油藏工程(Reservoir
产能：1859年
年产2000bb
绪 论
第一阶段（－20世纪30‘s） 开始阶段
第二阶段（20世纪30－40‘s）
发展初期
第三阶段（阶段（60‘s－20世纪末）
现代化发展阶段
第五阶段（21世纪初——）
高新技术发展阶段
绪 论
进入80‘s后期，世界油气资源的新发 现越
综合分析油藏地质、油藏物理、地球物理 （测井，物探等）、渗流力学、采油工程等 方面成果，以及提供的信息资料，对油藏中 发 生物理化学变化进行评价、预测、提出相 应的 调整措施。 (2) 具有整体性、连续性、长期性
绪 论
对象——含油气的地层（间接研究） 难度：不可见性、非均质性。 目标——提高油气经济采收率。
绪 论
油藏工程——油田开发
从总体上来认识和改造油气藏的一门技术学科 包括两个方面的意思、一个完整的过程：
一是认识和分析组成油藏的各个部分的物理-化 学性质，及其在油气开采中的作用。
二是在油气开采过程中，认识油藏内部发生的 物理化学变化、机制，及其对油气开采的影响。
绪 论
特点 :
(1)一门高度综合的技术学科
来越少，油田开发的对象逐步向难开 发的地下
资源，油气资源开采的技术难度、投资额度和
分险程度日益增高。
因此，油藏工程已发展为整个油区制定
及实 施某种优化的油藏管理经营策略。
绪 论
科学技术进步推动着石油工业的发展 20世纪20～30‘s，重力、地震折射波、沉积学、引 入石油地质， 产生一个飞跃。
1925～30年，世界年平均发现原油约27亿吨； 1935～40年，世界年平均发现原油41亿吨。
绪 论
油藏工程(Reservoir Engineering)—— 油田开发
依据详探成果和必要的生产性开发试 验， 在综合研究的基础上对具有商业价值 的油田， 从油田的实际情况和生产规律出 发，制定出 合理的开发方案并对油田进行 建设和投产， 使油田按预定的生产能力和 经济效果长期生 产，直至开发结束。
对油藏中发生的各种变化，从开采的角度进 行 评价、作出预测，并提出相应的技术措施。
意义——对国民经济建设意义重大。
石油安全战略－国家安全战略。
地位——油田开发决策、经营、管理。
绪 论
业务领域——开发前期、投产期、开采期
探井评价
油藏评价
开发规划
油田投产
一次/二 次采油 动态监测与分析
开发调整
EOR
报废
绪 论
基本内容： 一、开发方案设计: 开发前准备 开发设计 经 济评价 。 二、开发动态分析: 物质平衡方法 经验方法 试井分析油藏数值模拟。 三、动态监测与调整
绪 论
回顾历史，展望未来 近代石油工业的起点： 1859年美国宾夕法尼亚州Seneca Oil Co. 井名：DRAKE’s Well 井深：69‘1/2 马力蒸气机 ft（21米） 设备：钻井井架＋6
20世纪40～50年代，电测方法、蒸汽法开采稠油等 技术，年平 均原油发现为33－55亿吨。注水技术使 油田采收率普遍提高 了15％－20％。
绪 论
20世纪60～70年代，地震勘探的叠加技术、定向钻 井技术、大 型水力压裂技术，年平均增长量为37 亿～56亿吨。 20 20世纪80年代以来，石油科技的发展进入了高新 技术发展阶 段。特别是当前的信息技术，正对世界 石油工业进行着一场 革命。80～90年代，每发现和 开 发1桶原油的成本已下降了40％
油藏工程绪论
采工艺等方面对一个区块进行整体系统的研究，对油田开采现状进行分
效能。
井具有双重作用，既是采集油气的通道、影响地层的处所，又是窥
探油气藏内部获得各种信息的窗口。
4、油田开发工程是知识密集、技术密集、资金密集的工程。
油田开发工程是个综合运用多学科的巨大系统工程，涉及地质、物 探、钻井、采油、油藏、储运、经济、管理、水电、土建部门。海洋油 田开发还要考虑海洋气象、风流、海工建筑及海空支援。
1、油藏的认识不是短时间一次完成的，需要经历长期的 由粗到细、由浅到深、由表及里的认识过程。
2、油气田是流体矿藏，凡是有联系的油藏矿体，必须视
作统一的整体来开发，不能像固体矿藏那样可以简单的分 隔，独立开发，而不影响相邻固体矿藏的蕴藏条件及邻近 地段的含矿比。
三、油田开发的特点
3、必须充分重视和发挥每口井的双重作用——生产与信息的
绪
论
1、油藏工程的概念；
2、油藏工程的内容；
3、油田开发的特点；
4、油藏工程的发展历史；
5、世界石油开发现状；
6、明确学习目的与要求。
油藏工程(Reservoir Engineering)——油田开发
研究油田开发方法的一门科学技术；
从总体上认识油气藏和改造油气藏的综合工程 学科。 静态过程
总体包括两个方面：
下图就是经编制方案后考虑的油田 布井方案
4 开发调整
油藏工程基本名词解释
油藏工程基本名词解释六、掌握常用的油藏工程基本名词解释。
1.油田勘探开发过程：（1）区域勘探（预探）：在一个地区（盆地或坳陷）开展的油气勘探工作。
（2）工业勘探（详探）：在区域勘探所选择的有利含油构造上进行的钻探工作。
（3）全面开采2.油藏（Oil Reservior）：指油在单一圈闭中具有同一压力系统的基本聚集。
3.油气藏分类：（1）构造油气藏：油气聚集在由于构造运动而使地层变形（褶曲）或变位（断层）所形成的圈闭中。
（2）地层油气藏：油气聚集在由于地层超覆或不整合覆盖而形成的圈闭中。
（3）岩性油气藏：油气聚集在由于沉积条件的改变导致储集层岩性发生横向变化而形成的岩性尖灭和砂岩透镜体圈闭中。
4.油田地质储量：N=100Ah?1?S wiρ0/B oi5.气田地质储量：G=0.01Ah?S gi/B gi6.油气储量：探明储量、控制储量、预测储量7.油藏驱动方式（Flooding Type）：（1）弹性驱动（Elastic Drive）：在油藏无边水或底水，又无气顶，且原始油层压力高于饱和压力时，随着油层压力的下降，依靠油层岩石和流体的弹性膨胀能驱动的方式。
（2）溶解气驱（Solution Gas Drive）：在弹性驱动阶段，当油层压力下降至低于饱和压力时，随着油层压力的进一步降低，原来处于溶解状态的气体将分离出来，气泡的膨胀能将原油驱向井底。
（3）水压驱动（Water Drive）：当油藏与外部的水体相连通时，油藏开采后由于压力下降，使周围水体中的水流入油藏进行补给。
（4）气压驱动（Elastic Drive）：气压驱动的油藏存在一个较大的气顶为前提，在开采过程中，从油藏中采出的油量由气顶中气体的膨胀而得到补给。
（5）重力驱动（Gravity Drive）：靠原油自身的重力将原油驱向井底的驱油方式。
8.划分开发层系：把特征相近的油(气)层组合在一起，用单独的一套生产井网进行开发，并以此为基础进行生产规划，动态研究和调整。
油藏工程技术
油藏工程技术引言概述：油藏工程技术是石油工程领域中的重要分支，涉及到石油勘探、开辟和生产过程中的一系列技术和工程方法。
通过对油藏地质特征的分析和研究，油藏工程技术能够有效地提高油气开采效率，实现资源的最大化利用。
一、油藏勘探技术1.1 地质勘探：通过地质勘探技术，了解地下岩层结构和油气分布情况，为后续的开辟工作提供重要数据支持。
1.2 地震勘探：利用地震波在地下的传播规律，通过地震勘探技术获取地下岩层的信息，识别潜在的油气藏。
1.3 地球物理勘探：通过地球物理勘探方法，如电磁法、重力法等，探测地下岩石的物理性质，匡助确定油气藏的位置和规模。
二、油藏开辟技术2.1 钻井技术：通过钻井技术将钻头钻入地下油藏，获取地下油气资源。
2.2 压裂技术：利用压裂技术，通过高压液体将岩石破裂，增加油气流通性，提高开采效率。
2.3 注水技术：采用注水技术，向油藏中注入水或者其他物质，维持油气压力，促进油气的生产。
三、油藏生产技术3.1 提高采收率：通过提高采收率技术，如水驱、气驱等，有效提高油气的采收率。
3.2 油藏改造：通过油藏改造技术，如水平井、多级压裂等，改善油藏开采条件，延长油田寿命。
3.3 油藏监测：利用油藏监测技术，实时监测油气产量和油藏情况，及时调整生产策略。
四、油藏增储技术4.1 水驱注采：通过水驱注采技术，提高油藏的采收率，延长油田寿命。
4.2 CO2驱油：利用CO2驱油技术，注入CO2气体到油藏中，提高油气的采收率。
4.3 增压注气：通过增压注气技术，增加油藏的压力，促进油气的生产。
五、油藏环境保护技术5.1 油气回收：通过油气回收技术，减少油气的排放，保护环境。
5.2 油田管理：采用油田管理技术，减少油田污染，保护地下水资源。
5.3 废水处理：对生产过程中产生的废水进行处理，达到排放标准，保护水资源。
结论：油藏工程技术在石油工程领域中具有重要的地位和作用，通过不断的技术创新和应用，可以有效提高油气资源的开采效率，实现资源的可持续利用和环境的保护。
