计算机发展史 英文翻译
介绍发明电脑英文作文

介绍发明电脑英文作文English: The invention of the computer is a significant milestone in human history, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and communicate. The first electronic digital computer, ENIAC, was created in the 1940s by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. This large machine used vacuum tubes to perform complex calculations, paving the way for modern computers. The evolution of computers from room-sized machines to handheld devices has been remarkable, with advancements in processing power, storage capacity, and connectivity changing the way we interact with technology. Computers have played a crucial role in various fields like education, healthcare, business, and entertainment, making tasks more efficient and accessible. From the invention of the microprocessor in the 1970s to the rise of artificial intelligence and cloud computing in recent years, the versatility and power of computers continue to expand, driving innovation and shaping the future of technology.中文翻译: 电脑的发明是人类历史上的一个重要里程碑,彻底改变了我们生活、工作和交流的方式。
计算机英文文献加翻译

Management Information System Overview Management Information System is that we often say that the MIS, is a human, computers and other information can be composed of the collection, transmission, storage, maintenance and use of the system, system, emphasizing emphasizing the the management, management, management, stressed stressed stressed that that the modern information society In the increasingly popular. MIS is a new subject, it across a number of areas, such as scientific scientific management management management and and and system system system science, science, science, operations operations operations research, research, research, statistics statistics statistics and and and computer computer science. In these subjects on the basis of formation of information-gathering and processing methods, thereby forming a vertical and horizontal weaving, and systems. The 20th century, along with the vigorous development of the global economy, many economists have proposed a new management theory. In the 1950s, Simon made dependent on information management and decision-making ideas. Wiener published the same period of the control theory, that he is a management control process. 1958, Gail wrote: "The management will lower the cost of timely and accurate information to b etter control." During better control." During this period, accounting for the beginning of the computer, data processing in the term.1970, Walter T . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the term: "verbal or written form, at the right time to managers, staff and outside staff for the past, present, the projection of future Enterprise and its environment-related information 原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 no no application application application model, model, model, no no mention mention of of computer applications. 1985, management information systems, the founder of the University of Minnesota professor of management at the Gordon B. Davis to a management information system a more complete definition of "management information system is a computer hardware and software resources, manual operations, analysis, planning , Control and decision -making model and the database - System. System. It It provides information to to support support enterprises enterprises or or organizations organizations of of the operation, management and decision-making function. "Comprehensive definition of this Explained Explained that that that the the the goal goal goal of of of management management management information information information system, system, system, functions functions functions and and and composition, composition, composition, but but also reflects the management information system at the time of level.With the continuous improvement of science and technology, computer science increasingly mature, the computer has to be our study and work on the run along. Today, computers are already already very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the computer computer was was was so so so popular popular popular mainly mainly mainly because because because of of of the the the following following following aspects: aspects: aspects: First, First, First, the the the computer computer computer can can substitute for many of the complex Labor. Second, the computer can greatly enhance people's work work efficiency. efficiency. efficiency. Third, Third, Third, the the the computer computer computer