出：河道整治“要充分利用数学模型和实体模型两大手段，建立数学模型分析、实体模型试验和河道整治方案制订与实施等三个步骤联合运用的科学途径，即第一步，利用数学模型对多个河道整治方案进行计算机模拟，经分析计算提出若干可能方案；第二步，利用实体模型对数学模型提出的可能方案进行试验，经论证比选，提出可行方案；第三步，将实体模型试验提出的可行方案布置到原型河道上，经过原型实践，逐步调整、稳定。

”2黄河下游交互式三维视景系统“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”利用地理信息系统、遥感、三维建模、虚拟现实等先进技术，把黄河下游直观、形象、系统地装进了计算机。

系统以真实地理坐标进行位置控制，对黄河下游地形、河道、小浪底水利枢纽、临黄大堤、险工、控导工程、各类涵闸、桥梁、河务局、防汛仓库、村庄等进行了逼真的三维表现，在计算机中建立了整个黄河下游三维视景平台。

在系统提供的三维虚拟环境下，远可以从宏观上研究考察整个黄河下游工程的整体布局，直观了解每处工程的作用及各个工程之间、上下游左右岸之间的相互关系；近可以对某处工程进行全方位、交互式地控制浏览察看，系统了解工程的建设运行情况。

同时与工程属性信息建立联系，可查询工程地物详细的属性信息。

系统灵活方便的交互控制浏览方式，以及突破现场查勘视觉限制的场景表现方式，可以使用户从宏观到微观全面系统考察研究整个黄河下游，可提供比二维系统更为强大的信息支持。

同时系统提供的河道断面分析功能、基于三维场景的地形断面绘制功能、面积量算功能、距离测量功能为认识研究黄河下游提供了必要的技术手段。

通过该平台可以快速认识、了解、研究整个黄河下游，为黄河下游的治理开发提供一个全面、系统、可视化的研究分析环境。

“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”总控界面见图1所示。

图1 黄河下游交互式三维视景系统总控界面黄河下游交互式三维视景平台是整个黄河下游的虚拟对照体，地形要素与现实黄河下游地形保持一致，工程、地物与现实黄河下游一一对应，基于地理坐标控制的三维场景可以方便的与基于GIS 的数学模型相结合，从而形成一个模拟研究黄河下游河道规律的模拟试验平台。

在系统提供的三维虚拟平台上可以直观系统地察看黄河下游河段河势及工程的总体布局，可以看到哪些河段工程布点不足，或是已建工程不够完善。

通过卫星影像的动态更新可以掌握河势的演变规律，发现河势频繁上提下挫不能得到很好控制时，通过本系统可直接对工程的节点布置、工程上延下续进行规划。

“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”为黄河下游河道整治规划提供了一个三维可视化的决策支持平台。

3 三维视景平台在黄河下游游荡性河道河势演变及整治方案研究中的应用思考“黄河下游游荡性河段河道河势演变及整治方案研究”从河势演变规律入手，在河弯流路方程、整治方案、工程布局等方面开展了较为系统的研究，提出较为优化的河道整治方案。

研究中认真分析了小浪底水库建成后进入黄河下游的水沙条件，在总结游荡性河道河势演变的基础上进行了河势变化的趋势分析，开展了河势演变规律及机理等基础研究，并对现有河道整治工程和典型河段整治工程的适应性进行了验证，通过对游荡性河道治理方向的论证，提出游荡性河道应按照中水流路进行整治，整治的目标是“稳定中水河槽”。

通过对不同的微弯型整治方案的分析比较，同时利用实体模型，采用不同试验水沙条件和初始地形，先后四次对拟定的整治方案进行了模型试验检验，并对检验结果进行了系统的总结和对比分析，提出该河段今后的河道整治方案。

“黄河下游游荡性河段河道河势演变及整治方案研究”充分利用了“黄河下游基于GIS二维水沙数学模型”（以下简称“二维水沙数学模型”）和“模型黄河”对方案进行检验，并针对检验结果对方案进行修改和完善，最终提出较为优化的河道整治方案。

“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”作为研究黄河下游的三维可视化平台，在计算机中为“黄河下游游荡性河段河道河势演变及整治方案研究”提供了系统、直观的规划工程与河势关系的三维可视化环境。

“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”与“黄河下游游荡性河段河道河势演变及整治方案研究”结合应用主要体现在三维视景系统与二维水沙数学模型的结合以及三维视景系统与模型黄河的结合两个方面，首先在黄河下游三维场景上布置建设规划河道整治工程，然后将“二维水沙数学模型”计算结果、“模型黄河”试验结果在虚拟的黄河下游河道整治环境里进行表现，可以让决策者对河道整治工程的整体布局以及工程对河势的控制情况有一个直观、全面的掌握，以辅助决策。