油藏工程
油藏:油在单一圈闭中具有同一压力系统的基本聚集.油气田:受同一局部构造面积内控制的油气藏的总和.油藏工程:是一门以油层物理.油气层渗流力学为基础,进行油田开发设计和工程分析方法的综合性石油技术科学.详探阶段要解决的问题:以含油层系为基础的地质研究;储层特征及储层流体特性;储量估算;天然能量评价;生产能力详探阶段所开展的工作.及其目的和任务(成果): ①地震细测工作目的:主要查明油藏构造情况,以便用较少的探井资料完成详探任务结果:目的层构造形态清楚;断层情况清楚;含油圈闭面积清楚②打详探资料井目的:直接认识油层,为布置生产井网提供地质依据任务:认识油层本身性质和特征及变化规律;探边,探断层成果:地层对比,隔层对比,稳定油层的性质及其分布;对断层,隔层性质及其分布作出评价;进行岩心资料研究③油井试油和试采目的:取得各种测试资料,为开发方案中某些具体技术界限和技术指标提出可行的确定办法试油的任务:了解油层及其流体性质,确定该油田的工业开采价值;为确定各个不同含油面积.计算地质储量和确定油井合理工作制度提供必要的资料(试油资料包括:产量资料.压力资料,油气水性质,边底水能量,地层温度资料)试井的任务:油井生产能力(主力层能力,递减情况);天然能量,驱动类型,驱动能量的转化;油层的连通性,层间干扰;适合该油层的增产措施④开辟生产试验区目的:进一步认识油田的静态和动态规律,指导油田全面投入开发任务:详细解剖储油层情况,研究井网研究生产动态,研究采油工艺,集输工艺,油层改造措施⑤基础井网布置任务:合理开发主力层位,建成一定生产规模;兼探开发区的其他油层,解决探井,资料井所没有完成的任务.试油:在油井完成后,把油气水从地层中诱到地面上来,并经过专门测试取得各种资料的工作.试采:开采试验,试油后,以较高的产量生产较长时间地稳定试采.目的:通过试采暴露出油田在生产过程中的矛盾,以便在开发方案中加以考虑和解决.基础井网:在油藏描述及试验区开发试验研究的基础上,选择最可靠最稳定的油层（主力含油层）或层系布置第一套正式开发井网生产试验区:在详探程度高的地区,划出一块具有代表性的面积,用正规井网正式投入开发,并进行各项开发试验.工业价值:开采储量能补偿它的勘探开发及附加费用.开辟生产试验区的目的和要求:目的:进一步认识油田的静态和动态规律,指导油田全面投入开发;要求:①位置和范围:对全油田应具有代表性,通过试验区认识的油层分布规律流体运动特点对全油田具有较为普遍的意义②相对独立性:把试验区对全油田合理开发的影响减小到最低程度③试验项目:应以研究开发部署中的基本问题,或揭示油田生产动态中的基本问题,或揭示油田生产动态中的基本规律为目标来确定④要具有一定的生产规模⑤要尽量考虑整个油田建设储量:在地层原始状态下,油(气)藏中油(气)的总储藏量丰度:油(气)藏单位含油(气)面积范围内的地质储量;单储系数:油(气)藏单位体积油(气)层内所含的地质储量驱动方式:驱使原油流向井底的动力来源方式称为驱动方式.油藏中的驱油能量有:①油藏中流体和岩石的弹性能②溶解于原油中的天然气膨胀能③边水和底水的压能和弹性能④气顶气的膨胀能⑤重力能各种驱动方式的产生条件和试用油藏:①封闭弹性驱形成条件:无边底水或边水不活跃Pi>Pb②溶解气驱动形成条件:无气顶;无边底水或边水不活跃Pi＜Pb③气顶驱动形成条件:有气顶无水驱或弱水驱;Pi=P b伴随溶解气膨胀④水压驱动形成条件:有边底水有露头或人工注水⑤重力驱动形成条件:油层比较厚,倾角大;渗透性好,开采后期⑥复合驱动在复合驱动中有两种驱动力：溶解气驱和弱水驱;小气顶驱和弱水驱影响气顶驱,重力驱动采收率的因素:气顶驱:①原始气顶大小②垂向渗透率③原油粘度④气体保存程度⑤采油速度⑥倾角;重力驱:①上倾方向渗透率②储层倾角③油藏生产速度④原油粘度⑤相对渗透率特征划分开发层系:把特征相近的油层组合在一起,用独立的一套开发井网进行开发,并以此为基础进行生产规划,动态研究和调整开发层系划分的意义：①有利于发挥各油层的作用,为油层比较均衡开采打下基础,减少层间矛盾②提高采油速度,缩短开发时间③提高注水波及体积,提高最终采收率④适应采油工艺技术发展的要求划分开发层系的原则：①同一层系内的油层物性应当接近,尤其渗透率要接近②一个独立的开发层系应具有一定的厚度和储量③各开发层系间必须具有良好的隔层④要考虑到采油工艺技术水平,相邻油层尽可能组合在一起按照注水时间分为三类:早期注水,晚期注水,中期注水早期注水:在油田投产的同时进行注水,或是在油层压力下降到饱和压力之前就及时进行注水,使油层压力始终保持在饱和压力以上或原始油层压力附近;特点:①油层内不脱气,原油性质保持较好②油层内只是油,水二相流动,渗流特征清楚③油井产能高④采油速度高缺点:投产初期注水工程投资较大,投资回收期长适用:地饱压差相对较小的油田晚期注水：开采初期依靠天然能量开采,在溶解气驱之后注水;特点:①驱动方式转为溶解气驱②注水后,可能形成油气水三相渗流③产能不能保持稳定优点：开发初期投资少,原油成本低适用:原油性质好,天然能量足,中,小型油田中期注水:初期依靠天然能量开采,当地层压力下降到饱和压力以下,气油比上升到最大值之前开始注水,特点:①随注水压力恢复,地层压力略低于饱和压力,形成水驱混汽油方式②注水后,地层压力恢复饱和压力以上,可获得较高产量优点:初期投资少,经济效益好;可保持较长稳产期,不影响最终采收率适用:地饱压差较大,天然能量相对较大的油田。
油藏工程名词解释
1.1油气藏工程名词解释1.1.1 开发地质名词1 火成岩：由地壳、地幔中形成的岩浆在侵入或喷出的情况下冷凝而成的岩石。
2 变质岩：岩浆岩或沉积岩在温度、压力的影响下改变了组织结构而形成的岩石。
3 沉积岩：地表或接近地表的岩石遭受风化（机械或化学分解）、再经搬运沉积后经成岩作用（压实、胶结、再结晶）而形成的岩石。
沉积岩在陆地表面占岩石总分布面积的75%。
沉积岩与石油的生成、储集有密切关系。
它是石油地质工作的主要对象。
4 碎屑沉积岩：在机械力（风力、水力）的破坏作用下，原来岩石破坏后的碎屑经过搬运和沉积而成的岩石。
例如砂岩、黄土等。
火山碎屑岩则是火山喷发的碎屑直接沉积形成的岩石。
5 化学沉积岩：各种物质由于化学作用（溶解、沉淀化学反应）沉积形成的岩石。
如岩盐、石膏等。
6 岩石结构：包括岩石的颗粒、杂基及胶结物之间的关系。
7 岩石构造：指组成岩石的颗粒彼此相互排列的关系。
8 岩层：由成分基本一致，较大区域内分布基本稳定的岩石组成的岩体。
9 层里：受许多平行面限制的岩石组成的沉积岩层状构造。
10 水平层里：层面相互平行且水平的层里。
水平层里表示沉积环境相当稳定。
如深湖沉积。
11 波状层里：层面象波浪一样起伏。
海岸或湖岸地带由于水的波浪击拍形成的层面。
12 交错层里：一系列交替层的层面相交成各种角度的层里。
由于沉积环境的水流或水动力方向改变形成的层里。
13 沉积旋回：岩石的粒度在垂直向上重复出现的一种组合。
14 正旋回：岩石自下而上由粗变细的岩石结构。
例如自下而上为砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩的组合。
15 反旋回：岩石自下而上由细变粗的岩石结构。
例如自下而上为泥岩、粉砂岩、砂岩、砾岩的组合。
16 复合旋回：中部粗顶底部细的沉积组合。
如顶底为泥岩中部为砂岩。
17 沉积韵律：岩层的成份、结构或颜色等有规律重复出现的现象。
18 沉积相：是指在特定的沉积环境形成的特定的岩石组合。
例如河流相、湖相等。
沉积单元级别划分是相对的。
油藏工程百科知识
油藏工程是一门以油层物理、油气层渗流力学为基础，从事油田开发设计和工程分析方法的综合性石油技术科学。
它的任务是：研究油藏(包括气藏)开发过程中油、气、水的运动规律和驱替机理，拟定相应的工程措施，以求合理地提高开采速度和采收率。
20世纪30年代以前,油田开发工作处于自发阶段,缺乏理论指导，发现油田后密集钻井，浪费很大，采收率不高。
后来随着大型高产油的发现，出现了深井压力计、高压取样器等研究油、气、水在地下状态的仪器和设备，通过对油藏岩心的研究，了解油藏和油、气、水的物理性质及其随压力、温度的变化状况和流动机理，40年代形成了油、气、水在油层中的渗流理论，出现科学开发油田的概念，逐渐应用人工补给油藏能量合理驱替油气等开发方法。
油藏工程开始成为一门独立的学科。
现代大型高速电子计算机的出现，研究油田开发的数值模拟方法的应用，以及石油开发地质和海上油、气田的勘探、开发工作的发展，进一步丰富了油藏工程的内容。
油气藏开发设计油藏工程的主要工作内容。
