数据采集中英文文献
(完整word版)中国知网等文献检索的一般方法
文献检索一般方法同学们：可能你们目前接触到的文献并不多，但以后你的作业和设计很大一部分要求自己查阅文献，期刊，论文来解决（比如说：微生物学，微生物工程工艺原理，酶工程，白酒工艺学，啤酒工艺学，食品安全学，白酒勾兑等）。
在四川理工学院我们检索文献的方式不外乎在图书馆找纸质档案和网络检索两种，因为我们通常使用的文献都要求是近三年核心期刊发表的文章，因为只有这些才能反映某个领域目前发展的现状，所以我们一般都偏向于跟新更快的网络搜索，其中又以知网和超星使用最多。
下面简单介绍文献检索的一般方法，希望能给大家的学习，包括实验室学习带来一点帮助，有不明白的地方请直接联系我。
1、检索课题名称（中英文）计算机在中学物理中的应用The application of computer to physics in middle school2、分析研究课题随着计算机技术的不断发展，计算机在教育中的作用愈发突出。
在中学物理教育中，同样可以引入计算的先进技术，改进教育方法，提高教学效率。
如今，计算机在中学物理中的应用主要体现在以下几个方面：1)计算机技术在课件制作中的应用。
2)计算机在实验仿真中的应用。
3)计算机在教学数据处理中的应用。
根据以上分析，本课题主要是根据计算机在中学物理教学中的几个应用进行相关材料的查找。
3、检索策略3.1 检索工具1)利用“中国知网”查找有关硕士、博士论文。
2)利用“中国期刊全文数据库”查找相关期刊论文。
3)利用“维普科技期刊数据库”查找相关期刊论文。
4)利用“超星数字图书馆”查找相关图书。
5)利用“SpringLink”查找相关论文。
6)利用“百度”搜索相关知识。
3.2 检索词1)计算机 and 中学 and 物理教育2)计算机 and 课件制作3)计算机 and 物理实验 and 仿真4)计算机 and 成绩分析4、检索步骤及检索结果4.1 检索工具中国知网（中国博士学位论文全文数据库、中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库）4.1.1检索式1)题名=计算机 and 物理教育2)主题=计算机 and 物理教育3)题名=计算机 and 物理实验仿真4)主题=计算机 and 物理实验仿真4.1.2 检索年限2000.1.1——2010.34.1.3 检索结果[1]唐军.关于在高中物理中运用计算机辅助教学的探讨. 华中师范大学,2003-07-31.中文摘要：随着教育技术理论的不断完善，人们对计算机辅助教学的研究已经逐渐脱离了将计算机媒体与其它媒体进行比较的模式，转而将计算机纳入教学媒体系统中，用科学的方法对教学进行设计，这其中当然包括教学媒体的设计。
文献翻译-多路数据采集与分析系统的设计及应用
附录五中英文资料Multi-channel data collection and analysisof the design and applicationAbstract:The Paper mainly introduces a multichannel data acquisition and analysis system composed of one PC and one measuring instrument. The system can test eight products parallelly. It reduces the test cost and improves work efficiency. The paper also gives the hardware structure and software flow diagr am of the system. The application in the gyro test is also introduced briefly.Key words:communication prot;data acquisition; gyro; testWith the development of computer technology and the digital measuring instrument, usually by computer and measuring instruments to communicate with each other in real-time data collection and use of computer powerful computing capability to conduct the analysis of the data processing. Particularly in the large volume of data, measuring the length of time occasions, such as the Gyro-tilt test, using computer for automatic control of measuring instruments, automatic data acquisition and analysis it is particularly important, can save a lot of manpower and material resources to improve work efficiency, reduce costs , The conventional method of testing is usually a measuring instrument at the same time can only test a product, namely a computer and a measuring instrument test system can only be composed of serial testing. To test multiple products at the same time, they need multiple systems, testing products in large volume, low efficiency, such as the composition of several sets of test system, an increase of cost. First on a machine with a PC and a measuring instrument consisting of 8-way data collection and analysissystem, which can carry out multiple sets of product testing, at no additional cost on the basis of a computer give full play to the advantages of automatic test, Improve work efficiency.1 PrincipleThe system hardware and software system. A PC through a RS232 port and a measuring instrument connected, PC-parallel port (LPT) and an 8-way channel selector attached to a 8-way connector will channel selector were connected with a number of test products.The working principle as shown in Figure 1. The course of testing, computer through the parallel port 8-way control channel selection, were open different channels, each channel for data transmission by choosing to measuring instruments, measuring instruments through the RS232 port to the computer data sent to save, A complete cycle of all channels of data collection, and this has also tested a number of product features.Figure 1 system block diagram of workThroughout the course of testing, all the control operations have completed the software automatically, without human intervention.2 hardware designThe system is mainly to use the computer onboard RS232 communication ports and digital measuring instrument of communication port connecting communications, re-use LPT parallel port on a 8-way channel selector for access control. 