(1) 与“二维水沙数学模型”结合应用研究“二维水沙数学模型”是“数字黄河”工程的另一个研究项目，它主要是根据理论研究以及对黄河下游河道泥沙多年冲淤变化的分析，建立先进实用的数学模型来模拟研究黄河下游河道水流泥沙演进规律。

“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”与“二维水沙数学模型”的结合可大大提高二维水沙数学模型计算结果的表现水平，可以成为模拟研究黄河下游河道规律的虚拟试验平台。

三维视景系统与“二维水沙数学模型”结合，通过对三维环境下水流演进过程表现方式、三维环境下河道冲淤变化过程的表现方式等方面的研究，实现了在三维环境下动态直观反映水沙在河道演进过程，可以清楚直观地反映洪水在什么时间演进到什么地方；哪个地方先淹，哪个地方后淹；哪座控导工程靠溜，哪座控导工程不靠溜；哪段堤防临水，哪段堤防不临水等，与防汛有关的重要信息都可以非常直观地反映出来。

可以给防洪决策和河道治理规划提供强有力地技术支持。

图2为“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”与“二维水沙模型”结合应用的一个界面。

图2 与“二维水沙模型”结合应用界面(2) 与“模型黄河”结合的应用研究在“黄河下游游荡性河段河道河势演变及整治方案研究”中，采用不同试验水沙条件和初始地形，利用“模型黄河”对拟定的整治方案进行了模型试验检验。

如何将“模型黄河”试验结果与黄河下游现有工程及河道治理规划工程有机地联系在一起，是“黄河下游游荡性河段河道河势演变及整治方案研究”与“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”结合项目的研究问题之一。

“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”首先将模型黄河对不同河道整治方案的试验结果数据进行统一的地理坐标转换，将模型试验结果数据的地理参考与“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”三维场景的地理参考进行统一；然后在已进行规划工程布设的“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”的三维数字平台上叠加经过地理坐标转换的“黄河下游游荡性河段河道河势演变及整治方案研究”的多次模型实验结果，在三维的环境下，实现对模型实验结果动态、可视化的对比分析，直观得到各规划工程对河势的控制情况，为决策提供了支持。

4 结语“黄河下游交互式三维视景系统”与“黄河下游游荡性河段河道河势演变及整治方案研究”的结合应用研究只是三维视景平台与“模型黄河”结合的一个浅层次的尝试，可以为三维视景平台在黄河下游河道整治规划中的应用提供了一个试验思路。

