英语毕业论文开题报告(海明威)
英语专业学期论文 海明威作品解读
Fundamentals of WritingThe Sentimental Journey---On the Death of Harry in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”Ernest Hemingway is regarded as one of the greatest American writers in the 20th century. From his first novel The Sun Also Rises to the Nobel-winning work The Old Man And the Sea, Hemingway creates a series of code heroes. Among all his popular works, the critics relatively less m ention “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”. But that does not mean it’s less important than his other works. In fact, “The Snows” is the author’s favorite and most satisfying short story. Hemingway uses his 1933-1934 safari in Africa to construct the setting of “The Snows”. He portrayed the desperate situation of a dying writer named Harry who has destroyed his talent and who is going towards the end of his life experiences flashbacks to all the places and events he has saved to write about and now will never have a chance to finish. The tragedy is that the death of Harry is totally insignificant. His death just shows us how fragile human are on dealing with the relationship between man and fate, man and woman, even man and himself.The death of Harry is insignificant since he lives in an absurd world filled with chaos and confusions. Person is totally under the grip of unpredictable fate. It’s quite ridiculous that Harry comes to Africa in order to “work the fat off his soul the way a fighter went into themountains to work and train in order to burn it out of his body.”(Page 264) but when he has the feeling he is beginning to regain his talent, he gets the fatal gangrene. Fate plays a cruel joke. In ancient Shakespeare times the tragic heroes sacrifices their lives on grand purpose and their deaths arouse our great emotions. Their deaths are significant and we seek beauty in their torture. But unlike the traditional tragic heroes, the death of Harry is neither significant nor magnificent. It just represents our common fate – everybody is going to die. His death calls our attention to our own vulnerability: we are all living in a world we have little control and each of us is born with a terminal case. As the ants on the burning log, one may die quick and early, or slow and late, but the destinies are all the same: we cannot escape our doomed death. Harry is tricked by the deterministic forces of fate and suffered a lot not because he is the hero born to bear them, but because he happens to be standing at the wrong place at the wrong time. Thus, his death has the flavor of black humor, and “The Snows” may be read as human’s acceptance of ultimate failure- death. No matter what we have done, no matter how great we are, under the shadow of death, everything is futile. In this story, primitive nature and the proximity of death cut through the pretenses and lies of civilized life, forcing Harry to confront the truth about himself – he is dying, and nothing can save him from the trap. Life is an illusion, as the French philosopher Sartre points out, “ death is the only real existence.”Looking through Harry’s life, before his final futile combat with fate, his soul had died long before his body. He had been finished as a creative writer and an honest man