巴西亚马逊地区的农业发展与脱贫【英文】
B1 Unit 4 Text 1 英汉对照
Text OneMigratory Birds and CoffeeIntroduction--Shade-grow coffee plantations play a key role in the conservation of migratory birds that have found a sanctuary in he forest-like environment. Read the following fact sheet and learn more about it.1．In both North and Latin America, migratory birds have found a sanctuary in the forest-like environment of traditional coffee plantations. In eastern Chiapas, Mexico, biologists found that traditionally-managed coffee and cacao (chocolate) plantations support over 150 species of birds; a greater number is found in other agricultural habitats, and exceeded only in undisturbed tropical forest. Even in very disturbed areas, coffee plantations support good populations of migrants and other species that prefer or are restricted to forest habitats, such as redstarts, black-throated green warblers , and residents including parrots and woodcreepers.2．However, because of recent changes in coffee production and marketing, shade coffee plantations are a threatened habitat. In the past twenty years, coffee has begun to be grown with no shade canopy at all. While this manner of cultivation produces increased yields, these cannot be sustained for many years without intensive management (additions of chemical fertilizers and a range of insecticides, herbicides 课文一Migratory Birds and Coffee导语：侯鸟在类似森林环境的荫栽咖啡种植园找到了栖息地，这些种植园在保护候鸟方面起了重要作用。
中国特色词汇翻译
中国“特色”词汇汉译英系列? 台湾同胞Taiwan compatriots? 台湾、香港、澳门保持原有的资本主义制度和生活方式长期不变Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao will retain the current capitalist system and way of life for a long time to come.? 炭疽anthrax ? 踢皮球pass the buck? 逃避银行债务evasion of repayment of bank loans? 韬光养晦hide one’s capacities and bide one’s time ? 讨价还价wheel and deal? 统筹兼顾make overall plans adn take all factors into consideration; overall planning and all-round consideration ? 同乡会an association of fellow provincials or townsmen? 筒子楼tube-shaped apartment ? 团队精神team spirit; esprit de corps? 团结就是力量Unity is strength. ? 退耕还林还草grain for green? 退耕还林还牧convert the land for forestry and pasture? 鸵鸟政策ostrich policy; ostrichism? 脱贫致富“cast (shake, throw) off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity“? 拖欠工资arrears of wage ? 西部大开发Western Development? 西电东送transmit the electricity from the western areas to East China; West-East electricity transmission project ? 西电东送transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region? 洗礼baptism? 西气东输transmit the natural gas from the western areas to East China; West-East natural gas transmission project ? 洗钱money laundering ? 希望工程Hope Project? 《西厢记》The Romance of West Chamber ? 《西行漫记》Red Star over China? 夕阳产业sunset industry ? 西洋景Peep Show? 喜忧参半mingled hope and fear ? 《西游记》Pilgrimage to the West; Journey to the West? 下放权力给delegating the management of ... (to ...)? 下岗职工laid-off workers? 下岗职工基本生活费subsistence allowances for laid-off workers? 下海plunge into the commercial sea? 现代企业制度modern enterprise system; modern corporate system? 先发制人战略pre-emptive strategy ? 县级市county-level city? 先入为主First impressions are firmly entrenched.? 先下手为强catch the ball before the bound? 香港明天更好基金会Better Hong Kong Foundation? 香港特别行政区Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)? 向钱看“mammonism, put money above all“? 像热锅上的蚂蚁like an ant on a hot pan? 乡统筹,村提留fees paid by farmers for overall township planning and village reserve? 小而全small and all-inclusive? 小金库a private coffer? 小康a comfortable level of living; a better-off life; moderate prosperity? 小康之家well-off family; comfortably-off family? 效率优先,兼顾公平give priority to efficiency with due consideration to fairness? 校训school motto ? 宵夜 a stoke of midnight? 效益工资achievements-related wages; wages based on benefits? 邪恶轴心axis of evil ? 邪教heathendom? 斜拉索桥stayed-cable bridge ? 写真集photo album? 信得过产品trustworthy product? 新的经济增长点new point for/ sources of economic growth? 新干线“the Shinkansen, bullet train“? 新官上任三把火 a new broom sweeps clean? 心理素质psychological quality ? 信息高速公路information superhighway? 心想事成May all your wish come true ? 新新人类New Human Being；X Generation? 形成全方位、多层次、宽领域的开放格局form an all-directional, multi-layered and wide-ranging opening pattern ? 形而上学metaphysics ? 性价比cost performance? 形式主义formalism ? 形象小姐/先生image representative of a product or a brand? 虚开增值税发票write false value added tax invoices? 许可证制度license granting mechanisms? 虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.? 悬而未决的问题outstanding question ? 选美beauty contest? 学而优则仕(a Confucian slogan for education) a good scholar can become an official; he who excels in study can follow an official career? 学历教育education with record of formal schooling? 学生减负alleviate the burden on students? 亚太经济合作组织APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)? 亚洲金融危机financial crisis in Asia ? 严打措施“Strike-Hard““drive “? 严打斗争“Strike-Hard Operation, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminal activities“? 沿海经济开发区open coastal economic area? 