2015年宁波大学翻译硕士(MTI)考研参考书,考研报录比
2015年宁波大学翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc
2015年宁波大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：104.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：50，分数：100.00)1.在古希腊古罗马神话中的诸神中，被称为“爱神”和“美神”的是( )。
（分数：2.00）A.丘比特B.维纳斯C.雅典娜D.阿波罗2.今年是第二次世界大战70周年。
在“二战”中，下列历史事件发生在6月6日的是( )。
（分数：2.00）A.盟军在诺曼底登陆B.日本偷袭珍珠港C.斯大林格勒保卫战开始D.德国宣布无条件投降3.著名的探戈舞起源于( )。
（分数：2.00）A.ArgentinaB.ChileC.ItalyD.Spain4.孔子曾说：“微管仲，吾被发左衽。
”这里的“左衽”是指( )。
（分数：2.00）A.地名B.少数民族C.人民D.汉族5.世界各国医疗机构用的红十字标志，是根据哪个国家的国旗图案设计的?( )（分数：2.00）A.瑞典B.瑞士C.葡萄牙D.西班牙6.拉丁美洲作家马尔克斯的《百年孤独》是一部( )作品。
（分数：2.00）A.魔幻现实主义B.批判现实主义C.浪漫主义D.现代主义7.“犹留正气参天地，永剩丹心照古今”说的是( )。
（分数：2.00）A.文天祥B.岳飞C.诸葛亮D.白居易8.《天龙八部》中的乔峰，身世埋在雁门关下，雁门关在( )。
（分数：2.00）A.新疆B.宁夏C.山西D.陕西9.“自由是做法律所许可的一切事情的权利：如果一个公民能够做法律所禁止的事情，他就不再有自由了，因为其他的人也同样会有这个权利。
”这段话出自( )。
（分数：2.00）A.伏尔泰B.列宁D.赫胥黎10.广州因何而有“羊城”之名?( )（分数：2.00）A.牧业城市B.传说为羊的后代C.喜欢吃羊肉D.根据“五羊”的传说11.《新人口论》的作者是哪国人?( )（分数：2.00）A.中国B.英国C.美国D.法国12.我国小说史上第一部长篇讽刺小说是( )。
宁波大学考研参考书目
0951农业推广095108 渔业初试：337农业知识综合二：《动物遗传学》，刘祖洞主编《遗传学》（第2版），高等教育出版社，2001；《动物营养学与饲料学》，李爱杰主编《水产动物营养与饲料学》，中国农业出版社；《动物繁殖学》，王武主编《鱼类增养殖学》，中国农业出版社，2000；835渔业领域技术综合复试：《渔业经济学》，胡笑波主编，中国农业出版社加试：鱼类学，《鱼类学与海水鱼类养殖》苏锦祥主编，中国农业出版社。
095110农村与区域发展初试：339农业知识综合四：《农村社会学》，李守经主编，高等教育出版社，2000年版；《农业经济学》，雷海章主编《现代农业经济学》，中国农业出版社，2003年版；《管理学》，周三多，高等教育出版社； 836农村与区域发展技术综合复试：《农村政策学》，谭向勇主编，中国农业出版社。
095113食品加工与安全初试：338农业知识综合三：《食品卫生学》，轻工业出版社，2007；食品安全管理与法规：《食品法律法规与标准》，吴晓彤、王尔茂，科学出版社，2010年；食品分析与检验技术：《食品分析与检验》，康臻著，中国轻工业出版 2006；837食品加工与安全技术综合：《食品安全性与分析检测》许牡丹，化学工业出版社，2003。
社，2010年出版；《食品安全学》钟耀广主编，化学工业出版社，2010年出版；加试：《食品工程原理》廖世荣主编，科学出版社，2009年出版；《食品化学》丁芳林主编，华中科技大学出版社，2010年出版。
0254国际商务初试： 434国际商务专业基础加试：《西方经济学》（上、下册）高鸿业主编，中国人民大学出版社，第四版。
全国MBA教育指导委员会编著，机械工业出版社。
0451 教育045101教育管理初试：吴志宏冯大鸣魏志春：《新编教育管理学》，华东师范大学出版社，2008；1、全国十二所重点师范大学联合编写：《教育学基础》，教育科学出版社2006年。
2、孙培青主编：《中国教育史》，华东师范大学出版社2009年版。
宁波大学翻译硕士英语考研真题试题2012、2016年—2019年
入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:翻译硕士英语科目代码：211适用专业:英语笔译Part I.Vocabulary and Grammar(30points:20for Section A,and10for Section B)Section A:There are20incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1.Even though he was guilty,the________judge did not send him to prison.A.mercifulB.impartialC.conscientiousD.conspicuous2.The education________for the coming year is about$4billion,which is much more than what people expected.A.allowanceB.reservationC.budgetD.finance3.They had fierce________as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which was broken year ago.A.debateB.clashC.disagreementD.context4.They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour,but still could not make_____of them.A.impressionprehensionC.meaningD.sense5.The politician says he will________the welfare of the people.A.prey onB.take onC.get atD.see to6.If you________the bottle and cigarettes,you’ll be much healthier.A.take offB.keep offC.get offD.set off7.He was________to steal the money when he saw it lying on the table.A.draggedB.temptedC.elicitedD.attracted8.Beijing somewhat short sighted,she had the habit of________at people.A.glancingB.peeringC.gazingD.scanning9.Of the thousands of known volcanoes in the world,the________majority are inactive.A.tremendousB.demandingC.intensiveD.overwhelming10.In general,matters which lie entirely within state borders are the________concern of state governments.A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive11.The food was rather________and needed gingering up.A.slipperyB.inscribeC.invisibleD.insipid12.I don't________expert knowledge of this subject.A.professB.confessC.confirmD.confront13.He had no________about his talents as a singer.A.illuminationsB.illustrationsC.allusionsD.illusions14.There is not much time left;so I’ll tell you about it________.A.in detailB.in briefC.in shortD.in all15.In this factory,suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully________.A.admittedB.acknowledgedC.absorbedD.considered16.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,________a sudden loud noise.入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:翻译硕士英语科目代码：211适用专业:英语笔译A.being thereB.should there beC.there wasD.there having been17.By the year2000,scientists probably________a cure for cancer.A.will be discoveringB.are discoveringC.will have discoveredD.have discovered18.Jim isn’t________,but he did badly in the final exams last semester.A.gloomyB.dullC.awkwardD.tedious19.The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’_______.mandB.convictionC.consentpromise20.He had________on the subject.A.a rather strong opinionB.rather strong opinionC.rather the strong opinionD.the rather strong opinionSection B:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked,A,B,C,and D You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.The human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,__21__this is largely because,__22__animals,we stand upright.This means that our noses are__23__to perceiving those smells which float through the air,__24__the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact,__25__,we are extremely sensitive to smells,__26__we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of__27__human smells even when these are__28__to far below one part in one million.Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,__29__others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate__30__smell receptors in the nose.These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send__31__to the brain.However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell__32__can suddenly become sensitive to it when__33__to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it__34__to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can__35__new receptors if necessary.This may__36__explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.We are not__37__of the usual smell of our own house but we__38__new smells when we visit someone else’s.The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors__39__for unfamiliar and emergency signals__40__the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.21.A although B as C but D while22.A above B unlike C excluding D besides23.A limited B committed C dedicated D confined24.A catching B ignoring C missing D tracking25.A anyway B though C instead D therefore入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:翻译硕士英语科目代码：211适用专业:英语笔译26.A even if B if only C only if D as if27.A distinguishing B discovering C determining D detecting28.A diluted B dissolved C determining D diffused29.A when B since C for D whereas30.A unusual B particular C unique D typical31.A signs B stimuli C messages D impulses32.A at first B at all C at large D at times33.A subjected B left C drawn D exposed34.A ineffective B incompetent C inefficient D insufficient35.A introduce B summon C trigger D create36.A still B also C otherwise D nevertheless37.A sure B sick C aware D tired38.A tolerate B repel C neglect D notice39.A available B reliable C identifiable D suitable40.A similar to B such as C along with D aside from Part II Reading Comprehension(40points:2×20)Direction:There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D You are expected to make the best choice.Questions41to45are based on the following passage:Moral responsibility is all very well,but what about military orders?Is it not the soldier’s first duty to give instant obedience to orders given by his military superiors?And apart from duty,will not the soldier suffer severe punishment,even death,if he refuses to do what he is ordered to do?If,then,a soldier is told by his superior to burn this house or to shoot that prisoner,how can he be held criminally accountable on the ground that the burning or shooting was a violation of the laws of war?These are some of the questions that are raised by the concept commonly called“superior orders”, and its use as a defense in war crimes trials.It is an issue that must be as old as the laws of war themselves,and it emerged in legal guise over three centuries ago when,after the Stuart restoration in 1660,the commander of the guards at the trial and execution of Charles I was put on trial for treason and murder.The officer defended himself on the ground“that all he did was as a soldier,by the command of his superior officer whom he must obey or die,”but the court gave him short shrift,saying that“when the command is traitorous,then the obedience to that command is also traitorous.”Though not precisely articulated,the rule that is necessarily implied by this decision is that it is the soldier’s duty to obey lawful orders,but that he may disobey—and indeed must,under some circumstances—unlawful orders.Such has been the law of the United States since the birth of the nation.In1804,Chief Justice John Marshall declared that superior orders will justify a subordinate’s conduct only“if not to perform a prohibited act”,and there are many other early decisions to the same入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:翻译硕士英语科目代码：211适用专业:英语笔译effect.A strikingly illustrative case occurred in the wake of that conflict of which most Englishmen have never heard(although their troops burned the White House)and which we call the War of1812.Our country was badly split by that war too and,at a time when the United States Navy was not especially popular in New England,the ship-in-the-line Independence was lying in Boston Harbor.A pass-by directed abusive language at a marine standing guard on the ship,and the marine,Bevans by name,ran his bayonet through the man.Charged with murder,Bevans produced evidence that the marines on the Independence had been ordered to bayonet anyone showing them disrespect.The case was tried before Justice Joseph Story,next to Marshall,the leading judicial figure of those years,who charged that any such order as Bevans had invoked“would be illegal and void”,and,if given and put into practice,both the superior and the subordinate would be guilty of murder.In consequence,Bevans was convicted.The order allegedly given to Bevans was pretty drastic,and Boston Harbor was not a