2009考研农学门类联考生物化学真题及答案
2009年315化学农考研真题
8．配位滴定中， Fe 、 Al 对铬黑 T 有 A．僵化作用 C．沉淀作用 B．氧化作用 D．封闭作用
3+
3+
，则反应 C＝ 9．等温等压下，已知反应 A＝2B 的 r H m （1）及反应 2A＝C 的 r H m （2） 4B 的 r H m 为 A．2 r H m （1）－ r H m （2） B． r H m （2）－2 r H m （1） C． r H m （1）+ r H m （2） D．2 r H m （1）+ r H m （2） 10．某有色物质溶液，测得其吸光度为 A1，第一次稀释后测得吸光度为 A2，再稀释一次， 测得吸光度为 A3，已知 A1－A2＝0．500，A2－A3＝0．250。透光度比值 T3 /T1 应为 A．5．62 B．5．16 C．3．16 D．1．78
5．测得某种新合成有机酸的 p K a 为 4．35，其 K a 为 A．4．467×10-5 C．4．5×10-5
B．4．47×10-5 D．5×10-5
2
6．Mg OH 2 和 MnCO3 的 Ksp 数值相近， 在 Mg OH 2 和 MnCO3 两份饱和溶液中 Mg 和 Mn
-1
15．电势分析中，pH 玻璃电极的内参比电极一般为 A．标准氢电极 B．Ag－AgCl 电极 C．铂电极 D．银电极 16．化合物 与 HBr 反应，生成的主要产物是
17．化合物
的构型是
A． 2 R,3S
B． 2 S , 3S
C． 2 R , 3 R
D． 2 S , 3R
18．下列化合物中，取代基与苯环形成 p 共轭体系的是 A．氯苯 B．氯化苄 C．苯甲酸 D．苯磺酸 19．苯乙醛与甲醛在稀碱作用下加热生成的主要产物是
研究生入学考试生物化学(代谢总论)历年真题试卷汇编1
研究生入学考试生物化学（代谢总论）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：78.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题请判断下列各题正误。
(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.(中山大学2009年考研试题)哺乳动物合成尿素的主要器官是肾。
（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：解析：哺乳动物合成尿素的主要器官肝脏，尿素在肾脏中被过滤后从尿液排出。
2.(中山大学2009年考研试题)合酶与合成酶的不同之处，在于前者催化的缩合反应没有NTP作为能量供体，而后者则需要。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：3.(中山大学2009年考研试题)解偶联剂可抑制呼吸链的电子传递。
（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：解析：解偶联剂可以将呼吸链的电子传递和氧化磷酸化分开。
4.(中山大学2007年考研试题)对健康人来说，血糖和血脂都是比较稳定的生化指标。
（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：解析：对健康人来说，血糖和血脂不都是比较稳定的牛化指标。
血脂不如血糖稳定，受膳食、年龄、性别、职业及代谢等影响，波动范围较大。
5.(厦门大学2008年考研试题)淀粉和纤维素可以用KI-I 2来区别。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：6.(南开大学2009年考研试题)人体正常代谢过程中，糖、脂、蛋白质可以相互转变。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：7.(南开大学2008年考研试题)胰蛋白酶原的激活需要肠激酶。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：8.(南开大学2008年考研试题)小G一蛋白具有GTPase活性。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：9.(哈尔滨工业大学2008年考研试题)一个生物分子的合成途径通常与其降解途径互为可逆。
A.正确B.错误√解析：解析：一个生物分子的合成途径通常与其降解途径是不可逆的，因为它们由不同的酶来催化。
10.(山东大学2006年考研试题)寡霉素抑制ATP合成同时意味氧的利用被终止。
2009年江南大学801生物化学考研真题
