Two Technologies for Hydrogenation and Upgrading of Coal-Based Crude Liquid Developed by S
Ultracapacitor - Battery Energy Storage System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by a research grant from DaimlerChrysler, AG and by NASA Grant NAG3-2790 under subcontract from Bowling Green State University.
APPENDIX II: SYSTEM SCHEMATICS...................................................................... 69
ivபைடு நூலகம்
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4 Figure 7.5 Figure 7.6 Figure 7.7 Figure 7.8 Figure 7.9 Figure 7.10 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Figure 8.3 Figure 8.4 Figure 8.5 Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7 Figure 8.8 Figure 8.9 Figure 8.10 Hybrid Fuel Cell – Ultracapacitor ESS Hybrid Battery-Ultracapacitor ESS Equivalent circuit of a parallel battery/UC Hybrid UC-Battery Simulated Discharge Current Waveforms Proposed Hybrid Battery-UC ESS Simulated Constant Power Pulse First Battery Charging Method Second Battery Charging Method The Proposed Performance Characterization Method ICE Efficiency Map and The Power Split Rule Battery Charging and Routine Message Transmission Algorithm Analog Interface and Vehicle Simulation Algorithm Secondary Microcontroller Algorithms PC Monitor Software screen shot ABC-150 ROS Algorithm Battery Voltage Sense signal conditioning IR2118 Based Relay Driver Circuit LEM Current Sensor signal manipulation circuit Results for 300A / 5 sec. test currents Results for 300A / 8 sec. test currents Results for the Idle-Stop Test StampPlot Pro screen capture Simulator results to demonstrate battery charging and 52 53 54 55 56 57 Simulator results to demonstrate Power Assist Mode Simulator results to demonstrate Motor Only Mode Simulator results to demonstrate regenerative braking Buck Regulator Parallel Battery Charging System Results of the Parallel Battery Charger 2 2 11 12 15 18 20 21 26 31 34 35 39 40 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51
气液混合强化在固定床加氢过程中的应用进展
化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2024 年第 43 卷第 1 期气液混合强化在固定床加氢过程中的应用进展苏梦军，刘剑，辛靖，陈禹霏，张海洪，韩龙年，朱元宝，李洪宝（中海油化工与新材料科学研究院，北京 102209）摘要：炼油工业作为国民经济的支柱，在创造大量财富的同时，往往存在高能耗、高物耗和高污染的问题。
固定床加氢技术是重要清洁炼油技术，在油品质量升级、产品结构调整、原油资源高效利用、生产过程清洁化进程中发挥了重要的作用。
提高固定床加氢效率有助于充分利用石油资源、生产清洁燃料和实现生产过程的节能降耗。
本文从固定床反应器滴流床加氢和液相加氢过程的氢油两相物料混合特性出发，综述了通过开发新型混氢设备和加氢工艺，强化气液混合过程，提高固定床多相催化加氢效率的应用进展，并提出固定床加氢反应过程气液混合强化技术发展趋势，为炼油化工生产过程提质增效、节能降碳新技术的开发提供参考。
关键词：气液混合；固定床加氢；多相反应；传质；过程强化中图分类号：TE624 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-6613（2024）01-0100-11Progress in the application of gas-liquid mixing intensification infixed-bed hydrogenationSU Mengjun ，LIU Jian ，XIN Jing ，CHEN Yufei ，ZHANG Haihong ，HAN Longnian ，ZHU Yuanbao ，LI Hongbao(CNOOC Institute of Chemicals & Advanced Materials, Beijing 102209, China)Abstract: As the pillar of national economy, oil refining industry often has the problems of high energy consumption, high material consumption and high pollution while creating a lot of wealth. Fixed-bed hydrogenation technology is an important clean oil refining technology, which plays an important role in the upgrading of oil quality, the adjustment of product structure, the efficient utilization of crude oil resources and the clean production process. Improving the efficiency of fixed-bed hydrogenation is helpful to make full use