英文学术论文写作

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英文学术论文写作技巧

英文学术论文写作技巧

英文学术论文写作技巧在英文学术论文写作中,使用恰当的句型和表达可以增强文章的逻辑性和可读性。

以下是一些常用的句型:1.引言- In recent years, there has been a growing interest in...- It is widely acknowledged that...- With the rapid development of...- The purpose of this study is toinvestigate/examine/analyze...2.文献综述- According to previous research, ...- Several studies have shown/suggested/indicated that...- Smith (2024) pointed out that...- Previous studies have focused on..., however, little attention has been given to...3.问题陈述- One of the major challenges in this field is...- The main issue for consideration is...- This problem can be attributed to...- It is important to address this issue because...4.方法描述- The research was conducted using aquantitative/qualitative approach.- A sample of XX participants was selected for the study.- The data were collected throughsurveys/interviews/observations.- Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS/Excel.5.结果呈现- The findings of the study suggest/indicate/show that...- The data revealed a significant/inverse correlation between...- It was found that there is a strong association between X and Y.- These results support the hypothesis/theory/framework that...6.讨论- The results are consistent with previousstudies/scholarship/theories.- The findings of this study provide important insights into the understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.- Further research is needed to explore/address/clarify the factors/relationships.7.结论- In conclusion, this study has shown/provided evidence that...- The findings of this research contribute to the existing literature.- This study has implications for futurepractice/policy/research.- To sum up, this research provides a foundation for further investigation.8.建议- Future studies should focus on...- It is important to develop/implement strategies/policies to...- The implications of this research suggest the need for...这些句型可以帮助你陈述论文的目的、描绘问题、描述方法、呈现结果和讨论结论。