can can can save save save a a a lot lot lot of of of resources. resources. resources. Fourth, Fourth, Fourth, the the the computer computer computer can can make sensitive documents more secure.Computer application and popularization of economic and social life in various fields. So that the original old management methods are not suited now more and social development. Many people still remain in the previous manual. This greatly hindered the economic development of mankind. mankind. In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is growing, the number of students students in in in the the the school school school also also also have have have increased, increased, increased, resulting resulting resulting in in in educational educational educational administration administration administration is is is the the growing complexity of the heavy work, to spend a lot of manpower, material resources, and the existing management of student achievement levels are not high, People have been usin g the traditional method of document management student achievement, the management there are many shortcomings, such as: low efficiency, confidentiality of the poor, and Shijianyichang, will have a large number of of documents documents documents and and data, which is is useful useful for finding, finding, updating updating and maintaining Have brought a lot of difficulties. Such a mechanism has been unable to meet the development of the times, schools have become more and more day -to-day management of a bottleneck. bottleneck. In In In the the the information information information age age age this this this traditional traditional traditional management management management methods methods methods will will will inevitably inevitably inevitably be be computer-based information management replaced. As As part part part of of of the the the computer computer computer application, application, application, the the the use use use of of of computers computers computers to to to students students students student student student performance performance information for management, with a manual management of the incomparable advantages for example: example: rapid rapid rapid retrieval, retrieval, retrieval, to to to find find find convenient, convenient, convenient, high high high reliability reliability reliability and and and large large large capacity capacity capacity storage, storage, storage, the the confidentiality confidentiality of of of good, good, good, long long long life, life, life, cost cost cost Low. Low. Low. These These These advantages advantages advantages can can can greatly greatly greatly improve improve improve student student performance management students the efficiency of enterprises is also a scientific, standardized standardized management, management, management, and and and an an an important important important condition condition condition for for for connecting connecting connecting the the the world. world. world. Therefore, Therefore, the development of such a set of management software as it is very necessary thing.Design ideas are all for the sake of users, the interface nice, clear and simple operation as far as possible, but also as a practical operating system a good fault-tolerant, the user can misuse a timely manner as possible are given a warning, so that users timely correction . T o take full advantage advantage of the of the functions of visual FoxPro, design p owerful software powerful software at the same time, as much as possible to reduce the occupiers system resources. Visual FoxPro the command structure and working methods: Visual FoxPro was originally originally called called FoxBASE, FoxBASE, the the U.S. U.S. Fox Fox Software has introduced introduced a a database products, products, in in the run on DOS, compatible with the abase family. Fox Fox Software Software Microsoft acquisition, to be developed so that it can run on Windows, and changed its name to Visual FoxPro. Visual FoxPro is a powerful relational database rapid application development tool, tool, the the the use use use of of of Visual Visual Visual FoxPro FoxPro FoxPro can can can create create create a a a desktop desktop desktop database database database applications, applications, applications, client client client / / / server server applications applications and and and Web Web Web services services services component-based component-based component-based procedures, procedures, procedures, while while while also also also can can can use use use ActiveX