of petroleum resources, produce clean fuel and realize energy saving and consumption reduction in production process. Based on the mixing characteristics of hydrogen and oil two-phase materials in the trickle-bed hydrogenation and liquid-phase hydrogenation processes of fixed-bed reactor, this paper reviewed the application progress of gas-liquid mixing intensification which improved the efficiency of fixed-bed multiphase catalytic hydrogenation by developing new hydrogen mixing equipment and hydrogenation process, and proposed the development trend of gas-liquid mixing intensification technology in fixed-bed hydrogenation process. It provides reference for the development of new technologies for improving quality and efficiency, saving energy and reducing carbon in refining and chemical production process.Keywords: gas-liquid mixing; fixed-bed hydrogenation; multiphase reaction; mass transfer; process intensification特约评述DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1170收稿日期：2023-07-11；修改稿日期：2023-08-30。
含氮有机液体储放氢催化体系研究进展
化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2023 年第 42 卷第 12 期含氮有机液体储放氢催化体系研究进展李佳豪1，杨锦2，潘伦1，钟勇斌2，王志敏2，王锦生2，张香文1，邹吉军1（1 天津大学化工学院，绿色合成与转化教育部重点实验室，天津 300072；2 东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司，四川 成都 610000）摘要：氢能源作为重要的二次能源，能量密度大、环境友好且用途广泛，是人类战略能源发展的重要方向。
然而，氢气储运仍面临较大的成本和安全难题，有机液体储氢化合物（LOHCs ）储放氢技术以其储氢密度较高、储存条件温和、运输方便等优势成为氢气储运可供选择的技术之一。
相比稠环芳烃类化合物，含氮有机储氢化合物具有更温和的催化加氢和脱氢条件，可有效提高储放氢鲁棒性和反应能效。
基于此，本文系统综述了含氮有机储氢化合物加氢及脱氢反应研究进展，阐述了两类反应的路径和催化作用机制，从催化剂活性中心和载体、双金属协同效应、反应条件、催化剂稳定性等方面系统分析了加氢/脱氢催化剂，并详细总结了基于连串反应、反应网络等模型的反应动力学。
介绍了含氮有机储氢化合物储氢技术目前面临的挑战并提出未来的研究思路及展望。
但是该技术仍存在较多问题，应在有机储氢化合物配方体系、储放氢连续反应系统、催化剂设计与制备、催化剂构效关系、精准反应动力学和全面理化性质数据库等方面进行深入研究。
关键词：氢；含氮有机液体储氢化合物；反应机理；催化剂；反应动力学中图分类号：TK91 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-6613（2023）12-6325-20Research progress in catalytic system for hydrogen storage and releasefrom nitrogen-containing liquid organic carriersLI Jiahao 1，YANG Jin 2，PAN Lun 1，ZHONG Yongbin 2，WANG Zhimin 2，WANG Jinsheng 2，ZHANG Xiangwen 1，ZOU Jijun 1(1 Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; 2 DongFang Boiler Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China)Abstract: As an important secondary energy, hydrogen is of high energy density, environmental friendliness and wide use, which is an important direction of human strategic energy development. However,hydrogen storage and transportation are still facing problems of high cost and safety. The hydrogen storage and release technology based on liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) has become one of the available technologies with its advantages of relatively high hydrogen storage density, mild storage conditions and convenient transportation. Compared with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen-containing LOHCs is milder in catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, which can effectively improve the robustness of hydrogen storage and release and the reaction efficiency. Based on this, this paper systematically reviewed综述与专论DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0089收稿日期：2023-01-19；修改稿日期：2023-04-11。
CO2 高值化利用新途径：铁基催化剂CO2加氢制烯烃研究进展
化工进展CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS2021年第40卷第2期CO 2高值化利用新途径：铁基催化剂CO 2加氢制烯烃研究进展张超1，张玉龙1，朱明辉1，孟博2，涂维峰2，韩一帆1，2（1化学工程联合国家重点实验室，华东理工大学，上海200237；2先进功能材料制造教育部工程中心，郑州大学，河南郑州450001）摘要：大气中CO 2浓度逐年升高，而其高值化利用是实现减排的重要途径之一。