如何进行英文学术论文写作

如何进行英文学术论文写作

如何进行英文学术论文写作
英文学术论文是一种较为正式和严谨的写作形式,需要遵循一定的写
作规范和结构。

以下是一些关键步骤和技巧,帮助你进行英文学术论文写作。

1.选择合适的主题:选择一个你感兴趣且对学术界有贡献的主题。


保主题具有独创性和足够的研究资源。

2.执行文献综述:在开始写作之前,进行文献综述以了解该领域的最
新研究和观点。

这将帮助你明确论文的研究目标和重要性,并从中获得支
持和建议。

3.制定论文提纲:根据文献综述的结果,为论文制定一个详细的提纲。

此提纲应包括引言、方法、结果和讨论、结论等部分,其中各部分应有明
确的目标和内容。

4.写作引言:引言应简明扼要地介绍研究背景、目的和研究问题,并
解释你的研究对该领域的重要性。

5.方法部分:描述你的研究设计、实验过程、数据收集和分析方法。

确保清晰地描述,以便读者能够重复你的研究。

6.结果和讨论:在这部分,展示和解释你的研究结果。

使用数据和图
表来支持你的观点,并与其他研究进行比较和对比。

讨论你的观点,解释
结果的意义,并提出未来研究的建议。

7.结论:总结你的研究结果,并强调你的研究对该领域的贡献。

提出
一些潜在的应用和进一步研究的方向。

9.校对和修改:在完成初稿后,进行多次的校对和修改。

检查拼写、语法和句子结构,确保文章的流畅性和逻辑性。

英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法

英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法

英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法Academic paper writing is an essential skill that every student and researcher should possess. It allows individuals to explore specific topics, present their findings, and contributeto the expansion of knowledge in their field of study. Thisarticle will discuss the requirements and methods of writing an academic paper.1. Requirements of Academic Paper Writing:a. Clarity and coherence: A good academic paper should be clear, well-organized, and easy to understand. The writer should present their arguments and ideas in a logical and coherent manner to guide readers through the paper.b. Research-based: An academic paper should be grounded in extensive research. This involves conducting a literature review, gathering data, and analyzing relevant sources to support the arguments made throughout the paper.c. Originality and contribution: A strong academic paper should present novel insights or contribute to existing knowledge. It should offer a unique perspective or provide additional evidence to enhance the understanding of the topic.d. Proper citation and referencing: To maintain academic integrity, all sources used in the paper must be properly cited.This prevents plagiarism and allows readers to verify the information presented.e. Structure and format: Academic papers typically follow a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Adhering tothis structure helps readers navigate through the paper more effectively.2. Methods of Academic Paper Writing:a. Identify a research question: Begin by choosing aresearch question or topic that is interesting and relevant to your field of study. Make sure the research question is specific and focused, allowing for in-depth exploration.c. Develop an outline: Create a clear outline that organizes your thoughts and ideas. This helps maintain a logical flow and ensures that all essential points are addressed.e. Present your methodology and research findings: Clearly explain the methodology used for your study and present your findings. Use graphs, tables, and other visuals to enhance the presentation of data.f. Analyze your results and discuss their implications: Interpret and analyze your research findings, discussing their implications in relation to previous studies. Identify any limitations or further areas of research.g. Write a concise conclusion: Summarize your main findings and highlight their significance. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.h. Revise and edit: Proofread your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and logically.i. Cite your sources properly: Use the appropriate citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago) to reference your sources accurately throughout the paper.In conclusion, writing an academic paper requires clarity, research-based content, originality, proper citation, and adherence to a defined structure. By following these requirements and methods, students and researchers can effectively contribute to their field of study and advance knowledge in their chosen area.。

高质量英文学术论文的要素和写作注意事项

高质量英文学术论文的要素和写作注意事项

高质量英文学术论文的要素和写作注意事项十大要素:(1)原创性(2)创新性(3)题目合适(4)好的摘要(5)论文组织论证严密(逻辑性强)(6)图表清晰可靠(7)英语表达好,语法拼写等错误少(8)精选参考文献(9)LETTER 要求投的文章要适合该期刊(10)可读性,好的文章通俗易懂,有影响力现在来谈谈英文文章的写作和注意事项:(1)题目:概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项:英文题目以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。

例如:The fabrication of …。

短语型题目要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。

各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。

题目一般不应是陈述句,因为题目主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题目具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。

少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题目,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。

题目中的缩略词语:已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题目中,否则不要轻易使用。

另外,还要注意题目字数的限制,国外科技期刊一般对题目字数有所限制,这些规定可供我们参考。

总的原则是,题目应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题目词数越少越好。

(2)摘要:与结论不重复,体现整个文章的结论和思想,包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等。

摘要写作注意事项:摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。

具体地讲,就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。

摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。

A.英文摘要的时态:时态运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。

英语专业学术论文写作:摘要

英语专业学术论文写作:摘要

英语专业学术论⽂写作:摘要学术论⽂写作:摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全⽂,就能获得必要的信息。

其结构要素是:(1) 主题阐述(Topic specification);(2) 研究⽬的陈述(Purpose statement);(3) 理论指导(Theory/Perspective)(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data);(4) 研究结果/发现(Results/Findings);(5) 研究结论/启⽰(Conclusions/Implications)。

练习1:就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要(为判断⽅便,列汉语标题)Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述(?Sample 1), 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容,不要空洞练习2:下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作(sample 5)和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你(1)删掉⽆关的内容,(2)核对结构要素,(3)并判断哪个内容具体。

