High Frequency For TEM8
高频电源变压器课程86378说明书
Course 86378The High-Frequency Power Transformers course demonstrates how high-frequency switching can be used to increase the power handling capability of power transformers. This type of power transformer is commonly used to perform dc-to-dc conversion in switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) as well as in grid-tied inverters used for home energy production.Topic Coverage:»Study high-frequency power transformers.»Examine the effect of frequency on the power rating of transformers.»Explore the uses of high-frequency power transformers.»Analyze high-frequency power transformers in switched-mode power supplies and insulated dc-to-dc converters.Features and Benefi ts:»Includes an insulated dc-to-dc converter implemented with a high-frequency power transformer specially designed for student training.»Manual control of the duty cycle in the dc-to-dc converter makes study of converter operation easier.4DYNAMOMETERPOWER SUPPLYOLow-frequency (left) and high-frequency (right) power transformers having a 250 VA power rating.QtyModelDescription18131Three-Module Workstation 18311Resistive Load18835Insulated DC-to-DC Converter 18951-L Connection Leads18960-CFour-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power SupplyQtyModelDescription19063-C Data Acquisition and Control Interface 130004-224 V AC Power Supply186378/-1Student Manual/Instructor GuideLab-Volt reserves the right to make product improvements at any time and without notice.Note: A computer is required to perform the exercises.。
High Frequency For TEM8
High Frequency For TEM8〔1〕break the stalemate 打破僵局〔2〕be bound up with 与....联系在一起〔3〕be analogous to 与.....相似〔4〕on as daily basis 每天〔5〕be validated by 被..验证〔6〕it stands to reason that .....理所因此〔7〕be at peace with 与.....和谐相处〔8〕on the sly 偷偷地〔9〕in accordance with 依照.....〔10〕to the purpose 中肯地〔11〕of no avail 不起作用〔12〕boast of 吹嘘〔13〕be confronted with 面临......( 14) to sb's credit 使某人感到光荣〔15〕to the effect that 大意是....要紧内容是.... 〔16〕around the clock 昼夜不停地〔17〕at one's wit's end 无法可想，智穷计尽(18) in the twinkling of an eye 一瞬间，转眼间〔19〕live from hand to mouth 将就度日〔20〕none other that 不是...正是...〔21〕in the vicinity of 大约....〔22〕have a bearing on 与...有关〔23〕on the impulse of 凭....的冲动〔24〕equal stress on integrity and ability 德才兼备〔25〕give incentive to 鼓舞....〔26〕bring vigor into 输入活力〔27〕give sb the edge 使某人如虎添翼〔28〕plunge into sth 一头扎在...(29〕get burned out 力倦神疲〔30〕hold true for 适用于..〔31〕race against the clock 争分夺秒〔32〕stand one's ground 坚持立场〔33〕climber the career ladder 为事业奋斗〔34〕reach a consensus 达成一致〔35〕fall out of use 逐步不使用〔36〕see eye to eye with sb 与....看法一致〔37〕a spoiled brat 宠坏的小孩〔38〕a black sheep 败家子，惹祸精〔39〕lose sight of 忽略，不记得〔40〕hold water 合理，说得通(41)a case in point 恰当的例子(42) bosom friends 心腹之交，知己〔43〕for better or worse 不论好坏子〔44)screen sb/sth out 选择出，剔除(45〕from all walks of life 来自各行各业〔46〕put sth above sth 重视....甚于....(47) a code of ethics 道德准那么〔48〕conjure up images of sth...使人想到.....〔49〕keep pace with sth 与....并驾齐驱〔50〕shake sth off 摆脱...〔51〕fulfill one's potential 实现某人的价值(52〕a rosy picture of sth 对....美好的印象(53〕build up expertise 获得专业技术〔54〕sense of satisfaction 成就感〔55〕a small price to pay 微不足道的代价〔56〕put sb at a disadvantage 使....处于劣势〔57〕a wide selection of sth 各种各样地，广泛大量的的.. 〔58〕on the verge of sth 在...的边缘(59) stumbling block 绊脚石〔60〕tough nails 坚强的人(61〕inflict pain on..使....痛楚〔62〕socialize with sb 与...交往〔63〕bend the rules 改变原那么，通融〔64〕weigh up the pros and cons权衡利弊〔65〕win-win situation 双赢(66〕frown upon sth 不赞成...〔67〕in a nutshell 总而言之〔68〕a thorn in one's side 眼中钉，肉中刺〔69〕dos and don'ts 行为准那么，须知〔70〕count oneself lucky 自认幸运(71)shut sb out from...将....排除在外〔72〕take priority over 比....优先〔73〕have the edge on.在...方面有优势〔74〕give oneself the edge 给予自己优势〔75〕save for a rainy day 未雨绸缪〔76〕bridge the gap 缩小差距〔77〕take the blame for 为...承担责任〔78〕be a good bet 好法子〔79〕give it a shot 尝试....(80)join the ranks of ...加入....的行列〔81〕be racked with ..备受...的折磨〔82〕a castle in the air 海市蜃楼〔83〕bring ....into full play 充分发挥...的作用〔84〕make clear an idea that 弄清晰的是 (85)alienate sb from...使某人疏远 ..〔86〕grin and bear it 逆来顺受(87) cast light on 有助于看清....〔88〕pluck up courage 鼓起勇气(89)ally oneself with 与....联合(90)back sb up 支持某人(91)talk sense言之有物(92)cost sb an arm and a leg 专门昂贵〔93〕fair and square 正大光明的〔94〕relieve sb of sth 使某人摆脱....(94)be under illusion that 误以为...(95)pin one's hope on 把期望寄予在....(96)add spice to sth 为....增加趣味〔97〕have fantasy about sth 对....抱有幻想(98)have a nodding acquaintance with 对....略知一二〔99〕keep on top of everything 操纵全局〔100〕eradicate defect根除缺陷(101)in all probalility 十有八九〔102〕in defiance of 违抗...〔103〕on the threshold of 在....的开始〔104〕in a manner of speaking 在某种意义上说(105)be quite feasible in sth/doing sth 在...方面行得通〔106〕become indulgent with sb 纵容某人(107)a chronic state of 长期的〔108〕be hooked on 对..着迷〔109〕come out of one's shell 不再羞怯(110)ponder over 深思.....〔111〕a vicious cycle 恶性循环〔112〕not all doom and gloom并非一片黯然break the shackle of convention 打破传统的束缚〔113〕differentiate with 区别于...(114)stand a better chance of doing 更有机会做. 〔115〕translate into...转化为..〔116〕run with the crowd 随波逐流〔117〕uncivilized barbarians 未开化的野蛮人〔118〕be increasingly entangled in 越来越融入... 〔119〕be inseparable to 不可或缺的(120)on the increase 正在增加，不断增长〔121〕procure ideal jobs 得到理想的工作be unfavourable to 对...不利〔122〕be deprived of 被剥夺.....〔123〕be characterized by 以...为特点〔124〕in the corporate world 在商业界〔125〕get accustomed to 适应于，适用于(126)temporary remedy 临时的补救方法(127)lay emphasis on 强调....(128)learn mountains of theories 学习大量理论知识〔129〕to the detriment of 对...造成损害(130)the pyramid of higher learning will crumble 高等教育的金字塔将轰然倒塌(131)give them an upper hand 使他们具有优势〔132〕in the vicissitudes of lives 世事变迁(133)reach saturation 达到饱和状态〔134〕draw scant attention 不受重视〔135〕get command of 把握〔136〕be vulnerable to 易于受到损害的〔137〕get into the habit of frugality 养成节俭的适应〔138〕err in the same manner犯同样的错误〔139〕get away with the punishments逃脱惩处〔140〕take into one's confidence 向....吐露心声〔141〕avail every means to do sth 利用一切手段做某事〔142〕in line with 符合,跟...一致(143)rank top in their priorities 处于优先处理的位置〔144〕transcend over temporal limitations 超越时代的界限〔145〕make compliments to 赞扬〔146〕have an encyclopedic knowledge 有丰富的知识〔147〕cultivate talents for our society 为社会培养人才(148)the underlying reason 全然缘故〔149〕find its expression in 在....有所表达(150)tuition fees and living expenditure 学费和生活费〔151〕mortage loans 抵押贷款〔152〕impoverished college students 贫困大学生〔153〕more often than not 往往，多半〔154〕get hand in hand 紧密合作(155)a prevailing practice 一个普遍的现象(156〕give up eating for choking 因噎忘食〔157〕give due weight to 充分重视〔158〕endow sb sth 使某人具有〔好资质，能力等〕〔159〕wage earners 工薪阶层〔160〕in private 私下〔161〕play a crucial role 起关键作用〔162〕the domestic bliss 天伦之乐〔163〕be conductive to 导致，有助于..(164)lucrative opportunities 赚钱的机会〔165〕the general public 公众〔166〕domestic violence 家庭暴力(167)fiscal and monetary policy 财政和货币政策〔168〕intangible cultural heritage 无形文化遗产〔169〕ward off 躲开，挡开〔170〕staunch defender 忠实的守卫者〔171〕give sb a dose of their own medicine 给某人应有的惩处〔172〕gain celebrity overnight 一夜成名〔173〕producer's myopia 生产者的短视行为〔174〕reap immediate profits 赶忙获得利润〔175〕lay stress on experience 强调工作体会〔176〕employee attrition rate 人才流淌率〔177〕in times of ups and downs 在起伏波动的时候〔178〕wrapped by an aura of trustable titles 被各类头衔所包围〔179〕accumulate a system of expertise 积存了系统的知识〔180〕fake specialists 冒牌专家〔181〕give a fair shake 给予公平待遇〔182〕under authorization of 在....地授权之下〔183〕have intentions of evading taxes 有意逃税〔184〕tax deductible 可免税的〔185〕it is advisable to do....使明智的〔186〕from the perspective of 从...方面来看〔187〕arts and crafts 工艺〔188〕a time-honored brand 一个历史悠久的品牌〔189〕extend the market share 扩大市场份额〔190〕take the shine off 黯然失色〔191〕pay one's way 将就坚持〔192〕non-material cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产〔193〕the intangible assets 无形资产〔194〕on the move of an unprecedented speed 往常所未有的速度在前进〔195〕painstaking efforts 辛劳的努力〔196〕by unscrupulous means 不择手段(197)stand the test of time 经受得住时刻的考查〔198〕binary opposition 二元对立〔199〕unshirkable responsiblity 不可推卸的责任〔200〕rectify and regulate 整顿和规范〔201〕down-to-earth 务实的〔202〕act of omission 不作为〔203〕teem with 充满〔204〕surrender oneself to 屈服于，投降于〔205〕succumble to 屈服于〔206〕weigh sb down 使某人力倦神疲〔207〕medical practitioners 医师〔208〕in the course of history 在历史的长河中〔209〕casual relationship 因果关系〔210〕earn meager salaries 赚取微薄的工资〔211〕speculate in 在...方面投机〔212〕fend for oneself 照管自己〔213〕per capita income 人均收入(214)cross cultural communication 跨文化交流〔215〕a double-edged sword 一把双刃剑〔216〕bustle and hustle 熙熙攘攘(217)boost confidence and stimulate spending 提升信心，刺激消费〔218〕pose threat to 给...带来危险〔219〕get acquainted with 与....熟识〔220〕drive forward the economy 拉动经济〔221〕last but not least 最后但不是最不重要 (222)market-oriented economy 市场经济〔223〕get out of the shadow of 走出...的阴影〔224〕get stuck to 依附...黏住〔225〕idle away time 虚度光阴〔226〕bo of opinion 认为〔227〕fish for fame and scrab money 沽名钓誉〔228〕marked indication 显著标志〔229〕thriving in prosperity 兴盛发达〔230〕laws and regulations 法律法规〔231〕big shot 有名的人物〔232〕interfere in 打搅，阻碍..〔233〕an all-round reward 全方位的收成〔234〕shape one's inclination 塑造某人的爱好〔235〕self-fulfillment 自我实现〔236〕interpersonal relationship 人际关系〔237〕run contrary to 与...相矛盾〔238〕anxiety-laden 忧心忡忡的〔239〕mental-handicapped 弱智的〔240〕might-have-been outcome 可能的后果〔241〕be driven to despair限于失望〔242〕requisite preparation 必要预备〔243〕give a careful consideration 认真考虑〔244〕stick to one's position 坚守自己的岗位〔245〕develop one's potential to the full充分发挥某人的潜力〔246〕full of vim and vigor 充满活力〔247〕fall into one's concern 引起关注〔248〕corrupted bureauerats 腐败的官僚〔249〕prone to 易于...的〔250〕marvel at 赞颂于..折服于...〔251〕pooling ideas from various channels 集思广益〔252〕put ...at stake 把...置于危险境地〔253〕ever-accelerating 不断增加的(254)give rise to 引起，导致〔255〕deliiberate layout 精心布局〔256〕not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses 不以物喜，不以己悲(257)to foster the students'ability to study on their own 培养学生自学能力〔258〕to give scope to the students'initiative and creativeness 发挥学生的主动性和制造性〔259〕graduation dissertation 毕业论文〔260〕annexed or forced out of business 被兼并或被挤掉〔261〕extramarital affairs 婚外情〔262〕to be saddled with 使负担〔262〕to unshackle/liberate/release the productive force 解放生产力〔263〕socialism redevelopment 社会主义改造〔264〕strenuous exercise 剧烈运动(265)domestic household chores 家务〔266〕business recession 经济衰退〔267〕stock exchange 证券交易所〔268〕invigorate enterprises 搞活企业〔269〕ruuning expenses 日常费用〔270〕cosmetic surgery 整容手术〔271〕sanitary environment 卫生环境〔272〕occupational disease 职业病(273)cellular radiation 手机辐射〔274〕fitness/bodybuilding exercise 健美操〔275〕extracurriculum activity 课外活动〔276〕optimize the teaching stuff 优化教师队伍〔277〕have poor command of 对..把握ahead 不行〔278〕strike a balance between 在...和...之间取得平稳〔279〕ahead of schedule 提早〔280〕spring up like mushroom 如雨后春笋般涌现〔281〕launch a new reform 推行一项新的改革〔282〕enormous amount of controversy 专门大的争议〔283〕poverty-stricken families 贫困家庭〔284〕beyond the boundaries of 超出...的范畴〔285〕become indulgent with 纵容某人〔286〕go against the aim of 违抗...的目的〔287〕hold a hostile attitude towards 对...怀有敌意〔288〕with the advent of .随着...的到来〔289〕a case in point 一个恰当的例子〔290〕with theb acceleration of 随着...的加速〔291〕industrious and economical 勤俭节约〔292〕brag...as ...自夸，吹嘘〔293〕swarm into 涌入〔294〕its benefits overweigh the demerits 优点大于缺点〔295〕far-reaching social significance 深远的社会意义〔296〕be in a dilemma 左右为难〔297〕vice versa 反之亦然〔298〕with one's heartfelt sincerity 专门诚挚地〔299〕go so far as to 难道〔300〕in the neighborhood of 在..邻近，大约..。