8-way channel of choice for an 8-elected one of analog switches and related circuit, the control signals from the computer's parallel port to provide and meet shown in table 1.Table1 The relation between channel selection and port output8-way channel selector industry can use the SCM, subject to additional controls, select RS232 serial port as data transmission, because the RS232 port is the computer and measuring instruments on the standard configuration, communicate with each other without additional hardware , Easy to use. In addition, a serial communication-only a bit, with only a standard data-voltage potential, hence more difficult in data errors. In a parallel port to transfer data 8-bit, data transmission speed, but the data vulnerable to interference. Transmission distance in a shorter amount of data transmission larger circumstances, may be parallel port (such as GPIB, LPT, etc.) to communicate. In addition, since LPT parallel port may signal transmission, channel selection is suitable for the control port.System in the course of work, good access control modules and data acquisition module synchronization is particularly important because different channels of datastorage needs of the corresponding data buffer pool, which is controlled by software.3 software designThe whole system software design is the most important part. Software system from the bottom of the communication protocol can be divided into functional three-tier module and user interface. Software design in the use of multi-threaded Windows technology, the technology for data collection procedures can effectively accelerate the reaction time and increase the efficiency of implementation. The procedures used in a separate thread for data collection, so the guaranteed maximum energy collection of real-time; using another thread at the same time data processing, such procedures to avoid a single-threaded the same time only the implementation of a functional deficiencies. Especially when the amount of data collection, data processing task, using multi-threaded technology will greatly improve the efficiency of the system as a whole.3.1 Data Acquisition ModuleData acquisition modules to eight channels of data in a cycle of all the acquisition to the computer, and save the channel, and the corresponding data in the buffer. Its procedures diagram shown in Figure 2.Fig 2 Flow diagram of data acquisitionAt the beginning of procedures, with the choice of control and store data buffer at the same time to switch to the same channel, 8-way data collection cycle and command judgement, in the end not received orders, has recycling collection to do.Multi-channel data acquisition process the data vulnerable to interference, especially in the fast-channel switching, the data vulnerable to fluctuations, as shown in Figure 3. At this time if the data collection, will be collecting the wrong data, the need to add some software algorithms to prevent this from happening. If we develop the automated data tracking algorithm to automatically track each channel data to determine whether the channel in a stable state, and only the stability of dataacquisition, the volatility of other data. In addition, the software can also add some filtering algorithm (such as limiting filter, etc.) to filter out man-made interference or other factors caused by the mutation data. Limiting filter for（1）Figure 3 channel switching, the data volatilityWhen the new collected data and the data before a difference to the absolute value of more than one set of values that the data is invalid, and the previous data from the current data.3.2 Data Analysis ModuleIn the data analysis module can be added if the algorithm analysis, graphics display and print output, and other useful features, such as gyroscopes and stability in the standard deviation algorithm can function in the course of testing real-time calculation of zero stability, and through chart shows. Zero stability calculation formula as follows:（2）According to first-(2) to prepare an algorithm function, and then call in the analysis module. Analysis module diagram of the procedure shown in Figure 4.Figure 4 data analysis process flow chartBecause the system uses multi-threaded technology, in the cycle of operation and will not affect the acquisition module's operation. The module also in its algorithm in the function of any expansion, forming a algorithm to adapt to different procedures for data analysis.In addition, software design, a friendly user interface is necessary in the process of the functions from the package, through a unified interface to users, to reduce operating difficulties and enhance efficiency.4 system test resultsFigure 5 to 8 in the analysis of data acquisition systems, at the same time two three-axis gyro and a single axis gyroscope total of