ActiveX controls or API function, and so on Ways to expand the functions of Visual FoxPro.1651First, work methods 1. Interactive mode of operation (1) order operation VF in the order window, through an order from the keyboard input of all kinds of ways to complete the operation order. (2) menu operation VF use menus, windows, dialog to achieve the graphical interface features an interactive operation. (3) aid operation VF in the system provides a wide range of user-friendly operation of tools, such as the wizard, design, production, etc.. 2. Procedure means of implementation VF in the implementation of the procedures is to form a group of orders and programming language, an extension to save. PRG procedures in the document, and then run through the automatic implementation of this order documents and award results are displayed. Second, the structure of command 1. Command structure 2. VF orders are usually composed of two parts: The first part is the verb order, also known as keywords, for the operation of the designated order functions; second part of the order clause, for an order that the operation targets, operating conditions and other information . VF order form are as follows: 3. <Order verb> "<order clause>" 4. Order in the format agreed symbols 5. 5. VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of these symbols are as follows: 6. Than that option, angle brackets within the parameters must be based on their format input parameters. 7. That may be options, put in brackets the parameters under specific requ ests from users choose to enter its parameters. 8. Third, the project manager 9. Create a method 10. command window: CREA T PROJECT <file name> T PROJECT <file name> 11. Project Manager 12. tab 13. All - can display and project management applications of all types of docume nts, "All" tab contains five of its right of the tab in its entirety . 14. Data - management application projects in various types of data files, databases, free form, view, query documents. 15. Documentation - display 原文请找腾讯原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 , statements, documents, labels and other documents. 16. Category - the tab display and project management applications used in the class library documents, including VF's class library system and the user's own design of the library. 17. Code - used in the project management procedures code documents, such as: program files (. PRG), API library and the use of project management for generation of applications (. APP). 18. (2) the work area 19. The project management work area is displayed and management of all types of document window. 20. (3) order button 21. Project Manager button to the right of the order of the work area of the document window to provide command. 22. 4, project management for the use of 23. 1. Order button function 24. New - in the work area window selected certain documents, with new orders button on the new document added to the project management window. 25. Add - can be used VF "file" menu under the "new" order and the "T ools" menu under the "Wizard" order to create the various independent paper added to the project manager, unified organization with management. 26. Laws - may amend the project has been in existence in the various documents, is still to use such documents to modify the design interface. 27. Sports - in the work area window to highlight a specific document, will run the paper.28. Mobile - to check the documents removed from the project. 29. 29. Even Even Even the the the series series series - - - put put put the the the item item item in in in the the the relevant relevant relevant documents documents documents and and and even even even into into into the the the application application executable file. Database System Design :Database design is the logical database design, according to a forthcoming data classification system and the logic of division-level organizations, is user-oriented. Database design needs of various departments of the integrated enterprise archive data and data needs analysis of the relationship between the various data, in accordance with the DBMS. 管理信息系统概要管理信息系统概要管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS (Management Information System ),是一个由人、计算机等组成的能进行信息的收集、传送、储存、维护和使用的系统,在强调管理,强调信息的现代社会中它越来越得到普及。
常用课程的英文翻译

文献检索 document.tion Retrieval
数据库概论 Introduction to Database
网络原理 Principles of Network
人工智能 Artificial Intelligence
Finance 财政学
Financial Accounting 财务会计
Fine Arts 美术
Functions of a Complex Variable 单复变函数