双频激电及其数据处理
传统频率域电法的主要缺点
任何一种频率域电法都是要在不同的频率进行测量，传统 的主动源电法勘探（包括激发极化法和电磁法）的工作方 式都是“变频法”,变频法是一个频率、一个频率地逐个改 变频率进行测量,以致带来了它两大致命弱点. a. 变频法的工作效率低(“扫面”的速度更低); b.变频法的相对精度低。 (1) 在激电法中区分矿异常性质能力低, (2) 在电磁法(CSAMT)中发现深部异常能力低。 (3) 不能（像TEM那样）进行近区的频率域电磁测深。
岩矿石电化学反应与时间有关
开关
A
M
N
B
矿体
· 电化学反应需要时间 · 供电时间越长，电化学反应越充分 · 供电时间过短，电化学反应就来不及响应
时间域激发极化法
时间域激电是用脉冲电流激发，
测量激电随时间的变化特性。
电流强度 I I0
电位差ΔV ΔV1
t0
t1
ΔVIP(t)
t0
T t1
时间t 时间 t
和
(1.1.2)
(1.1.1)和(1.1.2)称为傅里叶变换对， 式中为角频率。
从数学上证明证明时间域与频率域的等效性
值得注意的是，上面所谈理论上的等效性是有
条件的。对于傅立叶变换, 是指时间t从
的
积分与频率 从
的积分等效。 和 可
以通过积分互相变换, 而拉普拉斯变换, 是指t 从
与s从 足这样的条件。
研制电（磁）法仪器的发展核心是提高产品分辨 率、灵敏度和抗干扰能力，主要特点是充分利用最先进 的电子技术和科研成果，向多道、多功能发展，越来越 具有自动化、小型化、轻便化、节能化等普遍特点，而 且仪器技术指标越来越高。下面举例说明：
SAMPLE TEXT(TEM8)2016年专八官方样卷
TEM8 SAMPLE TEST（部分）TIME LIMIT: 155 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear ONE interview.The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A), B), C) and D), and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions.Now, listen to Part One of the interview.1. A. Doing what they have promised to schoolsB. Creating opportunities for leading universitiesC. Reducing opportunities for state school pupilsD. Considering removing barriers for state school pupils2. A. The government has lowered state pupils’ expectations.B. The number of state pupils applying to Oxford fails to increase.C. Universities are not working hard to accept state school pupils.D. Leading universities are rejecting state school pupils.3.……4.……5.……Now, listen to Part Two of the interview.6. A. It means more funding from education authoritiesB. It means more opportunities and choicesC. It means greater power to run themselvesD. It means getting all the money and deciding how to spend it7. A. Local education authorities and secondary schools together.B. Local education authorities and the central government.C. Local education authorities only.D. The central government only.8. A. To initiate new topics.B. To support the interviewee.C. To introduce new policies.D. To explain some statistics.9. ……10. ……PART II READING COMPREHENSION (45 MIN)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONEIn 2011, many shoppers opted to avoid the frenetic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. Sales at online retailers gained by more than 15%, making it the biggest season ever. But people are also returning those purchases at record rates, up 8% from last year.What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or do people shop more impulsively – and therefore make bad decisions –when online? Both arguments are plausible. However, there is a third factor: a question of touch. We can love the look but, in an online environment, we cannot feel the quality of a texture, the shape of the fit, the fall of a fold or the weight of an earring. And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase.When my most recent book Brandwashed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment about the differences between the online and offline shopping. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it. Out of 20 such requests, six customers proceeded with the purchase.The second option also involved going over to the shelf but, this time, removing the book and then subtly holding onto it for just an extra moment before placing it in the customer’s hands. Of the 20 people who were handed the book, 13 ended up buying it. Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales. Why? We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand. That’s why we establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and friends with a handshake. In this case, having to then let go of the book after holding it might generate a subtle sense of loss, and motivate us to make the purchase even more.A recent study conducted by Bangor University together with the United Kingdom’s Royal Mail service also revealed the power of touch, in this case when it came to snail mail. A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter, as opposed to receiving the same message online. FMRIs（功能性磁共振成像）showed that, on touching the paper, the emotional centre of the brain was activated, thus forming a stronger bond. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process, it could translate into a sense of possession. In other words, we simply feel more committed to possess and thus buy an item when we’ve first touched it. This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in the online shopping experience.As the rituals of purchase in the lead-up to Christmas change, not only do we give less thought to the type of gifts we buy for our loved ones but, through our own digital wish lists, we increasingly control what they buy for us. The reality, however, is that no matter how convinced we all are that digital is the way to go, finding real satisfaction will probably take more than a few simple clicks.11.According to the author, shoppers are returning their purchases for all the followingreasons EXCEPT that ________.A.they are unsatisfied with the quality of the purchaseB.they eventually find the purchase too expensiveC.they change their mind out of uncertaintyD.they regret making the purchase without forethought12.Why does the author cite the study by Bangor University and the Royal Mail Service?A.To compare similar responses in different settings.B.To provide further evidence for his own observation.C.To offer a scientific account of the brain’s functions.D.To describe emotional responses in online shopping.13.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A.Despite online shopping we still attach importance to gift buying.B.Some people are still uncertain about the digital age.C.Real satisfaction depends on factors other than the computer.D.Online shopping offers real satisfaction to shoppers.PASSAGE TWOMy professor brother and I have an argument about head and heart, about whether he overvalues IQ while I lean more toward EQ. We typically have this debate about people – can you be friends with a really smart jerk（怪物）? – but there’s corollary to animals as well. I’d love it if our dog could fetch the morning paper and then read it to me over coffee, but I actually care much more about her loyal and innocent heart. There’s already enough thinking going on in our house, and we probably spend too much time in our heads. Where we need some role modeling is in instinct, and that’s where a dog is a roving revelation.I did not grow up with dogs, which meant that my older daughter’s respectful but unyielding determination to get one required some adjustment on my part. I often felt she was training me: from ages of 6 to 9, she gently schooled me in various breeds and their personalities, whispered to the dogs we encountered so they would charm and persuade me, demonstrated by her self-discipline that she was ready for the responsibility. And thus came our dog Twist, whom I sometimes mistake for a third daughter.At first I thought the challenge would be to train her to sit, to heel, to walk calmly beside us and not go wildly chasing the neighbourhood rabbits. But I soon discovered how much more we had to learn from her than she from us.If it is true, for example, that the secret to a child’s success is less rare genius than raw persistence, Twist’s ability to stay on task is a model for us all, especially if the task is trying tocapture the sunbeam that flicks around the living room as the wind blows through the branches outside. She never succeeds, and she never gives up. This includes when she runs square into walls.Then there is her unfailing patience, which breaks down only when she senses that dinnertime was 15 minutes ago and we have somehow failed to notice. Even then she is more eager than indignant, and her refusal to whine shows a restraint of which I’m not always capable when hungry.But the lesson I value most is the one in forgiveness, and Twist first offered this when she was still very young. When she was about 7 months old, we took her to the vet to be spayed（切除卵巢）. We turned her over to a stranger, who proceeded to perform a procedure that was probably not pleasant. But when the vet returned her to us, limp and tender, there was no recrimination（反责）, no How could you do that to me? It was as though she already knew that we would not intentionally cause her pain, and while she did not understand, she forgave and curled up with her head on my daughter’s lap.I suppose we could have concluded that she was just blindly loyal and docile. But eventually we knew better. She is entirely capable of disobedience, as she has proved many times. She will ignore us when there are more interesting things to look at, rebuke us when we are careless, bark into the twilight when she has urgent messages to send. But her patience with our failings and fickleness and her willingness to give us a second chance are a daily lesson in gratitude.My friends who grew up with dogs tell me how when they were teenagers and trusted no one in the world, they could tell their dog all their secrets. It was the one friend who would not gossip or betray, could provide in the middle of the night the soft, unbegrudging comfort and peace that adolescence conspires to disrupt. An age that is all about growth and risk needs some anchors and weights, a model of steadfastness when all else is in flux. Sometimes I think Twist’s devotion keeps my girls on a benevolent leash, one that hangs quietly at their side as they trot along but occasionally yanks them back to safety and solid ground.We’ve weighed so many decisions so carefully in raising our daughters – what school to send them to and what church to attend, when to give them cell phones and with what precautions. But when it comes to what really shapes their character and binds our family, I never would have thought we would owe so much to its smallest member.14.In the first paragraph, the author suggests that _______.A. a person can either have a high IQ or a low EQB.we need examples of how to follow one’s heartC.her professor brother cares too much about IQD.she prefers dogs