seven road test data of thesituation. Its precise data collection, data analysis can be conducted at the same time, and through real-time charts, user-friendly, easy to operate.Figure 5 8 Data Collection and Analysis System5 ConclusionMulti-channel data acquisition and analysis system for the hardware requirements simple, easy to set up, can be applied to various tests occasions, it can also test multiple products, thereby reducing the cost and enhance efficiency. As a result of a multi-threaded technology, the speed of data acquisition systems and hardware only (instrument) and the response speed of the speed of Communication. With the collection and analysis software algorithm has nothing to do.PAD programming tools can be used to develop a data collection, data analysis, graphics display and print output, and other powerful features and friendly user interface of our software. Software modular design and easy to carry out expansion, according to different algorithm for data analysis at the request of upgrades, and hardware can remain the same. The system give full play to the use of computers and measuring instruments of mutual communication, automation and test advantage.多路数据采集与分析系统的设计及应用摘要：介绍了用一台PC机和一台测量仪表组成的8路数据采集与分析系统。
气体检测系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
⽓体检测系统中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照翻译研究智能⽓体检测系统⽂摘根据统计数据，中国近年来，煤⽓泄漏时有发⽣，对⼈⾝安全造成很⼤威胁，因此⽓体检测和监控系统是需要作为⼀个安全装置在家庭应⽤。
在本⽂中，智能⽓体检测系统的设计。
该检测仪采⽤单⽚机AT89S52为控制核⼼，采⽤催化燃烧式⽓体传感器元件MC112作为⽓体传感器（CH4）检测。
该系统的主要功能如下：浓度的实时监测CH4和显⽰的浓度值；发射声光报警信号，如果CH4浓度值超过报警值通过键盘⾯板输⼊；串⾏通信⼝发送数据地⾯以上主机。
软件调试和硬件仿真上述系统也实现在同⼀时间。
关键词：数据采集，传感器,串⾏通信,单⽚机。
在本⽂中，检测系统采⽤单⽚机作为控制计算机；整个系统的⽰意图如图1所⽰。
选择理由：单⽚机作为控制核⼼，它具有体积⼩尺⼨，⾼可靠性，低价格，使其成为⾏业使⽤⾮常合适智能仪表、实时控制领域。
系统的操作界⾯如图2所⽰。
在右上⾓号码显⽰默认的或⽤户定义的⽓体浓度值，在左上⾓显⽰检测到的⽓体浓度值。
报警灯的设置。
所有的功能通过设置控制⾯板上的按键控制，包括电源键，复位键，数据采集的关键。
其他键包括⼗个数字键，调整值键和回车键来改变阈值。
基本操作程序如下：⾸先按下电源键，系统初始化机数据采集的关键，LED在右上⾓显⽰的阈值1；⽤户可以定制阈值调整值的按键和数字键，然后按回车键确认更改。
系统开始检测⽓体浓度和上显⽰这些参左叶⾯积，同时实时数据的传输，通过RS-485总线主机地⾯上的。
3⽓体检测系统的硬件系统设计主要包括主控单元系统的硬件结构，传感器和信号放⼤电路，A/D转换模块，声光报警电路，键盘显⽰模块，串⼝通信模块。
3.1主控单元具有集成度⾼,体积⼩,价格低，单⽚机已⼴泛应⽤于⼯业过程中⼴泛应⽤包括控制，数据采集，机电⼀体化，智能仪表，家⽤电器和⽹络技术，以及显著提⾼的程度技术和⾃动化。
考虑在芯⽚选择两个因素，⼀是抗⼲扰的能⼒，提⾼单⽚机应⽤系统的⼲扰，图2. 系统运⾏界⾯图所以单⽚机必须有较⾼的外界⼲扰；⼆是单⽚机的性能价格⽐。
毕业论文文献综述的数据采集与分析
毕业论文文献综述的数据采集与分析在撰写毕业论文时，文献综述是一个至关重要的部分，而数据采集与分析则是文献综述中不可或缺的环节。
通过对相关文献的搜集、筛选和分析，可以为论文的研究提供有力的支撑和论证。
本文将重点探讨毕业论文文献综述中数据采集与分析的重要性、方法和技巧。
一、数据采集的重要性1.1 确定研究方向在进行文献综述时，首先需要明确研究的方向和目的。
通过数据采集，可以帮助研究者更好地了解该领域的研究现状、热点问题和研究趋势，从而明确自己的研究方向，避免重复劳动和盲目研究。
1.2 收集相关资料数据采集是获取文献资料的过程，包括书籍、期刊、论文、报告等各种形式的文献。
通过广泛而有针对性地收集相关资料，可以为文献综述提供充分的依据和支持，使论文的内容更加丰富和可靠。
1.3 筛选文献在数据采集的过程中，需要对收集到的文献进行筛选和整理。
筛选文献的标准包括文献的权威性、可靠性、时效性和相关性等，只有经过严格筛选的文献才能为论文的撰写提供有力的支持。
二、数据采集的方法2.1 图书馆检索图书馆是获取文献资料的重要途径，研究者可以通过图书馆的资源检索系统查找到大量相关文献。
在进行文献检索时，可以根据关键词、主题词、作者等信息进行检索，以获取所需的文献资料。
2.2 电子数据库检索随着信息技术的发展，各种电子数据库如CNKI、万方、SCI等成为了研究者获取文献资料的重要平台。
通过电子数据库检索，研究者可以快速、准确地找到相关文献，并进行下载和保存。
2.3 专家咨询在进行数据采集时，研究者还可以向相关领域的专家学者请教，获取他们的建议和推荐。
专家咨询可以帮助研究者找到一些难以获取的文献，同时也可以获得专家们对研究方向和方法的指导。
三、数据分析的技巧3.1 文献综述在进行数据分析时，研究者需要对收集到的文献进行仔细阅读和分析。
通过文献综述，可以了解到该领域的研究现状、热点问题和争议点，为论文的撰写提供理论依据和实证支持。
(完整word版)基于STM32的数据采集系统英文文献
Design of the Data Acquisition System Based on STM32ABSTRACTEarly detection of failures in machinery equipments is one of the most important concerns to industry. In order to monitor effective of rotating machinery, we development a micro-controller uC/OS-II system of signal acquisition system based on STM32 in this paper。
we have given the whole design scheme of system and the multi —channel vibration signal in axis X，Y and Z of the rotary shaft can be acquired rapidly and display in real-time。
Our system has the character of simple structure，low power consumption, miniaturization.Keywords:STM32；data acquisition；embedded system；uC/OS-II；1.1. IntroductionThe real—time acquisition of vibration in rotating machinery can effectively predict, assess and diagnose equipment operation state，the industry gets vibration data acquisition Rapidly and analysis in real-time can monitor the rotating machinery state and guarantee the safe running of the equipment。
数据采集 英文文献