battlefield; perhaps it was not too much to expect the marine to realize that literal compliance might lead to bad trouble.But it is only too easy to conceive of circumstances where the matter might not be at all clear. Does the subordinate obey at peril that the order may later be ruled illegal,or is protected unless he has a good reason to doubt its validity?41.It can be inferred from Para.1that if a soldier obeys his superior’s order to burn a house or to kill aprisoner,________.A.he is right according to moral standardsB.he should not receive any punishmentC.he should certainly be liable for his actionD.he will be convicted according to the law of war42.What was the rule implied by the trail of the commander of the guards?A.A soldier must obey lawful orders,be he right or wrong.B.Even if an order is unlawful,the soldier must still obey it.C.A soldier may or must disobey unlawful orders or he must die.D.It is the soldier’s duty to obey superior orders whatever they are.43.The phrase“to the same effect”(Line6,Para.3)most probably means“which”________.A.are of the similar meaningB.have the same purposeC.must be put into effectD.lead to the same result44.According to the fourth paragraph,Bevans was found guilty because he________.A.obey illegal ordersB.was accused of murderC.disobeyed the superior ordersD.offended against the law of war45.It can be concluded from the last paragraph that the author’s attitude towards Bevans was______.A.bewilderingB.indignantC.approvingD.not quite sympathetic Questions46to50are based on the following passage:Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect.Our heroes are athletes,entertainers, and entrepreneurs,not scholars.Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:翻译硕士英语科目代码：211适用专业:英语笔译education——not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,”says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance.”Razitch’s latest book,Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools,concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be.Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.Without the ability to think critically,to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others,they cannot fully participate in our democracy.Continuing along this path,says writer Earl Shorris,“We will become a second-rate country.We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,”writes historian and Professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life,a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics,religion,and education.From the beginning of our history,says Hofstadter,our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality,common sense,and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for10or15years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.Its hero avoids being civilized, going to school and learning to read,so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect,according to Hofstadter,is different from native intelligence,a quality we reluctantly admire.Intellect is the critical,creative,and contemplative side of the mind.Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate,re-order,and adjust,while intellect examines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted.Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who“joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”46.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the worldC.Practical abilities for future career.D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.47.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of_______.A.undervaluing intellectB.favoring intellectualismC.supporting school reformD.suppressing native intelligence48.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are________.A.identicalB.similarplementaryD.opposite入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:翻译硕士英语科目代码：211适用专业:英语笔译49.Emerson,according to the text,is probably_______.A.a pioneer of education reformB.an opponent of intellectualismC.a scholar in favor of intellectD.an advocate of regular schooling50.What does the author think of intellect?A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursuedD.It underlies power.Questions51to55are based on the following passage:There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media.Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed,and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex.A1993study by the U.S.National Academy of Sciences listed“biological,individual,family,peer,school,and community factors”as all playing their parts.Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals.The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality.Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement:“At this time,well over1,000studies...point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians,and even disputed the number of studies(most were review articles and essays,they said).When Jonathan Freedman,a social psychologist at the University of Toronto,reviewed the literature,he found only200or so studies of television-watching and aggression.And when he weeded out“the most doubtful measures of aggression”,only28%supported a connection.The critical point here is causality.The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression.But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined.When labeling games as violent or non-violent,should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event?And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read‘aggressive’or‘non-aggressive’words from a list,can we be sure what they are actually measuring?The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies,assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more.Several researchers write,speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media.That is,of course,their privilege.But when doing so,they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled,drawing criticism from colleagues.In response,the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry.Such clashes help neither science nor society.入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:翻译硕士英语科目代码：211适用专业:英语笔译51.Why is there so much violence shown in movies,TV and video games?A.There is a lot of violence in the real world today.B.Something has gone wrong with today’s society.C.Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshedD.Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.52.What is the skeptics(Line3,Paragraph3)view of media violence?A.Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.B.Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.C.A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.D.The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated53.The author uses the term“alarmists”(Line1,Paragraph5)to refer to those who________.e standardized measurements in the studies of media violenceB.initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on realityC.assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behaviore appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior54.In refuting the alarmists,the author advances his argument by first challenging________.A.the source and amount of their dataB.the targets of their observationC.their system of measurementD.their definition of violence55.What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media andviolence?A.More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.B.It should come to an end since the matter has now been settledC.The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.D.He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.Questions56to60are based on the following passage:In the college-admissions wars,we parents are the true fighters.We are pushing our kids to get good grades,take SAT preparatory courses and build résumés so they can get into the college of our first choice.I've twice been to the wars,and as I survey the battlefield,something different is happening.We see our kids'college background as a prize demonstrating how well we've raised them. But we can't acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them:So we've contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths,prejudices or myths.It actually doesn't matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford.We have a full-blown prestige panic;we worry that there won't be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever.Underlying the hysteria is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable.Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts.All that is plausible—and mostly wrong.We haven't found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters.Selective schools入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:翻译硕士英语科目代码：211适用专业:英语笔译don't systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools.On two measures—professors'feedback and the number of essay exams—selective schools do slightly worse.By some studies,selective schools do enhance their graduates'lifetime earnings.The gain is reckoned at2-4%for every100-point increase in a school's average SAT scores.But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke.A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere.They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools.Kids count more than their colleges.Getting into Yale may signify intelligence,talent and ambition.But it's not the only indicator and,paradoxically,its significance is declining.The reason:so many similar people go elsewhere.Getting into college isn't life's only competition.In the next competition—the job market and graduate school—the results may change.Old-boy networks are breaking down.Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D program.High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in;degrees of prestigious universities didn't.So,parents,lighten up.The stakes have been vastly exaggerated.Up to a point,we can rationalize our pushiness.America is a competitive society;our kids need to adjust to that.But too much pushiness can be destructive.The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment.One study found that,other things being equal,graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction.They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.56.Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars?A.They have the final say in which university their children are to attend？B.They know best which universities are most suitable for their children.C.They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application.D.They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves.57.Why do parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever?A.They want to increase their children's chances of entering a prestigious college.B.They hope their children can enter a university that offers attractive scholarships.C.Their children will have a wider choice of which college to go to.D.Elite universities now enroll fewer students than they used to.58．What does the author mean by saying"Kids count more than their college"(Line1,Paragraph4)?A.Continuing education is more important to a person's success.B.A person's happiness should be valued more than their education.C.Kids’actual abilities are more important than their college backgrounds.D.What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements.入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:翻译硕士英语科目代码：211适用专业:英语笔译59．What does Krueger's study tell us?A.Getting into Ph.D programs may be more competitive than getting into college.B.Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs.C.Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores.D.Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation.60．One possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that______.A.they earn less than their peers from other institutionsB.they turn out to be less competitive in the job marketC.they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduationD.they overemphasize their qualifications in job applicationsPart III Writing(30points)Directions:Based on the information given below,please write an essay of about600words on the Answer Sheet.You have60minutes to plan,write,and revise your essay.If you could travel back in time or into the future,which would you choose and what exact period of time would you like to experience?Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. Suggested title for the essay is:The Time MachineYou may use your own title if you like.宁波大学2017年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码:211科目名称：翻译硕士英语适用专业:英语笔译Part I Vocabulary and Grammar(30points:20for Section A,and10for Section B) Section A:There are20incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1.The directions were so________that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A)ingenious B)ambitious C)notorious D)ambiguous2.Because a degree from a good university is the means to a better job,education is one of the most ________areas in Japanese life.A)sophisticated B)competitive C)considerate D)superficial3.If a person talks about his weak points,his listener is expected to say something in the way of____.A)persuasion B)remedy C)encouragement D)compromise4.Her interest in redecorating the big house kept her________for a whole week.A)constrained B)dominated C)restricted D)occupied5.If we_____our relations with that country,we’ll have to find another supplier of raw materials.A)diffuse B)diminish C)terminate D)preclude6.Ever since the first nuclear power stations were built,doubts have________about their safety.A)preserved B)survived C)suspended D)lingered7.This clearly shows that crops and weeds have quite a number of________in common.A)traits B)traces C)tracks D)trails8.From science to Shakespeare,excellent television and video programs are available___to teacher.A)in effect B)in practice C)in operation D)in abundance9.When the Italian poet Dante was________from his home in Florence,he decided to walk from Italy to Paris to search for the real meaning of life.A)exerted B)expired C)exiled D)exempted10.Habits acquired in youth-notably smoking and drinking-may increase the risk of____diseases in a person’s later life.A)consecutive B)chronic C)critical D)cyclical11.Please do not be______by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A)disregarded B)distorted C)irritated D)intervened12.Craig assured his boss that he would________all his energies in doing this new job.A)call forth B)call at C)call on D)call off13.Too much________to X-rays can cause skin burns,cancer or other damage to the body.A)disclosure B)exhibition C)contact D)exposure14.When confronted with such questions,my mind goes________,and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.A)dim B)blank C)faint D)vain15.It is well known that knowledge is that________condition for expansion of mind.A)incompatible B)incredible C)indefinite D)indispensable16.More than two hundred years ago the United States________from the British Empire and become an independent country.A)got off B)pulled down C)broke away D)dropped off17.Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is_______loud continuous noise.A)subjected to B)filled with C)associated with D)attached to18.Some of the most important concepts in physics___their success to these mathematical systems.A)oblige B)owe C)contribute D)object科目代码:211科目名称：翻译硕士英语适用专业:英语笔译19.As your instructor advised,you ought to spend your time on something____researching into.A)precious B)worth C)worthy D)valuable20.As a defense against air-pollution damage,many plants and animals________a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.A)relieve B)release C)dismiss D)discardSection B:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked,A,B,C,and D You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.In the nineteenth century,the invention of the telegraph made it possible to send noises,signals,and even music over wires from one place to another.(21)______,the human voice had never traveled this way.Many inventors tried to find a(22)______to send a voice over wires,and in1876some of their (23)______were crowned with(使圆满结束)success.Two American(24)______,Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray,(25)______at almost the same time.The United States(26)______Court finally had to decide which of the two(27)______the first inventor of the telephone.The Court decided (28)______Bell's favor.Born in Edinburg,Scotland,Bell grew up in a family(29)______was very interested in teaching people to(30)______.His grandfather had been an actor who left(31)______to teach elocution(雄辩术);his father was a teacher who helped deaf-mutes learn(32)______to speak.However,probably none of the(33)______inventions gave Bell the same feeling of triumph (34)______he had on the day(35)______he spilled some acid from his batteries.It was after he had worked for months(36)______he found ways to send something more(37)______metallic twangs (“嘣”的一声)over the wires.Thinking Watson,his helper,was in the next room,Bell called,"Mr. Watson,(38)______.I want you."Watson was not in the next room.He was down in his laboratory, (39)______to the receiver.To Watson's(40)______,he heard the words perfectly.He ran to tell Bell the news:the wires had carried Bell's voice perfectly.21.A)Therefore B)However C)Still D)Furthermore22.A)solution B)mean C)way D)aspect23.A)affects B)profits C)effects D)work24.A)inventors B)discoverers C)producers D)researchers25.A)succeed B)succeeding C)succeeded D)successful26.A)Senior B)Supreme C)Superior D)Prior27.A)was B)were C)being D)is28.A)at B)in C)to D)of29.A)that B)where C)who D)when30.A)talk B)speak C)tell D)say31.A)a theatre B)theatre C)the theatre D)one theatre32.A)how B)what C)why D)which33.A)later B)latter C)lately D)late34.A)like B)as C)which D)just。
2015年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI考研百科知识与真题写作真题笔记
2015年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI考研百科知识与真题写作真题笔记各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
选择MTI有点原因：1、MTI时间短，时间就是成本。
至于学费问题，提前工作一年的工资应该大于四万元。
2、MTI实用性更强。
3、MTI目前竞争较学硕更小，对于不愿冒险的童鞋来说是个更保险的选择。
下面谈谈我的考经：1、北外的招录比。
北外的研招办有11年和12年的统计。
大家可以自己去查一下。
但是这个统计相较于去年的报考人数要少不少，而且没有计算入报送的名额，报送的名额一般都在一半甚至更高。
童鞋们在考研现场确认之后两个星期可以给北外研招办打电话，问下具体的报考名额，这样自己心里比较有底。
2、大家应该知道，北外最看重的是专业课的成绩。
初试成绩总分、政治和二外只要达到国家线的要求就可以，谁能进复试看的是专业课的总分。
只有专业课的成绩才算入复试成绩中。
因此专业课是最最重要的。
百科相比于翻译更容易拿高分。
翻译有时候下了功夫却不一定能体现在成绩上，而百科则是复习好了肯定有高分。
百科也很容易拉开分数。
当然，翻译也是非常重要的。
因为最后进复试看的还是翻译水平。
当然，北外的复试刷人比例很低，所以进了初试就几乎是成功了一大半了。
lz在百科上花了很大的力气，最终努力也没有白费，考了近130。
Lz看了很多书，《中国文化读本》《中国文化概论》《中国国家地理》等等等等，还有购买了一些考研机构和的资料和考上的学姐的笔记，按照北外考题的风格和类型，最后整理了1300多个词条，考前把词条全部背熟，前面的名词解释就是手到擒来了。
小作文：根据公文写作的书，重点阅读可能成为考题的类型，如解说词、通知等等，把格式记牢，根据北外历年的真题和其他学校的真题练手。
大作文：一般是议论文，论点要明晰，论据要充足，条理要清楚。
3、政治：lz高中学理，没有政治基础。
翻译硕士(MTI)专业学位等级相关信息
翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位等级相关信息为了适应社会更好的发展，为了促进中外文化的交流，我国设立更多的翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位等级，翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位是采用全国联考的方式进行，下面来了解翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位等级相关信息吧。
基本信息译硕士专业学位设置方案二、翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位的英文名称为“Master of Translation and Interpreting”,英文缩写为MTI。
三、翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位的培养目标为具有专业口笔译能力的高级翻译人才。
四、翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位获得者应具有较强的语言运用能力、熟练的翻译技能和宽广的知识面，能够胜任不同专业领域所需的高级翻译工作。
五、招生对象一般为学士学位获得者;鼓励非外语专业毕业生及有口笔译实践经验者报考。
六、入学考试采用全国统考或联考、初试与复试相结合的办法。
七、教学内容突出口笔译技能训练，重点培养学生的翻译实际操作能力，兼顾翻译理论素质和跨文化交际能力的培养。
八、教学采用课程研讨、模拟、实训等多种形式;充分利用现代化教育技术手段和教学资源;强调学生学习的自主性和教学的互动性;加强教学实践，学生在读期间必须完成一定数量的翻译实务。
九、承担专业实践教学任务的教师必须具有丰富的口译或笔译实践经验。
十、学位论文必须与翻译实践紧密结合，可采用翻译项目的研究报告、实验报告或研究论文等形式。
十一、课程考试合格、完成规定的翻译实务并通过学位论文答辩者，授予翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位。
十二、翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位由经国家批准的翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位研究生培养单位授予。
十三、翻译硕士（MTI）专业学位证书由国务院学位委员会办公室统一印制。
2报考条件国民教育序列大学本科毕业(一般应有学士学位)，具有良好的英汉双语基础的在职人员。