that are clever and loyal15.According to the passage, all the following are Twist’s characteristics EXCEPT ________.A.resignationB.patienceC.forgivenessD.tenacity16.That Twist’s devotion ke eps my girls on a benevolent leash means that ________.A.Twist is capable of looking after the girlsB.Twist and the girls have become friendsC.Twist knows how to follow the girlsD.Twist’s loyalty helps the girls grow up17.What does the author try to express in the last paragraph?A.Gratitude to Twist for her role.B.Difficulties in raising her children.C.Worries about what to buy for kids.D.Concerns about schooling and religion.PASSAGE THREEMost West African lorries are not in what one would call the first flush of youth, and I had learnt by bitter experience not to expect anything very much of them. But the lorry that arrived to take me up to the mountains was worse than anything I had seen before: it tottered on the borders of senile decay. It stood there on buckled wheels, wheezing and gasping with exhaustion from having to climb up the gentle slope to the camp, and I consigned myself and my loads to it with some fear. The driver, who was a cheerful fellow, pointed out that he would require my assistance in two very necessary operations: first, I had to keep the hand brake pressed down when travelling downhill, for unless it was held thus almost level with the floor it sullenly refused to function. Secondly, I had to keep a stern eye on the clutch, a willful piece of mechanism that seized every chance to leap out of its socket with a noise like a strangling leopard. As it was obvious that not even a West African lorry-driver could be successful in driving while crouched under the dashboard, I had to take over control of those instruments if I valued my life. So, while I ducked at intervals to put on the brake, amid the rich smell of burning rubber, our noble lorry jerked its way towards the mountains at a steady twenty miles per hour; sometimes, when a downward slope favoured it, it threw caution to the winds and careered（猛冲）along in a reckless fashion at twenty-five.For the first thirty miles the red earth road wound its way through the lowland forest, the giant trees standing in solid ranks alongside and their branches entwined（盘绕）in an archway of leaves above us. Slowly and almost imperceptibly the road started to climb upwards, looping itsway in languid curves round the forested hills. In the back of the lorry the boys lifted up their voices in song:Home again, home again,When shall I see ma home?The driver hummed the refrain（副歌）softly to himself glancing at me to see if I would object. To his surprise I joined in and so while the lorry rolled onwards, the boys in the back maintained the chorus while the driver and I harmonized and sang complicated bits.Breaks in the forest became more frequent the higher we climbed, and presently a new type of undergrowth began to appear: massive tree-ferns standing at the roadside on their thick, squat, hairy trunks. These ferns were the guardians of a new world, for suddenly, as though the hills had shrugged themselves free of a cloak, the forest disappeared. It lay behind us in the valley, while above us the hillside rose majestically, covered in a coat of waist-high grass. The lorry crept higher and higher, the engine gasping and shuddering with this unaccustomed activity. I began to think that we should have to push the wretched thing up the last two or three hundred feet, but to everyone’s surprise we made it, and the lorry crept on to the brow of the hill, trembling with fatigue, spouting steam from its radiator like a dying whale. We crawled to a standstill and the driver switched off the engine.“We must wait small-time, engine get hot,” he explained, pointing to the forequarters of the lorry, which were by now completely invisible under a cloud of steam. Thankfully I descended from the red-hot inside of the cab and strolled down to where the road dipped into the next valley. From this vantage point I could see the country we had travelled through and the country we were to enter.18.Which of the following words in the first paragraph is used literally?A.Flush.B.Borders.C.Gasping.D.Operations.19.We learn from the first paragraph that the author regards the inadequacies of the lorry as_______.A.inevitable and amusingB.dangerous and frighteningC.novel and unexpectedD.welcome and interesting20.All the following words in the last but one paragraph describe the lorry as a humanEXCEPT_______.A.tremblingB.spoutingC.shudderingD.crept21. A suitable title for the passage would be _______.A. A journey that scared meB.The wild West African lorryC. A journey to rememberD. A comic journey in West AfricaPASSAGE FOURHave you ever noticed a certain similarity in public parks and back gardens in the cities of the West? A ubiquitous woodland mix of lawn grasses and trees has found its way throughout Europe and the United States, and it’s now spread to other cities around the world. As ecologist Peter Groffman has noted, it's increasingly difficult to tell one suburb apart from another, even when they're located in vastly different climates such as Phoenix, Arizona, or Boston in the much chillier north-east of the US. And why do parks in New Zealand often feature the same species of trees that grow on the other side of the world in the UK?Inspired by the English and New England countrysides, early landscape architects of the 19th century created an aesthetic for urban public and private open space that persists to this day. But in the 21st century, urban green space is tasked with doing far more than simply providing aesthetic appeal. From natural systems to deal with surface water run-off and pollution to green corridors to increasing interest in urban food production, the urban parks of the future will be designed and engineered for functionality as well as for beauty.Imagine travelling among the cities of the mid-21st century and finding a unique set of urban landscapes that capture local beauty, natural and cultural history, and the environmental context. They are tuned to their locality, and diverse within as well as across cities. There are patches that provide shade and cooling, places of local food production, and corridors that connect both residents and wildlife to the surrounding native environment. Their functions are measured and monitored to meet the unique needs of each city for food production, water use, nutrient recycling, and habitat. No two green spaces are quite the same.Planners are already starting to work towards this vision. And if this movement has a buzzword it is “hyperfunctionality” – designs which provide multiple uses in a confined space. At the moment, urban landscapes are highly managed and limited in their spatial extent. Even the "green" cities of the future will contain extensive areas of buildings, roads, railways, and other built structures. These future cities are likely to contain a higher proportion of green cover than the cities of today, with an increasing focus on planting on roofs, vertical walls, and surfaces like car parks. But built environments will still be ever-present in dense megacities. We can greatly enhance the utility of green space through designs that provide a range of different uses in a confined space. A hyperfunctional planting, for example, might be designed to provide food, shade, wildlife habitat, and pollution removal all in the same garden with the right choice of plants and management practices.What this means is that we have to maximize the benefits and uses of urban parks, while minimizing the costs of building and maintaining them. Currently, green space and street plantings are relatively similar throughout the Western world, regardless of differences in local climate, geography, and natural history. Even desert cities feature the same sizable street trees and well-watered and well-fertilized lawns that you might see in more temperate climes. The movement to reduce the resources and water requirements of such urban landscapes in these arid areas is called "xeriscaping" – a concept that has so-far received mixed responses in terms of public acceptance. Scott Yabiku and colleagues at the Central Arizona Phoenix project showed that newcomers to the desert embrace xeriscaping more than long-time residents, who are more likely to prefer the well-watered aesthetic. In part, this may be because xeriscaping is justified more by reducing landscaping costs –in this case water costs –than by providing desired benefits like recreation, pollution mitigation, and cultural value. From this perspective, xeriscaping can seem more like a compromise than an asset.But there are other ways to make our parks and natural spaces do more. Nan Ellin, of the Ecological Planning Center in the US, advocates an asset-based approach to urbanism. Instead of envisioning cities in terms of what they can't have, ecological planners are beginning to frame the discussion of future cities in terms of what they do have - their natural and cultural assets. In Utah’s Salt Lake City, instead of couching environmental planning as an issue of resource scarcity, the future park is described as "mountain urbanism" and the strong association of local residents with the natural environment of the mountain ranges near their home. From this starting point, the local climate, vegetation, patterns of rain and snowfall, and mountain topography are all deemed natural assets that create a new perspective when it comes to creating urban green space. In Cairns, Australia, the local master plan embraces "tropical urbanism" that conveys a sense of place through landscaping features, while also providing important functions such as shading and cooling in this tropical climate.The globally homogenized landscape aesthetic – which sees parks from Boston to Brisbane looking worryingly similar –will diminish in importance as future urban green space will be more receptive to local values and cultural perceptions of beauty. This will lead to a far greater diversity of urban landscape designs than are apparent today. Already, we are seeing new purposes for urban landscaping that are transforming the 20th century woodland park into bioswales – plantings designed to filter stormwater – green roofs, wildlife corridors, and urban food gardens. However, until recently we have been lacking the datasets and science-based specifications for designs that work to serve all of these purposes at once.In New York City, Thomas Whitlow of Cornell University sends his students through tree-lined streets with portable, backpack-mounted air quality monitors. At home in his laboratory, he places