Developing conversational interfaces is a classic chicken and egg problem. In order to develop the system capabilities, one needs to have a large corpus of data for system development, training and evaluation. In order to collect data that reflect actual usage, one needs to have a system that users can speak to. Figure 1 illustrates a typical cycle of system development. For a new domain or language, one must first develop some limited natural language capabilities, thus enabling an “experimenter-in-the-loop,” or wizard-of-oz, data collection paradigm, in which an experimenter types the spoken sentences to the system, after removing spontaneous speech artifacts. This process has the advantage of eliminating potential recognition errors. The resulting data are then used for the development and training of the speech recognition and natural language components. As these components begin to mature, it becomes feasible to collect more data using the “system-in-the-loop,” or wizardless, paradigm, which is both more realistic and more cost effective. Performance evaluation using newly collected data will facilitate system refinement.
数据采集外文文献翻译中英文
数据采集外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Txomin Nieva. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS [J]. Computers in Industry, 2013, 4(2):215-237.英文原文DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMSTxomin NievaData acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products and/or processes used to collect information to document or analyze some phenomenon. In the simplest form, a technician logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of paper is performing data acquisition. As technology has progressed, this type of process has been simplified and made more accurate, versatile, and reliable through electronic equipment. Equipment ranges from simple recorders to sophisticated computer systems. Data acquisition products serve as a focal point in a system, tying together a wide variety of products, such as sensors that indicate temperature, flow, level, or pressure. Some common data acquisition terms are shown below.Data collection technology has made great progress in the past 30 to 40 years. For example, 40 years ago, in a well-known college laboratory, the device used to track temperature rises in bronze made of helium was composed of thermocouples, relays, interrogators, a bundle of papers, anda pencil.Today's university students are likely to automatically process and analyze data on PCs. There are many ways you can choose to collect data. The choice of which method to use depends on many factors, including the complexity of the task, the speed and accuracy you need, the evidence you want, and more. Whether simple or complex, the data acquisition system can operate and play its role.The old way of using pencils and papers is still feasible for some situations, and it is cheap, easy to obtain, quick and easy to start. All you need is to capture multiple channels of digital information (DMM) and start recording data by hand.Unfortunately, this method is prone to errors, slower acquisition of data, and requires too much human analysis. In addition, it can only collect data in a single channel; but when you use a multi-channel DMM, the system will soon become very bulky and clumsy. Accuracy depends on the level of the writer, and you may need to scale it yourself. For example, if the DMM is not equipped with a sensor that handles temperature, the old one needs to start looking for a proportion. Given these limitations, it is an acceptable method only if you need to implement a rapid experiment.Modern versions of the strip chart recorder allow you to retrieve data from multiple inputs. They provide long-term paper records of databecause the data is in graphic format and they are easy to collect data on site. Once a bar chart recorder has been set up, most recorders have enough internal intelligence to operate without an operator or computer. The disadvantages are the lack of flexibility and the relative low precision, often limited to a percentage point. You can clearly feel that there is only a small change with the pen. In the long-term monitoring of the multi-channel, the recorders can play a very good role, in addition, their value is limited. For example, they cannot interact with other devices. Other concerns are the maintenance of pens and paper, the supply of paper and the storage of data. The most important is the abuse and waste of paper. However, recorders are fairly easy to set up and operate, providing a permanent record of data for quick and easy analysis.Some benchtop DMMs offer selectable scanning capabilities. The back of the instrument has a slot to receive a scanner card that can be multiplexed for more inputs, typically 8 to 10 channels of mux. This is inherently limited in the front panel of the instrument. Its flexibility is also limited because it cannot exceed the number of available channels. External PCs usually handle data acquisition and analysis.The PC plug-in card is a single-board measurement system that uses the ISA or PCI bus to expand the slot in the PC. They often have a reading rate of up to 1000 per second. 