应届本科毕业生也可以通过全国研究生考试报考符合报考条件的人员，资格审查表由所在单位人事部门填写推荐意见。
2014-2015年宁波大学考研初试真题862日汉互译A卷
入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 日汉互译科目代码：862 适用专业:日语语言文学一、次の日本語を中国語に訳しなさい。
（75点）１、（２５点）蟷螂狩りは鼠狩り程の大運動でない代わりにそれ程の危険がない。
夏の半から秋の始めへかけてやる遊戯としては尤も上乗のものだ。
其方法を云うと先ず庭へ出て、一匹の蟷螂をさがし出す。
時候がいいと一匹や二匹見付け出すのは雑作もない。
さて見付け出した蟷螂君の傍へはっと風を切って駆けて行く。
するとすはこそと云う身構をして鎌首をふり上げる。
蟷螂でも中々健気なもので相手の力量を知らんうちは抵抗する積もりで居るから面白い。
振り上げた鎌首を右の前足で一寸参る。
振り上げた頸は柔らかいからぐりゃ横へ曲る。
此時の蟷螂君の表情が頗る興味を添える。
おやと云う思い入れが充分である。
所を一足飛びに君の後ろへ廻って今度は背面から君の羽根を軽く引き掻く。
あの羽根は平生大事に畳んであるが、引き掻き方が烈しいと、ぱっと乱れて中から吉野紙の様な薄色の下着があらわれる。
君は夏でも御苦労千万に二枚重ねで乙に極まって居る。
此時君の長い首は必ず後ろに向き直る。
ある時は向かってくるが、大概の場合には首丈ぬっと立てて立って居る。
此方から手出しをするのを待ち構えて見える。
先方がいつ迄もこの態度で居ては運動にならんから、あまり長くなると又ちょいと一本参る。
これ丈参ると眼識のある蟷螂なら必ず逃げ出す。
それを我無洒落に向かってくるのは余程無教育な野蛮的蟷螂である。
２、（２５点）ぶうと云って汽船がとまると、艀が岸を離れて、漕ぎ寄せてきた。
船頭は真っ裸に赤ふんどしをしめている。
野蛮な所だ。
「おれ」は「船頭」が「真っ裸」で仕事をしている姿をみて、着いたばかりの土地に対して、「野蛮な所だ」と決めつけている。
裸体に近い姿で社会生活を送ることに対して、「野蛮」のレッテルをはる感受性は、明らかに、欧米列強の生活習慣を前提にした形で、アジアやアフリカに対する植民地的侵略を展開した欧米の侵略者たちが、「文明」の名において、支配を正当化するときに発動されたものである。
宁波大学各专业考研参考书目汇总
考研参考书目是考研备考中十分重要的内容，一般由报考院系整理发布以供考生复习备考。
以下是2020年宁波大学考研官方参考书目，考生们要根据书目来选定教材和考研资料：
2020年宁波大学商学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学法学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学考教师教育学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学体育学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学人文与传媒学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学外国语学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学数学与统计学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学物理科学与技术学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学材化学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学机械工程与力学学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学土木与环境工程学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学海运学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学海洋学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学医学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学联合学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学食药学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学马克思主义学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学音乐学院初试参考书目
2020年宁波大学潘天寿建筑与艺术设计学院初试参考书目
更多宁波大学的考研相关资讯请访问鸿知宁大考研网，鸿知宁大考研网是集考研资讯与资料、辅导于一体的服务型网站，提供免费的宁大考研咨询，欢迎广大考生们踊跃提问。
宁波大学近3年全日制硕士研究生各专业报考录取情况统计
专业代码专业名称平均分最高分最低分录取人数报名人数020202 区域经济学370.44 414 352 9 28 020204 金融学390.73 427 375 14 172 020205 产业经济学369.63 391 351 8 24 020206 国际贸易学380.59 414 361 18 125 020209 数量经济学366.63 378 347 8 13 025400 国际商务360.00 394 342 30 14 030103 宪法学与行政法学344.00 368 320 2 4 030105 民商法学358.47 396 322 19 61 030106 诉讼法学355.50 370 341 2 4 030107 经济法学345.25 376 326 8 14 030501 马克思主义基本原理355.60 375 331 5 8 030503 马克思主义中国化研究338.20 365 317 5 6 030505 思想政治教育372.29 402 342 7 15 035101 法律（非法学）331.84 365 318 20 67 035102 法律（法学）334.75 360 315 41 12 040101 教育学原理327.50 340 309 6 2 040102 课程与教学论323.64 347 300 14 108 040105 学前教育学322.50 329 316 2 6 040106 高等教育学320.00 328 305 3 6 040107 成人教育学317.67 320 316 3 1 040110 教育技术学339.75 343 337 4 7 040201 基础心理学333.75 341 324 4 3040202 发展与教育心理学329.13 343 313 9 32 040203 应用心理学324.71 367 309 7 54 040301 体育人文社会学326.50 383 284 8 9 040303 体育教育训练学362.10 389 335 12 31 045103 学科教学（语文）321.83 345 305 7 2 045108 学科教学（英语）345.00 397 326 9 14 045114 现代教育技术326.60 348 302 10 0 045201 体育教学317.95 374 272 22 13 050101 文艺学360.71 369 352 7 1 050102 语言学及应用语言学367.20 387 349 5 14 050103 汉语言文字学356.14 370 347 7 9 050105 中国古代文学370.43 389 357 7 24 050106 中国现当代文学370.71 398 354 8 18 050201 英语语言文学382.04 416 366 27 149 050205 日语语言文学364.88 376 345 8 17 050211 外国语言学及应用语言学378.05 410 357 21 50 050220 ★翻译学363.00 364 362 2 13 055101 英语笔译361.20 407 345 48 44 060200 中国史311.95 374 285 23 28 070101 基础数学342.33 372 311 12 11 070104 应用数学321.47 366 291 19 21 070201 理论物理347.43 385 297 7 4 070205 凝聚态物理346.15 379 310 14 5070207 光学311.20 340 293 5 3 070220 ★光电子学324.00 349 310 6070221 ★固体电子物理333.13 366 307 8 1 070301 无机化学348.31 379 306 13 3 070304 物理化学335.14 384 300 44 26 070502 人文地理学330.12 351 290 19 59 070703 海洋生物学334.65 400 292 31 31 071010 生物化学与分子生物学333.74 381 303 27 37 080102 固体力学306.67 338 284 3 0 080104 工程力学327.25 353 308 9 6 080201 机械制造及其自动化341.13 375 294 8 27 080202 机械电子工程328.67 373 297 10 14 080902 电路与系统332.53 378 296 19 52 081001 通信与信息系统340.03 396 302 31 68 081002 信号与信息处理343.47 400 314 19 25 081203 计算机应用技术315.70 347 298 20 24 081401 岩土工程348.33 370 308 4 4 081402 结构工程339.80 368 294 10 20 081403 市政工程352.25 358 348 4 1 081405 防灾减灾工程及防护工程351.50 368 338 4 0 082401 船舶与海洋结构物设计制造329.00 329 329 1 1 082402 轮机工程推免推免推免 1 4 082420 ★港航技术与管理工程推免推免推免 3 3083201 食品科学322.36 390 291 14 26 083204 水产品加工及贮藏工程347.00 379 298 5 3 085201 机械工程328.86 375 294 30 6 085208 电子与通信工程336.32 362 304 32 6 085209 集成电路工程324.54 354 301 14 2 085211 计算机技术308.76 351 291 18 3 085223 船舶与海洋工程317.50 373 292 17 2 085231 食品工程323.89 368 296 39 4 090801 水产养殖332.62 374 296 14 12 090803 渔业资源321.60 357 302 5 1 095108 渔业315.38 359 257 30 2 100201 内科学317.33 366 296 18 144 100202 儿科学296.00 296 296 1 4 100205 精神病与精神卫生学313.67 330 305 3 3 100207 影像医学与核医学316.00 316 316 1 8 100208 临床检验诊断学295.00 295 295 1 7 100210 外科学327.27 363 299 16 99 100211 妇产科学306.50 313 300 2 20 100213 耳鼻咽喉科学326.00 334 318 2 3 100214 肿瘤学318.50 333 304 2 8 100401 流行病与卫生统计学333.14 354 310 7 11 100402 劳动卫生与环境卫生学322.33 350 303 3 1 100403 营养与食品卫生学315.75 333 301 4 2120201 会计学359.40 384 348 6 30 120202 企业管理376.00 398 353 13 95 120203 旅游管理348.00 351 343 5 0 120204 技术经济及管理368.67 390 346 3 4 120403 教育经济与管理361.86 392 340 7 14 125100 工商管理176.83 216 150 90 264 125200 公共管理178.57 223 151 44 92。