英文学术论文写作-研究生教学(全英文)_2022年学习资料

英文学术论文写作-研究生教学(全英文)_2022年学习资料
பைடு நூலகம்
English for Academic Paper Writing Publication-Unit 2 Title,author,affiliation keywords-Writing requirement -printing format:following specific requirements of-t e journal-number of authors:4;xxx et al-professional itle:omission-address:the same as letters-multiple au hors-multiple affiliations-internal units-10
English for Academic Paper Writing Publication-Unit 2 Title,author,affiliation keywords-1.Title-General fun tions abstract of an abstract-Generalizing the text,a tracting the reader,-facilitating the retrieval-Lingu stic features-using more nouns,noun phrases gerunds;u ing-an incomplete sentence;-avoiding question titles-
English for Academic Paper Writing Publication-Unit 2 Title,author,affiliation keywords-2.Author/affiliatio -General functions-bearing author's responsibility;fa ilitating retrieval-correspondence;heightening celebr ty-Linguistic features-spelling names HU Jingtao,Hu J ngtao,-LI Ju,Li Ju;-giving correct information about ffiliation no-abbreviations;adequate postal address;z p code-9

英语学术论文写作

英语学术论文写作

英语学术论文写作Project3 如何避免剽窃、直接引用和间接引用的方法I.释义练习A.The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light—186,000miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.B.Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate—yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetarian was good to eat and which was poisonous.A.提纲:The principal risks associated with nuclear power is radiation._ subatomic particles traveling_penetrate deep inside the human body_damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer_cause genetic diseases in progeny释义:The radiation has a great effects on people's health,which from nuclear power and consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light.They can not only initiate a cancer through the damage of biological cells,but also cause genetic diseases through the strike of sex cellsB提纲:Technology has transformed education at several turning points.the first technology_the primitive modes of communication释义:Technology has transformed education at several turning points. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication.The way people communicate include mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures even to educate. The methods above can help our ancestors survive in the nature.II.概述练习In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As familiesmove away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will betrustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any other generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who haveaccurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.第二段:Controlling idea: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ.Controlling idea question: What impact was leaded because of the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.cut off the informal flow of information2.cut off information about the simplest aspects of living3.family must be consciously learned.Summary: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱhad a great influence,which cut off the informal flow of informationand information about the simplest aspects of living ,result in their must be consciously learned.第四段:Controlling idea: The development of technologies make people getting more information Controlling idea question:How does technology promote the storage and delivery of information?Answers(supporting details or evidence):/doc/d916400742.html,puter technology store vast amounts of data and locate specific information.2.Telecommunications developments send multitudes of messages to bombard people .3. Satellites have extended the power of communications.Summary:The development of technologies promote thestorage and delivery of information,computer technology could store vast amounts of data and locate specific information,telecommunications developments could send multitudes of messages to bombard people ,and satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence,so that people can get more information.III.文献结论部分概述A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. Descriptions of the detector and data acquisition assemblies were given, along with overviews of the signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data. Monte-Carlo simulation results showing receiver performance were presented, and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory under nominal background conditions by using the tungsten-silicide super conducting nanowire detector array currently under development at JPL.Controlling idea:A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station.Controlling idea question:What areas of the post-processing software receiver for the LLCD backup ground station reflected ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data.2. The post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot.3. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory . Summary: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics.The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory.。

英语专业学术论文写作:引言

英语专业学术论文写作:引言

英语专业学术论文写作:引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言一、引言部分的作用和构成要素引言是开题报告的一个翻版开题报告成分分析引言结构分析一、选题:政治新闻翻译中的归化与异化1.IntroductionDomestication and Foreignization in Translating Political News1.1Rational/Significance/Background(1)从大的背景引出研究对象的重要性二、研究目的与意义 (2)研究对象的切入点研究很重要,是能够更好更及时地在国人眼前真实准确地展现英美等经济政治强国经济政治文化领研究的难点/亟待解决的问题域的最新情况,让关心国际时事大事的人们看到最原汁原味同时也是最精确真实的第一手(3)针对这个切入点的研究现状:成就新闻报道,是提高中国国人政治意识的一大法宝,因此在翻译政治新闻时,正确处理政治和问题各是怎样的(极其概括,否则和文新闻中的“外国风味”,同时加上适当“中国风味”让国人更好地理解原语作者的意图就献综述重合了,尽量控制在3-5句话内) 成了政治新闻翻译者亟待解决的一个问题。