眼前利益服从长远利益,局部利益服从整体利益,个人和集体利益服从国家利益subordinate immediate interests to long-term interests, partial interests to overall interests and the interests of individuals and collectives to those of the state ? 言情小说romantic fiction; sentimental novel? 严以律己,宽以待人be strict with oneself and lenient towards others? 阳春（最经济方式）no-frills ? 羊肉串小摊barbecue stall? 洋务运动Westernization Movement ? 摇钱树cash cow? 摇头丸dancing outreach? 以产定人,减员增效employ workers in accordance with production needs and increase efficiency while reducing the staff? 一次性筷子throwaway chopsticks ? 一次性用品disposable goods? 一刀切cut it even at one stroke--make it rigidly uniform; impose uniformity in all cases; allow no flexibility? 移动通讯mobile communication? 依法治国manage state affairs according to law; run state affairs according to law? 以法治国，以德治国to govern the country with law and moral? 一帆风顺Wishing you every success ? 一方有难,八方支援When disaster struck, help came from all sides.? 一个中心,两个基本点one central task, two basic points? 以公有制为主体，多种经济成分共同发展the pattern with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side? 一国两制“One country, two systems“? 义和团运动Boxer Uprising? 以经济建设为中心focusing on the central task of economic construction? 一揽子(计划) one-package (plan) ? 一切向钱看money-oriented? 以权谋私abuse of power for personal gains? 以人为本people oriented; people foremost? 以上海浦东开发开放为龙头,进一步开放长江沿岸城市open more cities along the Yangtze River, while concentrating on the development and opening of the Pudong Area of Shanghai? 一手抓物质文明，一手抓精神文明；一手抓经济建设，一手抓民主法制；一手抓改革开放，一手抓打击犯罪惩治腐败We must always work for material progress and at the same time for cultural and ethical progress; We should develop the economy and at the same time strengthen democracy and the legal system; We should promote reform and opening to the outside world and at the same time fight crime and punish corruption.? 义演benefit performance; charity performance? 以眼还眼,以牙还牙an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth? 一言既出，驷马难追A real man never goes back on his words.? 以质量求生存、求发展、求效益“strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of quality“? 以质量求发展strategy of development through quality; win the market with quality products? 硬道理“absolute principle, top priority“? 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike.? 营养不良malnutrition? 有法可依,有法必依,执法必严,违法必究There must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and lawbreakers must be prosecuted.? 有个奔头have something to look forward to; have somehthing to expect? 忧患意识awareness of unexpected development; being prepared for unexpected development; being prepared for any eventualities? 优化资源配置optimize the allocation of resources? 优化组合optimization grouping; optional regrouping? 有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律“with lofty ideals, integrety, knowledge and a strong sense of discipline“? 有理,有利,有节on just grounds, to one’s advantage and with restraint；with good reason, with advantage and with restraint? 有钱能使鬼推磨Money makes the mare go. Money talks.? 有情人终成眷属“Jack shall have Jill, all shall be well.“? 优胜劣汰survival of the fittest? 优势互补(of two countries or companies) have complementary advantages? 有识之士people of vision? 有缘千里来相会Separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination.? 有中国特色的社会主义道路road of socialism with Chinese characteristics? 有中国特色的社会主义民主政治 a socilalist democracy with Chinese characteristics? 鹬蚌相争，渔人得利“when the snip and the calm grapple, it is the fisherman who stands to benefit; two dogs strive for a bone, and a third runs away with it“? 预防为主,谁污染谁治理和强化环境管理三大政策three major principles for environment control: to put prevention first, to hold those who cause pollution responsible for cleaning up and to improve environmental protection and management ? 与国际惯例接轨become compatible with internationally accepted practices? 与国际市场接轨integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market? 欲穷千里目，更上一层楼“to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; Ascend further, were you to look farther; Would eye embrace a thousand miles? Go up, one flight.“? 与时俱进advance with the times? 冤假错案“cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases”? 冤家宜解不宜结Better make friends than make enemies.? 援藏干部cadres sent to support/aid Tibet? 在孵（孵化器）企业incubated enterprises (incubator)? 在建项目后续资金additional funding for projects under construction? 再就业服务中心re-employment service center? 再就业工程re-employment project / program? 宰（客）to swindle money out of our customers? 灾民flood victims; flood-stricken people ? 宰人rip off? 造假帐falsified accounts ? 早恋puppy love? 增强人民体质build up people’s health ? 增值税value added tax(V A T)? 债台高筑become debt-ridden ? 战斧式巡航导弹Tomahawk cruise missile? 占着茅坑不拉屎be a dog in the manger ? 涨落线advance balance line? 掌上电脑palm pilot ? 招财进宝Money and treasures will be plentiful? 招商引资attract/bid for/invite investments (from overseas)? 招生就业指导办公室enrolment and vocation guidance office? 真善美the true, the good and the beautiful; truth, good and beauty? 振兴经济revitalize the economy? 振兴中华make China powerful and strong; revitalize the Chinese nation? 