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【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。
目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师.2015年宁波大学考研宁波大学1:31-《英译中国现代散文选》张培基（三册中至少一册）非常经典，练基本功非它莫属。
2-《高级翻译理论与实践》叶子南汉译英的经典之作，体裁实用，读来作者亲授一般3-《翻译硕士常考词汇精编》育明教育内部资料绝大部分翻译的词汇都可以在这里找到，很实用。
试题中出现比较生僻的单词的话，读了这本词汇书基本你就认识了4-《中国文化读本》叶朗朱良志翻译的体裁有时候和中国文化有关，作为译者应该了解中国文化；书本身也很好，图文并茂5-《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》，光明日报出版社笔译20人。
鼓励跨专业报考，不招同等学历生。
学制：2-3年。
方向：传媒翻译，文学翻译，商务翻译。
专业课的复习和应考有着与公共课不同的策略和技巧，虽然每个考生的专业不同，但是在总体上都有一个既定的规律可以探寻。
以下就是针对考研专业课的一些十分重要的复习方法和技巧。
一、专业课考试的方法论对于报考本专业的考生来说，由于已经有了本科阶段的专业基础和知识储备，相对会比较容易进入状态。
但是，这类考生最容易产生轻敌的心理，因此也需要对该学科能有一个清楚的认识，做到知己知彼。
跨专业考研或者对考研所考科目较为陌生的同学，则应该快速建立起对这一学科的认知构架，第一轮下来能够把握该学科的宏观层面与整体构成，这对接下来具体而丰富地掌握各个部分、各个层面的知识具有全局和方向性的意义。
做到这一点的好处是节约时间，尽快进入一个陌生领域并找到状态。
很多初入陌生学科的同学会经常把注意力放在细枝末节上，往往是浪费了很多时间还未找到该学科的核心，同时缺乏对该学科的整体认识。
其实考研不一定要天天都埋头苦干或者从早到晚一直看书，关键的是复习效率。
要在持之以恒的基础上有张有弛。
具体复习时间则因人而异。
一般来说，考生应该做到平均一周有一天的放松时间。
四门课中，专业课（数学也属于专业课）占了300分，是考生考入名校的关键，这300分最能拉开层次。
例如，专业课考试中，分值最低的一道名词解释一般也有4分或者更多，而其他专业课大题更是动辄十几分，甚至几十分，所以在时间分配上自然也应该适当地向专业课倾斜。
根据我们的经验，专业课的复习应该以四轮复习为最佳，所以考生在备考的时候有必要结合下面的内容合理地安排自己的时间：第一轮复习：每年的2月—8月底这段时间是整个专业复习的黄金时间，因为在复习过程遇到不懂的难题可以尽早地寻求帮助得到解决。
这半年的时间相对来说也是整个专业复习压力最小、最清闲的时段。
考生不必要在这个时期就开始紧张。
很多考生认为这个时间开始复习有些过早，但是只有早准备才能在最后时刻不会因为时间不够而手忙脚乱。
对于跨专业的考生来说，时间安排上更是应当尽早。
完全可以超越这里提到的复习时间，例如从上一年的10月份就开始。
一般来说，第一轮复习的重点就是熟悉专业课的基本理论知识，多看看教材和历年试题。
只有自己有了阅读体验，才能真正有自己的想法，才能有那种很踏实的感觉。
暑假期间，在准备公共课或者上辅导班的同时，继续学习专业课教材，扩大知识量。
复习的尺度上，主要是将专业课教材精读两遍以上，这里精读的速度不宜太快，否则会有遗漏，一般每天弄懂两到三个问题为宜。
由于这段时间较长，考生完全可以把专业问题都吃透。
事实上，一本专业课的书，并非所有的东西都能够作为考试内容，但是重要的内容则会不厌其烦地在不同年份的考卷中变换着面孔出现。
所以，考生在第一遍精读的时候就需要把这些能够成为考题的东西挖掘出来，整理成问答的形式。
第二轮复习：每年的9月—12月中旬这个时段属于专业课的加固阶段。
第一轮复习后总会有许多问题沉淀下来，这时最好能够一一解决，以防后患。
对于考生来说，这4个月是专业知识急剧累积的阶段，也是最为繁忙劳累的时候。
在专业课复习上，这段时间应该主要看近年的学术期刊以及一些重要的学术专著，边看书边做读书笔记，并整理以前的听课笔记。
一项这是十分重要的工作，因为复习的重点会往公共课上倾斜，专业课复习所占的时间也会缩短。
此时需要注意本年度涉及所考专业的热点问题。
在复习的尺度上，应该逐渐抛开书本，将书本中的知识点用自己的语言写出来，整理成精练的笔记。
然后看自己的笔记并形成自己的东西，因为考试是需要用笔来表达的。
所以，把第一次精读过后的那些重点问题用答卷的方式写一遍，效果是十分突出的。
再根据本专业的情况，翻查其他的参考用书，将新的知识点补上。
一般来说，专业课不可能只涉及一两本书，不排除出现一些超越范围的考题。
因此，可以根据考过的同学的建议去精读其他的参考书，把重要的内容补充上去。
第三轮复习：12月中旬—考前一周这个时候的专业课复习主要是认真看第一轮和第二轮复习时积累下来的读书笔记和听课笔记，不断加深印象，试着自己给自己出题并且结合本年度的热点问题试图去猜一下专业考题，并想想该怎么答，训练一下解题思路和技巧。
复习的尺度方面，则是查阅本年度该专业最新的热点问题以及报考导师目前研究的主要课题等，把这些补充上去，整个的复习笔记就比较完整了。
在补充和扩展的过程中，查询网站、期刊等都是很好的手段。
另外，因为考试临近，考生应该注意调节自己的专业兴奋程度，积极地和考研盟友针对某些问题进行辩论，汲取对方的复习心得。
然后，有针对性地进行查缺补漏和深化理解。
第四轮复习：考前一周—考前一天如果这个时候还有很多问题依然得不到解决，那么就不要再费心血去搜集答案了。
这是一个博弈的阶段，把自己熟悉的问题尽量把握好才是关键。
这里突出强调的就是要学会调整心态，准备应考，让自己找到考试的感觉。
这段时间，主要是默默地体会所有的知识要点和热点问题，把心态和作息时间调整到最佳，保证考场中的理想发挥。
最主要的策略——历年试题、笔记、热点问题考研不同于其他的考试，它有着独特的考试形式和内容，因此复习也应该有相应的方法和节奏。
认真研究历年试题，分析出题方向和特点，这是专业课备考的关键。
这里强调两点：一是分析试题这项工作要提早，因为这对你看各种考研书籍和资料有重要的指导意义；另外不仅要思考，还要动笔，要认认真真把每一道考研题落实到字面上，你会发现很多原来没有想到过的东西。
同时，这种训练可以避免真正考试时因时间仓促和心理压力带来的表达上的不成熟。
有些学校的部分专业没有指定的参考书目，这样真题就更为重要了。
真题不是拿来做完了事的，要从命题人的角度、命题者的思路去推测出题偏好，推测这个院系的教学风格。
考生复习时，每复习一遍或每过一段时间，就应该拿出真题研究一下，结合年内的行业热点（无论是文科还是理科，其核心期刊总会反映年度热点问题）和近期理论界的研究争论焦点进行分析。
事实证明，考生对专业真题的钻研确实可以让考生猜到那么几十分的题目。
专业课的真题，要训练对分析题的解答，把自己的答案切切实实写在纸上，不要打腹稿（这样有时候感觉自己给分点都答到了，实际上却相差很远），再反复对照自己和参考答案（如果有的话）的差别，分析答题角度，揣摩命题人意图，并用同一道题在相隔一定时间后反复训练，慢慢完善自己此类题型的解答方法。
历年题是专业课的关键，而融会贯通则是关键中的关键。
考研的专业课考题大体有两种类型，一种是认知性质的考题，另一种是理解与应用型的，而且以后一种居多。
因此，同学们在复习时绝不能死记硬背条条框框，而应该看清条条框框背后所包含的东西，并且加以灵活运用。
在复习时，首先要把基本概念、基本理论弄懂，然后要把它们串起来，多角度、多层次地进行思维和理解。
由于专业的各门功课之间有着内在的相关性，如果能够做到融会贯通，无论对于理解还是记忆，都有事半功倍的效果。
考生完全可以根据历年的考题，在专业课本中划出历年涉及的重点，有针对性、有侧重点地进行复习。
针对笔记、真题以及热点问题，下面的提纲可能会比较快速地让考生朋友掌握以上的内容：1专业课笔记一般来说，大部分高校的专业课都是不开设专业课辅导班的，这一点在05年的招生简章中再次明确。
因此对于外校考生，尤其是外地区考生，也就是那些几乎不可能来某高校听课的考生，专业课笔记尤为重要。
可以说，笔记是对指定参考书最好的补充。
如果条件允许，这个法宝一定要志在必得。
在具体操作上，应先复习书本，后复习笔记，再结合笔记来充实参考书。
笔记的搜集方法，一般来说，有的专业比较热门，可以在市面上买到它的出版物；有的专业笔记在网上也可能搜集到，这需要考生多花一些时间；还有的专业由于相对冷门，那么考生就需要和该专业的同学建立联系，想办法把笔记弄到手。
2专业课历年真题真题是以前的考试题，是专业课的第一手资料，它更是法宝中的法宝。
对于真题，不能只满足于看上去会做，而是应该去整体分析，分析其中的出题规律和出题范围。
万事万物，必有规律可循，试题也不例外。
因此要尽量去弄到更多的试题，最好能够搜集全最近五年的实考题。
经过严密地分析和研究，以下规律浮出水面：1.五年之内，论述题一般不会重复，这是出题人出题的主体思路；2.简答题三年之内不会重复，三年之外很有可能重复，毕竟专业考试的出题范围有限，考生可以结合前面讨论的复习方法来比较和分析；3.名词解释题三年之外必有重复，有些更是经常考到，成为常考点，多多留意；4.密切关注常考点和不考点（五年之内没有考过的点），这两个点都极可能是下次考试的重点，这也是前面所提及的。
3热点问题和热点论文试题一般由专业课的导师出，至少有部分由导师出（其他可能由题库抽取）。
一般来说，某专业课的学术领导人，在出题的时候往往会把自己目前正在研究的课题放到考试中去，这已经成为一个非常公开的秘密。
如果事先未读过相关的论文，其后果可想而知。
因此对于导师的论文，特别是该专业的学术带头人的文章，一定要在复习专业课的基础上细心研读。
结语总之，从心理到实战，考研对每一个选择它的人都赋予了公平的起点和特别的困难。
当你选择考研时，你要相信自己是勇敢的，与众不同的。
而当你的毅力和努力让你有一天相信自己能够战胜这个挑战时，你就离胜利不远了。
《育明教育135分考研专业课答题攻略》（一）名词解释1．育明考研名师解析名词解释一般都比较简单，是送分的题目。
在复习的时候要把重点名词夯实。
育明考研专业课每个科目都有总结的重要名词，不妨作为复习的参考。
很多高校考研名词解释会重复，这就要考生在复习的同时要具备一套权威的、完整的近5年的真题，有近10年的最好。
2．育明考研答题攻略：名词解释三段论答题法定义——》背景、特征、概念类比、案例——》总结/评价第一，回答出名词本身的含义。