江南大学801生物化学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题及解析江南大学2009年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（生物化学）一、名词解释1、molecular chaperons2、domain3、hyperchromic effect4、multenzyme system5、respiratory chain6、urebs cycle7、restriction endonuclease8、genetic code二、判断1、一种特定的氨基酸序列通常能决定几种不同的稳定的特定三维结构。
2、脂肪酸经B氧化作用而分解的反应都是可逆的，所以体内脂肪酸的合成是经过B氧化作用的逆过程进行的。
3、核酶与蛋白质酶的差别之一在于核酶不怕变性。
4、别构酶又称变构酶，催化反应物从一个构型变成另一种同分异构体。
5、同一个带有poly(T)的亲和层析柱，可以方便地从核酸提取液中分离出真核和原核细胞的mRNA。
6、DNA复制，转录，重组，损伤修复和翻译都依赖于特定的watson-crick碱基对。
7、抗霉素A对呼吸链的毒性要比鱼藤酮大，是因为它与呼吸链的接合能力更强。
8、在糖酵解过程中，因葡萄糖和果糖的活化都需要ATP,故ATP浓度高时，糖酵解速度加快。
9、腺苷酸环化酶基因的缺失将导致细菌在有葡萄糖的情况下lac操纵子表达水平的提高。
10、在嘌呤核苷酸的从头合成途径中，嘌呤碱基的N3和N9均来自于GLN的氨基N.三、问答1、一种发生在蛋白质内部的Ala-Val突变导致蛋白质丧失活性，然而，如果这种蛋白质在第二位置发生Ile-Gly的突变，可使蛋白质恢复活性，试提出一种合理的解释。
2、大肠杆菌乳糖操纵子学说是谁，在什么时候提出的，用操纵子学说解释基因对酶合成的调节作用。
3、将A(200000)，B（150000），C（75000）D（65000）四种蛋白质的混合液进行凝胶过滤层析，下图哪个图是真正的层析图，说明理由。
此凝胶的排阻极限是100000左右，伴刀豆球蛋白，血纤维蛋白，香菇多糖的分子能否一起用葡聚糖凝胶层析柱测定？为什么？4、碱基堆积力在稳定核酸结构中非常重要。
2009年考研农学门类联考测试大纲解析(一)
2009年考研农学门类联考测试大纲解析（一）2009年全国硕士研究生入学农学门类联考考试大纲解析(一)09年农学考试大纲重点：(一)化学：A.无机化学：总体情况是：以基础公式，理论的掌握为主，重点考察热力学化学反应方向的判断、物质的结构特点、空间构型、化学反应速率、电极反应及其应用、分析化学三大平衡;大题主要以计算题方式出现。
细化到具体知识点：溶液和胶体(稀溶液通性及其计算，胶体溶液分散系特点等);热化学及化学反应热的计算，反应方向判断等(重点，每年必考);化学反应速率基本概念及其计算，速率方程，浓度温度催化剂对化学反应速率的影响，化学平衡及移动，化学等温方程式和平衡常数的计算;核外电子排布规律，元素周期律及元素周期性质的变化，离子键共价键理论、杂化轨道理论(各种化学键的特点，不同杂化轨道的空间构型)，键的极性和分子间力;误差理论，有效数字及运算规则;酸碱质子理论，酸碱平衡及其计算，缓冲溶液的配制和计算，一元多元弱酸弱碱被准确滴定的条件;沉淀溶解平衡，用溶度积原理判断沉淀的生成和溶解，沉淀滴定法的原理和应用;氧化还原反应，电极电势及其应用(判断氧化剂还原剂的强弱，确定氧化还原反应进行的方向)，元素标准电势图及其应用，原电池电极电势的计算，能斯特方程的运用，氧化还原滴定反应;配合物及其化学键理论，螯合物的概念和特点，配位平衡与其他平衡的关系，单一金属离子被准确滴定的条件，配位滴定的方式和应用;分光光度法基本原理及应用，吸收定律，显色反应，分光光度法的应用和测量条件的选择等。
B.有机化学：总体特点：有机化学注重原理性知识的掌握，知识点的考察比较灵活，新大纲跟原来考察的知识点范围相差不大，其中，合成题仍是难度较大的一个题型。
对于有机化学的复习，章节之间以及各个知识点之间的联系应作为重点方向来把握，对于考生来讲，比较不容易理解和掌握的是排序题和合成题，相对于此，反应式的完成，鉴别题等一些题型的难度不大。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学联考植物生理学与生物化学真题2009年
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学联考植物生理学与生物化学真题2009年(总分：149.99，做题时间：180分钟)一、植物生理学 (总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.植物细胞质膜中，含量最高的脂类物质是( )。
（分数：1.00）A.硫脂B.糖脂C.磷脂√D.胆固醇解析：[解析] 植物细胞质膜的化学组成。
[解析] 植物细胞质膜的主要成分是脂类和蛋白质。
膜脂主要包括磷脂、糖脂和胆固醇。
磷脂是构成膜脂的基本成分，占整个膜脂的50%以上；糖脂在膜脂中的含量一般在5%以下；胆固醇在膜脂中的含量较低。
因此，植物细胞质膜中，含量最高的脂类物质是磷脂。