Functions of Complex Variables 复变函数
Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformations 复变函数与积分变
数字电子技术 Digital Electrical Technique
电磁场 Electromagnetic Field
微机原理 Principle of Microcomputer
企业管理 Business Management
专业英语 Specialized English
可编程序控制技术 Controlling Technique for Programming
Advanced Mathematics 高等数学
Advanced Numerical Analysis 高等数值分析
Algorithmic Language 算法语言
Analogical Electronics 模拟电子电路
Artificial Intelligence Programming 人工智能程序设计
常用课程的英文翻译

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tegra l Tra nsfor matio ns 复变函数与积分变换F undam ental s ofLaw 法律基础Fuzzy Math emati cs 模糊数学G enera l Phy sics普通物理Grad uatio n Pro ject(Thesi s) 毕业设计(论文)Gr aph t heory图论HeatTrans fer T heory传热学Hist ory o f Chi neseRevol ution中国革命史In dustr ial E conom ics 工业经济学Info rmati on Se arche s 情报检索In tegra l Tra nsfor matio n 积分变换In telli gentrobot(s);Intel ligen ce ro bot 智能机器人Inte rnati onalBusin ess A dmini strat ion 国际企业管理Int ernat ional Clea rance国际结算Int ernat ional Fina nce 国际金融Inter natio nal R elati on 国际关系I ntern ation al Tr ade 国际贸易Intro ducti on to Chin ese T radit ion 中国传统文化Int roduc tionto Mo dernScien ce &Techn ology当代科技概论I ntrod uctio n toRelia bilit y Tec hnolo gy 可靠性技术导论Jav a Lan guage Prog rammi ng Ja va 程序设计L ab of Gene ral P hysic s 普通物理实验Linea r Alg ebra线性代数Mana gemen t Acc ounti ng 管理会计学Manag ement Info rmati on Sy stem管理信息系统Me chani c Des ign 机械设计Mecha nical Grap hing机械制图Merc handi se Ad verti semen t 商品广告学M etalw orkin g Pra ctice金工实习Mic rocom puter Cont rol T echno 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计算机专业外文资料翻译----微机发展简史

附录外文文献及翻译Progress in computersThe first stored program computers began to work around 1950. The one we built in Cambridge, the EDSAC was first used in the summer of 1949.These early experimental computers were built by people like myself with varying backgrounds. We all had extensive experience in electronic engineering and were confident that that experience would standus in good stead. This proved true, although we had some new things to learn. The most important of these was that transients must be treated correctly; what would cause a harmless flash on the screen of a television set could lead to a serious error in a computer.As far as computing circuits were concerned, we found ourselves with an embarrass de riches. For example, we could use vacuum tube diodes for gates as we did in the EDSAC or pentodes with control signals on both grids, a system widely used elsewhere. This sort of choice persisted and the term famillogic came into use. Those who have worked in the computer field will remember TTL, ECL and CMOS. Of these, CMOS has now become dominant.In those early years, the IEE was still dominated by power engineering and we had to fight a number of major battles in order to get radio engineering along with the rapidly developing subject of electronics. dubbed in the IEE light current electrical engineering. properlyrecognized as an activity in its own right. I remember that we had some difficulty in organizing a co nference because the power engineers‟ ways of doing things were not our ways. A minor source of irritation was that all IEE published papers were expected to start with a lengthy statement of earlier practice, something difficult to do when there was no earlier practiceConsolidation in the 1960sBy the late 50s or early 1960s, the heroic pioneering stage was over and the computer field was starting up in real earnest. The number of computers in the world had increased and they were much more reliable than the very early ones . To those years we can ascribe the first steps in high level languages and the first operating systems. Experimental time-sharing was beginning, and ultimately computer graphics was to come along.Above all, transistors began to replace vacuum tubes. This change presented a formidable challenge to the engineers of the day. They had to forget what they knew about circuits and start again. It can only be said that they measured up superbly well to the challenge and that the change could not have gone more smoothly.Soon it was found possible to put more than one transistor on the same bit of silicon, and this was the beginning of integrated circuits. As time went on, a sufficient level of integration was reached for one chip to accommodate enough transistors for a small number of gates or flip flops. This led to a range of chips known as the 7400 series. The gates and flip flops were independent of one another and each had its own pins. They could be connected by off-chip wiring to make a computer