ATM_INGCELL性能事件解释

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[IT认证]atm技术与passport交换机培训讲义演示教学

什么是ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式
采用统计时分复用技术的快速分组交换方式是一种局域网和广域网均可采用的技术
ATM的特点——信元传输
固定长度的信元 48 byte 净荷 + 5 byte 信头 = 53 bytes
帧传输的特点：
帧长度可变带宽的利用率较高通过软件完成帧的封装、转发，速度较慢要求较大的内存
1 2/9 3 4/5
1 6/4 3 2/9 3 2/9 1 6/4
UNI
Signaling Cc
1 Input
Output
2
Port VPI/VCIPort VPI/VCI
1 1/6 2 4/3
D
1 6/4 3 2/9
3 2/9 1 6/4
PVC established manually across UNI and dynamically across NNI
PUBLIC NETWORK
NSAP E.164 20字节
UNI
ATM路由：
•专用路由协议
•标准路由协议
- IISP静态路由
- PNNI动态路由
基本ATM 结构
Application Presentation
Session Transport
ATM Architecture and ISO/OSI Model ITU-TS I.321
ATM的特点——快速分组交换
S2 1 S6
1 S1
1 S8
S3 2
S5 2
S4 2 S7
• 数据报分组交换
• 非面向连接
• 传输过程中所经过的交换节点可能会不同，分组到达目的节点顺序可能会不一致