对于油田开发方案要分析是否采用了适合油藏特点的最有效的开采机理，最合理的井网，最有效的控制开采过程中水油比、气油比的方法；比较逐年原油采出最及所能达到的采收率和投资、油田建设工作量和所需材料，原油成本和利润。
从众多的方案中选出符合油田开发方针、能获得最高的原油采收率和最大经济效益的方案。
油藏开发动态分析油田投入生产后，地下油、气、水的分布便不断发生变化。
通过生产记录和测试资料，综合分析油井压力、产量和油藏中剩余油的分布状况等预测未来动态，提供日常生产和调整开发设计的主要依据。
具体内容有：①通过油田生产实况，不断地加深对油藏的认识，核对、补充同开发地质和油藏工程有关的各项基础资料，进一步核算地质储量；②查明分区分层油、气、水饱和度和地层压力变化，研究油、气、水在储层内部的运动状况;③分析影响采收率的各项因素,预测油藏的可采储量；④根据已有的开采历史，预测未来生产状况和开发效果。
s油藏工程原理及方法(§1-2)3
钻探获得随油地气质流认、识或程油度气增显加示后，根据区域地
值
质条件分析和类比的有利地区按容积法估算的
储量。是制定评价勘探方案的依据。
中国石油大学（北京）JHQ
16
1、储量的分级分类
我国油气储量资源量分级分类表
总资源量
储量
工
资源量
业 油 流
探明（一级）
控制 预测
已开发 未开发 基本探明 (二级) (三级)
中国石油大学（北京）JHQ 江汉王杨岩丘油田 3
§1-2 油藏评价 （一）分类：根据圈闭（油藏成因）
玉门老君庙油田
中国石油大学（北京）JHQ
4
§1-2 油藏评价
冷河油田某断块构造图
克拉玛依油田剖面图
中国石油大学（北京）JHQ
5
§1-2 油藏评价
2、地层油气藏：(stratigraphic reservoir)地层超覆
潜在
以 （I类） （II类） （III类）
推测
上
A
B
C
C～D D～E F
G
非 工
控制储量（Probable） 在某一圈闭内预探井资发现源工业量油气流后，
业 以建立探明储量为目的，在评价钻探阶段的过
价 值
程中钻了少数评价井随后地所质计认算识的程储度量增。加其相对
误差不超过正负50％。
中国石油大学（北京）JHQ
设原始条件下单相气体占体积 Vp ， 由状态方程 pV＝ZnRT，得总物质(Vp)的量:
nt
=
piV p Zi RT
nt－kmol ；Vp－m3 ；R－0.0083159MPa.m3/(kmol.K)
G
=
24.056 ×
油藏工程
【第一章】1、什么是油藏、油田开发、油藏工程油藏：单一圈闭中具有同一压力系统的基本聚集。
油田开发：依据详探成果和必要的生产开发试验，在综合研究的基础上对具有商业价值的油田的实际情况和生产规律出发制定出合理的开发方案，并对油田进行建设和投产，使油田按预定的生产能力和经济效果长期生产，直至开发结束。
油藏工程：综合分析油藏地质、油藏物理、地球物理（测井、物探等）、渗流力学、采油工程等方面成果，以及提供的信息资料，对油藏中发生物理化学变化进行评价、预测、提出相应的调整措施。
具有整体性、连续性、长期性。
2、详探阶段要解决的问题，所开展的工作、及其目的和任务。
1）以含油层系为基础的地质研究；储层特征及储层流体物性；天然能量评价；生产能力（含吸水能力2）A地震细测工作目的：主要查明油藏构造情况，以便用较少的资料完成详探任务。
任务：目的层构造形态清楚；断层（走向、落差、倾角)情况清楚；含油圈闭面积清楚。
B钻详探资料井（取心资料井）目的：直接认识油层，为布置生产井网提供依据。
任务：认识油层本身性质和特征及变化规律；探边、探断层。
C油井试油和试采目的：打详探井的成果—静态资料成果试采任务：认识油井生产能力，特别是分布稳定的主力油层的生产能力及其产量递减情况；认识油层天然能量的大小以及驱动类型和驱动能量的转化；认识油层的连通情况和层间干扰情况；认识生产井的合理工艺技术和油层改造措施；落实某些影响生产的地质因素，如边界影响、断层封闭情况等，为今后合理布井和研究注采系统提供依据。
D开辟生产试验区目的：进一步认识油田静态和动态规律，指导油田全面投入开发。
任务：详细解剖储油层情况；研究井网的适应性；研究油井、油藏生产动态；研究采油工艺、集输工艺、油层改造措施。
3、试油、试采、基础井网、生产试验区；试油：在油井完成后，把油、气、水从地层中诱到地面上来并经过专门测试取得各种资料的工作。
试采：分单元按不同含油层系进行的，需要选择能够代表这一地区或这一层特征的油井，按生产井要求试油后，以较高的产量较长时期地稳定试采。
油藏工程
四性关系four-property relationship是指岩性、物性、含油性和电性关系。
层内非均质innerbeded heterogeneity指单油层内的非均质性，一般是岩石垂向组合特征，指渗透率差异程度和夹层分布。
层间非均质interbeded heterogeneity指油层与油层之间的非均质性。
平面非均质areal heterogeneity主要指油砂体在平面上的变化，主要包括油层的油层物性变化和岩性、岩相变化。
油层物性petrophysical property主要是指油层岩石的孔隙性和渗透性能，这两种物性决定了储层所含油气的产能。
渗透率permeability在一定压差条件下，岩石能使流体通过的性能叫岩石的渗透性，岩石渗透性的好坏以渗透率数值表示，流体通过孔隙介质时服从达西公式。
绝对渗透率absolute permeability岩石中只有一种流体通过时，求的得渗透率值称绝对渗透率。
有效渗透率effective permeability岩石中有两种或三种流体，岩石对其中每一相的渗透率称有效渗透率或相渗透率。
相对渗透率relative permeability有效渗透率与绝对渗透率的比值称相对渗透率。
岩石物理性质petrophysical properties指岩石的力学、热学、电学、声学、放射学等各种参数和物理量，在力学特性上包括渗流特性、机械特性（硬度、弹性、压缩和拉伸性、可钻性、剪切性、塑性等）。
流体物理性质fluid properties油层流体是指油层中储集的油、气、水，它们的物理性质主要包括各种特性参数、相态特征、体积特征、流动特征、相互之间的作用特征及驱替特征等。
砾gravel颗粒直径大于或等于1mm 的石英、长石类或其它矿物颗粒。
粗砂coarse sand颗粒直径在0.5～<1mm 的石英、长石类或其它矿物颗粒。
中砂medium sand颗粒直径在0.25～<0.5mm 的石英、长石类或其它矿物颗粒。
petroleum reservoir(油藏)
Petroleum reservoirA petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In case of conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability. While in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.Crude oil is found in all oil reservoirs formed in the Earth's crust from the remains of once-living things. Evidence indicates that millions of years of heatand pressure changed the remains of microscopic plant and animal into oil and natural gas.Roy Nurmi, an interpretation adviser for Schlumberger oil field services company, described the process as follows:Plankton and algae, proteins and the life that's floating in the sea, as it dies, falls to the bottom, and these organisms are going to be the source of our oil and gas. When they're buried with the accumulating sediment and reach an adequate temperature, something above 50 to 70 °C they start to cook. This transformation, this change, changes them into the liquid hydrocarbons that move and migrate, will become our oil and gas reservoir.In addition to the aquatic environment, which is usually a sea, but might also be a river, lake, coral reef or algal mat, the formation of an oil or gas reservoir also requires a sedimentary basin that passes through four steps:•Deep burial under sand and mud.