or anything else.These chips made a new kind of computer possible. It was called a minicomputer. It was something less that a mainframe, but still very powerful, and much more affordable. Instead of having one expensive mainframe for the whole organization, a business or a university was able to have a minicomputer for each major department.Before long minicomputers began to spread and become more powerful. The world was hungry for computing power and it had been very frustrating for industry not to be able to supply it on the scalerequired and at a reasonable cost. Minicomputers transformed the situation.The fall in the cost of computing did not start with the minicomputer; it had always been that way. This was what I meant when I referred in my abstract to inflation in the computer industry …going the other way‟. As time goes on people get more for their money, not less.Research in Computer Hardware.The time that I am describing was a wonderful one for research in computer hardware. The user of the 7400 series could work at the gate and flip-flop level and yet the overall level of integration was sufficient to give a degree of reliability far above that of discreet transistors. The researcher, in a university orelsewhere, could build any digital device that a fertile imagination could conjure up. In the Computer Laboratory we built the Cambridge CAP, a full-scaleminicomputer with fancy capability logic.The 7400 series was still going strong in the mid 1970s and was used for the Cambridge Ring, a pioneering wide-band local area network. Publication of the design study for the Ring came just before the announcement of the Ethernet. Until these two systems appeared, users had mostly been content with teletype-based local area networks. Rings need high reliability because, as the pulses go repeatedly round the ring, they must be continually amplified and regenerated. It was the high reliability provided by the 7400 series of chips that gave us the courage needed to embark on the project for the Cambridge Ring.The RISC Movement and Its AftermathEarly computers had simple instruction sets. As time went on designers of commercially available machines added additional features which they thought would improve performance. Few comparative measureme nts were done and on the whole the choice of features depended upon the designer‟s intuition.In 1980, the RISC movement that was to change all this broke on the world. The movement opened with a paper by Patterson and ditzy entitled The Case for the Reduced Instructions Set Computer.Apart from leading to a striking acronym, this title conveys little of the insights into instruction set design which went with the RISC movement, in particular the way it facilitated pipelining, a system whereby several instructions may be in different stages of execution within the processor at the same time. Pipelining was not new, but it was new for small computersThe RISC movement benefited greatly from methods which had recently become available for estimating the performance to be expected from a computer design without actually implementing it. I refer to the use of a powerful existing computer to simulate the new design. By the use of simulation, RISC advocates were able to predict with some confidence that a good RISC design would be able to out-perform the best conventional computers using the same circuit technology. This prediction was ultimately born out in practice.Simulation made rapid progress and soon came into universal use by computer designers. In consequence, computer design has become more of a science and less of an art. Today, designers expect to have a roomful of, computers available to do their simulations, not just one. They refer to such a roomful by the attractive name of computer farm.The x86 Instruction SetLittle is now heard of pre-RISC instruction sets with one major exception, namely that of the Intel 8086 and its progeny, collectively referred to as x86. This has become the dominant instruction set and the RISC instruction sets that originally had a considerable measure of success are having to put up a hard fight for survival.This dominance of x86 disappoints people like myself who come from the research wings. both academic and industrial. of the computer field. No doubt, business considerations have a lot to do with the survival of x86, but there are other reasons as well. However much we research oriented people would liketo think otherwise. high level languages have not yet eliminated the use of machine code