而本文正是针对这一问题,从翻译中的归化异(4)本研究具有的实践意义和理论价值化原则出发,以批评语言学、翻译目的论等理论为指导,从像《经济学家》等报刊杂志中一般情况,实践意义指对研究对象的表达选取适当例子加以分析,试图找出政治新闻翻译时归化异化选择的一个平衡点。

和接受方都有好处:若是广告就对广告制本项目研究的理论意义表现在:从政治新闻角度出发,将批评语言学和翻译目的论的作和广告受众;若是教学则对教与学;若研究与翻译的归化异化手法的选择相结合,深化了翻译中归化异化理论的发展。

本项目研是翻译则是翻译和阅读翻译等等。

究的应用价值体现在:(1)为政治新闻翻译者翻译时提供理论帮助,在选择归化与异化手而理论价值,最简单的思路就是你在文献法上找到一个平衡点;(2)从政治新闻的意识形态出发作出的翻译选择,有利于帮助译文综述里讲的或者为研究对象提供新的视读者更好理解原文作者意图。

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关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议(2013年4 月补充)一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。

但一般都包括以下五章:Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion 下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。

Chapter 1 Introduction 本章应该包括以下内容:本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。

有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。

本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍(An overview of thethesis ,不超过半页)。

本章要求简炼,开门见山,一般为3~5 页为宜。

Chapter 2 Literature Review 本章是文献综述,其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究(existing studies ),重点介绍以下内容:(1)关于这个问题(指论文要研究的问题)前人已经做了哪些研究?采用了哪些研究方法?得出了哪些研究结论?(2)关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决?前人的研究存在哪些局限性?关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题?文献综述不是简单地“抄书” ,也不是“走过场”。

它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景,也有利于作者进一步理清思路,为后面的研究做好充分准备。

做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点:1.本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述,但不需要面面俱到。

经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。

要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近(如近2、3 年)的研究进展情况。

2.尽量使用第一手资料,而不使用第二手资料。

所谓第二手资料,指论文作者没有看到原始文献,而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。

比如Rod Ellis 在1994 年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20 年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述,而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis 本人做的研究。

作为学位论文,不能过多地使用这类著作所做的综述。

应该尽可能去查看原始文献。

3.不能像记流水帐一样逐一介绍以往的研究,要对以往的研究做一些评论、归纳和总结。

4.一定要综述与本研究有直接关系的研究,不能综述无关的研究或只是有一点联系的研究。

要避免盲目综述各种第二语言习得理论的倾向。

5.文献综述的篇幅不宜过长,硕士学位论文的文献综述建议控制在20~25 页之内,一般不应超过整篇论文篇幅的三分之6.文献综述部分容易出现以下抄袭行为:即在没有阅读某个作者的原始文献的情况下,从其他作者的文献综述中直接摘录且不注明摘录的处出。

Chapter 3 Research Design 这一章介绍本研究的研究设计和研究方法,一般应包括以下内容:研究的问题( Research question )、研究对象( Subjects )、研究方法( Method)、数据收集工具 ( Data collection instruments )、数据分析工具( Data analysis methods )等。

SPSS 16.00 如果是实验研究,还需要简单介绍实验过程。

本章的篇幅一般不长,如没有特殊需要,建议控制在5~10 页之内(硕士学位论文)。

注意,研究问题一般应该只有一个。

为了便于研究,在论文的研究问题的范围之内可以再有几个具体的问题,一般叫做sub-questions 。

Chapter 4 Data presentation and discussion 本章是整篇论文的核心部分,其目的是报告研究结果并根据研究结果进行讨论。

本章的写作要注意以下几点:1.要全面、准确、如实地报告研究的2.要采用数据统计方法和分析方法(如t 检验、卡方检验)对数据进行分析,考察数据差异的显著性,不能只是简单呈现基本数据(如平均数、百分比等)。