tree branches in wind tunnels to measure pollution deposition onto leaves. It turns out that currently, many street tree plantings are ineffective at removing air pollutants, and instead may trap pollutants near the ground. Rather than relying on assumptions about the role of urban vegetation in improving the environment and health, future landscaping designs will be engineered based on empirical data and state of the art of simulations.New datasets on the performance of urban landscapes are changing our view of what future urban parks will look like and what it will do. With precise measurements of pollutant uptake, water use, plant growth rates, and greenhouse gas emissions, we are better able to design landscapes that require less intensive management and are less costly, while providing more social and environmental uses.22.The following are all features of future urban green space EXCEPT that ________.A.each city has its distinct style of urban green spaceB.urban landscape will focus more on cultural historyC.urban green space will be designed to serve many usesD.more green cover will be seen on city roofs and walls23.According to the passage, if planners adopt an asset-based approach, they will probably_______.A.incorporate the area’s natural and cultural heritage into their designB.make careful estimation of the area’s natural resources before designingbine natural resources and practical functions in their designD.envision more purposes for urban landscaping in their design24.According to the passage, future landscaping designs will rely more on _______.A.human assumptionsB.scientific estimationC.field workboratory workSECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE25.What is the purpose of the experiment in the bookstore?PASSAGE TWO26. According to the context, what does the word “square” mean?PASSAGE THREE27.What can we learn from the condition of the lorry from “ it tottered on the borders ofsenile decay”?28.How did the author help the lorry driver on the way?29.How did the author feel when helping the lorry driver?PASSAGE FOUR30.According to the passage, what makes urban green space look similar throughout the West?31. Why are some local residents opposed to “xeriscaping”?32. What did Thomas Whitlow of Cornell University find out about tree branches?PART III LANGUAGE USAGE (15 MIN)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. Y ou should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, u nderline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, m ark the position of the missing word with a "/\" sign and write theword you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of theline.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in theblank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen /\ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THTEE as instructed.PART IV TRANSLATION (25 MIN) Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.茶花（camellia）的自然花期在12月至翌年4月，以红色系为主，另有黄色系和白色系等，花色艳丽。
tem 高分辨晶格衍射条纹英语
tem 高分辨晶格衍射条纹英语High-Resolution Lattice Diffraction Patterns in TEM: A Technical Insight Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool in materials science, offering atomic-scale visualization of materials' internal structure. Among its various capabilities, TEM excels in providing high-resolution lattice diffraction patterns, which are crucial for understanding the crystallographic properties of materials.Lattice diffraction patterns, also known as electron diffraction patterns, are produced when a beam of electrons interacts with the atomic lattice of a material. These patterns are essentially the result of electron waves diffracting from the regular spacing of atoms within the crystal lattice. The resulting diffraction pattern, observed on a screen or detector, appears as a series of bright spots arranged in a characteristic pattern that reflects the lattice symmetry and spacing of the material.In high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), these diffraction patterns are obtained with remarkable clarity, revealing minute details of the crystal structure. This high resolution is achieved through the use of advanced electron optics, which focus the electron beam to nanometer-scale dimensions, and high-sensitivity detectors, which capture the weak diffracted signals.The analysis of these high-resolution lattice diffraction patterns provides valuable insights into the materials' atomic arrangement, phase composition, and defects. For instance, the spacing between diffraction spots can be used to determine the lattice parameters of the material, while the intensity and shape of the spots can reveal information about atomic bonding and the presence of defects such as dislocations or grain boundaries.In summary, high-resolution lattice diffraction patterns in TEM are a crucial tool for understanding the crystallographic properties of materials. They provide a detailed and often quantitative view of atomic-scale structure, essential formaterials research and development in areas as diverse as solid-state physics, chemistry, and engineering.。
TEM8考试指导-8
TEM8考试指导-8Model Test 8Part I Listening comprehension:Section A Gap-fill and note-taking1. Deficiency2. vulnerable/ susceptible3. fluid4. feeding5. Casual6. share7. contact8. weakness9. Acute10. therapySECTION B INTERVIEW1. A2. C3. C4. B5. CSECTION C NEWS BROADCAST6. A7. B8. B9. C 10. DPART II READING COMPREHENSIONTEXT A11. C 12. C 13. B 14. BTEXT BI5. D 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. D 20. BTEXT C21. D 22. D 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. BTEXT D27. D 28. A 29. B 30. APART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE31. A 32. B 33. B 34. D 35. D36. A 37. C 38. D 39. C 40. APART IV PROOF READING & ERROR CORRECTIONl. still -- even2. this -- it3. ^ or not-- 加入whether4. Because -- While5. include -- including6. more -- most7. so -- accordingly8. analyzes -- analyzed9. stocks -- Stock10. ^ the -- 加入ofPART V TRANSLATIONSECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH参考译文：I would advise you to read with a pen in your hand, and enter in a little book shorthints of what you find curious or useful ; for this will be the best method of imprinting such particulars in your memory, where they will be ready, either for practice on some future occasion, if they are matters of utility, or at least to adorn and improve your conversation,if they are rather points of curiosity. And, as many of the terms of science are such as youcannot have met with in your common reading and may therefore be unacquainted with, Ithink it would be good for you to have a good dictionary at hand, to consult it immediatelywhen you meet with a word you do not comprehend the precise meaning of.(选自《识途篇：专家、学者、教授谈英语学习》) SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE爹考译文：从美国中西部金色的田野，到巴勒斯坦嫩绿色的古老疆土，那些留心观察的人共享着同一个快乐真理。
TEM_8人文知识项目试题评析及其反拨效应_李端奇
第27卷湖北师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)V o.l27第1期Journal o fH ubei N o r m a l Un i ve rsit y(Ph ilosophy and Socia l Science)N o.1,2007TE M-8人文知识项目试题评析及其反拨效应李端奇(湖北师范学院外语系,湖北黄石 435002)〔摘 要〕 本文结合近两年TE M-8实考试题,针对其新增题型(人文知识项目),从必要性、信度、效度与反拨效应等几个方面进行了简要评析。
〔关键词〕 英语专业八级;人文知识;信度;效度;反拨〔中图分类号〕G642.474 〔文献标识码〕A 〔文章编号〕1009-4733(2007)01-0120-03 全国高校英语专业八级考试(TE M-8)自1991年推行以来,以其科学的试题设计及较高的信度与效度赢得了公众的认可,成为衡量英语专业毕业生英语水平的一条准绳和影响用人单位人才录用的一个重要参考。
长期以来,TE M-8的题型相对固定,以测试学生的语言知识为主。
自2005年起新增的人文知识项目(G enera l K no w l edge),体现了TE M-8测试方向上的调整与测试内容上的完善,具有重要意义。
本文拟以2005、2006年TE M-8实考试题为依据,从必要性、信度、效度及反拨效应等几个方面对新题型进行简要分析。
一、增加新题型的必要性 外语专业人才培养的终极目标就是要使学生“具有扎实的英语语言基础和广博的文化知识并能熟练地运用英语”。
“扎实的英语语言基础”指的是学生对英语语音、词汇、语法等基础知识的掌握;“广博的文化知识”指的是对相关文化背景的学习;而“熟练地运用英语”指的则是交际能力(co mmun ica tive co m pe tence)。
前面的两点落实到教学中便有了语言教学与文化教学两大板块,而交际能力的培养则是这两者的结合体。
纵观外语测试走过的历程,先后经历了测试知识(know l edge)(19世纪以前)、测试技能(technique)(19世纪末至20世纪50年代)、测试能力(co m petence)(60年代至今)等三个阶段(胡泓2000)。
High Frequency Dynamics and Third Cumulant of Quantum Noise
a r X i v :0807.0252v 1 [c o n d -m a t .m e s -h a l l ] 1 J u l 2008High Frequency Dynamics and Third Cumulant ofQuantum NoiseJ.Gabelli and B.ReuletLaboratoire de Physique des Solides,UMR8502bˆa timent 510,Universit´e Paris-Sud 91405ORSAY Cedex,FrancePhysics of current fluctuations has proven,during the last 15years,to be a very profound topic of electron transport in mesoscopic conductors (for a review,see ref.[1]).Usually,current fluctuations are characterized by their spectral density S 2(ω)measured at frequency ω:S 2(ω)= i (ω)i (−ω) ,(1)where i (ω)is the Fourier component of the classical fluctuating current at frequency ωand the brackets . denote time averaging.In the limit where the current can be considered as carried by individual,uncorrelated electrons of charge e crossing the sample (as in a tunnel junction),S 2(ω)is given by the Poisson value S 2(ω)=e I and is independent of the measurement frequency ω.At sufficiently high frequencies,however,this relation breaks down and should reveal information about energy scales of the system.In particular,in the quantum regime ω>eV (V is the voltage across the conductor),it turns out that the noise cannot be seen as a charge counting statistics problem anymore even for a conductor without intrinsic energy scale.In this regime,the noise spectral density reduces to its equilibrium value determined,at zero temperature,by the zero-point fluctuations (ZPF):S (eq )2(ω)=G ω,(2)with G the conductance of the system.Experimental investigations of the shot noise at finite frequency have clearly shown a constant (voltage independent)noise spectral density for ω>eV in several systems [2,3,4].Although these experiments were not able to give an absolute value of the equilibrium noise (because of intrinsic noise of linear amplifiers used for the measurement),one has good reasons be believe that ZPF can be observed with this kind of amplifiers.Indeed,it as been proven in other detection schemes,theoretically [5,6]and experimentally [7,8,9,10],that ZPF can be detected from deexcitation of an active detector whereas they cannot be detected by a passive detector which is itself effectively in the ground state.In view of recent interest in the theory of the full counting statistics (FCS)of charge transfer,attention has shifted from the conventional noise (the variance of the current fluctuations)to the study of the higher cumulants of current fluctuations.Whereas the discrimination between active and passive detector seems to be clear for noise spectral density measurement,the situation is more complex for the measurement of high order cumulants at finite frequency.Indeed,the issues of detection scheme are closely related to the problem of ordering quantum current operators and,if the problem can be solved in a general wayfor two operators [6,11],measurements of higher cumulants are pointing out the problem of appropriate symmetrization of the product of n current operators:S n (ω)= i (ω1)i (ω2)...i (ωn ) δ(ω1+ω2+...