altogether. We need to keep reminding ourselves that there is much to be said for strict binary compatibility with previous usage when that can be attained. Nevertheless, things might have been different if Intel‟s major attempt to produce a good RISC chip had been more successful. I am referring to the i860 (not the i960, which was something different). In many ways the i860 was an excellent chip, but its software interface did not fit it to be used in aworkstation.There is an interesting sting in the tail of this apparently easy triumph of the x86 instruction set. It proved impossible to match the steadily increasing speed of RISC processors by direct implementation ofthe x86 instruction set as had been done in the past. Instead, designers took a leaf out of the RISC book; although it is not obvious, on the surface, a modern x86 processor chip contains hidden within it a RISC-style processor with its own internal RISC coding. The incoming x86 code is, after suitable massaging, converted into this internal code and handed over to the RISC processor where the critical execution is performed. In this summing up of the RISC movement, I rely heavily on the latest edition of Hennessy and Patterson‟s books on computer design as my supporting authority; see in particular Computer Architecture, third edition, 2003, pp 146, 151-4, 157-8.The IA-64 instruction set.Some time ago, Intel and Hewlett-Packard introduced the IA-64 instruction set. This was primarily intended to meet a generally recognized need for a 64 bit address space. In this, it followed the lead of the designers of the MIPS R4000 and Alpha. However one would have thought that Intel would have stressed compatibility with the x86; the puzzle is that they did the exact opposite.Moreover, built into the design of IA-64 is a feature known as predication which makes it incompatible in a major way with all other instruction sets. In particular, it needs 6 extra bits with each instruction. This upsets the traditional balance between instruction word length and information content, and it changes significantly the brief of the compiler writer.In spite of having an entirely new instruction set, Intel made the puzzling claim that chips based on IA-64 would be compatible with earlier x86 chips. It was hard to see exactly what was meant.Chips for the latest IA-64 processor, namely, the Itanium, appear to have special hardware for compatibility. Even so, x86 code runs very slowly.Because of the above complications, implementation of IA-64 requires a larger chip than is required for more conventional instruction sets. This in turn implies a higher cost. Such at any rate, is the received wisdom, and, as a general principle, it was repeated as such by Gordon Moore when he visited Cambridge recently to open the Betty and Gordon Moore Library. I have, however, heard it said that the matter appears differently from within Intel. This I do not understand. But I am very ready to admit that I am completely out of my depth as regards the economics of the semiconductor industry.Shortage of ElectronsAlthough shortage of electrons has not so far appeared as an obvious limitation, in the long term it may become so. Perhaps this is where the exploitation of non-conventional CMOS will lead us. However, some interesting work has been done. notably by HuronAmend and his team working in the Cavendish Laboratory. on the direct development of structures in which a single electron more or less makes the difference between a zero and a one. However very little progress has been made towards practical devices that could lead to the construction of a computer. Even with exceptionally good luck, many tens of years must inevitably elapse before a working computer based on single electron effects can be contemplated.微机发展简史第一台存储程序的计算开始出现于1950前后,它就是1949年夏天在剑桥大学,我们创造的延迟存储自动电子计算机(EDSAC)。
计算机网络中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译计算机网络计算机网络,通常简单的被称作是一种网络,是一家集电脑和设备为一体的沟通渠道,便于用户之间的沟通交流和资源共享。
网络可以根据其多种特点来分类。
计算机网络允许资源和信息在互联设备中共享。
一.历史早期的计算机网络通信始于20世纪50年代末,包括军事雷达系统、半自动地面防空系统及其相关的商业航空订票系统、半自动商业研究环境。
1957年俄罗斯向太空发射人造卫星。
十八个月后,美国开始设立高级研究计划局(ARPA)并第一次发射人造卫星。
然后用阿帕网上的另外一台计算机分享了这个信息。
这一切的负责者是美国博士莱德里尔克。
阿帕网于来于自印度,1969年印度将其名字改为因特网。
上世纪60年代,高级研究计划局(ARPA)开始为美国国防部资助并设计高级研究计划局网(阿帕网)。
因特网的发展始于1969年,20世纪60年代起开始在此基础上设计开发,由此,阿帕网演变成现代互联网。
二.目的计算机网络可以被用于各种用途:为通信提供便利:使用网络,人们很容易通过电子邮件、即时信息、聊天室、电话、视频电话和视频会议来进行沟通和交流。
共享硬件:在网络环境下,每台计算机可以获取和使用网络硬件资源,例如打印一份文件可以通过网络打印机。
共享文件:数据和信息: 在网络环境中,授权用户可以访问存储在其他计算机上的网络数据和信息。
提供进入数据和信息共享存储设备的能力是许多网络的一个重要特征。
共享软件:用户可以连接到远程计算机的网络应用程序。
信息保存。