2.植物细胞中，组成微丝的蛋白质是( )。
（分数：1.00）A.力蛋白B.动蛋白C.角蛋白D.肌动蛋白√解析：[解析] 植物细胞骨架。
[解析] 细胞骨架包括微丝、微管和中间纤维。
微丝是由肌动蛋白聚合而成的、直径为7nm的丝状结构。
力蛋白和动蛋白是依赖微管的马达蛋白，它们可以通过水解ATP沿微管运动。
角蛋白是中间纤维的重要组分。
因此，植物细胞中，组成微丝的蛋白质是肌动蛋白。
3.C4植物光合作用固定CO2形成的第一个产物是( )。
（分数：1.00）A.琥珀酸B.草酰乙酸√C.苹果酸D.天冬氨酸解析：[解析] 光合碳同化。
[解析] 光合碳同化包括C3代谢途径、C4代谢途径和景天酸代谢途径。
C4植物CO2固定在叶肉细胞和维管束鞘细胞中进行，CO2的受体是叶肉细胞细胞质中的PEP，在PEPC催化下，形成草酰乙酸，形成的草酰乙酸在叶肉细胞叶绿体中被还原为苹果酸，也可在细胞质中由天冬氨酸转氨酶催化，经转氨基作用而形成天冬氨酸。
因此，C4植物光合作用固定CO2形成的第一个产物是草酰乙酸。
4.将暗适应的植物转到光下，其叶绿体类囊体腔内pH和Mg2+浓度的变化是( )。
（分数：1.00）A.pH升高、Mg2+降低B.pH降低、Mg2+升高C.pH不变、Mg2+升高D.pH降低、Mg2+降低√解析：[解析] 光合碳同化。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。
研究生入学考试生物化学(酶类)历年真题试卷汇编2
研究生入学考试生物化学（酶类）历年真题试卷汇编2(总分：64.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题请判断下列各题正误。
(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.(华南农业大学2009年考研试题)在竞争性抑制剂存在下，即使有足够的底物，酶仍不能达到其催化的最大反应速度。
（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：解析：在竞争性抑制剂存在下，酶的最大反应速度是不变的，有足够的底物，酶能达到其催化的最大反应速度。
2.(华南农业大学2009年考研试题)多酶体系中反应速度最慢的那一步反应一般为关键步骤。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：3.(郑州大学2008年考研试题)辅酶与酶蛋白的结合不紧密，可以用透析的方法除去。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：4.(江南大学2008年考研试题)在结构上与底物无关的各种代谢物有可能改变酶的K m值。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：5.(武汉大学2005年考研试题)酶与底物结合时产生的结合能既贡献于酶作用的专一性，也贡献于酶的催化效力。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：6.(武汉大学2005年考研试题)分子互补性是分子间相互识别的基础。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：7.(南京师范大学2008年考研试题)酶反应的酸碱催化主要是依靠溶液中的H +及OH -浓度。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：8.(南京师范大学2008年考研试题)别构酶动力学曲线的特点都是呈S形曲线。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：9.(南京师范大学2007、2008年考研试题)辅基与辅酶的主要区别在于它们与蛋白的结合牢固程度不同。
（分数：2.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：10.(陕西师范大学2005年考研试题)酶可以使化学反应的平衡向生成物的方向移动。
（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：解析：酶不会使化学反应的平衡向生成物的方向移动，酶可以降低化学反应的活化能，缩短达到化学平衡所需时问。
2009考研农学门类联考植物生理学真题及答案