低碳烯烃是重要的化工原料，CO 2作为碳源加氢制取烯烃（CTO ）是缓解化石能源的消耗及温室效应的有效方法之一。
铁基催化剂因其优异的催化反应性能，被视为该反应最具应用前景的催化剂之一；但铁基催化剂烯烃选择性仍有待进一步提高。
本文综述了铁基催化剂CTO 反应研究进展，包括反应热力学分析、理论模型、催化剂设计与开发（助剂和载体对催化剂结构及性能的影响）、反应机理、构-效关系、失活机理等；提出未来催化研究方向，即借助Operando 技术聚焦反应过程中催化剂活性相的动态结构变化规律，探究外界因素引起的催化材料表界面的作用机制，为工业催化剂的理性设计提供思路。
关键词：二氧化碳；加氢；催化剂；选择性；失活；稳定性中图分类号：TQ032.4文献标志码：A文章编号：1000-6613（2021）02-0577-17New pathway for CO 2high-valued utilization:Fe-based catalysts forCO 2hydrogenation to low olefinsZHANG Chao 1，ZHANG Yulong 1，ZHU Minghui 1，MENG Bo 2，TU Weifeng 2，HAN Yifan 1，2(1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237,China;2Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education,ZhengzhouUniversity,Zhengzhou 450001,Henan,China)Abstract:The concentration of CO 2in the atmosphere is increasing year by year,and high value utilization of CO 2is an important path to reduce the carbon emissions.Low-carbon olefins are important chemical raw materials,and CO 2as a carbon source hydrogenation to olefins (CTO)is one of the most promising CO 2utilization technologies that can potentially mitigate the global greenhouse gas emission and reduce the dependence of chemical production on fossil fuels.The Fe-based catalysts are recognized as a promising candidate in CTO due to their low cost and excellent performance.However,the selectivity to lower olefins and the activity of the Fe-based catalysts currently haven ’t met the industrial requirements,and the mechanism of CTO reaction remains unclear.This article reviews the research progress of the iron-based catalysts for CTO reaction,including the reaction thermodynamic analysis,theoretical model,catalyst design and development (the influence of additives and supports on thestructure and performance of catalysts),reaction mechanism,structure-activity relationship,and特约评述DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.32020-1403收稿日期：2020-07-20；修改稿日期：2020-10-28。
中国碳中和目标下CO2转化的思考与实践
化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2022年第41卷第6期中国碳中和目标下CO 2转化的思考与实践周红军1，周颖1，2，徐春明1（1中国石油大学（北京）重质油国家重点实验室，北京102249；2中国石油大学（北京）理学院，北京102249）摘要：提出政策引导CO 2回收、利用与封存（CCUS ）发展，需重新定义二氧化碳的属性及价值，深度挖掘其资源属性，在以煤油气为一次能源、电为二次能源，向以电热为一次能源、氢为二次能源的再电气化能源革命转型中，为从有碳能源向无碳能源转变，将影响及重构所有社会活动及产业。
本文通过未来低碳场景下CCUS 绿色技术的思考，指出以二氧化碳氢化的三个技术链的创新开发和实践，使二氧化碳转化为合成气（CO+H 2），从而实现高值化、资源化碳的固化和封存。
文章提出：煤电、煤化工与水泥产业的二氧化碳氢化及费托合成高碳烃燃料，不仅高值化，还可用于电网调峰；沼气及非常规天然气CO 2与CH 4的干重整可生产绿氢、可再生燃料及甲醇而高值化，对于中国的乡村振兴具有特别意义，可打通村镇废弃物处理能源化与国家工业补农业的能源基金通道，将使中国乡村振兴获得资本强化新机遇；钢铁及炼化产业的低碳发展，煤气及干气的二氧化碳干重整高值利用，特别是干重整合成气生产甲醇经甲醇制烯烃（MTO ）生产乙烯和丙烯及聚合物进行碳固化，将使CCUS 获得新的产业链。
CCUS 将成为所有社会活动及工业的附属产业，成为新的公共服务产业链。
关键词：二氧化碳回收、利用与封存；氢能；合成气；光伏风电；干重整中图分类号：TQ116文献标志码：A文章编号：1000-6613（2022）06-3381-05Exploration of the CO 2conversion under China ’s carbon neutrality goalZHOU Hongjun 1，ZHOU Ying 1，2，XU Chunming 1(1State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing,China University of Petroleum-Beijing,Beijing 102249,China;2College ofScience,China University of Petroleum-Beijing,Beijing 102249,China)Abstract:To guide the development of CCUS by government policies,it is necessary to redefine the attributes and value of carbon dioxide,and to deeply explore its resource attributes.In the energy revolution,all social activities and industries will be affected and reconstructed in order to enable the transformation