安全保证。
三.网络分类下面的列表显示用于网络分类:3.1连接方式计算机网络可以据硬件和软件技术分为用来连接个人设备的网络,如:光纤、局域网、无线局域网、家用网络设备、电缆通讯和G.hn(有线家庭网络标准)等等。
以太网的定义,它是由IEEE 802标准,并利用各种媒介,使设备之间进行通信的网络。
经常部署的设备包括网络集线器、交换机、网桥、路由器。
无线局域网技术是使用无线设备进行连接的。
计算机专业课程名称英文翻译

计算机专业课程名称英文翻译(计算机科学与技术(教师教育)专业的课程名称和英文名称)4 中国现代史纲要 Outline of Moderm Chinese History5 大学英语 College English6 大学体育 College PE7 心理学 Psychology8 教育学 Pedagogy9 现代教育技术 Modern Technology10 教师口语 Teachers' Oral Skill11 形势与政策 Current Situation and Policy12 大学生就业与指导 Career Guidance13 学科教学法 Course Teaching Methodology14 生理与心理健康教育 Health and Physiology Education15 环境与可持续发展 Environment and Sustainable Development16 文献检索 Literature Retrieval17 大学体育 College PE18 大学语文 College Chinese19 高等数学 Higher Mathematics20 计算机导论 Introduction to ComputerScience21 程序设计基础 Programming Foundations22 程序设计基础实验 Experimentationof ProgrammingFoundations23 线性代数 Linear Algebra24 大学物理 College Physics25 大学物理实验 Experimentation of CollegePhysics26 电路与电子技术 Circuits and Electronics27 电工与电子技术实验 Experimentation of Circuits andElectronics28 数字逻辑电路 Digital Logic Circuit29 数字逻辑电路 Experimentation of DigitalLogic Circuit30 离散数学 Discrete Mathematics31 数据结构 Data Structures32 数据结构实验 Experimentation of DataStructures33 计算机组成与系统结构 Computer Organization and Architecture34 操作系统 Operating System35 操作系统实验 Experimentation of Operating System36 计算机网络 Computer Network37 计算机网络实验 Experimentation of Computer Network38 面向对象程序设计 Object-Oriented Programming39 面向对象程序设计实验 Experimentation of Object-Oriented Programming40 汇编语言程序设计 Assembly Language41 汇编语言程序设计实验 Experimentation of Assembly Language42 概率与数理统计 Probability and Statistics43 JAVA语言 Java Language45 JAVA语言实验 Experimentation of Java Language46 数据库原理 Databases Principles47 数据库原理实验 Experimentation of Databases Pninciples48 专业英语 Discipline English49 人工智能导论 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence50 算法设计与分析 Design and Analysis Of Algorithms51 微机系统与接口 Microcomputer System and Interface52 编译原理 Compiling Principles53 编译原理实验 Experimentation of Compiling54 数学建模 Mathematics Modeling55 软件工程 Software Engineering计算机专业课程名称英文翻译下(2)(计算机科学与技术(教师教育)专业的课程名称和英文名称)56 软件工程实验 Experimentation of Software Engineering57 嵌入式系统 Embedded System58 嵌入式系统实验 Experimentation of Embedded System59 多媒体技术 Multimedia Technology60 Experimentation of Multimedia Technology61 信息系统分析与设计 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design62 UNIX操作系统分析 UNIX System Analysis63 UNIX/Linux操作系统分析Experimentation of UNIX/Linux SystemAnalysis64 单片机原理 Principles of Single-ChipComputer65 信息安全与保密概论Introduction to Security andm Cryptography66 Web应用技术 Applications of Web67 高级数据库应用技术Advanced Application of Database Technology68 组网技术 Technology ofBuildingNetwork69 组网技术实验 Technology of Building Network70 计算机图形学 Computer Graphics71 嵌入式接口技术 Embedded Interface72 嵌入式接口技术实验Experimentation ofEmbedded Interface73 数字图像处理 Digital Images Processing74 数字图像处理实验 Digital Images Processing75 网络应用软件开发 Network Application Development76 XML原理与应用 XML Principle and Application77 XML原理与应用实验 ExperimentationofXML Principle andApplication78 计算机系统维护 Maintenance of Computer System79 计算机系统维护实验 Experimentation ofComputer Maintenance80 网络管理技术 Network Management Technology81 网络管理技术实验Experimentation of NetworkManagement82 数据仓库与数据挖掘 Data Storage and Data Digging83 项目管理 Project Management84 软件开发实例 Cases of Sotiware Development85 企业资源规划( ERP) Enterprise Resource Planning86 新技术 New Technology87 科研创作指导Supervision in Science ResearchCreation88 电子商务概论 Introduction of ElectronicBusiness89 计算机辅助教学 Computer Aided Teaching另:计算机导论 Introduction to ComputerScience程序设计基础 Foundations ofProgramming电路与电子技术 Circuits and Electronics数字逻辑电路 Digital Logic Circuit离散数学 Discrete Mathematics数据结构 Data Structures计算机组成与系统结构 Computer Organization and Architecture操作系统 Operating System计算机网络 Computer Network面向对象程序设计 Object-Oriented Progjamming数据库原理 Databases Principles。
大学计算机考试试题

27、软盘驱动器属于CPU的一部分。 (×)
28、计算机软件由文档和程序组成。 (√)
18、计算机中用来表示内存容量大小的最基本单位是位。 (×)
19、微型计算机的更新与发展,主要基于微型处理器的变革。 (√)
20、计数制中使用的数码个位被称为基数。 (√)
输出设备的功能与“输入设备”相反,它是将计算机处理后的信息或中间结果以某种可以识别的形式表示出来。
配图更好。
13、CPU、微处理器的概念。
答:微处理器又名中央处理器,简称CPU,是英文单词Central Processing Unit的缩写。它是计算机
的核心,计算机的没意见工作,都是在它的指挥下完成的。其内部结构大概可以分为控制单元、算术逻
19、软件的含义和分类。
答:软件系统是指管理计算机软件系统和硬件系统资源、控制计算机运行的程序、命令、指令、数据等的集合。软件系统就是程序系统。主要分为两大类,分别为系统软件(操作系统、程序开发软件、数据库管理软件)、应用软件(文档处理软件、图形图像处理软件、工具软件、互联网应用软件、其他应用软件)。
6、字长是衡量计算机精度和运算速度的主要技术指标。 (√)
7、计算机区别于其他工具的本质特点,是具有逻辑判断的能力。 (√)
8、由Mecrosoft公司开发的由Mecrosoft Office 2000软件属于系统软件 (×)
2、计算机发展的四个阶段和计算机6—1958)主要逻辑元件:电子管
第二代计算机(1959—1964)主要逻辑元件:晶体管
第三代计算机(1965—1971)主要逻辑元件:中、小规模集成电路
第四代计算机(1972—现在)主要逻辑元件:大规模与超大规模集成电路