before he met his wife Helen because “when he went to her he was already over.” (p.263) The reason for his deteriorating life is that he has been through the most salvage and most ridiculous First World War. In this irrational war, over 8 million men died in the dirty trenches. Countless others had been mutilated, and the consequences of the destruction are apparent: people who suffered physically and psychologically in this catastrophe form a group which is suspicious of the abstract ideals of courage, heroism, and grand national purpose. It’s so sad to find that millions of vigorous lives bombed to ashes in a moment and life can be so meaningless that we can only own the present. Harry is one of the lost generations. He survived the war, but his spirit didn’t survive. To escape the empty world, he indulged himself in gambling; drinking and whoring, which only make him emptier. Just as what has been described in Oswald Spenser’s “The Decline of the West” and T.S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the modern western civilization has abandoned its essential values. Everything is ridiculously permitted, from slaughter to nuclear bombs. People can no longer find the significance of life and they are just “the living dead”. Harry is one of them. His death is therefore means nothing and therefore is tragic. He is only a common one in the commercialized society. Nietzsche rules out the modern society isinevitably deteriorating since God is dead and the whole world is like a boisterous market which filled with busy people who are struggling to make more money. Money and wealth become the aim for people’s life and the result is the stark poverty in people’s spirit. Humanity has been severely damaged and the modern man can no longer be called real man. The war mercilessly kills lives. In “The Snows”, the shadow of the First World War has been hovering all through the story, accompany with the reminiscences of the dying hero. In Harry’s first flashback, he remembered how his friend Barker flew across the border to bomb the Austrian officers who were leaving train, machine-gunning them as they scattered and run, and those officers “were the same Austrians they killed then that he skied with later”. (p.260) If friends and enemies can so easily change positions in the war, what’s the order of the world and who decides our fates? No wonder after the blood and shell, Harry has been reduced to a shattered person. No wonder when he meets his death he shows little curiosity and just accepts it so calmly. According to the theory of Freud, every person is driven by and defined by two inescapable instincts – sex, and death. In Harry’s case, the death drive is quite obvious. Instinctly, he knows clearly he is dying. After the hot quarrelling with Helen, they reach a reconcile and have a drink together, “and just then it occurred to him that he was going to die.”In Harry’s mind, death no longer wears a horrible mask. It even has a kind ofsomewhat poetic flavor, “Never believe any of that about a scythe and a skull. It can be two bicycle policemen as easily, or be a bird, or it can have a wide snout like a hyena.”