通信行业名词缩写解释要点

名词缩写解释3G-MSC3G-SGSN 3 rd Gen eration Mobile Switchi ng Centrerd3 Gen eration Servi ng GPRS Support Node GPRS的节点第三代移动交换中心第三代服务ATM Asyn chr on ous Tran sfer Mode 异步传递模式AAL2 ATM Adaptati on Layer type 2 ATM适配层类型2 AS Access Stratum 接入层BSSMAP Base Stati on Subsystem Man ageme nt Applicati on Part 理应用部分基站子系统管CC Conn ecti on Con firm 连接确认CN Core Network 核心网CS Circuit Switched 电路交换PS Packet Switched 分组交换PVC Perma nent Virtual Circuit 永久虚电路RLP Radio Link Protocol 无线链路协议RNC Radio Network Con troller 无线网络控制器RNL Radio Network Layer 无线网络层RFC RAB sub Flow Combi natio n RAB子流组合RFCI RFC In dicator RAB子流组合指SVC 示Switched Virtual Circuit交换虚电路SDU Service Data Unit 服务数据单元SMpSDU Support Mode for predefi ned SDU size 预定义SDU大小的支持模式SAP Service Access Point 业务接入点SRNS Servi ng RNS系统服务无线网络子TrM Tran spare nt Mode 透明模式TNL Tran sport Network Layer 传输网络层UE User Equipme nt 用户设备本文档用到下列缩略语ASC 接入业务类别 BCCH 广播控制信道 C- 控制-CCCH 公共控制信道 DCH 专用信道 DL 下行链路DSCH 下行链路共享信道 DTCH 专用业务信道FAUSCH 快速上行链路信令信道 L1 Layer 1 (物理层) L2 Layer 2 (数据链路层) L3 Layer 3 （网络层） PCCH 寻呼控制信道 PHY 物理层 PhyCH 物理信道RNC 无线网络控制器 RNS 无线网络子系统 RNTI 无线网络临时识别 RRC 无线资源控制 SAP 业务接入点 SDU 业务数据单元 SHCCH 共享信道控制信道 SRNC 服务RNC SRNS 服务RNSTFI 传输格式指示 U- 用户- UE 用户设备 UL 上行链路UMTS 通用移动通信系统 USCH 上行链路共享信道 UTRAUMTS 陆地无线接入UTRANUMTS 陆地无线接入网UPUTRANVC Virtual Circuit C-SAP CBC CBS CTCHCTCH-BS kbps L1 L2 L3 NSAPI UE User Pla neUMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 接入网控制业务接入点小区广播中心小区广播业务公共业务信道公共业务信道块集千比特/秒Layer 1 (physical layer) Layer 2 (data link layer) Layer 3 (n etwork layer) 网络层业务接入点用户设备用户平面UMTS 陆地无线本文档中应用以下缩略语:AS 接入层C-SAP 控制服务接入点IETF In ter net工程任务组L2 层2 （数据链路层）L3 层3 （网络层）PID 分组标示RFC 请求注解RRC 无线资源控制RTP 实时协议SDU服务数据单元TCP 传输控制协议UE 用户设备UMTS 通用移动通信系统UTRA UMTS陆地无线接入UTRAN UMTS陆地无线接入网缩略语ARQ 自动重发请求BCCH 广播控制信道C- 控制-CCCH 公共控制信道CCH 控制信道CN 核心网DC 专用控制（SAP）DCH 专用信道DL 下行DSCH 下行共享信道DTCH 专用业务信道FCS 帧校验序列GC 通用控制（SAP）HO 切换ITU 国际电信联盟kbps 每秒千比特L1 层1 （物理层）L2 层2 （数据链路层）L3 层3 （网络层）MS 移动站Nt 通知（业务接入点）PCCH 寻呼控制信道PU 净荷PHY 物理层PhyCH 物理信道RNTI 无线网络临时标识RRC 无线资源控制SAP 业务接入点SDU 业务数据单元SHCCH 共享信道控制信道TDD 时分复用TFI 传输格式指示U-UEUL UMTS UTRA UTRAN 用户-用户设备上行链路全球移动通信系统UMTS陆地无线接入UMTS陆地无线接入网GPRS Gen eral Packet Radio ServiceAA ATM BG BSSGP CCU CGI DNS GGSN GSN ICMP IETFIPv4IPv6 L3MMLL-PDULLC MDFG MNRF MSP MTP2MTP3 NSAPI NSS PCU PDCH PDN PDP PTM PTP PVC RAIRRM SGSN SM SM-SC SMS-GMSC SMS-IWMSC SN-PDU SNDC SNDCP TCAP TCP TIDTLLI Anonym ous AccessAsyn chr on ous Tran sfer ModeBorder GatewayBase Stati on System GPRS ProtocolCha nnel Codec UnitCell Global Iden tityDomai n Name SystemGateway GPRS Support NodeGPRS Support NodeIn ter net Con trol Message ProtocolIn ter net Engin eeri ng Task ForceIn ter net Protocol vers ion 4In ter net Protocol vers ion 6Layer 3 Mobility Man ageme ntLLC PDULogical Link Con trolMobile Detached Flag for GPRSMobile statio n Not Reachable FlagMultiple Subscriber ProfileMessage Tran sfer Part layer 2Message Tra nsfer Part layer 3Network layer Service Access Point Ide ntifier Network SubSystemPacket Co ntrol UnitPacket Data CHa nn elPacket Data NetworkPacket Data Protocol, e.g., IP or X.25Poi nt To Multipoi ntPoint To PointPerma nent Virtual CircuitRoute ing Area Ide ntityRadio Resource Man ageme ntServi ng GPRS Support NodeShort MessageShort Message service Service Cen treShort Message Service Gateway MSCShort Message Service In terworki ng MSC SNDCP PDUSubNetwork Depe ndent Con verge nee SubNetwork Depe ndent Con verge nee Protocol Tran sacti on Capabilities Applicati on Part Tran smissi on Con trol ProtocolTunnel Ide ntifierTemporary Logical Link Ide ntityTRAUTran scoder and Rate Adaptor Un缩略BCC:BaseStatio nColourCode.基站色码。