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计算机发展史在电气工程师学会上颇具威望的演讲,剑桥,2004年2月5号莫里斯.威尔克斯计算机实验室剑桥大学第一个可以存储程序的计算机开始工作大概是在1950年左右,剑桥大学建造的电子延时存储自动计算器(EDSAC)在1949年首次使用。
早期的实验性的计算机是由那些像我一样有不同知识背景的人创造的,我们在电子工程学领域都有丰富的经验,而且我们相信这些经验对我们很有帮助。
事实证明确实如此,尽管我还有新东西需要学习。
最重要的是我们要正确对待这种暂态,引发电视机屏幕上一个无关紧要的闪烁可能会导致计算机上一个致命的错误。
在现有的计算电路考虑范围内,我们会发现我们遇到了困难。
举例来说,我们可以用真空电子二极管做门电路,就像我们用在电子延时存储自动计算器中一样;或者在所有网格里使用带控制信号的五极真空管,这是一种被广泛应用的系统。
这种选择在持续而且逻辑阵列也渐渐被使用,这些工作在计算机领域的人会记得晶体管晶体管逻辑电路(TTL),电子学元件实验室(ECL)和互补式金属氧化物半导体(COMS)。
它们之中,互补式金属氧化物半导体占统治地位。
在早些年的时候,能源工程仍然在电气工程师学会中占主流地位,为了使无线广播工程能跟上电子器件的迅速发展,我们不得不发起了一系列的战役。
被收入电气工程师学会的现行电子工程,它被承认是一项合理的活动。
我记得我们在组织会议的时候遇到了困难,因为能源工程做事情的方式和我们的方式不一样。
有点棘手的是发表在电气工程师学会上的文章要求在开头要有一个冗长的早期经验声明,如果没有早期经验将会变得很困难。
20世纪60年代的巩固在20世纪50年代末60年代初,史诗级开创性的舞台已经结束,而计算机领域也开始暂露锋芒。
世界计算机的数量增加了,并且比原来的计算机更可靠。
这些年的成就我们可以归因于高级程序语言和操作系统的首次运用,实验性的分时操作系统以及计算机制图也都开始得到应用。
综上所述,晶体管渐渐代替了真空管,这种变化给现在的工程师们带来了巨大的挑战。
他们必须忘掉以前对电路知识的了解并从新开始。
只能说他们鼓起勇气接受了挑战,尽管这个转变并不是那么的一帆风顺。
不久之后,人们发现在同一小块的硅片上可以集成更多的晶体管,这就是集成电路的开始。
随着时间的推移,人们有足够的集成水平使得一个芯片上可以容纳大量的晶体管来作为逻辑门或者浮点运算。
这导致产生了我们所熟知各种芯片,比如:7400系列。
逻辑门和浮点运算是相互独立的,它们有各自的引脚,它们可有芯片外部线路连接起来构成一个计算器或其它功能单位。
这些芯片使得一种新型的计算机成为可能,它就是微型计算机,它比大型计算机少了一些设备,但是它功能强大、成本低。
不像某些团体需要一台昂贵的大型计算机,企业和学校只需要一台微型计算机就可以覆盖各个专业领域。
远在微型机开始流行并变得功能强大之前,世界需要强大的计算能力,但是让人们沮丧的是工厂不能在合理的价格上提供满足规模需求的产品。
微型机就改变了这种状态。
计算的代价并不是和微机同步的,事实总是这样,这就是我在对计算机产业“走另一条路”的膨胀的抽象的引用的意思。
随着时间的推移,人们赚的钱更多了而不是更少了。
计算机硬件的探索我所描述的时代是人们探索计算机硬件的美好时光。
7400系列的使用者可以工作在逻辑门和浮点运算的水平上,并且总的集成水平足够使得可靠性远远超过易坏的晶体管。
大学或其它地方的探索者能够造出可产生丰富想象的任何电子设备。
在计算机实验室我们制造了剑桥CAP—一个功能齐全并且有超凡想象逻辑的微型机。
在20世纪70年代中期,7400系列仍然很流行,它被运用在剑桥环上—一个宽频带的当地局域网工程。
在对剑桥环的学习设计公布之后紧接着以太网的宣布成功。
直到这两种系统的出现,人们才对基于数字电报的当地局域网感到满意。
剑桥环需要很高的可靠性,因为随着脉冲在环内重复运行,它们必须持续放大和再生。
正是因为7400系列的高可靠性才给了我们勇气去从事剑桥环这个工程。
精简指令计算机运动及它的影响早期的计算机有简单的指令集,随着时间的推移,可商业化机器的设计者们给它添加了额外的特性,这些特性被认为可以改善性能。
很少有相当的测量值而且总的特性选择取决于设计者的直觉。
在1980年,精简指令集计算机运动就是为了改变世界上濒临破产的公司,这项运动始于patterson和ditzal的一篇名为“缩减指令集计算机的情况”。
除了导致惊人的首字母缩写,这个课题在精简指令集计算机运动中并没有传递多少有关指令的深刻见解。
精简指令集计算机运动大大受益于最近可以估算并未实施的计算机设计所预期的性能的方法,我指的是用现有的强大的计算机去模拟新的设计。
通过运用模拟技术,精简指令集计算机的拥护者就有信心预言一个好的精简指令集计算机设计可能胜过用同样电路技术的最好的传统电脑,这个预言成为了事实。
模拟技术加快了发展,不久之后便被计算机设计者们广泛使用。
结果是计算机设计更多的成为了一门科学而不是艺术。
今天,设计者们期望有一屋子可用的计算机去做他们的模拟实验而不是一台。
他们把这一屋子的计算机称作计算机农场。
X86指令集现在很少听到先前精简指令集,除了一个例外,那就是英特尔的8086以及它的子系列,统称X86系列。
它成了主要的指令集,而原本获得了巨大成功的精简指令系统需要顽强奋斗才能勉强生存。
X86占支配地位让我们这些从研究底层做起的有关计算机学术和工业的人员很失望。
毫无疑问,商业方面的因素是X86存在的主要因素,但是还有其它方面的因素。
然而大部分我们这种定向研究人员会往其它方面想。
高级编程语言并没有排斥所有机器码的使用。
我们必须提醒我们自己要多考虑一下我们曾经使用过的严格的二进制的兼容性。
不过,如果英特尔在精简指令集计算机芯片上的尝试能够取得更大的成功的话,情况可能就不一样了。
我指的是i860(不是i960,它们之间有点不同)。
在许多方面i860是一个很好的芯片,但是在工作中它的软件界面与它不是很合适。
在X86指令集明显成功之后呢有一种有趣的刺痛。
事实证明像以前一样直接实施X86指令集不可能跟上精简指令集计算机处理器的增长。
不过,设计者从精简指令集计算机的书中挑出了一页,尽管表面上不是很明显,一个现代的X86处理芯片包含了一个内部隐藏的精简指令集计算机式的处理器以及相应的精简指令集计算机代码。
写入的X86代码经适当的编译转换为内部的代码并送入到精简指令集计算机处理器严格执行。
在总结精简至令集计算机运动中,我极度依赖于轩尼诗和帕特森关于计算机设计的书的最新版本来作为我的权威支持。
见于计算机体系结构2003年第三版146页;151页第四题;157页第八题。
英特尔64位架构指令集早些年前,英特尔和惠普引入了英特尔64位架构指令集,这个主要是为了针对64位寻址空间而满足一般的辨别需要。
就这样,它跟随着有每秒百万条指令执行能力的R4000和Alpha的设计者们。
然而有人曾认为英特尔会强调与X86的兼容性,但是让人困惑的是英特尔的做法正好相反。
此外,64位寻址计算机的设计的实现有一个特征,这个特征被预言与其它指令集在某些主要方面不兼容。
尤其是它每条指令的执行都需要额外的6位地址。
这破坏了指令长度与信息内容之间的传统平衡,而且它明显改变了编译器的简易性。
尽管有一整套全新的指令,英特尔却做出令人困惑的宣称说基于64位寻址的芯片能够与早期的X86芯片兼容。
我们很难看到有这层意思。
最新的64位寻址处理器芯片,也叫安腾,它在硬件上支持兼容,即使这样X86的代码仍然运行的很慢。
因为以上缺点,64位寻址的启动实施需要更大的芯片和更多的常规指令集,这就意味着更高的成本。
这样无论如何是一种公认的智慧,而且作为一般的原则,它在高登·摩尔最近拜访剑桥并开设贝蒂和高登·摩尔图书馆的时候反复出现。
当然,我听说在英特尔内部出现了不同的问题,我对此并不是很明白,但是我承认我已经完全从我所考虑的半导体企业的经济因素中摆脱出来了。
超微半导体公司认为64位指令集与X86更具兼容性了,而且更先进。
这个芯片并不是很大。
有些人认为英特尔也应该这样做【自从那次演讲之后,英特尔就宣布将在市场上推出与超微半导体公司的产品兼容的芯片】。
晶体管越来越小的不竭动力集成的规模越来越大,这是通过缩小原来的晶体管以此在一块同样的芯片上集成更多的晶体管。
另外,物理学规律也站在制造商这一边。
晶体管变得更快更小了,这也是为什么在高密度的同时也能保证高速度的原因了。
其实还有进一步的优势,芯片是做在硅片上的,也就是著名的晶片。
每个晶片上都有大量的单独的芯片。
单独的芯片共同完成一个功能。
因为晶体管的缩小化,使得在晶片上集成更多的芯片成为可能,因此每片芯片的价格也降低了。
单价下降对于业界来说是非常重要的,因为如果最新的芯片又便宜又快话,就没有理由继续提供旧的芯片了,至少不会无限期下去。
如此,一个产品可以满足整个市场。
然而,细节花费的估计表明,为了维持超过缩小化进程的极限的优势,那么就有必要移植到更大的晶片上。
晶片尺寸的变大并不是一个小问题。
最初晶片的直径是1至2英尺,在2000年的时候已经达到了12英尺。
刚一开始,当缩小化呈现出这么多问题而产业在晶片尺寸变大的过程中遇到困难的时候,我感到很迷惑。
现在我知道降低单价对于产业来说与在一个芯片上增加晶体管数目和调整在车间以及风险方面的投资一样重要。
集成化的程度是用功能尺度测量的,对于一种特定的技术来说就是定义为密集芯片中线路之间距离的一半的大小。
到目前为止,90nm的芯片仍然还在生产。
悬停定律1997年3月,戈登·摩尔是在卡文迪什举行的庆祝发现电子100周年纪念日上的演讲嘉宾。
我第一次听到可以拥有既快速又在违反墨菲定律下廉价的硅芯片的事实就是在他的演讲过程中。
在英国又称作墨菲法则。
摩尔说如果在其它领域,经验会引导人们在速度和价格之间选择或者折中考虑。
事实上,在硅芯片的情况下两者都有可能。
在网上的一本参考书中,墨菲被认为是1949年在美国空军人类加速测试中的工程师。
然而,我们在学生时代就相当熟悉这个定律了,我们给它取了一个比以上提到过的更平凡的名字叫做一般固执定律。
我们甚至考过与定律有关的模拟题,题中的第一部分问的是一些定律和原则的定义,第二部分就是用这个定律解决特定的问题。
对于我们来说第一部分就是考墨菲定律的定义,第二部分就是用它解决问题。
一个骑自行车的人开启循环自行车之旅。
源自于在任何时候给出风的方向的方程式。
单芯片的计算机每一次缩减都伴随着芯片数量和芯片之间的线路的减少,这就额外的增加了速度,因为芯片之间的通信耗费了大量时间。
最终,缩小化进程导致了除缓存外整个处理器都集成在一个芯片上,这就使得工厂能造出比现在最快的迷你计算机更优越的产品,它的结果导致了迷你基础计算机的没落。