(p.284) It seems that death is Harry’s longing asylum where he can rest his tiring body and soul. Therefore, at the end of the story, before Harry’s last breath, he sees in his illusion the great, high, and unbelievable white grand square top of Kilimanjaro, which is the symbol of death, and he knows that it’s where he is going. He dies peacefully because he lives tiredly. Harry’s death process is really a sentimental journey. His death is like a mirror and we can see out last moment, our last pace of our hard long journey of life. Actually, life and death are the two phases we must experience. Standing at the point of life, we see death. Looking back from the end of death, so what is the significance of life?It is the question asked by Harry, and it is also the question for all the human beings. Harry loses the sense of significance of life, so are other people. But still there are two basic ways to seek the so-called significance. One is to escape from civilization and to be totally involved in the nature where men might discover that all mean egotism vanishes and experience a transcendental oneness with the universe. The second way is to establish a harmonious and complementary union with a member of the opposite sex, which is exactly what Harry tries to do. The search for such ideal relationship with a woman runs through Harry’s life.However, what he got is emptiness. Even worse, it’s double emptiness. Harry never loves Helen. What he loves is her money, and he refuses to take responsibility for the things turn out. In his sense, marriage seems merely an insurance against loneness, but even in the refuge of Helen’s arm Harry cannot find comfort. At the beginning of the story, the couple is quarrelling over a drink. Harry feels extreme tiredness. He thought, “So now it was all over, so now he would never have a chance to finish it. So this was the way it ended in a bickering over a drink.”(p.256) Harry tries to regain the lost Garden of Eden, but to his dismay, he finds out “Love is a dunghill, and I’m the cock that gets on it to crow.” (p.261) Since love is shit and degraded into a means to make a living, what Harry finds in love is just vain. The hardest thing to do is to live with a woman he never loved, but ”it was strange that when he did not love her at all and was lying, that he should be able to give her more for her money than when he had really loved.”(p.265) So what on earth makes him such sour and irritable hypercritic? The answer lies in the world. In this hostile and fast rotten world, it’s impossible for a man to find the true love, and the only thing left is the desire to destroy everything. In fact, when Helen angrily asks, “If you have to go away, is it absolutely necessary to kill off everything you leave behind?” this time, Harry doesn’t lie. He answered, “Yes. Your damned money was my armour.”(p.262) In the process of destruction, Harry feels cruel happy. To hurt Helen deeply seems to be theonly way to make him feel that he is living. In Helen’s position, does she really love this man? Does she know this man is always lying? The answers are implied in the lines. Helen is also a spiritually paralyzed person. After her first husband died, she cannot go to sleep without drinking. She has lovers because through them she does not have to be drunk to sleep. She is a poor creature who