•Pressure cooking.•Hydrocarbon migration from the source to the reservoir rock.•Trapping by impermeable rock.Timing is also an important consideration; it is suggested that the Ohio River Valley could have had as much oil as the Middle East at one time, but that it escaped due to a lack of traps. The North Sea, on the other hand, endured millions of years of sea level changes that successfully resulted in the formation of more than 150 oilfields.Although the process is generally the same, various environmental factors lead to the creation of a wide variety of reservoirs. Reservoirs exist anywhere from the land surface to 30,000 ft (9,000 m) below the surface and are a variety of shapes, sizes and ages. In recent years igneous reservoirs have become an important new field of oil exploration, especially in trachyte and basalt formations. These two types of reservoirs differ in oil content and physical properties like fracture connectivity, pore connectivity, and rock porosity.TrapsA trap forms when the buoyancy forces driving the upward migration of hydrocarbons through a permeable rock cannot overcome the capillary forces of a sealing medium. The timing of trap formation relative to that of petroleum generation and migration is crucial to ensuring a reservoir can form.Petroleum geologists broadly classify traps into three categories that are based on their geological characteristics: the structural trap, the stratigraphic trap and the far less common hydrodynamic trap. The trapping mechanisms for many petroleum reservoirs have characteristics from several categories and can be known as a combination trap.Structural traps are formed as a result of changes in the structure of the subsurface due to processes such as folding and faulting, leading to the formation of domes, anticlines, and folds. Examples of this kind of trap are an anticline trap, a fault trap and a salt dome trap.They are more easily delineated and more prospective than their stratigraphic counterparts, with the majority of the world's petroleum reserves being found in structural traps.Stratigraphic trapsStratigraphic traps are formed as a result of lateral and vertical variations in the thickness, texture, porosity or lithology of the reservoir rock. Examples of this type of trap are an unconformity trap, a lens trap and a reef trap.Hydrodynamic trapsHydrodynamic traps are a far less common type of trap. They are caused by the differences in water pressure, that are associated with water flow, creating a tilt of the hydrocarbon-water contact.Seal/ cap rockThe seal is a fundamental part of the trap that prevents hydrocarbons from further upward migration.A capillary seal is formed when the capillary pressure across the pore throats is greater than or equal to the buoyancy pressure of the migrating hydrocarbons. They do not allow fluids to migrate across them until their integrity is disrupted, causing them to leak. There are two types of capillary seal whose classifications are based on the preferential mechanism of leaking: the hydraulic seal and the membrane seal.The membrane seal will leak whenever the pressure differential across the seal exceeds the threshold displacement pressure, allowing fluids to migrate through the pore spaces in the seal. It will leak just enough to bring the pressure