震源focus (of an earthquake), seismic origin ? 震中epicenter? 政府采购government procurement? 政府搭台，部门推动，企业唱戏“Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprise put in the show. “? 正气uprightness; integrity; probity; rectitude? 政企分开separate government functions from enterprise management? 政治合格，军事过硬，作风优良，纪律严明，保障有力“be qualified politically and competent militarily, have a fine style of work, maintain strict discipline and be assured of adequate logistical support“? 政治协商、民主监督、参政议政exercise political consultation and democratic supervision and participate in deliberating and administration of state affairs? 纸包不住火Truth will come to light sooner or later.? 知己知彼,百战不殆Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.? 直接道歉a straight-out apology? 直接三通与双向交流three direct links (mail, air and shipping services and trade) and bilateral exchanges? 智力引进recruit / introduce (foreign) talents ? 智囊团、思想库the brain trust；think tank? 职能转换transformation of functions ? 知识经济knowledge-based economy? 知识经济knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy? 知识就是力量Knowledge is power. ? 知识密集knowledge-intensive? 职务发明on-duty invention ? 职务犯罪crime by taking advantage of duty? 植物人human vegetable; vegetable ? 直销direct marketing; door-to-door sale? 支柱产业pillar / cornerstone industry ? 中国电信China Telecom? 中国联通公司China Unicom ? 中国移动通信公司China Mobile? 中国证监会China’s Securities Regulatory Commission? 中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC)? 重合同、守信用的原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit and “honoring contracts adn standing by reputation“? 重合同,守信用abide by contracts and keep one’s words; honor credit and promise? 中华世纪坛China Millennium Monument? 《中美三个联合公报》The Three Sino-US Joint Communiqué? 中美战略核武器互不瞄准对方non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other? 中山装Chinese tunic suit ? 中央领导集体central collective leadership? 中药traditional Chinese medicine ? 珠穆朗玛峰Mount Qomolangma? 抓住机遇,深化改革,扩大开放,促进发展,保持稳定seize the current opportunity, deepen the reform, open China wider to the outside world, promote development and maintain stability? 抓住机遇seize the opportunity ? 转轨transfer to a different track; retracking? 专利产品，仿冒必究patented product(s), counterfeiting not allowed? 专卖店exclusive agency; franchised store ? 专门人才professional personnel; special talents? 专升本upgrade from junior college student to university student; students with the diploma of junior college try to obtain the undergraduate diplomat through self-taught study? 转世灵童reincarnated soul boy ? 自学成才become well-educated through self-study? 自由职业者free lance? 自主经营,自负盈亏make one’s own management decisions and take full responsibility for one’s own profits and losses? 自作自受stew in one’s own juice ? 综合国力comprehensive national strength? 综艺节目variety show ? 走过场go through the motions? 走后门get in by the back door ? 走上良性发展的轨道going on the track of sound progress ? 走穴“(actors, singers, etc.) perform for outside salary income without approval by the unit they belong to “? 阻碍司法obstruction of justice ? 祖国和平统一大业peaceful reunification of the motherland ? 做假帐salt a false account ? 左倾pinko? 坐视不管sit idle? 左右为难between the devil and the deep blue sea; between the rock and the hard place汉语时事词语英译保税区bonded area 不正当竞争illicit competition承包责任制contract responsibility system 城市旧区改造makeover for an old downtown area出国热craze of going abroad传呼电话neighbourhood telephone answering services打“白条”issue an IOU 道德法庭conscience forum德智体美全面发展develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically第二职业second employment; second occupation 第三产业tertiary industry“第三者”the other person 第三梯队third echelon对内搞活，对外开放enliven the domestic economy and open up to the outside world多种经营diversified economy 港人治港Hong Kong people govern Hong Kong高架道路viaduct; elevated highways 搞活经济invigorate /enliven / liberalize the economy感情投资invest in human relations 改革开放reform and open up (to the outside world)改善投资环境improve the investment climate 公款吃喝banquet at public expenses官倒official profiteering; official racketeering 国民生产总值翻两番quadruple the GNP合资企业joint venture 和平统一peaceful reunification横向经济联系lateral economic ties 户籍制度household registration system婚外恋affair(e); extramarital affair(e) 婚外性生活sex out of wedlock婚姻介绍所amtrimonial agency; matchmaking agency; marriage bureau基本国策basic state policy 计划生育family planning假冒伪劣商品fake or inferior quality commodity 精神文明intellectual and ideological development经济开发区economic development zone 经济特区special economic zone九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education 举报中心corruption-reporting centre“空嫂”married air hostess 廉政建设construction of a clean government留守男士grass widower 留守女士grass widow乱涨价unauthorized price rise民工out-of-town labourer; rural labourer; migrant labourer农转非agricultural people to be given non-agricultural status“扒分”moonlight 攀比风craze to vie with each other“妻管严”hen-pecked husband 抢购风panic buying; buying spree拳头产品hit product 权利下放delegate / decentralize power to the lower levels 人才流失brain drain 人才市场careers fair人浮于事overstaffed 三角债debt chains扫黄运动anti-porn