+ωn )(3)It is the goal of this paper to clearly present the problem of the third cumulant measurement on a well defined experimental setup using a linear amplifier as a detector.Until now,measurements of the third cumulant S 3of voltage fluctuations have been performed at low frequency,i.e.in the classical regime ω<eV,k B T where voltage fluctuations arise from charge transfer process [12,13,14].We report here the first measurement of S 3at high frequency,in the quantum regime ω>eV,k B T .It raises central questions of the statistics of quantum noise,in particular:1.The electromagnetic environment of the sample has been proven to strongly influence the measure-ment,through the possible modulation of the noise of the sample[12].What happens to this mechanism in the quantum regime?2.For eV< ω,the noise is due to ZPF and keeps its equilibrium value:S2=G ωwith G theconductance of the sample.Therefore,S2is independent of the bias voltage and no photon is emitted by the conductor.Is it possible,as suggested by some theories[15,16,17],that S3=0in this regime?In the spirit of these questions,we give theoretical and experimental answers to the environmental effects showing that they involve dynamics of the quantum noise.We study the case of a tunnel junction, the simplest coherent ing these results,we investigate the question of the third cumulant of quantum noise.1Environmental Effects and Dynamics of Quantum NoiseWe show in this section that the noise dynamics is a central concept in the understanding of environmen-tal effects on quantum transport.First,we present a simple approach(in the zero frequency limit)to calculate the effects of the environment on noise measurements in terms of the modification of probability distribution P(i)of currentfluctuations.We do not provide a rigorous calculation,but simple consider-ations that bear the essential ingredients of the phenomenon.This allows us to introduce the concept of noise dynamics and determine the correct current correlator which describes it at any frequency.Then, we report thefirst measurement of the dynamics of quantum noise in a tunnel junction.We observe that the noise of the tunnel junction responds in phase with the ac excitation,but its response is not adiabatic, as obtained in the limit of slow excitation.Our data are in quantitative agreement with a calculation we have performed.Figure1:Schematics of the experimental setup.Currentfluctuations i(t)=I(t)− I are measured by an ampmeter with a bandwidth∆f.1.1Effects of the environment on the probability distribution P(i)In the zero-frequency limit,high order moments are simply given by the probability distribution of the current P(i)calculated from the currentfluctuations measured in a certain bandwidth∆f(seefig.1):M n= i n P(i)di(4) The cumulant of order n,S n is then given by a linear combination of M k∆f k−1,with k≤n[18].In practice,it is very hard to perfectly voltage-bias a sample at any frequency and one has to deal with the non-zero impedance of the environment Z(see Fig.1).If Vfluctuates,the probability P(i)is modified.Let us call P(i;V)the probability distribution of the currentfluctuations around the dc current I when the sample is perfectly biased at voltage V,and P(i)the probability distribution in the presence of an environment.R is the resistance of the sample,taken to be independent of V.If the sample is biased by a voltage V0through an impedance Z,the dc voltage across the sample is V=R /Z V0with R =RZ/(R+Z).The currentfluctuations in the sampleflowing through the external impedance induce voltagefluctuations across the sample,given by:δV(t)=− +∞−∞Z(ω)i(ω)e iωt dω(5)Consequently,the probability distribution of thefluctuations is modified.This can be taken into account if thefluctuations are slow enough that the distribution P(i)follows the voltagefluctuations.Under this assumption one has:P(i)=P(i;V+δV)≃P(i,V)+δV∂P+ (7)∂VThis equation,derived in Ref.[19],shows that environmental correction to the moment of order n is related to the next moment of the sample perfectly voltage biased.For n=1we recover the link between noise and Dynamical Coulomb Blockade through the noise susceptibility(see below)that appears as ∂M2/∂V in the simple picture depicted here[20].Let us now apply the previous relation to the third cumulant(S n=M n∆f n−1for n=2,3):S3≃S3−3Z S4∂V(8)It is a simplified version of the relation derived in refs.[21].The way to understand this formula is the following:thefirst term on the right is the intrinsic cumulant;the second term comes from the sample currentfluctuations i(t)inducing voltagefluctuations across itself.These modulate the sample noise S2 by a quantity−Zi(t)dS2/dV.This modulation is in phase with thefluctuating current i(t),and gives rise to a contribution to the third order correlator i3(t) .This environmental contribution involves the impedance of the environment and the dynamical response of the noise which,in the adiabatic limit considered here,is given by dS2/dV.However,at high enough frequencies,and in particular in the quantum regime ω>eV,this relation should be modified to include photo-assisted processes.The notion of dynamical response of the noise is extended in the following section to the quantum regime in order to subtract properly the environmental terms in the measurement of the third cumulant.1.2Dynamics of Quantum Noise in a Tunnel Junction under ac Excitation In the same way as the complex ac conductance G(ω0)of a system measures the dynamical response of the average current to a small voltage excitation at frequencyω0,we investigate the dynamical response of (ω),that we name noise susceptibility.It measures the in-phase and out-of-phase currentfluctuationsχωoscillations at frequencyω0of the current noise spectral density S2(ω)measured at frequencyω.In order to introduce the correlator that describes the noise dynamics,we start with those which describe noise and photo-assisted noise.Beside the theoretical expressions,we present the corresponding measurements on a tunnel junction[22].It allows to calibrate the experimental setup and give quantitative comparisons between experiment and theory.Noise and photo-assisted noiseThe spectral density of the currentfluctuations at frequencyωof a tunnel junction(i.e.with no internal dynamics)biased at a dc voltage V is[1]:S02(ω+)+S02(ω−)S2(V,ω)=d S 2(ω)/d V ä (R 0/2e )-60-40-200204060eV/k B TS 2/(4k B G ) (K )Figure 2:Top:Measured noise temperature T N =S 2(ω)/(4k B G )of the sample plus the amplifier with no ac excitation.Bottom:measured differential noise spectral density dS 2(ω)/dV for various levels of excitation z =eδV/( ω0).z =0corresponds to photo-assisted noise.Solid lines are fits with Eq.(10).where ω±=ω±eV/ .S 02(ω)is the Johnson-Nyquist equilibrium noise,S 02(ω)=2G ωcoth ( ω/(2k B T ))and G is the conductance.At low temperature,the S 2vs.V curve (obtained at point C on Fig.3)has kinks at eV =± ω,as clearly demonstrated in our measurement,see Fig.2top.The temperature of the electrons is obtained by fitting the data with Eq.9.We obtain T =35mK,so that ω/k B T ∼8.5.Note that a huge,voltage independent,contribution T N ∼67K is added to the voltage dependent noise coming from the sample which masks the contribution from the ZPF.When an ac bias voltage δV cos ω0t is superimposed on the dc one,the electrons wavefunctions acquire an extra factor n J n (z )exp(inω0t )where J n is the Bessel function of the first kind and z =eδV/( ω0).The noise at frequency ωis modified by the ac bias,to give:S pa 2(V,ω)=+∞ n =−∞J 2n (z )S 2(V −n ω0/e,ω)(10)This effect,called photo-assisted noise,has been measured for ω=0[2].We show below the first measurement of photo-assisted noise at finite frequency ω.The multiple steps separated by eV = ω0are well pronounced and a fit with Eq.10provides the value of the rf coupling between the excitation line and the sample δV (see Fig.2bottom).Noise susceptibilityPhoto-assisted noise corresponds to the noise S 2(ω)in the presence of an excitation at frequency ω0,obtained by time averaging the square of the current filtered around ω,as in [2]for ω=0and in[4]for ω∼ω0.This is similar to the photo-voltaic effect for the dc current.The equivalent of the dynamical response of current at arbitrary frequencies ω0is the dynamical response of noise at frequency ω0.It involves the beating of two Fourier components of the current separated by ±ω0expressed by the correlator i (ω)i (ω0−ω) .Using the techniques described in [1],we have calculated the correlator that corresponds to our experimental setup,using the ”usual rules”of symmetrization for a two currentFigure3:Experimental setup for the measurement of the noise dynamics X(ω0,ω)and the third cumulant S3(ω,ω0−ω)forω∼ω0.The symbol⊕represents a combiner,which output is the sum of its two inputs. The symbol⊗represents a multiplier,which output is the product of its two inputs.The diode symbol represents a square law detector,which output is proportional to the low frequency part of the square of its input.correlator and a classical detector.Wefind the dynamical response of noise for a tunnel junction[20]:1X(ω0,ω)=(12)δVχω(ω)expresses the effect,tofirst order inδV,of a small excitation at frequencyω0to the noise measured 0at frequencyω.We show in Fig.4the data for X(ω0,ω)/δV at small injected powers as well as the (ω=ω0):theoretical curve forχωeχω(ω)=χω(0)=All the data fall on the same curve,as predicted,and are very well fitted by the theory.The cross-over occurs now for eV ∼ ω.χω(ω)is clearly different from the adiabatic response of noise dS 2(ω)/dV (solid line in Fig.4).However,in the limit δV →0and ω0→0(with z ≪1),Eq.(13)reduces to χω(0)∼(1/2)(dS 2/dV ).The factor 1/2comes from the fact that the sum of frequencies,±(ω+ω0)(here ∼12GHz),is not detected in our setup.This is the central result of our work:the quantum noise responds in phase but non-adiabatically.-1.0-0.50.00.51.0χω(ω) ä (R 0/e ) -30-20-100102030eV/k B TFigure 4:Normalized noise susceptibility χω(ω)vs.normalized dc bias.Symbols:data for various levels of excitation (z =0.85,0.6and 0.42).Dotted and dashed lines:fits of χω(ω)(Eq.(13)).Solid line:(1/2)dS 2/dV (experimental),as a comparison.Inset :Nyquist representation of X (ω0,ω)for z =1.7(in arbitrary units).The in-phase and out-of-phase responses are measured by shifting the phase ϕof the reference signal by 90◦.2Third Cumulant of Quantum Noise Fluctuations 2.1Operator oderingA theoretical framework to analyze FCS was developed in Ref.