3.要充分利用图表的优势呈现数据。

图表要清楚、准确;要有必要的图例和说明;图表要有标题和编号。

图形的编号和标题在图的下方,表格的编号和标题在表格的上方。

4.要充分利用数据,认真研究数据所反映的某种现象,从中有所发现。

要对研究的结果进行必要的解释。

可以把本研究的结果与前人的研究结果作适当的比较。

5.要特别注意根据研究的结果逐一回答第三章提出的研究问题。

无论研究结果是支持还是推翻原来的假设,都要对所提出的问题或假设逐一回答。

Chapter 5 Conclusion 本章名为结论,实际上应该包括以下几方面的内容:本研究的主要发现( Main findings )、本研究的启示( Implications )、本研究的局限性( Limitations of the present study )以及需要进一步研究的问题( Further research suggestions )。

二、引用文献的格式要求引用文献的主要目的:* 介绍以往研究,为自己的研究提供研究背景;* 评述现有观点,提出研究空间;* 引用其他文献,作为研究的理论基础或研究出发点;* 借用其他研究者的基本概念;* 在操作层面借用其他人的方法和工具;* 讨论研究结构,改良、补充或替代以往观点。

(一)引用文献的基本格式这里我们分两种情况来介绍引文的基本格式:第一种情况是把文献作者作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),我们把它叫做“格式1”;第二情况是把作者的姓放在括弧里,我们把它叫做“格式2”。

在同一篇论文中,以上两种格式可以同时使用。

格式1格式1 的基本做法是,把作者的姓(Family name )作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),随后用括弧标出所引用文献的出版年代。

比如:Long (1991) argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.如果文献有两个作者,则要将两个作者的姓都写出来,并用and 连接( 不能用& 符号连接) 。

比如:Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.如果文献有三个或三个以上(六个以下)的作者,论文中第一次引用时必须把所有作者的姓都写出来,用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓用and 连接。

Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992)presents a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.在第二次及以后再引用该文献时,只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上et al. ,比如:Sanders, et al. (1992) studied coherence relations based on four criteria.如果文献有六个或六个以上的作者,论文中第一次引用时只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上et al. 和年代。

使用格式1 时,如有必要(如直接引用整句或句子的一部分) ,可以在年代后面再加上所文献的具体页码。

出版年代与页码之间用冒号隔开。

比如:Messick (1989:20) presents what he calls a ‘progressive matrix '.另外,页码也可以放在所引用文献的末尾,比如:Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “ to express the other form ofin terc onn ected ness —gen ealogicalrather than ecological - and toillustrate both success and failure in the history of life ” (p. 14).如果所引用的内容在原文献中跨页 (直接引用时一般应该只跨两页) ,则要标出页码范围,比如:Hu (1994:5~6) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “ text grammar ” and textual “grammaticality ” .或Hu (1994) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “ text grammar”andtextual “ grammaticality ” (pp. 5~6).使用格式1 中时,页码还可以用另外一种方法标出,即在年代之后不用冒号而用逗号,然后用p. (所引文献跨页时用pp. ),再加页码,比如:Messick (1989, p. 20) presents what hecalls a c ・i.■/Hu (1994, pp. 5~6) points out that text studiesin the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “ text grammar ” and textual “grammaticality ” .注意,在同一篇论文中格式要统一。

要么都采用冒号加页码的格式,要么都使用p./pp. 的格式,不能交替使用在直接引用文献时,如所引用的内容较长(一般超过50 单词),则应该另起一段,左右缩进。

比如:Lorenz (1999) voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver,“ writers therefore have every reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear. One way of doingthis is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby ‘ signpost ' the path to coherence for the reader. Consequently, when looking at the fabrication of coherence in writtendiscourse, we need to pay special attention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e. the text ' s cohesive ties ” (p. 55).格式2格式2 的基本做法是,把作者的姓、出版年代以及页码均放在括弧里,出版年代紧随作者的姓,之后是页码。

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