from carbon-based energy to carbon-free energy.Thinking of CCUS green technology in the low carbon scenarios of the future with innovative development and application of the three technologies forcarbon dioxide hydrogenation,carbon dioxide could be converted into syngas (CO+H 2),so as to realize high value,resource utilization and carbon solidification and archive.In sddition ,Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of high-carbon hydrocarbon fuels and carbon dioxide hydrogenation in the coal power,coal chemical and cement industries is not only a way of realizing the value from carbon dioxide,but also观点DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0395收稿日期：2022-03-14；修改稿日期：2022-04-26。
水下无人航行器燃料电池技术浅谈
水下无人航行器燃料电池技术浅谈宋 强(中国人民解放军92578部队，北京 100161)摘要: 本文对国内外无人航行器能源动力现状进行比较全面论述，燃料电池兼具汽/柴油发电机的持续稳定续航、环境适应性强和一次/二次电池的低噪声、低红外辐射、抗电磁干扰等优点，在水下无人航行器领域具有广阔的应用前景。
依据水无人下航行器的排水量不同，可以灵活配置不同类型的氢源，不同功率级别的质子交换膜燃料电池，建立高能量密度、零排放的氢氧燃料电池系统，以适应大潜深，远航程水下无人航行器的动力需求。
关键词：水下无人航行器；燃料电池；金属水解制氢；甲醇重整制氢；有机液体储氢中图分类号：TM911 文献标识码：A文章编号： 1672 – 7649(2020)12 – 0150 – 05 doi：10.3404/j.issn.1672 – 7649.2020.12.030Discussion on fuel cell technology for underwater unmanned vehiclesSONG Qiang(No. 92578 Unit of the PLA, Beijing 100161, China)Abstract: This article makes a discussion on the current status of energy and power of underwater unmanned vehicles. The fuel cell combines the characteristics of continuous and stable endurance of gasoline/diesel generators, strong environ-mental adaptability, low noise, low infrared radiation, and anti-electromagnetic interference characteristics of non-re-chargeable and rechargeable batteries, and has broad applications in the field of underwater unmanned vehicles prospect. Ac-cording to the different displacements of the underwater unmanned vehicle, different types of hydrogen sources and proton exchange membrane fuel cells of different power levels can be flexibly configured to establish a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell system with high energy density and zero emission to adapt to large diving depths. Power requirements for long-range under-water for long-range underwater unmanned vehicles.Key words: underwater unmanned vehicle；fuel cell；hydrogen production from metal hydrolysis；methanol reform-ing to produce hydrogen；organic liquid hydrogen storage0 引 言无人潜航器（UUV）是一种可在水下长时间潜航工作的海上无人化装备，包括自主潜航器（AUV）和有缆遥控潜航器（ROV）。
international journal of hydrogen energy 缩写
International Journal of Hydrogen EnergyIntroductionThe International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (IJHE) is a renowned scientific publication that focuses on the exploration, development, and utilization of hydrogen as an energy carrier. This journal plays a crucial role in advancing the understanding and application of hydrogen-related technologies, promoting sustainable energy solutions, and addressing global energy challenges. In this article, we will delve into the significance of hydrogen energy and the contributions made by IJHE in this field.Importance of Hydrogen EnergyHydrogen is considered a promising energy source due to its high energy density, clean combustion process, and lack of greenhouse gas emissions when used in fuel cells. This makes it an attractive alternative to fossil fuels, which are finite and contribute to climate change. Harnessing the power of hydrogen