人结石肾内髓集合管细胞的原代培养

厶缱丕竖囱堕苤金釜纽丝的盈垡堡差ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＢａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄＵｒｏｌｉｔｈｉ勰ｉｓｉｓ也ｅｍｏｓｔｃｏｍｍｏｎｂｅＩｌｉ印ｄｉｓｅ嬲ｅｉｎ嘶ｎａｒｙｓｙｓｔｅｍ．ｎｉｓｒ印ｏｎｅｄｔｌｌａｔｔｌｌｅｉｎｃｉｄｅＩｌｃｅｏｆｓｔｏｎｅｄｉｓｅａｓｅｉｎｕｐｐｅｒ谢ｎａ巧仃｛ｌＪｃｔｉｓ１３％，１２％，５—９％ａｎｄ１Ｏ％ｉＩｌｍｅＵＳＡ，Ｃ锄ａｄ如Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ锄Ｃ０ｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａＩｌｄＪ印ａＩｌ，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉＶｅｌｙ．６０％ｏｆｔｌｌｅｓｔｏｎｅｓａｒｅｏｘａｌａｔｅｓｔｏｎｅｓ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔ０印ｉｄｅｍｉｏｌｏ百ｃａｌｄａｔａ’ｍｃｌｌａｒｃａ岱≥ｃｔｃｄｂｙｓｔｏｎｅｄｉｓｅ嬲ｅｔｌｌｒ∞ｔｉｍｅｓｍｏｒｅｏＲｅｎｔｈａｎｗｏｍｅｎ．Ｃｈｉｎａｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｍｅｔｈｒｃｃｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｗｈｉｃｈｈａｖｅｔ１１ｅｈｉｇｌｌｅｓｔｉｎｃｉｄ锄ｃｅｏｆｕｄｎａｒｙｓｔｏｎｅｓ．ＴｌｌｅｐｒｅＶａｌ胁ｃｅｏｆｕｄｎａｒｙｓｔｏｎｅｓｉｓ１—５％ｉｎＣｈｉｎａ觚ｄ５—１Ｏ％ｉｎｓｏｕｔｈｅｎｌＣｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄｎｅｗｃ硒ｅｓｏｆｕｒｉｎａＷｓｔｏｎｅｓａｒｅｌ２０．６０２０／１ＯＯ，０００．ＴｈｅｒｅＣｕｒｒｅＩｌｃｃｒａｔｅｗｉｔｌｌｉｎ７·８ｙｅａｒｓｏｆｓｔｏｎｅｒｅｍｏＶａｌｉｓａｂｏｕｔ５０·７０％，ｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇａｈｅａｖｙｂｕｒｄ∞ｔ０ｏｕｒｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ．Ｈｏｗｅｖ％ｔｈｅｕＩｌｄ甜姐ｎｇｍｅｃｈａＩｌｉｓｍｆｏｒｓｔｏｎｅｆｏｍａｔｉｏｎｒｅｍａｉｎｓｌ赳苫ｅｌｙｕＩｌｌｍｏｗｎａｎｄｔｌｌｅｒｅ’ｓｎｏｅ仔．ｅｃｔｉＶｅａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｔ０ｐｒｅ：Ｖｅｎｔｓｔｏｎｅｆｏｍａｔｉｏｎ觚ｄｉｔｓｒｅｃｕｌｌｒｅｎｃｅ．ＥｎＶｉｒｏｍｅＩｌｔａｌ，ｍｅｔｄｂｏｌｉｃ趾ｄｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｒｅｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｔｏｂｅｉｎｖｏｌｖｏｄｉｎｔｌｌｅｄｅＶｅｌｏｐｍｅＩｌｔｏｆ嘶ｎａ巧ｓｔｏｎｅｓ．ＭｃｄｕｌｌａＤ，Ｓｐｏｎｇｅｋｉｄｎｅｙ（ＭＳＫ）ｉｓｃｈａｒａｃｔ嘶ｚｃｄｂｙｃｙｓｔｉｃｄｉｓｔ锄ｔｉｏｎｏｆｉ皿ｅｒｍｅｄｕｌｌａ巧ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｎｇｄｕｃｔ（ＩＭＣＤ）．ＭｏｓｔＭＳＫｃ嬲ｅｓｍａｙａｌｓｏｈａＶｅｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｒｅｎａｌｓｔｏｎｅｓ船ｄｍｂｕｌａｒａｃｉｄｏｓｉｓ．ＩＭＣＤｉｓｔ１１ｅｌａＳｔｓｅｇｍ锄ｔｏｆｌ（ｉｄｎｅｙｔｕｂｕｌｅｓ趾ｄｌｏｃａｔｅｄｉＩｌｍｅ懈１ａ１ｍｅｄｕｌｌａ巧ｐ妒珊ｉｄｓ．ＩＭＣＤｉｓｉｎＶｏｌＶｅｄｉｎｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｓｍｏｓｉｓ觚ｄ∞ｉｄ－ｂ弱ｅｂａｌａｌｌｃｅ．