differential below that of the displacement pressure and will reseal.The hydraulic seal occurs in rocks that have a significantly higher displacement pressure such that the pressure required for tension fracturing is actually lower than the pressure required for fluid displacement – for example, in evaporites or very tight shales. The rock will fracture when the pore pressure is greater than both its minimum stress and its tensile strength then reseal when the pressure reduces and the fractures close.After the discovery of a reservoir, a petroleum engineer will seek to build a better picture of the accumulation. In a simple textbook example of a uniform reservoir, the first stage is to conduct a seismic survey to determine the possible size of the trap. Appraisal wells can be used to determine the location ofoil–water contact and with it the height of the oil bearing sands. Often coupled with seismic data, it is possible to estimate the volume of an oil-bearing reservoir.The next step is to use information from appraisal wells to estimate the porosity of the rock. The porosity, or the percentage of the total volume that contains fluids rather than solid rock, is 20–35% or less. It can give information on the actual capacity. Laboratory testing can determine the characteristics of the reservoir fluids, particularly the expansion factor of the oil, or how much the oil expands when brought from the high pressure and high temperature of the reservoir to a "stock tank" at the surface.With such information, it is possible to estimate how many "stock tank" barrels of oil are located in the reservoir. Such oil is called the stock tank oil initially in place (STOIIP). As a result of studying factors such as the permeability of the rock (how easily fluids can flow through the rock) and possible drive mechanisms, it is possible to estimate the recovery factor, or what proportion of oil in place can be reasonably expected to be produced. The recovery factor is commonly 30–35%, giving a value for the recoverable reserves.The difficulty is that reservoirs are not uniform. They have variable porosities and permeabilities and may be compartmentalised, with fractures and faults breaking them up and complicating fluid flow. For this reason, computer modeling of economically viable reservoirs is often carriedout. Geologists, geophysicists and reservoir engineers work together to build a model which allows simulation of the flow of fluids in the reservoir, leading to an improved estimate of reserves.A virgin reservoir may be under sufficient pressure to push hydrocarbons to surface. As the fluids are produced, the pressure will often decline, and production will falter. The reservoir may respond to the withdrawal of fluid in a way that tends to maintain the pressure. Artificial drive methods may be necessary.Solution-gas driveThis mechanism (also known as depletion drive) depends on the associated gas of the oil. The virgin reservoir may be entirely liquid, but will be expected to have gaseous hydrocarbons in solution due to the pressure. As the reservoir depletes, the pressure falls below the bubble point, and the gas comes out of solution to form a gas cap at the top. This gas cap pushes down on the liquid helping to maintain pressure.This occurs when the natural gas is in a cap below the oil. When the well is drilled the lowered pressure above means that the oil expands. As the pressure is reduced it reaches bubble point and subsequently the gas bubbles drive the oil to the surface. The bubbles then reach critical saturation and flow together as a single gas phase. Beyond this point and below this pressure the gas phase flows