随着三维视景系统的进一步发展，可以在河道治理规划中进行更为深层次的试验研究，以期能充分利用“数字黄河”的高科技技术为河道治理规划提供新的方法和科学的决策支持。

Application research on 3D Visual Platform in Riverway Training Plan ofthe Lower Yellow RiverWang Tong, Wang JunLiang, Zhang JiYong, Tan Hao, Wang Li, Cheng Ji,Ma YingPing, Peng YanMingAbstract: This paper introduces the application of 3D visualized platform of “Digital Yellow River”, namely “interactive 3D visual system of the L ower Yellow River” in the “study on evolution of river regime of riverway at wandering reaches of the Lower Yellow River and training p lan”, which provides a way of thinking and orientation for the application of 3D visual platform in riverway training plan of the Lower Yellow River.“Interactive 3D visual system of the L ower Yellow River” is the basic facilities of “Digital Yellow River”, which makes all the data relevant to the Lower Yellow River input into the computer in which a virtual contrast is formed in accordance with the practical conditions of the Lower Yellow River, which provides a 3D visual platform based on GIS for the study on training plan of the Lower Yellow River in the computers,and any mathematic models and results of applied analysis based on GIS may be applicable on this platform, which offers visualizing and intuitionistic 3D visual supports for the compare and selection of governing scheme of the Lower Yellow River. Digital riverway, project of flood control etc constructed by interactive 3D visual system of the Lower Yellow River correspond to the practical conditions of the Lower Yellow River one-to-one, which provides a visual 3D platform of decision-making support for riverway training plan of the Lower Yellow River.1 General situation of riverway of Lower Yellow River and training worksThe Lower Yellow River belongs to wandering riverway, the riverway gradient of reach from Baihe to Gaocun is between 1.700/000 and 2.650/000, and width of cross section of riverbed is 1.5~3.5km, where alluvions densely cover, current flows dispersedly, and branches of the river interweave, sometimes 4 or 5 branches, in the riverway under natural conditions. Since the riverway of wandering reaches was governed at the end of 1960s, some projects of rivertraining have been constructed, which improved the “wide, shallow, and disorderly ”shape of the river channel, therefore, the river regime of reaches where projects of river training works were controlled better was comparatively stable, and main stream was basically single, but where those were controlled badly, two or three branches of the river usually occurred, the basic characteristics “wide, shallow, disorderly” still existed, wherefore, on the whole, the wandering, changeful features of Lower Yellow River between Baihe and Gaocun Reach did not vary.Riverway training is a quite complex systems engineering with multitudinous influential factors, involving many aspects, and the problems of wandering reaches are more especially complicated; therefore, during the process of riverway training, the upper and lower reaches, two banks of Yellow River should be planned as a whole, at the same time considering these problems, flood control and protection of beaches and villages, water supply at two sides of the bank and requirements of economic and social development. To do well the planning and research of training works of wandering riverway in the lower reach of Yellow River by making the best of the modern science and technology developing highly, and scientific thoughts and methods. Li Guoying, director of Yellow River Conservancy Commission, has indicated in his book “Ponderation and Practice of the Yellow River Control” that river way training should take full advantage of mathematic model and physical model, and establish the scientific way that three steps, mathematic model analysis, physical model test and stipulation and implementation of riverway training etc, are used jointly, namely, firstly, to simulate the scheme of training works of a few riverways on computer by using mathematic model, and then put forward several possible scheme through analysis; secondly, to test the possible scheme brought forward through mathematic model by using physical model, through argumentation and comparative selection, and put forward feasible scheme; thirdly, to dispose the feasible scheme brought forward through physical model on the prototype riverway, through prototype practice, and adjust and stabilize gradually.2 Interactive 3D visual system of the Lower Yellow RiverThe interactive 3D visual system of the lower Yellow River intuitively, visually and systematically records the data about conditions of Lower Yellow River in the computer by using advanced technologies such as geographic information systems, remote sensing, 3D modeling and virtual reality etc, controls the position by actual geographic coordinate, and shows the original appearance of landform of lower Yellow River, riverway, Xiaolangdi Mutipurpose Dam Project, levee along Yellow River, vulnerable spots, control and training projects, all kinds of culvert gates, bridges, River Administrative Bureau, storehouse of flood prevention and villages etc, consequently, the 3D visual platform of the whole Lower Yellow River is established in the computer. In the 3D virtual conditions provided by the system, in long distance, it is easy to research and review the whole layout of project of the Lower Yellow River macroscopically , and know intuitively the function of each project and correlation among projects, between upper and lower reaches of the river, left and right banks of the river; in short sight, it is easy to control, browse and look over a certain project all-inclusively and interactively and know the constructing and operational conditions systematically ; at the same time, to establish contact with attribute information of projects, which will be helpful to get the detailed attribute information of project feature. The expression mode of scene that breaks through the visual restriction of investigation on site, and the flexible, convenient browsing manners of interactive control of the 3D system that provides a more powerful information support than two-dimensional system, which makes users review and research the whole Lower Yellow River completely and systematically from macroscopical view to microscopical view; simultaneously owns the functions of analysis of cross section of riverway, drawing of cross section of landform based on 3D scene, area surveying and calculation and range measurement, which provides necessary technological means for realizing and researching the Lower Yellow River. It is quick to understand, realize and research the whole Lower Yellow River through the platform, which provides a complete, systematical and visual researching and analyzing setting for the governing and development of the L ower Yellow River. The general control interface of “interactive 3D visual system of the L ower Yellow River” sees figure 1.Figure 1 Interactive 3D visual system of the Lower Yellow RiverThe interactive 3D visual platform of Lower Yellow River is the virtual contrast of the whole Lower Yellow River, in which terrain feature are consistent with the landform of Lower Yellow River, projects and surface features corresponds with the practical conditions of Lower Yellow River one-to-one, and 3D scene based on geographic coordinate may conveniently combine with mathematic model based on GIS; accordingly, a simulation test platform is formed , which may simulate and study rule of riverway of Lower Yellow River. The river regime of reaches and the general layout of projects in the Lower Yellow River on the 3D virtual platform provided by the system may be looked over, where it can be observed that at which reaches the station of projects is not efficient or the finished projects are not perfect. The evolution law concerning river regime may be obtained by the aid of dynamic renewal of satellite image, where the frequent