Ｔ０ｏｕｒｂｅｓｔｌ（Ｉｌｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ，ｔｌｌｅｒｃ’ｓｎ０ｒ印ｏｒｔｏｎｍｅｔｌｌｏｄｓｏｆｅｓｔ；ａｂｌｉＳｈｉｎｇＩＭＣＤｃｅｎｌｉｎｅｓｉｎＣｌｌｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｗｅａｉｍｔ０ｉｓｏｌａｔｅ锄ｄ∞ｌｔｕｒｃＩＭＣＤｃｅｌｌｓ五ｒｏｍ１（ｉｄｎｅｙｓａ侬圮ｔｃｄｂｙｓｔｏｎｅｓ．ｏｂｊｅｃ廿ＶｅＴｏ髓ｔａｂｌｉｓｈａｍｅｍｏｄｆｏｒｉｓｏｌａｔｉｏｎ，ｐｒｉｍａｒｙｃｕｌｔｕｌ．ｅ孤ｄｉｄｅｌｌｔｉｊｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＩＭＣＤｃｅｌｌｓｔｌ啪ｕｇｌｌＣｕｌｎＩｒｉｎｇＩＭＣＤＣｅｌｌｓ劬ｍｎｏ加ａｌｌ（ｉｄＩｌｅｙ觚ｄｌ【ｉｄｎｅｙＳａｆＩ溉ｔｅｄｂｙｓｔｏｎｅｓ，ｂｙｗｈｉＣｈｌａｙｉｌｌｇｔｈｅｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｓｔｌｌｄｙｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓｏｆｒｅｎａｌｓｔｏｎｅｓａｎｄＭＳＫ．ＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓａｎｄｍｅｔｈｏｄｓＩＭＣＤｔｉｓｓｕ骼ｗｅｒｅｏｂｔａｉｎｃｄ舶ｍ确１ａｌｃｅｌｌｃａｒＣｉｎｏｍａｐａｔｉｅＩｌｔｓｕ１１ｄｅｒ｜驴ｉｎｇｒａｄｉｃａｌｎ印ｈｒｃｃｔｏｍｙ觚ｄ砌ｌａｌｓｔｏｎｅｓ缸ｄＭＳＫｐａｔｉ朗ｔｓ啪ｄｅｒｇｏｉｎｇＰＣＮＬ．Ｕｎｄｃｒｍｅｇｕｉｄ锄ｃｅｏｆｕｌｔｌＩ弱ｏｎｏ聊ｈｙ＇铆ｏｐｉｅｃ豁ｏｆｔｉｓｓｕｅｗ骶ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ，ｐｕｔｉｎｔ０ｉｃｅ·ｃｏｌｄ仔∞ｚｉｎｇｔｕｂｅｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｓｔ耐ｌｅｎｏｍａｌｓａｌｉｎｅ吼ｄ心ａｎｓｆ．ｅｒｒｅｄｔ０ｍｅｌａ＿ｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ．Ｉｎｎｌｅｃｅｌｌｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｈｏｏｄ，ｎｏｍａｌｓａｌｉｎｅｗ鹪ｒｅｍｏｖｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｔｉｓｓｕｅｗ嬲仃．肌ｓｆ；宦ｎ矧ｉｎｔｏａｃｕｌｔｕＩ‘ｅｐｌａｔｅ肌ｄａｄｄｅｄｗｉｔｌｌ４ｍｌＤＭＥＤ／Ｆｌ２ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇＣ０ｌｌａｇｅｎ弱ｅⅣｈ”ｌｕｒｏｎｉｄ舔ｅ，ＤＮ嬲ｅＩ锄ｄ觚ｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃｓ．Ｔｈｅｔｉｓｓｕｅｗ嬲ｍｉｎｃｅｄｔ０ｌｍｍｉｎｌ即ｇｔｌｌ锄ｄ觚ｍｓｆ打ｅｄｉｎｔｏａｌ５．ｍ１ｃ吼ｔｒｉ如ｇｅｔｕｂｅａ１１ｄｉｎｃｕｂａｔｅｄｕｎｄｅｒｒｏｏｍｔｅｍｐｅ髓ｔｌＩ他ｗｉｔｌｌｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｓｌｉｇｌｌｔｓｈａｋｉｎｇｆｏｒ８ｈｏｕ瑙．Ｔｈ饥ｍｅｃｅｌｌｓｕｓｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｗ硒ｆｉｌｔｅｒｅｄｔｈｒｏｕｇｌｌＢＤＦＡＬＣＯＮ１ｏｏｐｍｃｅｌｌｓ仃ａｉｎ既Ｔ１１ｅｎｏｔ－ｗｅｌｌ—ｄｉｇｅｓｔｅｄｔｉｓｓｕｅｓｗ盱ｅｍｉｎｃｅｄｓｏ嬲ｔ０ｐａｓｓｔｈｅｃｅｌｌｓ们ｉｎ既Ｔｈｅｆｉｌｔｒａｔｅｗｅ佗ｃｅｎ砸ｆｈｇｅｄａｔ４００９ｆｏｒ８ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ锄ｄｒｉｎｓｅｄｔ、）Ｉ，ｉｃｃｗｉｍ－３－ｓｔ谢ｌｅＰＢＳ．Ｔｈｅ嘲１ｕｌａｕｒｓ。