8 to 16 channels are common, and the collected data is stored directly in the computer and then analyzed.Because the card is essentially a part of the computer, it is easy to establish the test. PC-cards are also relatively inexpensive, partly because they have since been hosted by PCs to provide energy, mechanical accessories, and user interfaces. Data collection optionsOn the downside, the PC plug-in cards often have a 12-word capacity, so you can't detect small changes in the input signal. In addition, the electronic environment within the PC is often susceptible to noise, high clock rates, and bus noise. The electronic contacts limit the accuracy of the PC card. These plug-in cards also measure a range of voltages. To measure other input signals, such as voltage, temperature, and resistance, you may need some external signal monitoring devices. Other considerations include complex calibrations and overall system costs, especially if you need to purchase additional signal monitoring devices or adapt the PC card to the card. Take this into account. If your needs change within the capabilities and limitations of the card, the PC plug-in card provides an attractive method for data collection.Data electronic recorders are typical stand-alone instruments that, once equipped with them, enable the measurement, recording, and display of data without the involvement of an operator or computer. They can handle multiple signal inputs, sometimes up to 120 channels. Accuracy rivals unrivalled desktop DMMs because it operates within a 22 word, 0.004 percent accuracy range. Some data electronic automatic recordershave the ability to measure proportionally, the inspection result is not limited by the user's definition, and the output is a control signal.One of the advantages of using data electronic loggers is their internal monitoring signals. Most can directly measure several different input signals without the need for additional signal monitoring devices. One channel can monitor thermocouples, RTDs, and voltages.Thermocouples provide valuable compensation for accurate temperature measurements. They are typically equipped with multi-channel cards. Built-in intelligent electronic data recorder helps you set the measurement period and specify the parameters for each channel. Once you set it all up, the data electronic recorder will behave like an unbeatable device. The data they store is distributed in memory and can hold 500,000 or more readings.Connecting to a PC makes it easy to transfer data to a computer for further analysis. Most data electronic recorders can be designed to be flexible and simple to configure and operate, and most provide remote location operation options via battery packs or other methods. Thanks to the A/D conversion technology, certain data electronic recorders have a lower reading rate, especially when compared with PC plug-in cards. However, a reading rate of 250 per second is relatively rare. Keep in mind that many of the phenomena that are being measured are physical in nature, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, and there are generallyfewer changes. In addition, because of the monitoring accuracy of the data electron loggers, a large amount of average reading is not necessary, just as they are often stuck on PC plug-in cards.Front-end data acquisition is often done as a module and is typically connected to a PC or controller. They are used in automated tests to collect data, control and cycle detection signals for other test equipment. Send signal test equipment spare parts. The efficiency of the front-end operation is very high, and can match the speed and accuracy with the best stand-alone instrument. Front-end data acquisition works in many models, including VXI versions such as the Agilent E1419A multi-function measurement and VXI control model, as well as a proprietary card elevator. Although the cost of front-end units has been reduced, these systems can be very expensive unless you need to provide high levels of operation, and finding their prices is prohibited. On the other hand, they do provide considerable flexibility and measurement capabilities.Good, low-cost