out more rapidly than the oil because of its lowered viscosity. More free gas is produced and eventually the energy source is depleted. In some cases depending on the geology the gas may migrate to the top of the oil and form a secondary gas cap.Some energy may be supplied by water, gas in water, or compressed rock. These are usually minor contributions with respect to hydrocarbon expansion.By properly managing the production rates, greater benefits can be had from solution-gas drives. Secondary recovery involves the injection of gas or water to maintain reservoir pressure. The gas/oil ratio and the oil production rate are stable until the reservoir pressure drops below the bubble point when critical gas saturation is reached. When the gas is exhausted, the gas/oil ratio and the oil rate drops, the reservoir pressure has been reduced and the reservoir energy exhausted.Gas cap driveIn reservoirs already having a gas cap (the virgin pressure is already below bubble point), the gas cap expands with the depletion of the reservoir, pushing down on the liquid sections applying extra pressure.This is present in the reservoir if there is more gas than can be dissolved in the reservoir. The gas will often migrate to the crest of the structure. It is compressed on top of the oil reserve, as the oil is produced the cap helps to push the oil out. Over time the gas cap moves down and infiltrates the oil and eventually the well will begin to produce more and more gas until it produces only gas. It is best to manage the gas cap effectively; that is, placing the oil wells such that the gas cap will not reach them until the maximum amount of oil is produced. Also a high production rate may cause the gas to migrate downward into the production interval. In this case over time the reservoir pressure depletion is not as steep as in the case of solution based gas drive. In this case the oil rate will not decline as steeply but will depend also on the placement of the well with respect to the gas cap.As with other drive mechanisms, water or gas injection can be used to maintain reservoir pressure. When a gas cap is coupled with water influx the recovery mechanism can be highly efficient.Aquifer (water) driveWater (usually salty) may be present below the hydrocarbons. Water, as with all liquids, is compressible to a small degree. As the hydrocarbons are depleted, the reduction in pressure in the reservoir allows the water to expand slightly. Although this unit expansion is minute, if the aquifer is large enough this will translate into a large increase in volume, which will push up on the hydrocarbons, maintaining pressure.With a water-drive reservoir the decline in reservoir pressure is very slight; in some cases the reservoir pressure may remain unchanged. The gas/oil ratio also remains stable. The oil rate will remain fairly stable until the water reaches the well. In time, the water cut will increase and the well will be watered out.[16]The water may be present in an aquifer (but rarely one replenished with surface water). This water gradually replaces the volume of oil and gas that is produced out of the well, given that the production rate is equivalent to the aquifer activity. That is, the aquifer is being replenished from some natural water influx. If the water begins to be produced along with the oil, the recovery rate may become uneconomical owing to the higher lifting and water disposal costs.The oil field is a region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground. Because the oil reservoirs typically extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, full exploitation entails multiple wells scattered