计算机编程英语

page fault 页面失效
page replacement algorithm 页替换算法
paged segments 段页式管理
PCB(process control block) 进程控制块
peer entities 对等实体
period 时期周期
phase 阶段局面状态
multiple - term formula 多项式
multiplexing 多路复用技术
multiplication 乘法
mutual exclusion 互相排斥
non - key attributes 非码属性
Nyquist 奈奎斯特
object oriented 对象趋向的使适应的
process 过程加工处理
program debugging 程序排错
projection selection join 投影选择连接
protocol 协议
prototype 原型样板
prototyping method(model) 原型化周期（模型）
pseudo - code 伪码（程序设计语言PDL）
IPC 工业过程控制
ISAM VSAM 索引顺序存取方法虚拟存储存取方法
join/natural join/semi join 连接/自然连接/半连接
kernel executive supervisor user 核心执行管理用户
kernels 核心程序
key comparison 键（码）值比较
Manchester 曼彻斯特
map 地图映射图
matrix 矩阵点阵

(已读)Nafion膜厚度对直接甲醇燃料电池性能的影响_刘建国

收稿日期:2001-05-15 作者简介:刘建国(1975—),男,博士生,主要研究方向为直接甲醇燃料电池。

Biography :LIU Jian -guo (1975—),male ,candidate for Ph D . 联系人:衣宝廉Nafion 膜厚度对直接甲醇燃料电池性能的影响刘建国1,　衣宝廉1,　王素力1,　魏昭彬1,　辛　勤1,　陈利康2(1.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所,辽宁大连116023;2.安徽宁国天成电器有限公司,安徽宁国242321)摘要:采用N afion 112、N afio n 115和N afion 117膜作为电解质组装直接甲醇燃料电池,通过测量电池的极化曲线,研究了Nafion 膜厚度对直接甲醇燃料电池性能的影响。