needs a man to depend upon. She makes herself believe that she loves Harry, but in fact what she loves is the illusion of a perfect man, what she does is to escape the unbearable loneness. When love lost its essence, the only thing left is – sexuality. In Harry’s flashback about his past in Constantinople after quarrelling with his lover in Paris, he recalls his whoring experience with women, with that hot Armenian girl, but sex cannot kill loneness, only makes it worse. It’s also the case with Helen. All the lovers bored her. The only man who never makes her boring had died. The two persons have permanently lost the power to love when they meet. Both are using each other in the desperate efforts to bind their wounds. Both are living in each other’s moment. Although living together, their souls are separated. There are sad moments when Harry and Helen stop truly hearing each other. Studying the dialogues between them, we find they never truly understand each other. Words are just the dust, covering their interior soul world. Deep in Harry’s mind, he cannot escape the essential pain that he can never write those stories he saves to write. After a series of stream of consciousnessabout his unfinished works, he cries out,“You tell them why,”“Why what, dear?”“Why nothing.” (p. 281)This dialogue between them is a typical example to show their indeed separation. They don’t know other’s true feeling. The conflict between Harry and Helen can be interpreted as the dilemma of the human beings. Everybody is living in his own castle, everybody is doomed to die lonely. From Harry’s futile love, we once again find the insignificance of life.I do believe one thousand readers have one thousand Harry in their minds. In my view, the death of Harry just shows us a gloomy picture about human’s future. Wealth and fame are all instant dreams. The only thing we are sure is that we will definitely die. Life is a sentimental journey. The predestined destination is waiting for us at the end of the road. Death, is our common fate. (The current news, over 50 thousand Iranian lost their lives instantly in the earthquake last Friday.)。
英语毕业论文开题报告（范文5篇）
英语毕业论文开题报告（范文5篇）本站小编为你整理了多篇相关的《英语毕业论文开题报告(范文5篇)》，但愿对你工作学习有帮助，当然你在本站还可以找到更多《英语毕业论文开题报告(范文5篇)》。
第一篇：英语毕业论文开题报告一、选题的背景与意义：（一）课题研究来源在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。
（二）课题研究的目的本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。
（三）课题研究的意义艾米莉・勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期著名小说家和作家，是著名的勃朗特姐妹之一，也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。
她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。
通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉・勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉・勃朗特对自然的偏爱。
小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉・勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的`爱情观的冲突。
这种冲突正是基于艾米莉・勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。
英国文学史上著名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。
并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等著名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉・勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。
而且，艾米莉・勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。