drive 商品房condo(minimu)社会风气social morality 社会风尚social graces; social graciousness涉外婚姻Chinese marriage with foreign nationals “跳槽”job-hop退居二线leave the leading post; retire from the leading post拖欠教师工资suspend teachers' salaries; holdback teachers' salaries晚婚晚育late marriage and postponement of childbearing歪风邪气evil winds 外向型经济export-oriented economy五好家庭five-virtue family五讲四美三热爱five advocations, four points of beauty and three aspects of love物质文明material progress 下岗人员redundant; laid-off“下海”risk one's fortune in doing business小康水平comfortably-off life; well-to-do level 小商品市场smalls fair香港特别行政区Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)乡政企业township enterprise; rural enterprise信息高速公路information (super) highway; info highway性骚扰sexual harrassment; sexual disturbance姓社姓资问题distinction of what is socialism and what is capitalism学科带头人academic pacesetter; academic pacemaker一刀切sweeping approach 一对夫妇只生一个孩子one couple, one child一国两制one country, two systems一切向钱看money-mania; money-mad; put money above anything else“一条龙”服务coordinated-process service 以权谋私abuse power for personal gains移风易俗transform outmoded habit and custom 优化产业结构modify the industrial structure优化劳动组合optimize the organization of labour 优惠政策preferential policy与国际接轨gear…to international conventions 越江隧道cross-river tunnel择优录取admit / hire the best examinee / candidate / aplicant政企分开separate government functions from enterprise management执法监督部门law-enforcing departments and supervisory institutions植物人vegetable 中国国情China's actual conditions重合同守信用ovserve contracts and keep promises 住房按揭housing mortgage转亏为盈turn loss into gain 自筹资金self-raised funds自费留学生self-funded / self-financed student studying abroad自负盈亏be responsible for one's own profit and loss走共同致富的道路take the road to common prosperity综合国力the overall national strength尊师重教show respect to teachers and attach great importance to education尊重知识、尊重人才respect knowledge and intellectuals遵纪守法observe discipline and abide by the law汉英口译分类词汇之四----政治政府词汇按保护价敞开收购粮食的政策a policy of purchasing grain without limitations at protective prices把处理事与处理人结合起来integrate the handling of cases with the handling of violators把有限的资金用在“刀刃上”use our limited funds where they can be put to best use保持经济适度快速增长maintain an appropriate rapid economic growth保监会the China Insurance Regulatory Commission保证国家的长治久安guarantee China’s long-term stability保证社会公共需要guarantee social needs保证这些项目如期建成并发挥效益ensure that these projects are completed according to schedule and yield economic returns 避免形成倒逼机制、欲罢不能The uncompleted projects cannot drag on and on and require excessive investment.不合法、不合理基金和收费项目illegal and unjustifiable funds and charges不会导致货币过量发行without causing overissue of currency不进则退no progress simply means regression不良贷款non- performing loans不能搞赤字预算cannot leave a deficit in their budgets不再经商no longer engage in trade财政偿还能力our ability to service debt财政的承受能力financial capacity财政监督条例the Regulations on Financial Supervision财政日子将更加难过We will be in financial straits.财政收入占国内生产总值的比重the ratio of revenue to GDP财政收支基本平衡的原则a principle of maintaining a basic balance between revenue and expenditures财政资金申请、立项、拨付、使用效果等各个环节的监督supervision over the whole process of fund allocation from application, project determination and actual allocation to returns on investment拆迁补偿费compensation for demolition产权划转和产权变动the transfer of and changes in property rights of enterprises产销衔接状况the ratio of sales to production产业升级upgrade industries长江流域的生态掩体an ecological shelter along the Yangtze River Valley长江三峡和黄河小浪底水利枢纽工程the key water projects at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River and at Xiaolangdi on the Yellow River长期国债long-term government bonds 常务委员Standing Committee member车辆购置税暂行条例the Interim Regulations on the Tax on Vehicle Purchases成长型企业市场（指二板市场）growing enterprise market (GEM)城乡电网改造projects for upgrading urban and rural power grids城镇登记失业率registered unemployment rate in cities and towns城镇社会保障体系urban social security system城镇职工医疗保险制度改革medical insurance for urban workers城镇住房制度改革reform of the urban housing system出口经营权由审批制向登记备案制过渡the transition from an examination and approval system to a registration and recording system for the right to engage in export出口配额export quotas 传统产业conventional industries创新体系an innovation system 垂直管理vertical management从源头上、制度上堵塞漏洞plug up loopholes in terms of their sources and systems促进公平分配promote fair distribution of social wealth村村通广播电视工程project “extend radio and TV coverage to every village”存款准备金reserves against deposit大部分科技力量游离于企业和市场之外a majority of scientific personnel being divorced from enterprises and the market 大力推进粮食流通体制改革step up our efforts to promote the reform of the grain distribution system大面积多光区光纤光谱天文望远镜a large sky area multi-object fiber-spectroscopy telescope贷款质量5级分类办法five-category assets classification for bank loans邓小平理论Deng Xiaoping Theory 低水平重复建设low-level redundant development滴灌、喷灌drip irrigation and spray irrigation 抵抗全球经济衰退to combat the global economic slump 地方性中小金融机构存款保险制度a deposit insurance