electronic data loggers have the right number of channels (20-60 channels) and scan rates are relatively low but are common enough for most engineers. Some of the key applications include:•product features•Hot die cutting of electronic products•Test of the environmentEnvironmental monitoring•Composition characteristics•Battery testBuilding and computer capacity monitoringA new system designThe conceptual model of a universal system can be applied to the analysis phase of a specific system to better understand the problem and to specify the best solution more easily based on the specific requirements of a particular system. The conceptual model of a universal system can also be used as a starting point for designing a specific system. Therefore, using a general-purpose conceptual model will save time and reduce the cost of specific system development. To test this hypothesis, we developed DAS for railway equipment based on our generic DAS concept model. In this section, we summarize the main results and conclusions of this DAS development.We analyzed the device model package. The result of this analysis is a partial conceptual model of a system consisting of a three-tier device model. We analyzed the equipment project package in the equipment environment. Based on this analysis, we have listed a three-level item hierarchy in the conceptual model of the system. Equipment projects are specialized for individual equipment projects.We analyzed the equipment model monitoring standard package in the equipment context. One of the requirements of this system is the ability to use a predefined set of data to record specific status monitoring reports. We analyzed the equipment project monitoring standard package in the equipment environment. The requirements of the system are: (i) the ability to record condition monitoring reports and event monitoring reports corresponding to the items, which can be triggered by time triggering conditions or event triggering conditions; (ii) the definition of private and public monitoring standards; (iii) Ability to define custom and predefined train data sets. Therefore, we have introduced the "monitoring standards for equipment projects", "public standards", "special standards", "equipment monitoring standards", "equipment condition monitoring standards", "equipment project status monitoring standards and equipment project event monitoring standards, respectively Training item triggering conditions, training item time triggering conditions and training item event triggering conditions are device equipment trigger conditions, equipment item time trigger conditions and device project event trigger condition specialization; and training item data sets, training custom data Sets and trains predefined data sets, which are device project data sets, custom data sets, and specialized sets of predefined data sets.Finally, we analyzed the observations and monitoring reports in the equipment environment. The system's requirement is to recordmeasurements and category observations. In addition, status and incident monitoring reports can be recorded. Therefore, we introduce the concept of observation, measurement, classification observation and monitoring report into the conceptual model of the system.Our generic DAS concept model plays an important role in the design of DAS equipment. We use this model to better organize the data that will be used by system components. Conceptual models also make it easier to design certain components in the system. Therefore, we have an implementation in which a large number of design classes represent the concepts specified in our generic DAS conceptual model. Through an industrial example, the development of this particular DAS demonstrates the usefulness of a generic system conceptual model for developing a particular system.中文译文数据采集系统Txomin Nieva数据采集系统, 正如名字所暗示的, 是一种用来采集信息成文件或分析一些现象的产品或过程。
科技文献中英文对照翻译