结果表明:在放电情况下,电极和工作条件固定的直接甲醇电池的性能是由甲醇的渗透量和膜电导共同控制的。

在低电流密度下,甲醇的渗透量是影响电池性能的主要因素,使用厚膜组装的电池表现出了更好的性能。

而在高电流密度时,甲醇渗透量减小,膜电导成为主要因素,所以使用薄膜组装的电池性能较好。

由Nafion 112膜组装的电池在75℃、1mol /L 甲醇浓度、0.2M Pa 的氧气条件下,功率密度可达120mW /cm 2。

考察了电池短期运转(40h )的稳定性。

关键词:直接甲醇燃料电池;Nafion 膜;电池性能;甲醇渗透中图分类号:T M 911.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-087X (2002)01-0017-03Effect of the thickness of Nafion membrane on theperforman ce of direct methanol fuel cellsLIU Jian -guo 1,YI Bao -lian 1,WANG Su -li 1,WEI Zhao -bin 1,Xin Qin 1,CH EN Li -kang2(1.Dalian Institute of Chemical Phys ics ,Chinese Academy of S ciences ,Dalian Liaoning 116023,China ;2.Anhui Ningguo Tiancheng Electric Co .,Ltd .,Ningg uo Anhui 242321,China )Abstract :Effect of the thickness of Nafion membrane on the performance of direct methanol fuel cell (DM FC )w ith Nafion 112,Nafion 115and Nafion 117as electroly te were evaluated respectively by measuring their pola -rization curves .The results show that during discharge ,the performance of DMFC w ith the fixed electrode and constant operating condition are affected by the permeating amount of methanol and the conductivity of Nafionmembrane .At low current density ,the performance of DM FC is mainly affected by the permeating amount of methanol ,thus the DM FC with thick membrane has good performances .How ever ,at hig h current density ,the conductivity of membrane is the main facto r due to the decrease of permeating amount ,thus the DMFC with thin membrane has good performance .The pow er density of the DM FC using Nafion 112with the methanol concentration of 1mol ·L -1is up to 120mW ·cm -2at 75℃under 0.2M Pa oxy gen atmosphere .The stability of the DMFC mentioned above during short -term (40h )operation was also investigated .Key words :direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC );Nafion membrane ;cell performance ;methanol permeation 直接甲醇燃料电池(Direct M ethano l Fuel Cells ,DM FC )是直接利用甲醇的水溶液作为燃料,氧或空气作为氧化剂的一种燃料电池。

