选修课-1

翻译基础理论与技巧Basic Theories and Techniques in Translation一、概论Essentials of Translation1、翻译的意义●Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language. Today, it plays an increasingly important role in our country’s economy reform and opening to the world. Translation promotes mutual understanding between Chinese and foreigners, contributes to the speeding up of our country’s modernization, and thus, is absolutely necessary in the development of our market economy.1）开设翻译课的目的●以教育部指定的《大学英语教学课程要求》中对“翻译能力”的要求为教学目标，培养和提高学生的实际翻译能力。

通过课程学习，使学生掌握翻译基础理论与技巧，了解翻译的一般规律，从而使学生能对题材熟悉的文章进行英汉互译，并达到较高的翻译质量。

2）学习翻译理论掌握翻译技巧的必要性●There are many translation theories and techniques. Without knowing the theories and techniques, one will most likely take a roundabout course in the translation work. That is why it isnecessary for us to have a good command of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and techniques in translation.3）了解翻译技巧的局限性●必须指出：翻译技巧是人们从事多年翻译工作的经验总结，应该认真学习。

然而，翻译技巧只告诉我们在某些具体情况下翻译应该使用的技巧，因此有其局限性。

●如：●用词不同●black tea、black coffee、an off season●词的搭配不同●make money、wet snow、a heavy snow●语言结构不同●No comments.●We need talking heads.●严禁烟火●配合默契2、翻译的定义●What is translation?●Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.●翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来的活动。

3、翻译的功能（过程）●Translation is for interlingual communication, bridges the gulf between different-tongue speakers, and reproduces and spreads the message in the original language. Translation permits knowledge to be transmitted to different corners of the world and to succeeding generations. Translation gives information, reveals feelings, and affects people’s thought or behavior. Without translation, the worldwide civilization would not bepossible.4、翻译的标准（严复的信、达、雅）●By the end of 19th century, Yan Fu, the president of Yanjing University, and great translator and professor, introduced a large number of books to the Chinese people by means of translation. He also put forward thewell-known criteria for translation, i.e. faithfulness, comprehensibility and elegance.●Mr. Lu Xun also put forward the criteria for translation: faithfulness and expressiveness.根据翻译的定义提出现行的翻译标准：●翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。

它的任务是把原文信息的思想内容及表现手法，用译语原原本本地重新表达出来，使译文读者能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。

译文读者和原文读者的感受大致相同或近似，就是好的或比较好的译文；相去甚远或完全不同，则是质量低甚至是不合格的译文。

从翻译效果，也就是以译文读者得到的感受如何，来衡量一篇译文的好坏，这就是翻译标准。

5、翻译的要求O u r r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e a s f o l l o w s:●1)Faithful to the original-----不能任意歪曲、篡改、增删、遗漏、不能加上译者的观点和感情。

●2)With standard language-----译文通俗、合乎行文习惯；不能生搬死译。

●3)Keeping the style of the original-----保持原作的语体风格；民族风格；个人风格。

6、翻译的种类●There are some kinds of translation:●Translation from ancient language into modern language; translation from Chinese into foreign language and vice versa, and translation from one local language into another local language within a country.●As far as the translation form is concerned, we have oral and written translation; as far as different articles, we have translation of essays, editorials, literature and that of science and technology. As far as method is concerned, there are metaphase or literal translation（直译）and paraphrase or free translation.（意译）7、翻译的最高标准和最低标准●最高标准是翻译的理想境界，是翻译工作的努力方向。

最低标准是指译文起码应该达到的水平，低于这个水平就是不合格的翻译，失败的翻译。

●不合格的翻译●译文中若出现下列情况，译文读者得不到与原文读者大致相同的感受，即属于不合格的翻译。

1、错译●The clerk had to break off the conversation in order to wait on a customer.●原译：为了给顾客服务，职员门得擅长交谈。

●改译：●那位职员只得中断谈话，以便去接待一位顾客。

●Regardless of appearance, Jack is innocent.●原译：●不管迈克的相貌如何，他都是无辜的。

●改译：●不管迈克的外表如何，实际上他是一个头脑简单的人。

2、漏译●学生是复杂的，工作又很多。

●The students are complex. Especially in the present there are complex elements.●改译：●The situations are very complicated with the students. And we have a lot of work to do.3、马虎翻译●Try to be modest and prudent, guard against complacency.●原译：●要谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁。

●改译：●要谦虚谨慎，防止自满情绪。

●可是，凭我的感觉，这个家庭好像还有什么问题。

●原译：●But in my opinion there was a problem in this family.●改译：●But as I saw it, there seemed to be a problem with this family.4、表达失误●He is physically weak but mentally sound.●原译：●他身体虽弱，但思想健康。

●改译：●他身体虽弱，但精神尚佳。

5、词不搭配●An d the body lay white and still beneath the pines…●原译：●这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在松树下……●这具苍白的尸体静静地躺在松树下……6、译文费解●The alternatives are now clear to see.●原译：●代替的办法，现在已经清楚在望。

●改译：●现在有两条路已经清楚地摆在我们面前。

7、“洋”化现象●It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the work they are able to do.●原译：●现在人们认为，我们让脑子工作得越多，它就能干更多的工作。

●改译：●现在人们认为，脑子越用越好使。

8、白水翻译●She looked up at him in question.●原译：●她询问似地抬起头来望着他。