Human Geomatics in Urban Design—Two Case Studies在城市设计中的人类地理信息学——两个案例研究Małgorzata Hanzl1,*,Karol Dzik2,Paulina Kowalczyk2,Krystian Kwieciński2,Ewa Stankiewicz2and AgataŁ.Wierzbicka2Abstract:The mapping of different aspects of urban phenomena and their relation to thephysical cityscape has been greatly extended by the use of geomatics.The tradition to basereasoning on‗understanding the world‘dates from the time of Aristotle.The extensionplan for Barcelona(Eixample),developed by Cerdà,which opened the era of modern urbanplanning,was preceded by analyses of rich data,describing both detailed demographicissues and physical structures.The contemporary,postmodernist city planning continuesthis tradition,although a shift towards analyses of more human-related issues can beobserved,covering,inter alia,citizens‘perception,cultural differences and patterns ofhuman activities with regard to distinct social groups.The change towards a morehuman-related perspective and the inclusion of urban morphology analyses are directconsequences of this trend.The required data may be gathered within a crowd-sourcingparticipation process.According to communicative planning theory,communication withthe wider public is indispensable in order to achieve the best results,and can be realizedwith the use of sophisticated IT tools.Evidence-based reasoning may be supported byimages of significant aesthetic values,which inspire immediate reactions.Keywords:GIS;crowd-sourcing;mash-up;education;urban planning;urban analyses摘要：不同方面的城市现象及其与物理城市景观的关系映射经由地理信息学的使用已经大大扩展了。
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数据采集数据采集是对现实世界抽样产生出可以由计算机操纵的数据，有时也把它缩写为DAS或者DAQ，数据采集和信号通常涉及到的信号波形采集和处理，以获得所需的信息。
数据采集系统的组成部分包括的任何测量参数转换为电信号，然后调节电信号，然后再通过数据采集硬件获取相应数据的传感器。
使用厂商提供的软件，或自定义显示和控制，开发利用如BASIC，C，Fortran，Java，Lisp，Pascal各种通用编程语言把获得的数据显示，分析和存储在计算机中。
为了构建大规模数据采集系统，使用了包括EPICS等专业的编程语言进行的数据采集。
LabVIEW，内置了图形化工具和数据的采集和分析，它提供了图形化编程环境数据采集优化，并使用MATLAB作为其编程语言。
数据是如何取得(1)来源根据调查，数据采集是和物理现象或物体的物理性质一起开始的。
这物理性质或现象，可能是根据温度或房间温度，强度或光源的强度变化而变化，内部的压力，迫使应用到一个对象，或许多其他事情。
一个有效的数据采集系统可以测量这些不同性质或现象。
换能器是一种可以将电压，电流，电阻或电容值的变化等转换成相应的可测量的电信号的装置，数据采集系统衡量不同的物理现象的能力，取决于换能器把数据采集硬件采集到的可测量的物理现象转换成可测量信号。
在DAQ系统中，传感器是感应器的代名词。
不同的传感器有许多不同的应用，如测量温度，压力，或液体流动。
数据采集还进行各种信号调理技术，将充分修改各种不同的电压，使之变为可以使用ADC测量的数字化电信号。
(2)信号信号可能是数字信号（有时也称为逻辑信号）或使用不同的传感器进行模拟分析的结果。
如果从传感器得到的信号与数据采集硬件不兼容，信号调理就是非常必要的了。
该信号可以被放大，或者可能需要过滤，或锁定放大器解调列入执行。
模拟信号容忍几乎没有串音等转换为数字数据，然后才接近一台PC或之前沿长电缆。
对于模拟数据，具有很高的信噪比，信号需要非常高，同时派遣一个50欧姆的终端快速信号路径+ -10伏特，需要强大的驱动程序。
(3)数据采集硬件数据采集硬件通常是与信号和PC接口。
它可以从母板连接到计算机的端口（并行，串行，USB等..）或连接到插槽卡（PCI，ISA和PCI - E等..）。
通常在一个PCI卡背面的空间太小，不能满足所有需要的连接的血药，所以外部的盒式是必需的。
这之间的电缆盒和PC是昂贵的原因是许多的电线需屏蔽。
数据采集卡通常包含复用器，模数转换，数模转换，与TTL印务局，高速定时器，RAM等多个组件。
这些都可以通过由一个可以运行小程序的总线的微控制器进行控制。
该控制器比硬布线逻辑灵活，但比CPU便宜，所以用它阻止它用简单的投票循环是没有问题。
例如：等待一个触发，启动ADC时，查找的时间，等待完成的ADC，移动值到RAM，切换多路，得到TTL输入，让数模转换器进行电压斜坡。
由于16位模数转换器，数模转换器，运算放大器和样品，并作为2007年只有1兆赫运行等精度认为，即使像成本低为AVR32数字控制器有簿记之间约100个时钟周期。
可重构计算可提供高速数字信号。
数字信号处理器算法花费大量的硅，并允许严格控制回路或过滤器。
与个人电脑连接允许舒适固定编制和调试。
使用外部住房在1总线插槽模块化设计，可以增加与用户的需求。
高速二进制数据需要特殊用途的硬件要求时向数字转换器和高速8位ADC称为数字存储示波器示波器＃，这是典型的未连接到DAQ硬件，而是直接到PC。
另外值得注意的是，并非所有的数据采集硬件的运行永久连接到电脑上，例如智能独立伐木者和控制器，可以从电脑操作，但他们可以经营完全独立的个人电脑。
(4)数据采集软件数据采集软件，是为了对数据采集硬件与PC的工作。
这样可能会至少在三个方面：应用程序直接从硬件寄存器，低层次的软件驱动程序（通常包装与数据采集硬件），让开发更高级别的应用程序注册资料从硬件和越野的现成应用程序来驱动软件，通常与数据采集硬件或其他厂商来了，让操作系统识别的数据采集硬件和程序访问的信号正由数据采集硬件阅读。
一个优秀的车手提供了高，低级别的访问。
所以，一开始时会与高级别提供的解决办法，提高到组装说明在时间关键的或外来的申请。
场外的现成应用程序编程接口的手段包括记录，分析和显示所获得的数据。
这种软件的例子是MATLAB和LabVIEW中，既提供一个高层次的图形化编程语言。
Data acquisitionData acquisition is the sampling of the real world to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer. Sometimes abbreviated DAQ or DAS, data acquisition typically involves acquisition of signals and waveforms and processing the signals to obtain desired information. The components of data acquisition systems include appropriate sensors that convert any measurement parameter to an electrical signal, then conditioning the electrical signal which can then be acquired by data acquisition hardware.Acquired data are displayed, analyzed, and stored on a computer, either using vendor supplied software, or custom displays and control can be developed using various general purpose programming languages such as BASIC, C, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal. Specialized programming languages used for data acquisition include EPICS, used to build large scale data acquisition systems, LabVIEW, which offers a graphical programming environment optimized for data acquisition, and MATLAB which provides aprogramming language, and also built-in graphical tools and libraries for data acquisition and analysis.How data is acquiredSourceData acquisition begins with the physical phenomenon or physical property of an object (under investigation) to be measured. This physical property or phenomenon could be the temperature or temperature change of a room, the intensity or intensity change of a light source, the pressure inside a chamber, the force applied to an object, or many other things. An effective data acquisition system can measure all of these different properties