作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉・勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。
因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的著作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉・勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。
只有了解艾米莉・勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意-人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。
开题报告《永别了,武器》
[5]董衡巽.海明威研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 1980: 217-255.
[6]孙树彪.通过《永别了，武器》来看海明威的战争观[J].黑龙江教育学院学报, 2007, 26 (5): 92-94.
[7]王晓雁.“迷惘的一代”的心声[J].沈阳教育学院学报, 2006, 8 (2): 19-21.
海明威的长篇小说《永别了，武器》具有强烈的反战倾向。这部小说分成两部分，第一部分是告别战争，第二部分是告别爱情。海明威并没有用一大堆恐怖描写来谴责战争，而是集中凝炼地刻画某些战地细节：阴雨连绵的天气、士兵们的厌战情绪、野战医院里的痛苦呻吟等，从而表达了人们对战争的深深憎恶。小说的主人公虽然最后跟战争永别了，可是前途一片渺茫。海明威通过这部作品告诉人们，“迷惘的一代”的悲剧的社会根源是战争。海明威指出战争摧毁了人的幸福。即使是已告别了硝烟弥漫的战场，在黑暗中奋身跃进一条大河，受了死亡的浸礼而重生，逃亡到瑞士，享受世外桃源一般的幸福生活，但是最后爱人还是难免一死，因为作者认为“世界杀害最善良的人，最温和的人，最勇敢的人”。战争必然会带来死亡和苦痛。一旦卷入战争，人们就永远无法从战争的阴影中摆脱出来。这种思想认为人生如梦幻般虚无缥缈，充满了悲观、痛苦与绝望，从而批判了战争的荒谬、虚无和非理性。
介绍海明威的英语作文
介绍海明威的英语作文Here is a 1000-word essay about Ernest Hemingway in English:Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Giant and Enigmatic IconErnest Hemingway's life and literary works are the embodiment of the modernist era in American literature. As one of the most influential and celebrated authors of the 20th century, Hemingway's impact on the literary world is undeniable. Through his sparse yet powerful prose, he captured the raw human experiences of love, loss, war, and the human condition.Born in 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois, Hemingway grew up in a middle-class household with a doctor father and a musically-inclined mother. From a young age, Hemingway displayed a passion for adventure and the outdoors, traits that would heavily influence his writing later in life. After graduating high school, Hemingway briefly worked as a reporter for the Kansas City Star, where he honed his minimalist writing style that would become a trademark of his fiction.In 1918, Hemingway enlisted in the Red Cross as an ambulance driver during World War I. This experience of witnessing thebrutalities of war firsthand had a profound impact on him, and themes of disillusionment, existentialism, and the search for meaning would become central to his writing. Hemingway was seriously wounded during the war, an event that further fueled his fascination with death and mortality.After the war, Hemingway moved to Paris, where he associated with a group of expatriate writers and artists known as the "Lost Generation." This circle included luminaries such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, and Pablo Picasso, with whom Hemingway engaged in lively intellectual discourse and creative exchange. It was during this time in Paris that Hemingway published his first major work, the 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises, which brought him widespread critical acclaim and established him as a prominent voice in the modernist literary movement.The Sun Also Rises, with its sparse, economical prose and exploration of the disillusionment of the post-war generation, set the tone for much of Hemingway's subsequent work. Novels such as A Farewell to Arms (1929) and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) further