across the area. In addition, there may be exploratory wells probing the edges, pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support facilities.Because an oil field may be remote from civilization, establishing a field is often an extremely complicated exercise in logistics. This goes beyond requirements for drilling, to include associated infrastructure. For instance, workers require housing to allow them to work onsite for months or years. In turn, housing and equipment require electricity and water. In cold regions, pipelines may need to be heated. Also, excess natural gas may be burned off if there is no way to make use of it—which requires a furnace, chimney and pipes to carry it from the well to the furnace.Thus, the typical oil field resembles a small, self-contained town in the midst of a landscape dotted with drilling rigs or the pump jacks, which are known as "nodding donkeys" because of their bobbing arm. Several companies, such as Hill International, Bechtel, Esso, Weatherford International, Schlumberger Limited, Baker Hughes and Halliburton, have organizations that specialize in the large-scale construction of the infrastructure and providing specialized services required to operate a field profitably.More than 40,000 oil fields are scattered around the globe, on land and offshore. The largest are the Ghawar Field in Saudi Arabia and the BurganField in Kuwait, with more than 60 billion barrels (9.5×109 m3) estimated in each. Most oil fields are much smaller. According to the US Department of Energy (Energy Information Administration), as of 2003 the US alone had over 30,000 oil fields.In the modern age, the location of oil fields with proven oil reserves is a key underlying factor in many geopolitical conflicts.The term "oilfield" is also used as a shorthand to refer to the entire petroleum industry. However, it is more accurate to divide the oil industry into three sectors: upstream (crude production from wells and separation of water from oil), midstream (pipeline and tanker transport of crude) and downstream (refining and marketing of refined products).Natural gas originates by the same geological thermal cracking process that converts kerogen to petroleum. As a consequence, oil and natural gas are often found together. In common usage, deposits rich in oil are known as oil fields, and deposits rich in natural gas are called natural gas fields.In general, organic sediments buried in depths of 1,000 m to 6,000 m (at temperatures of 60 °C to 150 °C) generate oil, while sediments buried deeper and at higher temperatures generate natural gas. The deeper the source, the "drier" the gas (that is, the smaller the proportion of condensates in the gas). Because both oil and natural gas are lighter than water, they tend to rise from their sources until they either seep to the surface or are trapped by a non-permeable stratigraphic trap. They can be extracted from the trap by drilling.The largest natural gas field is South Pars/Asalouyeh gas field, which is shared between Iran and Qatar. The second largest natural gas field is the Urengoy gas field, and the third largest is the Yamburg gas field, both in Russia.Like oil, natural gas is often found underwater in offshore gas fields such as the North Sea, Corrib Gas Field off Ireland, and near Sable Island. The technology to extract and transport offshore natural gas is different from land-based fields. It uses a few, very large offshore drilling rigs, due to the cost and logistical difficulties in working over water.Rising gas prices in the early 21st century encouraged drillers to revisit fields that previously were not considered economically