system for local small and medium-sized financial institutions 电视会议televised meeting 调控宏观经济运行regulate operation of the macroeconomy 调整出口退税adjustments in the level of export tax rebates调整投资结构和经济结构the restructuring of investment and the economy堵塞漏洞plug up loopholes对卷烟全面推行核定计税价格征收消费税办法fully levy a sales tax on cigarettes on the basis of an authorized tax valuation 对人民高度负责的态度maintain a high sense of responsibility对中西部地区适当倾斜appropriately directed to the central and western areas of the country夺取了抗洪抢险的伟大胜利achieve great victory in the fight against floods发挥出最大的效益produce the best possible results发挥最大的使用效益yield the greatest returns on investment反对铺张浪费combat extravagance and waste防范和化解金融风险guard against and defuse financial risks防范金融风险能力ability to guard against financial risks防止“重点支出重点浪费”prevent “more waste in more expenditures”非办不可的大事important tasks which must be accomplished非国有工业企业non-state industrial enterprises非银行金融机构non-bank financial institutions 费改税改革tax-for-fees reform分配货币化distribution of money 分税制度财政体制the revenue-sharing system风险防范机制a risk prevention mechanism服从全局、服务全局be subordinated to and serve the overall interests of the country复杂多变的国内经济环境complicated and volatile economic environment both at home and abroad改革价格形成机制reform the price formation mechanism干堤的修复加固任务the task of repairing and reinforcing the main dikes干法旋窑水泥dry-process rotary kilns敢抓敢管、不讲情面have the courage to bear their responsibilities and exercise management no matter what others might think 高等教育“211工程”the “211”Project for higher education高技术产业发展规划plans for the development of high-tech industries高技术产业化apply high technology to production高技术产业化示范工程high-tech model projects to demonstrate their commercial viability高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻''三个代表''重要思想hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of ''Three Represents''高清晰度电视功能样机functional prototype of high definition TV个人所得税法the Law on Personal Income Tax 个体经济、私营经济self-employed and private businesses 各地区经济发展的客观需要the needs of the economic development of different regions各级各类教育all forms of education at all levels各种“小金库”屡禁不止failures to prohibit unauthorized departmental coffers repeatedly各种偷税、骗税和逃税行为all acts of tax evasion and tax fraud 工程监理制project supervision system 工程质量事故accidents resulting from poor quality of projects工业增加值industrial added value 公开市场操作open-market operations共建、调整、合作、合并 a program of joint development, adjustment, cooperation and mergers购买力purchasing power 鼓励兼并encourage mergers关心群众疾苦help alleviate their hardships 规范管理standardized administration规范化的财政管理standardized financial management 规范破产standardize bankruptcy procedures规范税制standardize the tax system 国际公认internationally recognized国际通行的吸引外资方式internationally accepted methods of absorbing foreign investment国家财政包揽过多The state finance takes on too much financial burden.国家发展计划委员会the State Development Planning Commission国家确定的重点领域投资investment in the key areas designated by the state国家税源的大量流失great loss of state revenue国家重点科研项目national key scientific research projects国库券treasury bonds 国民经济各方面all sectors of the national economy国民生产总值gross national product (GNP)国内短缺原材料和资源性产品raw and semi-finished materials and resource products which are in short supply in China 国有独资商业银行wholly state-funded commercial bank国有企业改革reform of state-owned enterprises国有企业和集体企业资本金统计报告制度a system for reporting statistics on the capital funds of state-owned and collectively-owned enterprises国有企业重组regroup SOEs国有商业银行一级法人管理management of the state-owned commercial banks with only their head offices as their legal persons国有资产管理、监督和营运机制management, supervision and operation of state-owned assets国有资源有偿使用paid use of state-owned resources国债资金the capital obtained from issuance of government bonds过剩的生产能力excessive production capacity 海峡两岸关系cross-Strait relations合同管理制contract management system 黑市交易black market transaction in foreign exchanges 很多上海企业涌向西部，掀起了去西部的淘金热。
巴西的英语知识点总结
巴西的英语知识点总结Geography of BrazilBrazil is located in the eastern part of South America and covers nearly half of the continent's land area. It shares borders with all South American countries except for Chile and Ecuador. The country has a vast and varied geography, with the Amazon Rainforest in the north, the expansive central plateau, and the coastal areas in the east and south.The Amazon Rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world, covering most of the north of Brazil. It is home to an incredibly diverse range of plant and animal species and is vital for the world's climate. The Amazon River, which flows through the rainforest, is the second-longest river in the world.In the central plateau region, the landscape is more arid, with savannas and grasslands dominating the area. The famous Pantanal wetlands, one of the world's largest tropical wetland areas, are located in this region, providing a unique habitat for numerous species of wildlife.The eastern and southeastern regions of Brazil are known for their beautiful coastline, with popular beach destinations such as Rio de Janeiro and Salvador attracting tourists from around the world. The landscape in this area is characterized by tropical forests, rolling hills, and expansive beaches.History of BrazilThe history of Brazil is a complex and fascinating story that spans thousands of years. Before the arrival of Europeans, the region was inhabited by indigenous peoples who had established complex societies and cultures. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Brazil in 1500, and they quickly established colonies along the coast, primarily for the extraction of valuable resources such as sugar and gold.The exploitation of indigenous peoples and the importation of African slaves to work on plantations led to the establishment of a diverse and multicultural society in Brazil. In 1822, Brazil declared its independence from Portugal and became a monarchy, with Dom Pedro I as its first emperor. The country abolished slavery in 1888, becoming one of the last countries in the Western Hemisphere to do so.In the 20th century, Brazil experienced periods of political and economic turmoil, including military dictatorships and social unrest. In 1985, Brazil returned to democratic rule, and the country has since become one of the world's leading emerging economies.Culture and Society in BrazilBrazil is renowned for its vibrant and diverse culture, which is a product of its indigenous, European, African, and Asian influences. The country's cultural identity is shaped by its music, dance, cuisine, and religious practices.Music and dance play a central role in Brazilian culture, with genres such as samba, bossa nova, and forró captivating audiences worldwide. The annual Carnival festival, held in cities such as Rio de Janeiro and Salvador, is a flamboyant celebration of music, dance, and pageantry that attracts millions of visitors every year.Brazilian cuisine is a fusion of flavors and influences from around the world. Traditional dishes such as feijoada, a hearty black bean stew, and churrasco, a barbecued meat feast, are beloved by locals and tourists alike. The country is also famous for its coffee production, with Brazil being the world's largest exporter of coffee beans.Religion plays an important role in Brazilian society, with the majority of the population identifying as Roman Catholic. However, there is also a significant presence of Protestant, Spiritist, and Afro-Brazilian religions, reflecting the country's multicultural heritage.Economic and Social Development in BrazilBrazil is one of the world's leading emerging economies, with a diverse and dynamic economic base. The country is a major exporter of commodities such as soybeans, iron ore, and petroleum, and has a growing industrial sector that produces automobiles, aircraft, and consumer goods.Despite its economic potential, Brazil faces significant social and economic challenges, including high levels of inequality, poverty, and crime. The country has made progress in addressing these issues, with initiatives to improve access to education, healthcare, and social services for disadvantaged communities.Environmental Sustainability in BrazilAs home to the Amazon Rainforest and other diverse ecosystems, Brazil plays a vital role in global efforts to preserve the environment and combat climate change. The country has made significant commitments to conservation and sustainability, including efforts to reduce deforestation and promote renewable energy sources.The preservation of the Amazon Rainforest is a critical priority for Brazil, as it is an essential carbon sink and a vital source of biodiversity. The country has established a network of national parks and protected areas, as well as conservation programs that engage local communities in sustainable land use practices.Brazil's English EducationEnglish education in Brazil has been growing rapidly in recent years, with a growing demand for English language skills in the global economy. Many public and private schools offer English classes as part of their curriculum, and there is a growing number of language schools and institutes that provide English language training.English language proficiency is highly valued in Brazil, especially in business, tourism, and international relations. As a result, many Brazilians seek to improve their English skills through formal education, private tutoring, and online language learning resources.In conclusion, Brazil is a diverse and dynamic country with a rich cultural heritage, a vibrant economy, and a critical role in global environmental sustainability. By understanding key English knowledge points related to Brazil, including its geography, history, culture, and educational landscape, individuals can gain a deeper appreciation of this fascinating and influential nation.。
牛津英语M2U2 Welcome to the unit
When you walk into the places as follows, are there any dangers waiting for you? What are they?