cemented his reputation as a master of minimalist, understated storytelling, where the true emotional depth lies beneath the surface of the text.In addition to his novels, Hemingway also made significant contributions to the genre of short fiction. His collection of shortstories, In Our Time (1925), is a landmark work that showcases his ability to capture the essence of human experience in just a few carefully crafted pages. Stories like "The Killers" and "Hills Like White Elephants" demonstrate Hemingway's masterful use of subtext, dialogue, and symbolism to convey complex themes without resorting to overt exposition.Hemingway's writing style, often referred to as the "Hemingway code," was characterized by its sparse, declarative sentences, absence of unnecessary adjectives, and reliance on subtext and implication to convey meaning. This approach, which he developed in part due to his early journalistic training, was a deliberate reaction against the ornate, verbose prose that dominated much of 19th-century literature. Hemingway believed that by stripping away extraneous details, he could better capture the raw, unvarnished essence of human experience.In addition to his literary achievements, Hemingway's larger-than-life persona and adventurous lifestyle also contributed to his iconic status. He was known for his love of bullfighting, big-game hunting, deep-sea fishing, and other high-risk pursuits, all of which found their way into his writing. Hemingway's public image as a rugged, macho figure - a "man's man" - only added to his appeal and influence.However, Hemingway's personal life was also marked by turmoil and tragedy. He struggled with depression, alcoholism, and failed relationships, and his final years were plagued by physical and mental health issues. Tragically, Hemingway took his own life in 1961, bringing an end to one of the most significant literary careers of the 20th century.Despite the complexities and contradictions of his life, Hemingway's impact on American and world literature is undeniable. His distinctive writing style, thematic preoccupations, and larger-than-life persona have all left an indelible mark on the literary landscape. Contemporary writers and readers alike continue to grapple with the legacy of this enigmatic and influential figure, whose work has become synonymous with the modernist movement and the American literary canon.。
英语毕业论文开题报告
英语毕业论文开题报告英语毕业论文开题报告引言：英语毕业论文是大学生学习英语专业的重要环节，旨在通过研究一个特定的主题或问题，展示学生在英语语言和文学方面的研究能力和学术素养。
本文将就英语毕业论文的开题报告进行探讨，包括选题背景、研究目的、研究方法、预期结果和论文结构等方面。
一、选题背景：随着全球化的发展，英语已成为国际交流的重要工具。
因此，学习英语的需求也越来越高。
然而，许多学生在英语学习过程中遇到了各种各样的问题，如语法错误、词汇量不足、口语表达能力不强等。
因此，本论文选取了“英语学习中的问题及解决方法”为研究主题，旨在帮助学生更好地解决英语学习中的困惑，提高学习效果。
二、研究目的：本论文的研究目的是探讨英语学习中的问题，并提出相应的解决方法。
具体来说，我们将通过调查问卷和实地访谈的方式，收集学生在英语学习中遇到的问题，并分析其原因。
然后，我们将结合相关文献和专家观点，提出针对性的解决方法，以帮助学生克服这些问题。
三、研究方法：本论文将采用定量和定性研究相结合的方法。
首先，我们将设计一份调查问卷，通过对大量学生的调查，了解他们在英语学习中遇到的问题。
其次，我们将选择一些学生进行深入访谈，以获取更加详细和具体的信息。
最后，我们将收集相关的文献和专家观点，结合实地调查的结果，提出解决方法。
四、预期结果：根据我们的初步调查和分析，我们预计在英语学习中，学生最常遇到的问题是语法错误、词汇量不足和口语表达能力不强。
这些问题的产生原因可能包括学习方法不当、缺乏实践机会和自信心不足等。
因此，我们预计通过改进学习方法、提供更多实践机会和培养学生的自信心，可以有效解决这些问题。
五、论文结构：本论文将分为五个章节。
第一章是绪论，介绍选题背景、研究目的和研究方法。
第二章将回顾相关文献，总结已有研究成果，并分析其不足之处。
第三章是调查结果的分析和讨论，包括学生在英语学习中遇到的问题及其原因。
第四章将提出解决问题的方法和建议。
英语专业论文开题报告