viable. For example, in2008 McMoran Exploration passed a drilling depth of over 32,000 feet (9754 m) (the deepest test well in the history of gas production) at the Blackbeard site in the Gulf of Mexico.Exxon Mobil's drill rig there had reached 30,000 feet by 2006 without finding gas, before it abandoned the site.Vocabulary：petroleum reservoir：油气藏fractured rock formations：裂缝岩石构造permeability：渗透率porosity：孔隙度Hydrocarbon migration: 油气运移trachyte and basalt formationsconnectivity：连通性capillary forces：毛细作用力sealing medium：密封介质combination trap：复合圈闭folding and faulting：褶曲作用和断层作用dome trap：穹顶圈闭anticlines：背斜Structural traps：构造圈闭Stratigraphic traps：地层圈闭unconformity trap：不整合圈闭lens trap：透镜状圈闭reef trap：礁块圈闭Hydrodynamic traps：水动力圈闭Tilt：倾斜，倾侧Seal/ cap rock: 密封岩，盖层capillary seal：毛管封闭hydraulic seal：水封；液压密封e.g.．Cap-rock seals can be divided genetically into those that fail by capillary leakage ( membrane seals ) and those whose capillary entry pressures are so high that seal failure preferentially occurs by fracturing and/or wedging open of faults ( hydraulic seals ).membrane seal：膜片密封threshold capillary pressure 临界毛细管压力threshold displacement pressure：阀值驱替压力，临界点驱替压力tension fracturing：拉伸断裂，张性裂缝evaporites ：蒸发岩类tight shales：致密页岩tensile strength：抗张强度，拉伸强度stress：内应力drive mechanism: 油藏驱动机理Terminologies：1）permeability：Permeability is the property of rocks that is an indication of the ability for fluids (gas or liquid) to flow through rocks. High permeability will allow fluids to move rapidly through rocks. Permeability is affected by the pressure in a rock. The unit of measure is called the darcy, named after Henry Darcy (1803–1858). Sandstones may vary in permeability from less than one to over 50,000 millidarcys (md). Permeabilities are more commonly in therange of tens to hundreds of millidarcies. A rock with 25% porosity and a permeability of 1 md will not yield a significant f low of water. Such “tight” rocks are usually artificially stimulated (fractured or acidized) to create permeability and yield a flow.2）porosity: The porosity of a rock is the fraction of the volume of space between the solid particles of the rock to the total rock volume. The space includes all pores, cracks, vugs, inter- and intra-crystalline spaces. Used in geology, hydrogeology, soil science, and building science, the porosity ofa porous medium (such as rock or sediment) describes the fraction of void space in the material, where the void may contain, for example, air or water.It is defined by the ratio:∅=V v V Twhere V V is the volume of void-space (such as fluids) and V T is the total or bulk volume of material, including the solid and void components. Boththan another group.The smooth texture of this basaltic volcanic bomb is aphanitic.Porphyritic texture in a granite. This is an intrusive porphyritic rock. The white, square feldspar phenocrysts are much larger than crystals in the surrounding matrix; eastern Sierra Nevada, Rock Creek Canyon, California.4) capillary forces: Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, capillary effect, or wicking) is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin tube, in porous materials such as paper and plaster, in some non-porous materials such as sand and liquefied carbon fiber, or in a cell. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid.Reading Comprehension:1. What is the difference between conventional reservoirs and unconventional reservoirs?2. How a petroleum reservoir is formed?3. What are structural traps? What are stratigraphic traps? Are they the same?4. What is the function of the solution gas drive? And what is mechanism of the Aquifer (water) drive?5. Describe an oil field in China.6.。