has the potential to revolutionize various sectors, including transportation, power generation, and industrial processes. Its versatility and eco-friendliness make it a vital element in achieving a sustainable and low-carbon future.Role of International Journal of Hydrogen EnergyIJHE serves as a platform for researchers, scientists, and engineers to publish their findings, innovations, and breakthroughs in the field of hydrogen energy. By providing a scholarly avenue for knowledge dissemination, IJHE plays a crucial role in advancing the field and catalyzing the development of hydrogen technologies. It facilitates the exchange of ideas, fosters collaboration, and encouragesinterdisciplinary research, ultimately contributing to the growth of the hydrogen energy community.Contributions to Hydrogen Technology1.Research Papers: IJHE publishes original research papers thatexplore various aspects of hydrogen energy. These papers cover awide range of topics, including hydrogen production, storage,transportation, and utilization. The rigorous peer-review process ensures the quality and reliability of the published work,promoting scientific excellence in the field.2.Review Articles: In addition to research papers, IJHE alsofeatures review articles that provide in-depth summaries andanalyses of specific topics within hydrogen energy. These articles offer comprehensive insights into the current state of research,highlight key challenges, and propose future directions forfurther exploration.3.Technology Development: IJHE actively promotes the developmentand commercialization of hydrogen-related technologies. Byshowcasing innovative technologies and sharing success stories,the journal inspires researchers and industry professionals topush the boundaries of what is possible with hydrogen.4.Policy and Economics: Recognizing the importance of policy andeconomics in shaping the adoption of hydrogen energy, IJHE alsopublishes articles that address regulatory frameworks, markettrends, and economic viability. This comprehensive approachensures a holistic understanding of the challenges andopportunities associated with hydrogen energy implementation.ConclusionThe International Journal of Hydrogen Energy serves as a leading platform for advancing the field of hydrogen energy. Through its publication of research papers, review articles, and technology developments, the journal contributes significantly to the growth and application of hydrogen technologies. By facilitating knowledge exchange and promoting collaboration, IJHE plays an indispensable role in driving the transition towards a sustainable and hydrogen-powered future.References: 1. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved from [。
固定床和悬浮床上煤焦油加氢技术对比
2020年第7期工程师园地我国原油资源短缺，煤焦油作为炼油产业的主要副产物，其数量巨大[1,2]。
如何将煤焦油加氢精制转化为清洁燃料油是科研工作者一直以来的研究热点。
近20多年来，我国在煤焦油加氢精制技术方面取得了一定的成果[3,4]，开发了不同的加氢工艺流程，按照技术特点，主要包括固定床和悬浮床煤焦油加氢工艺。
1固定床上煤焦油加氢技术固定床加氢工艺是指采用固定床反应器对原料重油进行炼化的一种工艺，具有技术成熟、工艺和设备结构简单等特点[5]。
目前是科研工作者用于研究煤焦油加氢的主要反应器。
南京工业大学谭凤宜等人[6]采用自制的Ni基催化剂，采用煤焦油中的芳烃萘作为探针反应，在固定床反应器上优化了萘加氢合成十氢萘的工艺。
优化的工艺条件为：T、P、LHSV分别为170~190℃、7~8MPa、0.6~0.8h-1。
在此最佳的反应条件下，萘的转化率和十氢萘的选择性分别高达95%和85%以上。
该研究团队自行设计了固定床加氢反应器，工艺流程简图见图1。
李国峰（新疆应用职业技术学院石油与化学工程系，新疆奎屯833200）摘要：煤焦油通过加氢可以转化为清洁燃料油，同时还可以从中提取有用的化工产品。
然而，煤焦油含有成千上万种成分，并且杂原子含量高，这给煤焦油加氢技术带来了不小的挑战，研究开发高效的煤焦油加氢工艺成为了研究热点。
文章分析了固定床上煤焦油加氢技术和悬浮床上煤焦油加氢技术各自的特点，随后将两种反应器加氢工艺技术进行了对比分析。