2009考研农学门类联考植物生理学真题及答案一、单项选择题：l～15 小题，每小题 1 分，共 15 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1.植物细胞质膜中，含量最高的脂类物质是A.硫脂B.糖脂C.磷脂D.胆阎醇2.植物细胞中，组成微丝的蛋白质是A.力蛋白B.动蛋白C.角蛋白D.肌动蛋白3.C4 植物光合作用固定 CO2 形成的第一个产物是A.琥珀酸B.草酰乙酸C.苹果酸D.天冬氨酸4.将暗适应的植物转到光下，其叶绿体类囊体腔内 pH 和 Mg2+浓度的变化是A.pH 升高、【Mg2+】降低B.pH 降低、【Mg2+】升高C.pH 不变、【Mg2+】升高D.pH 降低、【Mg2+】降低5.在日照长度大于临界日长的条件下才能开花的植物称为A.长日植物B.短日植物C.日中性植物D.中日性植物6.能够促使保卫细胞膜上外向 K+通道开放而导致气孔关闭的植物激素是A.CTKB.IAAC.GAD.ABA7.低温对植物成花的诱导作用称为A.低温胁迫B.春化作用C.抗寒锻炼D.温周期现象8.植物韧皮部筛管汁液中含量最高的无机离子是 A.K+ B.CI - C.Ca2+ D.Mg2+9.干种子的吸水力取决于种子的A.重力势B.压力势C.衬质势D.渗透势10.下列呼吸代谢中间产物中，作为莽草酸代谢途径起始物质的是A.赤藓糖一 4 一磷酸、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸B.核酮糖一 5 一磷酸、甘油醛一 3 一磷酸C.果糖一 6 一磷酸、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸D.甘油醛一 3 一磷酸、赤藓糖一 4 磷酸11.下列氧化酶中，其活性受水杨基羟肟酸抑制的是A.细胞色素氧化酶B.交替氧化酶C.酚氧化酶D.乙醇酸氧化酶12.光下叶绿体中合成的光合产物运到细胞基质的主要形式是A.磷酸赤藓糖B.淀粉C.磷酸丙糖D.磷酸景天庚酮糖13.植物成花诱导过程中，感受低温和光周期的部位分别是A.茎尖、茎尖B.叶片、茎尖C.茎尖、叶片D.叶片、叶片14.下列植物生长物质中，能够延缓叶片衰老的是A.茉莉酸甲酯B.脱落酸C.乙烯D.6-苄基腺嘌呤15.植物叶片衰老过程中，最先解体的细胞器是A.细胞核B.液泡C.叶绿体D.线粒体二、简答题：16～18 小题，每小题 8 分，共 24 分。
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2009考研农学门类联考生物化学及参考答案
五、单项选择题：22～36 小题，每小题 1 分，共 15 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
22.世界上首次人工合成具有生物活性酵母 tRNAAla 的国家是A.美国 B.中国 C.英国 D.法围
23.真核生物 mRNA 中 5’一末端的 m7G 与第二个核苷酸之间的连接方式是 A .5’→2’ B .5’→3’ C. 3’→5’ D. 5’→5’
24.下列 DNA 模型中，属于左手双螺旋的是
A.Z —DNA
B.C—DNA
C.B—DNA D A—DNA
25.下列氨基酸中，[α ]TD=0 的是
A.Gln
B.Glu
C.Gly
D. Ile
26.1961 年国际酶学委员会规定：特定条件下 1 分钟内转化 l μ mol 底物的酶量是
A. 1 U B .1 U/mg C .1 Kat D. 1 IU
27.可使米氏酶 Km 增大的抑制剂是
A.竞争性抑制剂
B.非竞争性抑制荆
C.反竞争性抑制剂
D.不可逆抑制剂
28.下列化合物巾，属于氧化磷酸化解偶联剂的是
A.鱼藤酮
B.抗霉素 A
C.氰化物
D. 2，4 一二硝基苯酚
29.脂肪酸合酶系的终产物是
A.丙二酸单酰 CoA
B.琥珀酰 CoA
C.硬脂酰 CoA
D.软脂酰 CoA 30.肉碱脂酰转移酶存
在的部位是
A.核膜
B.细胞膜
C.线粒体内膜
D.线粒体外膜
31.下列参与联合脱氨基作用的酶是
A.解氨酶、L 一谷氨酸脱氢酶
B.转氨酶、L 一谷氨酸脱氢酶
C.解氨酶、L 一氨基酸氧化酶
D. 转氨酶、L 一氨基酸氧化酶
32.氨基酸脱羧基作用的产物是
A.有机酸和 NH3
B.有机酸和 CO2
C.胺和 CO2
D.胺和 NH3
33.嘌呤核苷酸从头合成途径中产生的第一个核苷酸是
A .XMP B.IMP C GMP D.AMP
34.劳氏肉瘤病毒逆转录的产物是
A. DNA
B. cDNA
C. ccDNA
D.Ts—DNA
35.下列含有与 SD 序列互补序列的 rRNA 是
A. 16S rRNA
B. 18S rRNA
C.23S rRNA D .28S rRNA 36.大肠杆菌 RNA 聚合酶核心酶的亚基组成是
A.α 2ββ’σ
B.αβ 2β’
C.α 2ββ’ D .αββ’σ
六、简答题：37—39 小题，每小题 8 分，共 24 分。
37.请用中文或符号写出糖原(或淀粉)、脂肪酸和蛋白质多肽链生物合成中的单体活化反应式。
38.在体外蛋白质合成体系中，一条含有 CAU 重复序列的多聚核昔酸链，经翻译后发现其产物有三种，即多聚组氨酸、多聚异亮氨酸和多聚丝氨酸。
如果组氨酸的密码子是CAU，异亮氨酸的密码子是 AUC，那么丝氨酸的密码子是什么?为什么?