免疫学名词解释

1、Lymphocyte homing(淋巴细胞归巢):The process by which particular subsets of lymphocytes selectively enter and residue in peripheral lymphoid organs. It’s mediated by homing receptor on T lymphocytes and addressin on endothelial cells.2、Lymphocyte recirculation(淋巴细胞再循环):is the process by which lymphocytes continuously move between sites throughout the body through blood and lymphatic vessels, and it’s critical for the initiation and effectors phase of immune response.3、Hapten(半抗原):Substances which can combine with TCR, BCR or Ab, but cannot induce immune response independently.4、Sequential/Linear determinants(顺序型/线性决定簇):are epitopes formed by several adjacent amino acid residues. They exist on the surface or inside of antigen molecules. They are mainly recognized by T cells, but some also can be recognized by B cells.5、Conformational determinants(构象型决定簇):are epitopes formed by amino acid residues that aren’t ina sequence but become spatially juxtaposed in the folded protein. They normally exist on the surface of antigen molecules and can be recognized by B cells or Ab.6、T cell epitope(T细胞表位)：Antigen epitopes recognized by T cells(TCR).Features: peptides; sequential determinants; exist in anywhere of Ag; after processed, presented by MHC molecules; 8～23 amino acid residues long.7、TI-Ag/Thymus independent Ag(胸腺依赖性抗原): Ag which can stimulate B cells to produce Ab without the help of T cells and macrophages.8、TD-Ag/Thymus independent Ag(非胸腺依赖性抗原): Ag which can stimulate B cells to produce Ab with the help of T cells.9、Heterophile Ag/Forssman Ag(异嗜抗原): Common Ags shared by different species. They have no specificity of species and play an important role in immunopathology and diagnosis.10、CDR/Complementary determining region(互补决定区): The six HVR of H chain and L chain are brought together to form antigen-binding surface, so HVR is also called CDR.11、Idiotype/Idiotype determinant(独特型/独特型表位): The unique structure located in the V region of Ig ，BCR or TCR which show different immunogenicity due to the different amino acid sequence of HVR or CDR. It’s a unique Ag-specific marker for each Ig in an individual.12、Opsonization(调理作用):refers to the functions of IgG and IgM that after their Fab fragments bind Ag, their Fc fragments bind macrophage to enhance the phagocytosis of macrophage；or the functions of C3b and C4b on the microbe surface that bind to CR1 on the macrophage surface to enhance the phagocytosis of macrophage.13、ADCC/Antibody dependent cell mediated cytoxicity(抗体依赖的细胞介导的毒性作用):It’s a process in which FcR of NK cells, macrophages and monocytes bind to Fc fragment of Ab(IgG,IgA,IgE) coated target cells resulting in lyses of target cells.14、mAb /McAb/Monoclonal Ab (单克隆抗体):Ab produced by single B cell clone or one hybridomas clone and having a single specificity.(Immunized spleen cells(B) hybride with myeloma cells----hybridomas) 15、MAC/Membrane attack complex(攻膜复合体):C5b6789 complex which leads to formation of a hole in the membrane and mediates lysis of target cell.16、CKs/Cytokines(细胞因子):are small polypeptides produced in response to microbes and other Ags secreted by activated immunocytes or some matrix cells that mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions by binding corresponding receptor on cells.17、IFN(干扰素):The CKs produced by human or animal tissue cells or T lymphocytes and NK cells,following the infection of virus and exposure to antigen whose principle function is to inhibit virusreplication or activate macrophage in both innate immunity and adaptive immunity.18、CAMs /Ams/cell adhesion molecules (黏附分子):The cell surface proteins involved in the interaction of cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix. They play a crucial role in cell interaction, recognition, activation and migration by binding of receptor and ligand.19、CD/cluster of differentiation (分化簇):It is a group of cell surface molecules associated with the development and differentiation of immune cells.20、MHC/major histocompatibility complex(主要组织相容性复合体):A large cluster of linked genes located in some chromosomes of humanity or other mammals that encode major histocompatibility antigen and relate to allograft rejection, immune response and cell-cell recognition.21、HLA/Human leukocyte antigen(人类白细胞抗原):The major histocompatibility antigens for humanity which are associated with histocompatibility and immune response. They are alloantigens which are specific for each individual.22、HLA complex(HLA复合体):The MHC of humanity, a cluster of genes which encode for HLA and related to histocompatibility and immune response.23、MHC restriction(MHC 限制性):In interaction of T cell and APC or target cells, T cells not only recognize specific antigen but also recognize polymorphic residues of MHC molecules.24、PAMP/pathogen associated molecular pattern( 病原相关分子模式): The distinct structures or components that are common for many pathogens ，such as LPS, dsRNA of viruses etc.25、PRR/ pattern recognition receptor (模式识别受体): The receptors on macrophage that can recognize and bind PAMP on some pathogen, injured or apoptotic cells, including mannose receptor, scavenger receptor , toll like receptor etc.26、APC/Antigen presenting cells/Accessory cells/A cells(抗原递呈细胞): A group of cells which can uptake and process antigen and present antigen-MHC-Ⅰ/Ⅱcomplex to T cells, playing an important role in immune response.27、Cross-priming/Cross-presentation (交叉递呈): A mechanism by which a professional APC activates, a naïve CD8 CTL specific for the antigens of a third cell （e.g. a virus-infected or tumor cell）28、ITAM /immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif(免疫受体酪氨酸活化基序): ITAM transduces activation signals from TCR, composing of tyrosine residues separated by around 18 aas. When TCR specially bind to antigen, the tyrosine becomes phosphorylated by the receptor associated tyrosine kinases to transduct active signals.29、TCR complex(TCR复合物): A group of membrane molecules on T cells that can specifically bind to antigen and pass an activation signal into the cell, consisting of TCR（αβ,γδ），CD3 （γε,δε）andδ-δ。

5G基础知识及试题

简答：1、NR 测量配置中主要包括哪些部分？答：包括Measurement objects ，Reporting configurations ，Measurement identities，Quantityconfigurations，Measurement gaps。

2、5G关键技术有哪些？1）基于OFDM优化的波形和多址接入2）实现可扩展的OFDM间隔参数配置3）OFDM加窗提高多路传输效率4）先进的新型无线技术5）灵活的框架设计6）超密集异构网络7）网络切片8）网络的自组织9）内容分发网络10）设备到设备通信11）边缘计算12）软件定义网络和网络虚拟化3、三大运营商5G频段划分？从确定的5G频谱划分方案来看，中国电信获得3400MHz-3500MHz共100MHz带宽的5G试验频率资源；中国联通获得3500MHz-3600MHz共100MHz带宽的5G试验频率资源。

