雅思写作语料库

A routine of exercise and diet designed to make the body appear muscular. Training routines usually reduce fat levels and, if performed properly, can improve flexibility, particularly of the shoulders, hips, and trunk. When combined with aerobic fitness training, body building can be beneficial to health.A form of exercise and competitive sport in which the primary aim of participants is to develop muscularity and body mass, and to produce symmetry and harmony between different body parts. Well-trained body-builders are characterized by having lean and muscular bodies with enhanced muscular strength and power.Good nutrition can help prevent disease and promote health.Good nutrition helps individuals achieve general health and well-being. There are six categories of nutrients that the body needs to acquire from food: protein, carbohydrates, fat, fibers, vitamins and minerals, and water.Minerals are vital to our existence because they are the building blocks that make up muscles, tissues, and bones.zinc: affects absorption of copper and iron; suppression of theimmune systemCalcium: It is crucial to all physiological function. The small amounts in blood plasma and in tissues play a vital role in the excitability of nerve tissue, the control of muscle contraction and the integration and regulation of metabolic processes.There is no doubt that smoking is harmful to health and has adetrimental effect on athletic performance. Nicotine affectsblood pressure and heart rate directly, increasing the risk tosmokers of coronary heart disease. It also affects hormoneproduction. For example, cigarette smoking lowers bloodoestrogen levels and therefore reduces bone mineralization. Smoking is highly addictive. Smokers who tryto give up may suffer withdrawal symptoms including a persistent craving for tobacco, irritability, poor concentration, and weight gain.The value of art, then, is one with the value of empathy.Art can act as a means to some special kind of knowledge. Art may give insight into the human condition. Art serves as a tool of education, or indoctrination, or enculturation. Art makes us more moral. It uplifts us spiritually.The function of all arts lies in fact in breaking through the narrow and tortuous enclosure of the finite, in which man is immerged while living here below, and in providing a window to the infinite for his hungry soul.Art is the great binder, the ubiquitous seal of community life and action. Art easily andeffectively adapts the human mind to its social milieu, and is therefore one of the conditions of social progress.The arts can articulate and transmit new information and new values; they can provide alternative ways of being human and so provide us with choice and a sense of potential.A visual object or experience consciously created through an expression of skill or imagination.Non-motivated functions of artThe non-motivated purposes of art are those which are integral to being human, transcend the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. Aristotle has said, "Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature." [16] In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something which humans must do by their very nature (i.e. no other species creates art), and is therefore beyond utility.1.Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm. Art atthis level is not an action or an object, but an internalappreciation of balance and harmony (beauty), andtherefore an aspect of being human beyond utility."Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and rhythm, meters beingmanifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their specialaptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave birth toPoetry." -Aristotle [17]2.Experience of the mysterious. Art provides us with a wayto experience ourselves in relation to the universe. Thisexperience may often come unmotivated, as we appreciate art, music or poetry."The most beautiful thing we can experience is themysterious. It is the source of all true art and science."-Albert Einstein [18]3.Expression of the imagination. Art provide a means toexpress the imagination in non-grammatic ways that are not tied to the formality of spoken or written language.Unlike words, which come in sequences and each of which have a definite meaning, art provides a range of forms,symbols and ideas with meanings that are maleable."Jupiter's eagle [as an example of art] is not, like logical (aesthetic) attributes of an object, the concept of thesublimity and majesty of creation, but rather somethingelse - something that gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over a whole host of kindredrepresentations that provoke more thought than admits of expression in a concept determined by words. They furnish an aesthetic idea, which serves the above rational idea as a substitute for logical presentation, but with the properfunction, however, of animating the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representationsstretching beyond its ken." -Immanuel Kant[19]4.Universal communication. Art allows the individual toexpress things toward the world as a whole. Earth artists often create art in remote locations that will never beexperienced by another person. The practice of placing a cairn, or pile of stones at the top of a mountain, is anexample. (Note: This need not suggest a particular view ofGod, or religion.) Art created in this way is a form ofcommunication between the individual and the world as awhole.5.Ritualistic and symbolic functions. In many cultures, art isused in rituals, performances and dances as a decoration or symbol. While these often have no specific utilitarian(motivated) purpose, anthropologists know that they often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a particular culture. This meaning is not furnished by any oneindividual, but is often the result of many generations ofchange, and of a cosmological relationship within theculture."Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objectsrecovered from prehistoric contexts that cannot beexplained in utilitarian terms and are thus categorized asdecorative, ritual or symbolic, are aware of the trap posedby the term 'art'." -Silva Tomaskova[20]Motivated functions of artThe purposes of art which are motivated refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator. These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect ofsociety, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial arts) to sell a product, or simply as a form of communication.munication. Art, at its simplest, is a form ofcommunication. As most forms of communication have an intent or goal directed toward another individual, this is amotivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientificillustration, are a form of art as communication. Maps areanother example. However, the content need not bescientific. Emotions, moods and feelings are alsocommunicated through art."