uplifting and down going of river regime can not be well controlled, this system may directly have a layout of node disposal and the up-extension and down-succeeding of the projects. The interactive 3D visual system of the Lower Yellow River provides a visual 3D platform of decision-making support for riverwaytraining plan in the Lower Yellow River.3 Application and consideration of 3D visual platform in study on evolution of river regime of riverway at the wandering reaches of the Lower Yellow River and training planIn the “study on evolution of river regime of riverway at the wandering reaches of the Lower Yellow River and training plan”, to start with the evolution rule of river regime, systematically research flow equation of river bend, training plan, layout of projects etc, and put forward a preferable riverway training plan. In the process of study, analyze the conditions of water-sediment after Xiaolangdi Reservoir is finished, make a trend analysis of variation of river regime on the basis of summarizing the evolution of river regime at wandering reaches, do basic research on evolution rule and mechanism etc of river regime, and verify the adaptabilities of project of training works of existing riverway and typical reaches; by argumentation for riverway training plan of wandering reaches, consider that wandering reaches should be governed by flow path for medium flood, and the governing target is to stabilize the river channel for medium flood. By analyzing and comparing different training plan of minor bend and using physical models, adopt different testing conditions of incoming water-sediment and initial landform, check up the training plan successively four times by model test, systematically summarize and comparatively analyze the results of checkout, and put forward the riverway training plan for the reach henceforth.“Study on evolution of river regime at wandering reaches of Lower Yellow River and training plan” makes the best of “two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sediment based on GIS in the L ower Yellow River” (hereinafter referred to as “two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sediment”) and “model Yellow River” to check out the plan, modify and perfect the plan according to results of checkout, and finally put forward the preferable riverway training plan.As the 3D visual platform researching L ower Yellow River, “interactive 3D visual system of the L ower Yellow River” provides a systematic and intuitionistic 3D visual environment of relations between layout project and river regime for the “study on evolution of river regimeat wandering reaches of L ower Yellow River and training plan” in the computer.The combinative application of “interactive 3D visual system of the L ower Yellow River” and “study on evolution of river regime of riverway at wandering reaches of lower Yellow Rive r and training plan” mostly incarnates the combinations of interactive 3D visual system and two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sediment, as well as 3D visual system and model Yellow River. First of all, to lay out and establish project of riverway training works on 3D scene of the L ower Yellow River, then apply the results of “two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sediment” and test results of “model Yellow River” in the virtual setting of riverway training works of Lower Yellow River, which lets the decision-makers know the whole layout of project of riverway training works and control of river regime visually and all-sided, and aid decision making.(1) Application research of combination with “two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sedime nt”“Two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sediment” is the other research project of “Digital Yellow River”, which is to establish advanced and practical mathematic model to make simulator investigation in evolution rule of current and silt of riverway in the Lower Yellow River by theoretical investigation and analysis of scouring and silting variation for years of lower Yellow River. The combination of “interactive 3D visual system” and “two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sediment” greatly im proves the representation of calculation results of two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sediment, becoming the virtual testing platform for making simulator investigation in rule of riverway of the lower reach of Yellow River.By research on representation mode of the course of water flow advance, scouring and silting variation of riverway etc. in environment of 3D, the combination of 3D visual system and “two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sediment” reflects the advancing process of water-sediment in the riverway dynamically and intuitively, in which it may be observedclearly and intuitively that where the flood advances at what time, where is submerged earlier and where later, which control and training project is closely to the flow and which one not, which section of embankment is adjacent to water and which one not, and all important information relevant to flood prevention may be reflected extremely intuitively, which provides the powerful technological supports for decision-making of flood control and governing and layout of riverway. Figure 2 is an interface of the combination of “interactive 3D visual system of the Lower Yellow River” and “two-dimensional mathematic model for water-sediment”.Figure 2 An interface of the combination system(2) Application research on combination with “model Yellow River”In “study on evolution of river regime of riverway at wandering reaches of Lower Yellow River and training plan”, different conditions of testing water-sediment and initial landform are adopted, and the established training plan is checked up by using “model Yellow River” through model test; how to contact the testing results of “model Yellow River” with existing projects of the Lower Yellow River and projects of governing and layout of riverway is one of research projects that combines “study on evolution of river regime of riverway at wandering reaches of lower Yellow River and training plan” with “interactive 3D visual system of the Lower Yellow River” .“Interactive 3D visual system of the Lower Yellow River” firstly makes uniform geographic coordinates conversion as to the data of testing results of different riverway training plans by “model Yellow River”, and unifies geographic reference of the data resu lting from model test with that of 3D scene of “interactive 3D visual system of the Lower Yellow River”, and then superpose the results of multi model tests of “study on evolution of river regime of riverway at wandering reaches of Lower Yellow River and t raining plan” that has subjected to the geographic coordinates conversion onto the 3D digital platform that “Interactive 3D visual system of the L ower Yellow River” has been used in implemented layout projects, in this way, it can realize the comparative analysis of results of model test dynamically and visually in environment of 3D, and intuitively obtain the conditions that each layout project controls river regime, helping decision-making.4 ConclusionsThe application research on the combination of “Interactive 3D visual system of the Lower Yellow River” and “study on evolution of river regime of riverway at wandering reaches of lower Yellow River and training plan” is no more than a superficial attempt that combines 3D visual platform with “model Yellow River”, which provides a experimental way of thinking for the application of 3D visual platform in the training plan of the lower reach of Yellow River. With the further development of 3D visual system, further test and research will be made in riverway governing plan, hoping that new methods and scientific decision-making will be provided for riverway governing plan by taking full advantage of high-tech technology of “Digital Yellow River”.。