Dangers in the desert • Gobi animals • terrible weather
elephants
lions
Where can you find them?
Grasslands of Africa The grasslands of Africa are home to various animals. Lions are the only cats that live in large family groups. Elephants usually live in groups that consist of 8 to 15 related members. Zebras, with a horse-like appearance, have wide black-and-white stripes all over their bodies. Giraffes in Africa can grow to a height of over 17 feet.
Gold Coast Australia’s Gold Coast is famous for its attractive beaches. With 70 kilometres of coastline, Gold Coast beaches have something for everyone. Every year the Gold Coast attracts visitors form all over the world to sit back, relax, experience the sun and taste the excitement of Australia’s most popular holiday playground.
与脱贫相关的英语表达方式
小康社会：a moderately prosperous society全面建成小康社会：to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects脱贫： to eradicate poverty（动词用法）poverty alleviation（名词用法）poverty relief（名词用法）例句：Development is the solution to eradicating poverty.发展是脱贫的解决方案脱贫目标：the goal of poverty alleviationthe poverty relief goal脱贫政策：poverty relief policies贫困人口：poverty-stricken populationsimpoverished people贫困地区：poverty-stricken areas极度贫困地区：areas of extreme poverty取得脱贫攻坚战的全面胜利：to win a complete victory in the battle against poverty实现共同富裕的目标：the goal of realizing common prosperity 已脱贫地区： areas that were lifted out of poverty贫困率：poverty ratio贫困线：the poverty line精准扶贫：targeted poverty alleviation巩固脱困成果：consolidating poverty alleviation achievements 参加职业培训：to take up vocational training提高技能： enhance skills增加收入：boost incomes。
英文话题词汇学习：乡村振兴
英文话题词汇学习：乡村振兴5 年过渡期：a five-year transition period脱贫:poverty alleviation巩固脱贫成果：to consolidate poverty alleviation outcomes农村低收入人口：low-income rural residents常态化常扶:to strengthen assistance on a regular basis“ I 四五”时期：the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025)"三农”(农业、农村、农民):agriculture, rural areas and farmers举全党全社会之力：with the efforts of the whole Party and society农业农村现代化:modernization of agriculture and rural areas全面推进：comprehensive advancement实现中华民族伟大复兴:to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 农村改革：reforms in rural areas乡村振兴：rural vitalization乡村治理：rural governance乡村建设：rural construction乡村公共基础设施:rural public infrastructure农村基本公共服务：rural basic public services农村消贽：rural consumption构建现代养殖体系：to build a modern breeding system推进水产绿色健康养殖：to promote green and healthy aquaculture 优化农产品贸易布局：to optimize the trade of agricultural products农业现代化示范区：agricultural modernization demonstration zones红线:a "red line”耕地：arable land高标准农田:high-standard farmland高产枪产：with high and stable yields粗食产量：grain output稳定粮食播种面积:to stabilize the sown areas of grain提高单产水平:to improve the yield per unit area重要农产品供给：the supply of major agricultural products农产品质星和食品安全：the quality of agricultural products and food safety 农民收入：farmers' incomes。
Unit 2 大学英语四六级段落翻译 poverty-relief主题词汇
1.poverty-relief扶贫2. China's current poverty line中国现行贫困标准3.Personal per capita disposable income全国居民人均可支配收4.people living in poverty in rural areas 农村贫困人口5. people relocated from inhospitable areas易地扶贫搬迁人口6. homes in rundown urban areas棚户区住房7. dilapidated rural houses农村危房8. living standards生活水平9. fight against poverty脱贫攻坚10. the poverty headcount ratio/the incidence of poverty贫困发生率11. The threshold for individual income tax个人所得税起征点12. special additional deduction专项附加扣除13.strengthen the economic foundation, enhance sustainability, and improve people’s lives 强基础、增后劲、惠民生14. people-centered development philosophy人民为中心15. international poverty line国际贫困标准16. working mechanism with central government responsible for overall planning, provincial-level governments assuming overall responsibility, and city and county governments responsible for program implementation.