39.简述三羧酸循环的特点。
七、实验题：40 小题，10 分。
40.酶纯化实验中，通常先用(NH4)2SO4。
作为分级沉淀剂，再用 sephadex G 一 25 凝胶柱层析法从沉淀酶液中除去(NH4)2SO4。
请问：
(1)与其他中性盐沉淀剂相比，用(NH4)2SO4 做沉淀剂有何优点? (2)如发现柱层析后酶的总活性较纯化前明显升高，可能的原因是什么? (3)柱层析时，湿法装柱的注意事项主要有哪些?
只有先于别人思考, 先于别人行动, 才能先于别人成功!
八、分析论述题：41～42 小题，每小题 13 分，共 26 分。
41.论述生物氧化的特点。
42.论述酶活性别构调节的特点和生物学意义。
参考答案：
五、单项选择题：每小题 1 分，共 15 分。
22.B 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.A 28.D 29.D 30.C 3l.B 32.C 33.B 34.B 35.A 36.C
六、简答题：每小题 8 分，共 24 分。
37.答案要点
38.答案要点
(1)丝氨酸的密码子是 UCA。
(2)CAU 重复序列的多聚核苷酸链的阅读起点可以有 3 个，从而阅读密码子可能有三种，即 CAU、 AUC 和 UCA。
39.答案要点
(1)三羧酸循环是在线粒体中进行;循环从乙酰 CoA 与草酰乙酸缩合形成柠檬酸开始。
(2)三羧酸循环为单向循环，催化三步不可逆反应的酶是调控酶。
(3)循环一周消耗 2 分子 H2O，可释放 2 分子 CO2，并使 3 分子 NAD+和 1 分子 FAD 还原为 3 分子 NADH 和 1 分子 FADH2。
(4)循环中有一步底物水平磷酸化反应。
七、实验题：10 分
40.答案要点
(1)硫酸铵具有溶解度大、温度系数小、对酶活力影响小和利于分离等优点。
(2)纯化前酶液中可能含有酶抑制剂。
(3)注意事项
八、分析论述题：每小题 13 分，共 26 分。
41.答案要点
(])生物氧化包括线粒体氧化体系和非线粒体氧化体系。
真核细胞生物氧化主要是线粒体氧化体
系，原核细胞生物氧化主要在细胞膜上进行。
(2)生物氧化是在活细胞的温和条件下进行。
(3)是一系列酶、辅酶和中间传递体参与的多步骤反应。
(4)能量逐步释放，ATP 是能量转换的
载体。
(5)真核细胞在有氧条件下，CO2 由酶催化脱羧产生，H2O 是由代谢物脱下的氢经呼吸链传给氧
形成。
42.答案要点 (1)别构调节的特点
①别构酶的结构特点：别构酶一般都是寡聚酶。
酶蛋白上有两类功能部位，即活性中心和别构
中心。
别构中心与效应物通过可逆非共价结合，导致酶活性中心的构象发生变化。
②别构酶的动力学特点：不符合典型米氏酶的双曲线，正协同效应的别构酶呈现“s”型曲线。
③别构剂(效应物)：效应物分为正效应物和负效应物，其中前者起激活效应，后者起抑制效应;同促
效应物为底物，异促效应物为非底物化合物。
(2)生物学意义：底物浓度发生较小变化时，别构酶可以灵敏、有效地调节酶促反应速度，保证
重要代谢途径正常运行。
①层析柱应与水平面垂直。
②柱床体积至少是上样体积的 3 倍以上。
③层析介质中不能出现气泡和断层。
④柱床表面要
平整，并保有一定的水位。