[23]to evaluate any cumulant of the current operator in the zero-frequency limit.In order to analyze frequency dispersion of current fluctuations it is necessary to go beyond the usual FCS theory [15,16,17].An essential problem in these approaches is to know what ordering of current operators ˆi corresponds to a given detection scheme.This problem is simpler for S 2:the correlator S +(ω)= ˆi (ω)ˆi (−ω) with ω>0represents what is measured by a detector that absorbs the photons emitted by the sample,like a photo-multiplier.The correlator S −(ω)= ˆi (−ω)ˆi (ω) =S +(−ω)represents what the sample absorbs,and can be detected by a detector in an excited state that decays by emitting photons into the sample.Finally a classical detector cannot separate emission from absorptions,and measures the symmetrized quantity:S sym.2(ω)= ˆi (ω)ˆi (−ω) + ˆi (−ω)ˆi (ω)2.2Measurement of S v 3(ω,0)Experimental setupWe have investigated the third cumulant S v 3(ω,0)of the voltage fluctuations of a tunnel junction in the quantum regime ω>eV .For technical reasons (the input impedance of the rf amplifier is fixed at Z =50Ω),we measured voltage fluctuations v (t )instead of current fluctuations i (t ).Thus,the impedance R =RZ/(R +Z )will act as the environment and will affect the measurement of the third cumulant S 3(ω,0)of the current fluctuations.We use the same experimental setup and sample as for the noisedynamics measurement,the only change is that the ac excitation is switched off:δV =V 0=0(see Fig.3.Thus only the noise of the amplifier can modulate the noise of the sample.A 5.7−6.7GHz band-pass filter followed by a square law detector allows to mix high-frequency components v (ω)v (−ω−δω)which are multiplied by low-frequency components selected by a 200MHz low pass filter,we end up with a dc signal proportional to S V 3∝ v (ω)v (−ω−δω)v (δω) .The fact that the same setup is used to detected S 3and χis quite remarkable:it clearly indicates that the environmental effects in S 3are indeed described by χand not by dS 2/dV .S v 3 (e 2R D 3 µΑ)eV/k B T S 3/e 2(µA )eV/k B T (a)(b)Figure 5:(a)Measurement of S v 3(ω,0)vs.bias voltage V (circles).The solid line corresponds to the best fit with Eq.(15).The dash dotted line corresponds to the perfect bias voltage contribution and the dotted lines to the effect of the environment.(b)Measurement of S 3(ω,0)vs.bias voltage V (squares).Experimental resultsS v3at T=35mK is shown in Fig.5(a),these data were averaged for4days.These results are clearly different from the voltage bias result because of the environmental contributions.As described before (see section1),the noise of the sample is modulated by its own noise and by the noise of the amplifier S2,N,to give rise to an extra contribution to S v3.By generalizing the expression(8),wefind,assuming real,frequency independent impedances to simplify the expression(but we used the full expression for thefits of the data):S v3(ω,0)=−R3S3(ω,0)+R4(S2,N(0)+S2(0))χ0(ω)++R4(S2,N(ω)+S2(ω))χω(0)+R4(S2,N(ω)+S2(ω))χω(ω)(15)To properly extract the environmental effects,wefit the data obtained at different temperatures(35mK, 250mK,500mK,1K,4.2K).The parameters R (0),R (ω),S2,N(0)and S2,N(0)that characterize the environment are independent of temperature,whereas S2(V)andχ(V)have temperature dependent shapes.This allows for a relatively reliable determination of the environmental contribution.We have performed independent measurements of these parameters and obtained a reasonable agreement with the values deduced from thefit.However more experiments are needed with another,more controlled environment,to confirm our result.The intrinsic S3in the quantum regime,obtained after subtraction of the environmental contributions,is shown in Fig.5(b).It seems to confirm the theoretical prediction by[16,17](solide line),i.e.S3(ω,0)=e2I even for ω>eV.Figure6:(a)Experimental detection scheme.The symbol represents a multiplier,which output is the product of its two inputs.The diode symbol represents a square law detector,which output is proportional to the low frequency part of the square of its input.S3(ω,δω→0)is given by the product of the square of high frequencyfluctuations with low frequencyfluctuations.(b)Equivalent detection scheme using a photodetector to measure square of high frequencyfluctuations.3ConclusionWe have shown thefirst measurement of the noise susceptibility,in a tunnel junction in the quantum regime ω∼ ω0≫k B T(ω/2π∼6GHz and T∼35mK)[4].We have observed that the noise responds in phase with the excitation,but not adiabatically.Our results are in very good,quantitative agreement with our prediction based on a new current-current correlatorχω(ω)∝ i(ω)i(ω0−ω) .Using the fact that the environmental contributions to S3are driven byχ,we have been able to extract the intrinsiccontribution from a measurement of v3 on a tunnel junction in the quantum regime.Our experimental setup is based on a”classical”detection scheme using linear amplifiers(see Fig.6(a))and the results are in agreement with theoretical predictions:S3(ω,0)remains proportional to the average current and is frequency independent[16,17].This result raises the intriguing question of the possibility to measure a non-zero third cumulant in the quantum regime ω>eV whereas the noise S2(ω)is the same as at equilibrium,and given by the zero-pointfluctuations.One can think of another way to measure S3(ω,0)with a photodetector(sensitive to photons emitted by the sample),as depicted infig.6(b).In this case S3is the result of correlations between the low frequency currentfluctuations and the low frequencyfluctuations of theflux of photons of frequency ωemitted by the sample.Since no photon of frequencyωis emitted for eV< ω,the output of the photo-detector is zero and S3(ω,0)=0.The expectation of such a measurement is sketched by a dashed line infig.5(b).Note that such a detection scheme has already been applied on laser diodes[24,25]. AcknowledgementsWe are very grateful to L.Spietz for providing us with the sample that he fabricated at Yale University. We thank M.Aprili,M.Devoret,P.Grangier,F.Hekking,J.-Y.Prieur,D.E.Prober and I.Safifor fruitful discussions.This work was supported by ANR-05-NANO-039-02.References[1]Y.M.Blanter and M.Bttiker,Shot Noise in Mesoscopic Conductors,Phys.Rep.3361(2000)[2]R.J.Schoelkopf,P.J.Burke,A.A.Kozhevnikov,and D.E.Prober and M.J.Rooks,Fre-quency Dependence of Shot Noise in a Diffusive Mesoscopic Conductor,Phys.Rev.Lett.783370(1997).R.J.Schoelkopf,A.A.Kozhevnikov,D.E.Prober and M.J.Rooks,Observa-tion of Photon-Assisted Shot Noise in a Phase-Coherent Conductor,Phys.Rev.Lett.802437(1998)[3]E.Zakka-Bajjani,J.Segala,F.Portier,P.Roche,C.Glattli,A.Cavanna,Y.Jin,Experi-mental Test of the High-Frequency Quantum Shot Noise Theory in a Quantum Point Contact,Phys.Rev.Lett.99236803(2007)[4]J.Gabelli and B.Reulet,Dynamics of Quantum Noise in a Tunnel Junction under ac Exci-tation,Phys.Rev.Lett.100026601(2008)[5]H.A.Haus and J.A.Mullen,Quantum Noise in Linear Amplifiers,Phys.Rev.1282407(1962)[6]Lesovik and Loosen,On the Detection of Finite-Frequency Current Fluctuations,PismaZhETF65269(1997)[7]R.H.Koch,D.J.Van Harlingen,and J.Clarke,Measurements of quantum noise in resistivelyshunted Josephson junctions,Phys.Rev.Lett.471216(1981)[8]R.Movshovich,B.Yurke,P.G.Kaminsky,A.D.Smith,A.H.Silver,R.W.Simon and M.V.Schneider,Observation of zero-point noise squeezing via a Josephson-parametric amplifier,Phys.Rev.Lett.65419(1990)[9]R.Deblock,E.Onac,L.Gurevich,and L.P.Kouwenhoven,Detection of Quantum Noisefrom an Electrically-Driven Two-Level System,Science301203(2003);P.-M.Billangeon,F.Pierre,H.Bouchiat,and R.Deblock,Phys.Rev.Lett.96136804(2006)[10]O.Astafiev,Yu.A.Pashkin,Y.Nakamura,T.Yamamoto and J.S.Tsai,Measurements ofquantum noise in resistively shunted Josephson junctions,Phys.Rev.Lett.93267007(2004)[11]U.Gavish,Y.Levinson and Y.Imry,Detection of quantum noise,Phys.Rev.B62R10637(2000)[12]B.Reulet,J.Senzier and D.E.Prober,Environmental Effects in the Third Moment of VoltageFluctuations in a Tunnel Junction,Phys.Rev.Lett.91196601(2003)[13]Yu.Bomze,G.Gershon,D.Shovkun,L.S.Levitov and M.Reznikov,Measurement of Count-ing Statistics of Electron Transport in a Tunnel Junction,Phys.Rev.Lett.95176601(2005) [14]S.Gustavsson,R.Leturcq,B.Simovic(,R.Schleser,T.Ihn,P.Studerus,K.Ensslin,D.C.Driscoll,and A.C.Gossard,Counting Statistics of Single Electron Transport in a Quantum Dot,Phys.Rev.Lett.96076605(2006).[15]A.Galaktionov,D.Golubev,and A.Zaikin,Statistics of currentfluctuations in mesoscopiccoherent conductors at nonzero frequencies,Phys.Rev.B68235333(2003)[16]D.S.Golubev,A.V.Galaktionov,and A.D.Zaikin,Electron transport and currentfluctua-tions in short coherent conductors,Phys.Rev.B72205417(2005)[17]J.Salo,F.W.J.Hekking,and J.P.Pekola,Frequency-dependent current correlation functionsfrom scattering theory,Phys.Rev.B74125427(2006)[18]N.G.van Kampen,Stochastic processes in Physics and Chemistry,Elsevier Third edition[19]B.Reulet,Higher Moments of Noise,Les Houches Summer School of Theoretical Physics,Session LXXXI,Nanophysics:Coherence and Transport.NATO ASI.H.Bouchiat,Y.Gefen, S.Gu´e ron,G.Montambaux and J.Dalibard editors.Elsevier(2005).(cond-mat/0502077).[20]J.Gabelli and B.Reulet,The Noise Susceptibility of a Photo-excited Coherent Conductor,(cond-mat/0801.1432(2008)[21]M.Kindermann,Yu.V.Nazarov and C.W.J.Beenakker,Distribution of Voltage Fluctuationsin a Current-Biased Conductor,Phys.Rev.Lett.90246805(2003)[22]Lafe Spietz,K.W.Lehnert,I.Siddiqi,R.J.Schoelkopf,Primary Electronic ThermometryUsing the Shot Noise of a Tunnel Junction,Science3001929(2003)[23]L.S.Levitov,H.W.Lee and G.B.Lesovik,Electron counting statistics and coherent states ofelectric current,J.Math.Phys.374845(1996)[24]W.H.Richardson and Y.Yamamoto,Quantum Correlation between the Junction-VoltageFluctuation and the Photon-Number Fluctuation in a Semiconductor Laser,Phys.Rev.Lett.661963(1991)[25]I.Maurin,I.Protsenko,J.-P.Hermier,A.Bramati,P.Grangier and E.Giacobino et al.,Lightintensity-voltage correlations and leakage-current excess noise in a single-mode semiconductor laser,Phys.Rev.A72033823(2005).。
2018-2019年专八（TEM8）真题、答案及听力原文（整理打印版）.do..