中央统筹、省负总责、市县抓落实的工作机制17. rural residents living in poverty农村贫困人口18. contiguous areas of extreme poverty集中连片特困地区19. the domestic and overseas export of labor劳务输出20. building the self-development capacity增强自我发展能力21. mechanisms for coordinating poverty reduction扶贫协作机制22. The system for ensuring responsibility is taken for poverty elimination脱贫攻坚责任制23. evaluations and assessment评估考核24. wellbeing of the people民生25. three-year renovation plan to address housing in rundown urban areas三年棚改攻坚计划26.public-rental housing units 公租房27. dilapidated houses built of such materials as beaten earth, and timber and bark破旧泥草房、土坯房、树皮房等危房28. eligible houseless first-time workers符合条件的新就业无房职工29. housing rental market住房租赁市场30. shared ownership housing共有产权住房31. the three critical battles三大攻坚战32. structural deleveraging结构性去杠杆33. shake off poverty脱贫34.manipulation of numbers in poverty elimination work 数字脱贫35. development-oriented poverty alleviation开发式扶贫36. guarantee their basic standards of living by improving various assurance programs完善各项保障制度来保障基本生活37. increase the supply of elderly care services增加养老服务供给38. raise the accessibility of medical services增强医疗服务的便利性39. far-flung areas边远地区40. the gap between the rich and the poor贫富差距41. Adequate food and clothing温饱42. absolute poverty standard 绝对贫困标准43.hamper overall economic development妨碍总体经济发展44.aggravate social contradictions加剧社会矛盾45.impoverished mountainous area贫困山区46. regional disparity地区差异47. illiteracy rate 文盲率48. low per capita income人均收入低49. The income gap further widens.收入差距进一步扩大50.targeted poverty reduction and alleviation精准扶贫精准脱贫51. strengthen rural compulsory education加强农村义务教育52. targeted poverty alleviation精准扶贫53. take advantage of local resources 利用本地资源54. step up infrastructure construction加强基础设施建设55. rural tourism乡村旅游56. new rural construction新农村建设。
传媒英语
late marriage and children 晚婚晚育
“one country，two systems" 一国两制
civil servants 公仆、公务员
socialist culture and ethics 社会主义精神文明
guerrilla-controlled parts 游击队控制区
hit-and-run tactics 一打就跑战术
peace-loving people 爱好和平的人民
the second-breaking team 打破记录的队伍
after school activity 课外活动
a hide-and-seek game 捉迷藏
anti-dumping and non-tariff measures 反倾销和非关税措施
wide-ranging liberalization measures 广泛的自由化措施
a fully-fledged international agency 完善的国际贸易机构
day-to-day work 日常事务
grain-producing areas 产粮区
all-round development 全面发展
nine-year compulsory education 九年义务教育
poverty-stricken areas 贫困地区
Coast-Straits relations 海峡两岸关系
the shopping basket programme 菜篮子工程
an iron rice in hand 铁饭碗
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• Access to fertile land is uneasy
Fertile land is scattered throughout the region, mainly in ateas without proper transportation infrastructure Most of land is claimed by government or private individuals without proper titulation
Unbalanced Factor Endowments
• Richness in natural resources - but:
Exploiting of resources is costly and risky Many resources have just a potential value Fragile and biologically diverse ecosystem requires special technological methods of exploitation Disminishing returns to land Scarcity of other factors : labour and capital
Economic dimension:
- choice of technology as a substitute depends on relative factor prices
Social dimension:
- social stability is necessary for long-term sustainability and powerty alleviation
Agricultural Growth, Sustainability, and Poverty Alleviation in the Brazilian Amazon
Aerio S. Cunha and Donald R. Sawyer
•
•
Humid tropics of South America - Amazon Basin : 7.8 million square km, 8 countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Equador, Guyana, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela) Focuss on : Brazilian Amazon (= 6 northern states of Brazil) and its agricultural production as the most important source of sustainable development 3 main factors of failure in implementing sustainable management of agricultural land: 1. Government policy failures (tax and subsidy policies, illconcieved or ill-executed government projects, deforestation )
• •
2. Market failures (undervaluation of resource base and inadequate appreciation of economic potential)
3. Speculative rush of natural resources, esp. land
Uncompetitive agricultural production Other areas of Brazil are more promising for agriculture (Southeast, Center-West region) as they have better conditions Agricultural expansion in Amazon involved large opportunity costs and thus stopped in the late 1980s Low wages for agricultural workers Decline in rural population growth because of emigration to towns whith public services available Commercial agriculture largely restricted
Technology enhancing sustainability
• Is not available because of :
Lack of competitivness of Amazonian agriculture
Not priority of Brazilian government
but:
Because of low density of population, there is still a lot of land available for further cultivation
• Amazon area has disadvataged position in national economy - factors:
Sustainability
Technical dimeFra biblioteksion :- 3 dimensional definition
- concerns preservation of the resource base - or invention of adequate substitutes or technology at competitive prices