XX大学毕业设计（论文）开题报告一、课题的意义:意识流文学是20世纪初兴起于西方、在现代哲学特别是现代心理学的基础上产生的小说类作品。
《乞力马扎罗的雪》作为欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威最为出色的意识流短篇小说之一出版后在美国文坛开创了一代新的文风,对欧美文学界产生了巨大的影响。
他在创作中时常运用意识流的手法,行文方面句式凝练、措辞朴素,往往以有限的文字表达出极其丰富的内容。
他在众多作品中都拷问了同一个问题,即有关生与死的思考。
这个问题可谓是人类一直探讨关心的终极问题之一,许多作家穷极一生都在追寻该问题的答案。
因此研究此篇小说的意识流写法就成了一个令人感兴趣的话题。
海明威的创作态度十分严肃，一贯反复地修改自己的作品。
他喜爱马克·吐温并深受其影响。
文体清秀、流畅明亮，这也是他语言艺术的风格。
然而，最突出反映他创作特色的，还是作品中大多数人物都有颇带孤独感的内心独白，即长篇的心理描写，实际上也就是后来发展称为“意识流”的手法。
从思想意义上看，他的人物或多或少地存在着悲观主义色彩，反映了他的世界观的局限。
美国著名文评家威拉德?索普对海明威给予了很高的评价,他认为:“海明威是当代最伟大的自然主义作家之一。
他敢于突破传统,创造新的风格和手法来适应题材的需要。
”本文试图从意识流的角度对《乞力马扎罗的雪》作详细和深入的分析。
剖析了海明威如何采用“清醒时的意识流”和“梦幻时的意识流”交错纵横来展现主人公哈里对过往的追忆，对爱情的迷茫和对死亡的态度转变。
这样不仅可以深刻理解海明威“意识流”手法的创作，也能从作品中得到教益，开阔了视野，推动文学创作呈现“百花齐放，百家争鸣”的局面。
二、所属领域发展状况:19世纪末到20世纪二三十年代，英、法、美等国文坛上，—批作家不约而同地将创作视角由面向客观世界转向人内心的主观世界，并采用悖逆于传统现实主义创作方法的艺术表现形式，来展现常人视线不及的精神领域。
通过《老人与海》看海明威的创作理论毕业论文开题报告
毕业论文开题报告题目通过《老人与海》看海明威的创作理论学生姓名朱田学号 ********** 所在院(系) 外国语学院专业班级英语102指导教师王李云2014年1月14日题目通过《老人与海》看海明威的创作理论一、选题的目的及研究意义选题目的20世纪现实主义文学在其发展的初始阶段就注定了将拥有不平凡的思想主题,追求崭新的文学风格成为20世纪现实主义作家的主要努力方向。
作为20世纪美国文坛上极具个性的作家,海明威提出了文学创作中的冰山理论，为20世纪现实主义文学带来了一阵清风。
本文以《老人与海》为例，通过分析小说中简洁的文字风格和大量的白描、象征写作手法，详细的对“冰山”理论进行研究，来展现其以少胜多的创作理论。
研究意义作为20世纪美国文坛上极具个性的作家，海明威于1932年在作品《午后之死》中第一次提出了文学创作中的“冰山理论”。
海明威向读者奉献了自己独具文学价值和艺术风格的“八分之一在水上，八分之七在水下”的冰山创作理论，简洁的文字风格、白描和象征手法的运用则是这一理论的完美体现，它向读者传递了丰富的内容和深邃的思想，有着一种言有尽而意无穷的艺术境界。
通过对这部作品的分析和研究，让人们对“冰山理论”这一写作特点有更深层次的学习和了解，体会文学作品写法的博大精深。
同时，在英语教学和英语写作也有一定的指导意义，并且在英语跨文化交际中的深入研究有很大的指导意义。
二、综述与本课题相关领域的研究现状、发展趋势、研究方法及应用领域等研究现状《老人与海》为海明威日益沉寂的写作生涯注入了生机与活力。
该作品获得了1953年普利策小说奖。
翌年，该作品由于受到了诺贝尔文学委员会的普遍赞誉而使海明威获得了诺贝尔文学奖。
对该作品中运用的冰山写作理论，学术界也有很多的研究：1.阿尔伯特·戴佛兹奥所编辑的《纪念海明威：回顾和展望》（1999年）一文中总结说：“自从严肃地海明威研究于1952年出现以来，已有一些评论家提供了回顾性和前瞻性的评论。
老人与海开题报告
1. 海明威研究在中国/The Study Of E· 《 Hemingway In China 》 邱平壤 黑龙江教育出版社 1990.5： 2.《自卑与超越——海明威“硬汉性格”的心理成因》. 裴立鹏 张敏. 齐齐哈尔大学学报. 2000 年 5 月. 3. 《“重压下的优雅风度” 与海明威的“准则英雄” 》. 刘久明. 外国文学研究.1998 年第 2 期 4. 《给人类增添信心与力量的文学形象——论海明威的 “生命英雄” 》 刘久明 外国文学研究.1998 年第 2 期. 5．《论海明威作品中的死亡意识》曾塞男..外国文学研究.1998 年第 3 期 6.《论海明威小说的悲剧美》 徐乐怡.许昌师专学报 2000 年第 4 期. 7. 海明威、古巴渔夫与《老人与海》的经典硬汉形象 杨植 贵阳学学报院学报（社会科学版） 8．《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的“硬汉”形象的蕴意 朱旬萍 长春理工大学 2011 年 4 月第六卷第四
期 9. 海明威笔下的硬汉形象分析 马银成 时代文学(下半月), 2011 年 06 期 10. 再读《老人与海》圣地亚哥人物形象分析 吴敏 科技信息 2010 年 04 期 1. 评论《老人与海》安东尼·伯吉斯 2. 《海明威的悲剧写作艺术》安东尼·伯吉斯 3.《迷惘者的一生——海明威传》 著名海明威研究专家卡洛斯 贝克. 4. 库尔特·辛格 海明威——巨人的生与死 5. 杰弗里·迈耶斯 海明威传 6. Hotchner A.E. Papa Hemingway:A personal memoir[M] New York:Random House 1966 7. Ernest Hemingway: An Interview." Plimpton, George. " Paris Review (Spring 1958): 8. Clinton S. Burhans, Jr., "The Old Man and the Sea: Hemingway's Tragic Vision of Man," in American Literature, Vol . 31, No. 4, January, 1960. 9.Edward.H.Strauch:The Old Man and the Sea [J] Aligarh journal of English Studies 1984 10.Meyers Jeffrey Hemingway:A Biography.[M].London:Macmillan 1985
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毕业论文开题报告题目：The Textual Analysis of Nada inHemingway's A Clean Well-Lighted Place 学生姓名：学号：专业：英语指导教师：2011年3月6日论文题目：The Textual Analysis of Nada in Hemingway'sA Clean Well-Lighted Place一、选题背景：厄内斯特.海明威是美国著名的现代作家。
他的作品主要是描写第一次世界大战以后的社会状况，其主题主要是战争给人们带来的“虚无迷失”以及“重压之下保持尊严。
这里以他的短篇小说“一个干净明亮的地方”为代表来进行分析，小说通过一个环境干净明亮的咖啡馆里两个侍者之间的对话来反映社会中普遍存在的“虚无”，旨在说明在浑浊的社会中，人们需要一个干净明亮的地方来逃避虚无，寻找心灵的安息之所，但象征这个避风港的安息之所咖啡馆也仅仅是暂时的，因为它总有打烊的时候。