研究认为，悬浮床反应器上催化剂不容易结焦积碳，加氢活性更好，在处理杂原子含量较高的煤焦油方面更具优势。
关键词：煤焦油；加氢；固定床；悬浮床中图分类号：TQ051.1文献标识码：AComparison of coal tar hydrogenation technology on fixed bed and slurry-phase hydrocracking*LI Guo-feng（Department of Petro and chemical engineering,Xinjiang Career Technical College,Kuitun833200,China）Abstract:Coal tar can be converted into clean fuel oil by hydrogenation,and useful chemical products can also beextracted from it.However,coal tar contains thousands of components and high contents of heteroatoms,whichbrings great challenges to the technology of coal tar hydrogenation.The research and development of efficient coaltar hydrogenation technology has become a research hotspot.This paper analyzed the characteristics of coal tar hy-drogenation technology in fixed bed and slurry-phase hydrocracking,respectively.And two kinds of reactor hydro-genation technologies were compared.It is concluded that the catalyst on the slurry-phase hydrocracking reactor isnot easy to coke and deposit carbon,which has better hydrogenation activity,and has more advantages in process-ing coal tar with higher heteroatoms content.Key words:coal tar;hydrogenation;fixed bed;slurry-phase hydrocrackingDOI：10.16247/ki.23-1171/tq.20200782收稿日期：2020-04-25基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（21163019）；新疆维吾尔自治区奎屯市科技计划项目（201604）资助作者简介：李国峰（1987-），男，汉，甘肃武威人，讲师，2014年毕业于新疆大学化学工程与技术专业，硕士，研究方向：工业催化。
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Two Technologies for Hydrogenation and Upgrading of Coal-Based Crude Liquid Developed by SINOPEC’s Research Institute of Petroleum
Processing Passed Technical Appraisal
On January 15, 2019 two projects, namely: “The development and application of CFHL technology for hydro-upgrading of coal-based crude products obtained from low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry bed” and “The development and application of RCHU technology for hydro-upgrading of direct coal liquefaction syncrude”, performed by RIPP as the leading institution, has passed the technical appraisal organized by the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association. The Appraisal Committee was composed of the academician Cao Xianghong and experts of China’s petrochemical and coal chemical circles. After review and assessments, the experts attending the appraisal meeting have unanimously admitted that the two projects have demonstrated their prolific nature with independent intellectual property rights to reach the internationally advanced level. Especially, the development and application of RCHU technology for hydro-upgrading of direct coal liquefaction syncrude has spearheaded an international initiative. The project—“Development and application of CFHL technology for hydro-upgrading of coalbased crude products obtained from low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry bed”— is jointly undertaken by RIPP, the Shanghai Yankuang Energy Technology Development Co., Ltd., and other institutions. This technology has developed a hydrotreating catalyst with better hydrothermal stability and a noble metal-free isomerizationhydrocracking catalyst coupled with the two-stage and two-separators specified in the process scheme
Sun Na, et al. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2019, 21(2): 58-66
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