中国移动则将获得2515MHz-2675MHz、4800MHz-4900MHz频段的5G试验频率资源，其中2515-2575MHz、2635-2675MHz和4800-4900MHz频段为新增频段，2575-2635MHz频段为重耕中国移动现有的TD-LTE（4G）频段。

4、简要描述NR中Frame、subframe、slot、symbol之间关系？1个Frame长度10ms，1个subframe长度1ms；1个Frame中有10个subframe；1个subframe中slot个数，取决于numerology? u配置（u=0,1,2,3,4，1个subframe对应slot个数为2u）；1个slot有14个symbol（NCP），或12个symbol（ECP）。

5、NR中主要用到的信道栅格分为哪两类？RFchannel raster（频带信道栅格）和Synchronization channelraster（同步信道栅格）Synchronizationchannel raster用于标识SS block可能的频率位置集，包括同步信道PSS / SSS和PBCH；RFchannel raster主要用于识别由基站传输的整个RF载波的可能频率位置集合。

动网格中出现负体积单元和大畸变率单元根本的原因是什么

请问：动网格中出现负体积单元和大畸变率单元根本的原因是什么？Post By：2008-11-21 15:36:00大家好！我最近在做齿轮泵的内流场分析时，需要用到动网格。

做完相应的设置后，进行了动网格预览，在预览中我遇到了这样的问题：如果将Mesh Motion对话框（Solve->mesh motion....）中的时间步长（time step size）设置太大的话，就会造成负单元(max cell ske wness exceeds 0.95.)和大畸变率单元(negative cell volume dete cted!)的出现。

在动网格参数对话框中，我是启用了smothing和remesh ing网格更新方法的，为什么这些更新方法不能对负体积单元和大畸变率单元进行重新划分，使之满足相应的标准呢？（注：我遇到的这个问题只要把“时间步长”设置小一点就可以解决的）请问大家：出现负体积单元和大畸变率单元根本原因是什么？不同的问题，应该怎样去确定“时间步长”的大小呢？谢谢了，先！支持(0) 中立(0) 反对(0) 单帖管理举报帖子| 引用| 回复|小大 2楼个性首页| QQ| 信息| 搜索| 邮箱| 主页| UCyouzhizhe加好友发短信等级：管理员精华：0 贴子：85积分：510 威望：0 魅力：200 注册：2007-10-29 10:39:00Post By：2008-11-21 16:48:00一个时间步长内网格节点的位移不超过网格的尺寸，过大甚至会造成网格出现负体积。

对于Fluent做泵的分析，并不是很方便，建议使用泵专用分析软件pumplinx，采用另一种网格划分方法，最薄处与最厚处具有相同的网格层数，并且为六面体网格，这样保证不会出现梯度过大，导致计算失败的问题。

使用齿轮泵模块可以非常方便地生成网格，在计算中还可以考虑泄露、压力脉动及空化。

此主题相关图片如下：dual_gear_pump_pre_ani.gif------------------------------------------------------Flowmaster交流QQ群:71644459----------Fluent交流QQ群:69409350----------------------------------------------------------支持(0) 中立(0) 反对(0) 单帖管理举报帖子| 引用| 回复|cy_efluid小大 3楼个性首页| 信息| 搜索| 邮箱| 主页| UC加好友发短信等级：论坛游民精华：0 贴子：28积分：25 4 威望：0 魅力：5注册：2008-1-10 22:3 0:00Post By：2008-11-21 19:00:00谢谢您的解答，youzhizhe!pumplinx这个软件近年来听说得比较多，但始终没有机会接触它! 遗憾+渴望中.......!请问：你说的“另一种网格划分方法”是怎样保证最薄处与最厚处的网格层数一样多的？如果这样的话，那最薄处网格的尺寸一定很小了？这样的话需要的计算机资源是不是会很大呀？你所列图片看起来是个三维的问题，很漂亮！不知道总共有多少网格,用什么配置的机子算出来的呀？。

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ATM_INGCELL性能事件解释
ATM_INGCELL表示通过ATM连接收到的正常业务信元计数，以判断连接接收业务是否正常。

性能事件属性
对系统的影响
无。

产生原理和可能原因
ATM连接收到正常的业务信元。