[Art is a set of] artefacts or images with symbolicmeanings as a means of communication." -Steve Mithen[21]2.Art as entertainment. Art may seek to bring about aparticular emotion or mood, for the purpose of relaxing or entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries of Motion Pictures and Video Games.3.The Avante-Garde. Art for political change. One of thedefining functions of early twentieth century art has beento use visual images to bring about political change. Theart movements which had this goal - Dadaism, Surrealism, Russian Constructivism, and Abstract Expressionism,among others - are collectively referred to as theavante-garde arts."By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by positivism, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to Anatole France, clearlyseems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moraladvancement. I loathe it, for it is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull conceit. It is this attitude which today gives birth to these ridiculous books, these insulting plays. Itconstantly feeds on and derives strength from thenewspapers and stultifies both science and art byassiduously flattering the lowest of tastes; clarity bordering on stupidity, a dog’s life." -Andre Breton (Surrealism)[22]4.Art for psychological and healing purposes. Art is alsoused by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinicalpsychologists as art therapy. The Diagnostic DrawingSeries, for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultantpiece of artwork may also offer insight into the troublesexperienced by the subject and may suggest suitableapproaches to be used in more conventional forms ofpsychiatric therapy.5.Art for social inquiry, subversion and/or anarchy. Whilesimilar to art for political change, subversive ordeconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, thefunction of art may be simply to criticize some aspect of society.Spray-paint graffiti on a wall in Rome.Graffiti art and other types of street art are graphics and images that are spray-painted or stencilled on publicly viewable walls, buildings, buses, trains, and bridges, usually without permission. Certain art forms, such as graffiti, may also be illegal when they break laws (in this case vandalism).6.Art for propaganda, or commercialism. Art is oftenutilized as a form of propaganda, and thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art which seeks to sell a product also influences moodand emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is tosubtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or psychological response toward a particular idea orobject.[23]Public institution dedicated to preserving and interpreting the primary tangible evidence of humans and their environment. Museums define relationships between life, community, the nation, and the world through the interpretation of objects, experience, and the environment. Museums collect and care for objects of scientific, artistic, or historical importance and make them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. Museums can be a reputable and generally trusted source of information about cultures and history. Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artifacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society.The museum aspired to stir up a sense of wonder in its itinerant beholders. Perhaps, because in the great disorder of everydaylife, certain things have faded into oblivion, there arose a need to find some quiet space highlighting the depth, curious dimensions, and a lonely integrity of disparate objects. The museum aspired to awaken a certain curiosity for everyday things that would recreate depth, dimension, and restoration in the beholder’s psyche.Outdoor recreationOutdoor pursuits can be loosely considered to be the group of sports and activities which are dependent on the great outdoors, incorporating such things as hill walking, hiking, backpacking, canoeing, kayaking, climbing, caving, and arguably broader groups such as watersports and snowsport. Outdoor sports most often include nature in the "sport".While obviously enjoyed by many as a bit of fun, an adrenaline rush, or an escape from reality, outdoor sport is also frequently used as an extremely effectivemedium in education and teambuilding. It is this ethos that has given rise to links with young people as the stress on the importance of a balanced and widespread educationPurpose:According to supporters of government, the fundamental purpose of government is the maintenance of basic security and public order.Social security:Although social security is a relatively recent phenomenon, prevalent mostly in developed countries, it deserves mention because the existence of social security substantially changes reproductive behavior in a society, and it has an impact on reducing the cycle of poverty. By reducing the cycle of poverty, government creates a self-reinforcing cycle where people see the government as friend both because of the financial support they receive late in their lives, but also because of the overall reduction in national poverty due to the government's social security policies—which then adds to public support for social securityIn education, a teacher is a person who provides schooling for others. A teacher who facilitates education for an individual student may also be described as a personal tutor. The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out by way of occupation or profession at a school or other place of formal education. A teacher's role may vary between cultures. Teachers teach literacy and numeracy, or some of the other school subjects. Other teachers may provide instruction in craftsmanship or vocational training, the Arts, religion or spirituality, civics, community roles, or life skills.Conventionally viewed as dispensers of knowledge, teachers are increasingly perceived as facilitators or managers of knowledge. They are often thought to be colearners with their students. Teachers are also intellectual leaders who create opportunities for students to demonstrate what they know and how to do.。