or phenomena.A transducer is a device that converts a physical property or phenomenon into a corresponding measurable electrical signal, such as voltage, current, change in resistance or capacitor values, etc. The ability of a data acquisition system to measure different phenomena depends on the transducers to convert the physical phenomena into signals measurable by the data acquisition hardware. Transducers are synonymous with sensors in DAQ systems. There are specific transducers for many different applications, such as measuring temperature, pressure, or fluid flow. DAQ also deploy various signal conditioning techniques to adequately modify various different electrical signals into voltage that can then be digitized using ADCs.SignalsSignals may be digital (also called logic signals sometimes) or analog depending on the transducer used.Signal conditioning may be necessary if the signal from the transducer is not suitable for the DAQ hardware to be used. The signal may be amplified, or may require filtering, or a lock-in amplifier is included to perform demodulation. Analog signals tolerate almost no cross talk and so are converted to digital data, before coming close to a PC or before traveling along long cables. For analog data to have a high signal to noise ratio, the signal needs to be very high, and sending +-10 Volts along a fast signal path with a 50 Ohm termination requires powerful drivers.DAQ hardwareDAQ hardware is what usually interfaces between the signal and a PC. It could be in the form of modules that can be connected to the computer's ports (parallel, serial, USB, etc...) or cards connected to slots (PCI, ISA, PCI-E, etc...) in the mother board. Usually the space on the back of a PCI card is too smallfor all the connections needed, so an external breakout box is required. The cable between this Box and the PC is expensive due to the many wires and the required shielding and because it is exotic.DAQ-cards often contain multiple components (multiplexer, ADC, DAC, TTL-IO, high speed timers, RAM). These are accessible via a bus by a micro controller, which can run small programs. The controller is more flexible than a hard wired logic, yet cheaper than a CPU so that it is alright to block it with simple polling loops. For example: Waiting for a trigger, starting the ADC, looking up the time, waiting for the ADC to finish, move value to RAM, switch multiplexer, get TTL input, let DAC proceed with voltage ramp. As 16 bit ADCs, DACs, OpAmps and sample and holds with equal precision as of 2007 only run at 1 MHz, even low cost digital controllers like the AVR32 have about 100 clock cycles for bookkeeping in between.Reconfigurable computing may deliver high speed for digital signals. Digital signal processors spend a lot of silicon on arithmetic and allow tight control loops or filters. The fixed connection with the PC allows for comfortable compilation and debugging. Using an external housing a modular design with slots in a bus can grow with the needs of the user. High speed binary data needs special purpose hardware called Time to digital converter and high speed 8 bit ADCs are called oscilloscope#Digital storage oscilloscope, which are typically not connected to DAQ hardware, but directly to the PC.Also notable is that not all DAQ hardware has to run permanently connected to a PC, for example intelligent stand-alone loggers and controllers, which can be operated from a PC, yet they can operate completely independent of the PC.DAQ softwareDAQ software is needed in order to the DAQ Hardware to work with a PC. This can come in at least three flavors: applications that register directly from the hardware, low-level software driver (usually packaged with the DAQ hardware) to allow developing higher level applications to register data coming from the hardware and off-the-shelf applicationsDriver software that usually comes with the DAQ hardware or from other vendors, allows the operating system to recognize the DAQ hardware and programs to access the signals being read by the DAQ hardware. A good driver offers high and low level access. So one would start out with the high level solutions offered and improves down to assembly instructions in time critical or exotic applications.Off-the-shelf applications include interface for programming means to log,analyze and display the acquired data. Examples of this kind of software are MATLAB and LabVIEW, both providing a high level graphical programming language.。