到最后，人们还是会孤独地回到黑暗中去，面对虚无，体会虚无。
上述内容大致为各个评论家对这篇小说的分析的精华所在。
本论题笔者将从语篇分析这一角度对这篇文章进行分析评论。
语篇分析是一门新兴的尚未定性的学科，我们可以通过分析语篇功能的各系统来预测语篇的语境，最终得出语篇的主题意义。
由于本论题的研究对象来自于海明威的一篇小小说。
这篇小说一个显著特点就是运用了大量的人物对话，通过文中人物之间对话及一些其他信息来反映文章的主题。
因此，在这里应用语篇分析这一分析方法，通过对文章中人物对话，语言描写来的分析来得出文章的中心思想“虚无”。
二、选题意义长期以来关于海明威的短篇小说《一个干净明亮的地方》的评论的分析有不少。
虽然是从不同的角度分析，但都反映了海明威作品的一个主要思想“虚无”。
在海明威笔下的世界里，虚无是一个很泛滥的东西，人们在巨大的社会变化中迷失了自己，生活变得虚无飘渺。
笔者在这里同样继承前面分析者对这篇小说研究的所达成的一致的成果，即它所反映的“虚无主义”。
本选题首先通过对这片短篇小说的分析，来加深对“虚无”的了解，了解海明威对当时社会现状的描写。
其次，与以往的分析方式不同，笔者从语言的角度来考虑，着重从小说中人物对话的话语中以及对环境描写的言语上来分析其中的内涵意义。
在故事情节与环境的大致分析上，前面的分析着已经做到全面深刻。
但笔者认为，贯穿在整个故事情节当中的两个侍者的谈话并没有得到充分的分析，而谈话部分又恰是文章的重点所在。
众所周知，海明威的作品向来避繁就简，他一贯主张的冰山原则正是这个意思，即文章中尽量不使用多余的词藻。
人们看到的每一个字词都有他隐含的深层意义，所以想要理解海明威的作品应当仔细研读他作品的每一字，每一词。
鉴于评论界在对海明威的作品乃至整个文学作品世界的评论分析中从语言这一角度分析考虑的还不够完善，笔者通过在语言方面深入研究海明威的这篇《一个干净明亮的地方》，来引导创作者进一步探讨海明威作品中的“虚无”主义，进而掌握从语言角度分析文章这一原理的实际应用技巧，进行更好的文学评论。
三、文献综述(本选题在国内外研究的现状)：（一）语篇分析文学作品语篇分析是一门实用性很强的学科，其中所涉及到的一些方法，已被很多学者应用到教学的各个方面，例如阅读和翻译。
在对文学作品进行分析时，使用语篇分析这一方法是指运用语篇分析中的一些理论和方法，并举出具体实例，针对衔接与连贯、语境、语篇的指向性，书面语篇的表现形式、实体形式和叙事时态、会话的合作原则对作品进行更清晰的阐述。
一般情况下我们在分析文学作品时，往往注重于语篇外部层面的分析，如文学作品流派介绍，文学作品产生的社会历史条件，作家的写作风格，等等。
这些分析可以使读者对作品产生一个大致的了解，但要真正分析一部文学作品，还应在联系上述各个方面的基础上，对作品的语言进行全面的分析。
而在对作品语篇分析的过程中，自然而然就会对语篇的语意生成过程，如作者的个人风格，时代背景和言语体裁等进行分析阐述，从而使读者对作者所要分析的文学作品有全面的理解。
笔者认为对海明威的这篇短篇小说“一个干净明亮的地方”从语篇分析这一角度分析是很简单有效地方法。
因为在这篇文章中，海明威省略掉了所有尽可能省略的东西，即便是作者本人也很少发表意见，添加评论等，而是通过故事中两个咖啡店侍者的对话来表达主题。
因此对这篇文章采取语篇分析的过程中，对作者的写作背景，故事的发生年代等进行阐述，既了解了小说所讲述的故事本身，同时又了解了海明威生活的时代背景等一系列与故事相关的因素。
(二)对海明威作品语言的分析海明威曾在《午后之死》一书中写道：“如果一位散文作家对于他想写的东西心里有数，那么他可以省略他所知道的东西，读者呢，只要作者写的真实，会强烈地感觉到他所省略的地方，好像作者已经写出来似的。
冰山在海里移动很庄严宏伟，这是因为它只有八分之一露在水面上。
”海明威就是根据“冰山”原理来创作他的作品，形成他别具一格的艺术特色。
例如在他的短篇小说”印第安营地”中，当尼克听到产妇疼得尖叫时，他对爸爸说：“哎，爸爸你能不能给他吃点药，让她不这么叫行吗。
”这段话初读起来可能让人觉得平淡无奇，但若仔细品味，就能体会到尼克的善良。
又如在他的这篇文章中，当年轻侍者问年长侍者老年顾客为何自杀时，年长侍者说“没事”“他有很多钱”。
这两句回答，乍一看确实令人对老年顾客的自杀行为感到匪夷所思。
但若仔细推敲，即使拥有很多的钱财，老年顾客也无法感到生活的乐趣，只有自杀以结束人生，可见生活对于他来说是多么空虚无聊。
在这里表面上看似乎年长侍者无法解释老年顾客自杀的原因，因为他有钱，但实际上这句话本身就是老年顾客自杀的原因：钱再多也无法排解生活中的空虚与寂寞。
以上两个例子恰如其分的印证了海明威的冰山原则：读者读到的永远只是文字的表面意思，在这些表面意思下，隐藏着文章真正的意义。
（三）对海明威短篇小说《一个干净明亮地方》的分析海明威的这篇小说《一个干净明亮的地方》一方面向来被人们认为是其虚无主义的代表作之一。
所以尽管中外学者从不同的角度来分析对这篇小说，但其都有一个相同点，就是对小说中所包含的“虚无主义”的分析。
陶洁在她的《美国文学选读》中从这篇小说的故事情节的发展，环境描写以及人物心理上来对这篇文章进行分析。
她指出故事的重要主题“虚无”存在于老年顾客，青年侍者及中年侍者每一个人的生活中。
咖啡馆象征了人们逃离黑暗现实避难所，人们都需要一个干净明亮的地方来逃避心灵的孤单。
但咖啡馆也仅是暂时的，人们最终会回到现实中去，面对无边的虚无。
范革新在其编写的《美国短篇小说赏析》中对这片小说进行了分析，他指出海明威“是少数几位能用语言来绘画的艺术家”。
在这里他对文章中的具有描述性的段落进行分析，指出字面意思下文章所描绘的另一幅图景。
另一方面，这篇小说语言的简洁是被人们所公认的，在这篇小说中，海明威继续他的冰山原则，将简单主义发挥到了及至。
“《一个干净明亮的地方》不是通过传统的叙述﹑抽象的描摹﹑冗长的说明和主观的议论，而是通过自然﹑生动﹑简洁的对白陈述故事，表达感情，阐明主题。
”（王文琴）四、本选题研究的重点、难点/创新点本文的重点有两个，即海明威作品中的虚无主义和从语言角度来分析文学作品。
这两点在文中相辅相成，也就是从语言角度来分析虚无主义。
如果脱离了语言只是空泛的大谈虚无主义，那么本文也将变得和这篇小说的主题一样“虚无”。
在这里，笔者从文章中描写人物的对话及场景的语言来分析，做到逐句考虑，仔细研究其中的深刻含义。
而难点在于如何做到准确理解文章中语言的深刻含义，这样才能另辟蹊径从语言方面去考虑文章的内涵意义，使读者从语言方面去深刻体会文章中包含的“虚无主义”.五、论文的结构及简要说明1．引言论述海明威作品中的虚无主义，从而引出本课题的研究重点，选题意义，简要说明本文的文章结构和布局。
2．文献综述2.1 海明威的虚无主义2.2 对海明威作品语言的分析2.3 对海明威短篇小说《一个干净明亮地方》的分析3．研究方法3.1 研究对象3.2 数据收集3.3 研究步骤4．研究结果5．结论六、研究方法本论文将采取定性研究方法。
结合国内外对海明威作品中虚无主义的研究现状以及借鉴从语言角度分析文学作品所取得的成果，从文章的语言方面来分析研究海明威在《一个干净明亮的地方》这篇短篇小说中所要传达的内涵意义“虚无”。
着重从人物本身对话的话语中及对故事情节，周围环境等这些个“八分之一”语言描写上来分析这些文字表面意思所隐藏的八分之七的深层含义，深刻的领会文章中所表达的“虚无主义”。
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