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2006)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You. will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Complete the gap-filling task, some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.Meaning in Literature (2006)In reading literary works, we are concerned with the ―meaning‖ of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.I. Meaning is what is intended by (1) _________. (1) _________Apart from reading an author‘s work in question, readers need to1) read (2) __________by the same author; (2) _________2) get familiar with (3) __________ at the time; (3) _________3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.II. Meaning exists ―in‖ the text itself.1) some people‘s vi ew: meaning is produced by the formal propertiesof the text like (4)_______, etc. (4) _________2) speaker‘s view: meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and (5)______. (5) _________ Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditionsand conventions of usage. But different time periods and different(6) _____ perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text. (6) _________III. Meaning is created by (7) __________. (7) _________1) meaning is (8) ___________; (8) _________2) meaning is contextual;3) meaning requires (9) ___________; (9) _________----practicing competency in reading ----practicing other competencies----background research in (10) ___________, etc. (10) _________ SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your colored answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Miss Green‘s university days?A. She felt bored.B. She felt lonely.C. She cherished them.D. The subject was easy.2. Which of the following is NOT part of her job with the Department of Employment?A. Doing surveys at workplace.B. Analyzing survey results.C. Designing questionnaires.D. Taking a psychology course.3. According to Miss Green, the main difference between the Department of Employment and the advertising agency lies in___.A. the nature of work.B. office decoration.C. offi ce location.D. work procedures.4. Why did Miss green want to leave the advertising agency?A. She felt unhappy inside the company.B. She felt work there too demanding.C. She was denied promotion in the company.D. She longed for new opportunities.5. How did Miss Green react to a heavier workload in the new job?A. She was willing and ready.B. She sounded mildly eager.C. She a bit surprised.D. She sounded very reluctant. SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions. Now listen to the news.6. The man stole the aircraft mainly because he wanted to ______.A. destroy the European Central Bank.B. have an interview with a TV station.C. circle skyscrapers in downtown Frankfurt.D. remember the death of a US astronaut.7. Which of the following statements about the man is TRUE?A. He was a 31-year-old student from Frankfurt.B. He was piloting a two-seat helicopter he had stolen.C. He had talked to air traffi c controllers by radio.D. He threatened to land on the European Central Bank.Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.8. The news is mainly about the city government‘s plan to ______.A. expand and improve the existing subway system.B. build underground malls and parking lots.C. prevent further land subsidence.D. promote advanced technology.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions. Now listen to the news.9. According to the news, what makes thi s credit card different from conventional ones is ______.A. that it can hear the owner‘s voice.B. that it can remember a password.C. that it can identify the owner‘s voi ce.D. that it can remember the owner‘s PIN.10. The newly developed credit card is said to said to have all the following EXCEPT ______.A. switch.B. battery.C. speaker.D. built-in chip.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AThe University in transformation, edited by Australian futurists Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrow‘s universities by writers representing both Western and mon-Western perspectives. Their essays raise a broad range of issues, questioning nearly every key assumption we have about higher education today.The most widely discussed alternative to the traditional campus is the Internet University –a voluntary community to scholars/teachers physically scattered throughout a country or around the world but all linked in cyberspace. A computerized university could have many advantages, such as easy scheduling, effi cient delivery of lectures to thousands or even millions of students at once, and ready access for students everywhere to the resources of all the world‘s great libraries.Yet the Internet University poses dangers, too. For example, a line of franchised courseware, produced by a few superstar teachers, marketed under the brand name of a famous institution, and heavily advertised, might eventually come to dominate the global education market, warns sociology professor Peter Manicas of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Besides enforcing a rigidly standardized curriculum, such a ―college education in a box‖ could undersell the offerings of many traditional brick and mortar institutions, effectively driving then out of business and throwing thousands of career academics out of work, note Australian communications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn.On the other hand, while global connectivity seems highly likely to play some significant role in future higher education, that does not mean greater uniformity in course content – or other dangers – will necessarily follow. Counter-movements are also at work.Many in academia, including scholars contributing to this volume, are questioning the fundamental mission of university education. What if, for instance, instead of receiving primarily technical training and building their individual careers, university students and professors could focus their learning and research efforts on existing problems in their local communities and the world? Feminist scholar Ivana Milojevic dares to dream what a university might become ―if we believed that child-care workers and teachers in early childhood education should be one of the highest (rather than lowest) paid professionals?‖Co-editor Jennifer Gidley shows how tomorrow‘s university faculty, instead of giving lectures and conducting independent research, may take on three new roles. Some would act as brokers, assembling customized degree-credit programmes for individual students by mixing and matching the best course offerings available from institutions all around the world. A second group, mentors, would fu nction much like today‘s faculty advisers, but are likely to be working with many more students outside their own academic specialty. This would require them to constantly be learning from their students as well as instructing them.A third new role for fa culty, and in Gidley‘s view the most challenging and rewarding of all, would be as meaning-makers: charismati c sages and practitioners leading groups of students/colleagues in collaborative efforts to find spiritual as well as rational and technological solutions to specifi c real-world problems.Moreover, there seems little reason to suppose that any one form of university must necessarily drive out all other options. Students may be ―enrolled‖ in courses offered at virtual campuses on the Internet, between–or even during –sessions at a real-world problem-focused institution.As co-editor Sohail Inayatullah points out in his introduction, no future is inevitable, and the very act of imagining and thinking through alternative possibilities can directly affect how thoughtfully, creatively and urgently even a dominant technology is adapted and applied. Even in academia, the future belongs to those who care enough to work their visions into practical, sustainable realities.11. When the book reviewer discusses the Internet University, ______.A. he is in favor of it.B. his view is balanced.C. he i s slightly critical of it.D. he is strongly critical of it.12.Whi ch of the following is NOT seen as a potential danger of the Internet University?A. Internet-based courses may be less costly than traditional ones.B. Teachers in traditional institutions may lose their jobs.C. Internet-based courseware may lack variety in course content.D. The Internet University may produce teachers with a lot of publicity.13. According to the review, what is the fundamental mi ssion of traditional university education?A. Knowledge learning and career building.B. Learning how to solve existing social problems.C. Researching into solutions to current world problems.D. Combining research efforts of teachers and students in learning.14. Judging from the Three new roles envisioned for tomorrow's university faculty, university teachers ______.A. are required to conduct more independent research.B. are required to offer more course to their students.C. are supposed to assume more demanding duties.D. are supposed to supervise more students in their specialty.15.Whi ch category of writing does the review belong to?A. Narration.B. DescriptionC. persuasionD. Exposition.TEXT BEvery street had a story, every building a memory. Those blessed with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily roll back the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was anxious to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn't. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering as tightly as possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything wiih no permit no inspection, no noti ce to adjoining landowners. nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required approvals and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Kay roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only a few were being neglected. A handful had been abandoned. This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays except go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbors, rest and relax the way God intended.It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to dwell on the good memories from Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and (here was the public pool he'd swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it rather than admit black children. There were the churches - Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian - facing each other at the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples competing for height. They were empty now, hut in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening servi ces.The square was as lifeless as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had wiped out so many small towns. But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn‘t s single empty or boarded-up building around the square – no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched through the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always assumed that the family money he‘d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mot her‘s grave, something he hadn‘t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father‘s study, sipping bad instant tea and receivi ng instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be give, many decrees and directions, because his father(who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, R ay passed the water tower he‘d climbed twi ce, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he‘d never visited since he‘d left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forres t had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.16. From the first paragraph, we get the impression that ______.A. Ray cherished his childhood memories.B. Ray had something urgent to take care of.C. Ray may not have a happy childhood.D. Ray cannot remember his childhood days.17. Which of the following adjectives does NOT describe Ray‘s hometown?A. Lifeless.B. Religious.C. Traditional.D. Quiet.18. Form the passage we can infer that the relationship between Ray and his parents was ______.A. close.B. remote.C. tense.D. impossible to tell.19. It can be inferred from the passage that Ray‘s father was all EXCEPT ______.A. considerate.B. punctual.C. thrifty.D. dominant.TEXT CCampaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down whi ch fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest-time, when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are al ways engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sun-baked clay, but with battlements, turrets, loopholes, drawbridges, etc. complete. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan, its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might passunarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however, be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and hi s valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population.Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in one's own house and fire at one's neighbour nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag, and at hitherto unheard-of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for thes e glorious products of science. Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing, advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back (which after all was no more than fair), but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the "butcher and bolt policy"to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.20.The word debts in "very few debts are left unpaid" in the first paragraph means ______.A. loans.B. accountsC. killingsD. bargains.21.Whi ch of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?A. Melting snows.B. Large population.C. Steep hillsides.D. Fertile valleys.22. According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed ______.A. the introduction of the rifle.B. the spread of British rule.C. the extension of luxuriesD. the spread of trade.23. Building roads by the BritishA. put an end to a whole series of quarrels.B. prevented the Pathans from earning on feuds.C. lessened the subsidies paid to the Pathans.D. gave the Pathans a much quieter life.24. A suitable title for the passage would be ______.A. Campaigning on the Indian frontier.B. Why the Pathans resented the British rule.C. The popularity of rifles among the Pathans.D. The Pathans at war.TEXT D"Museum" is a slippery word. It first meant (in Greek) anything consecrated to the Muses: a hill, a shrine, a garden, a festival or even a textbook. Both Plato's A cademy and Aristotle's Lyceum had a mouseion, a muses' shrine. Although the Greeks already collected detached works of art, many temples - notably that of Hera at Olympia (before whi ch the Olympic flame is still lit) - had collections of objects, some of which were works of art by well-known masters, while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its main purpose.The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples, as well as mineral specimens, exotic plants, animals; and they plundered sculptures and paintings (mostly Greek) for exhibition. Meanwhile, the Greek word had slipped into Latin by transliteration (though not to signify picture galleries, which were called pinacothecae) and museum still more or less meant "Muses' shrine".The inspirational collections of precious and semi-precious objects were kept in larger churches and monasteries - which focused on the gold-enshrined, bejewelled relics of saints and martyrs. Princes, and later merchants, had similar collections, whi ch became the deposits of natural curiosities: large lumps of amber or coral, irregular pearls, unicorn horns, ostri ch eggs, fossil bones and so on. They also included coins and gems - often antique engraved ones - as well as, increasingly, paintings and sculptures. As they multiplied and expanded, to supplement them, the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.At the same time, visitors could admire the very grandest paintings and sculptures in the churches, palaces and castles; they were not "collected" either, but "site-specific", and were considered an integral part both of the fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went on inside them - and most of the buildings were public ones. However, during the revival of antiquity in the fifteenth century, fragments of antique sculpture were given higher status than the work of any contemporary, so that displays of antiquities would inspire artists to imitation, or even better, to emulation; and so could be considered Muses' shrines in the former sense. The Medici garden near San Marco in Florence, the Belvedere and the Capitol in Rome were the most famous of such early "inspirational" collections. Soon they multiplied, and, gradually, exemplary "modern" works wereIn the seventeenth century, scientific and prestige collecting became so widespread that three or four collectors independently published directories to museums all over the known world. But it was the age of revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution was perceived: the fury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum-galleries, of which the Musee des Monuments Francais was the most famous. Then, in the first half of thenineteenth century, museum funding took off, allied to the rise of new wealth:London acquired the National Gallery and the British Museum, the Louvre was organized, the Museum-Insel was begun in Berlin, and the Munich galleries were built. In Vienna, the huge Kunsthistorisches and Naturhistorisches Museums took over much of the imperial treasure. Meanwhile, the decline of craftsmanship (and of public taste with it) inspired the creation of "improving" collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London was the most famous, as well as perhaps the largest of them.25.The sentence "Museum is a slippery word" in the first paragraph means that ______.A. the meaning of the word didn't change until after the 15th century.B. the meaning of the word had changed over the years.C. the Greeks held different concepts from the Romans.D. princes and merchants added paintings to their collections.26.The idea that museum could mean a mountain or an object originates from ______.A. the Romans.B. Florence.C. Olympia.D. Greek.27. "... the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined" in the third paragraph means that ______.A. there was a great demand for fakers.B. fakers grew rapidly in number.C. fakers became more skillful.D. fakers became more polite.28. Painting and sculptures on display in churches in the 15th century were ______.A. collected from elsewhere.B. made part of the buildings.C. donated by people.D. bought by churches.29. Modern museums came into existence in order to ______.A.protect royal and church treasures.B.improve existing collections.C.stimulate public interest.D.raise more funds.30. Which is the main idea of the passage?A. Collection and collectors.B. The evolution of museums.C. Modern museums and their functions.D. The birth of museums.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE(10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answers to each question. Mark your answers on your colored answer sheet.31.The Presidents during the American Civil War was______.A. Andrew JacksonB. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington32.The capital of New Zealand is______.A. ChristchurchB. AucklandC. WellingtonD. Hamilton33. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?A. The AboriginesB. The MaoriC. The IndiansD. The Eskimos34. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of______.A. the Shadow CabinetB. the ParliamentC. the OppositionD. the Cabinet35. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century?A. T. S. EliotB. D. H. LawrenceC. Theodore DreiserD. James Joyce36. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by______.A. Scott FitzgeraldB. William FaulknerC. Eugene O'NeilD. Ernest Hemingway37. _____ i s defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen linesA. Free verseB. SonnetC. OdeD. Epigram38. What essentially distinguishes semanti cs and pragmatics i s the notion of______.A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context39. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of______.A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms40. The distinction between parole and langue was made by______.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. SaussurePART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE wor d is involved You should proof, read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank pro-vided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "^" sign and write the word you believe to be mi ssing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1)________it never buys things in finished form and hangs (2)________them on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3)________We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as (1)________。
translation TEM8-1
Addition
She came to this school in 1998. She had taught English in two other schools. 她于1998年来到这所学校，在那之前，她在另外两所学 校教过英语。 English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so. 现今英国散文华丽而欠简朴，过去却并非总是如此。
因本产品内部物质飞散，会造成污染和遗漏，请 不要切割使用本产品。 Due to internal material dispersion of the product will cause pollution and omissions, do not cut uses this product. The release of internal materials will cause pollution and leakage. Do not cut it into pieces.
Mary Magdalene is a loyal follower of Jesus and prominent in his ministry. Jesus intervenes on her behalf in an argument she has with Peter, according to the Gospel of Thomas 抹大拉的玛利亚是耶稣忠实的追随者和优 秀的门徒。多玛斯福音上说，耶稣在一次 她跟彼得的争吵中站到了她这边。 抹大拉的玛利亚是耶稣的忠实门徒，在耶 稣传教活动中地位显赫。《多马福音》称， 有一次她与彼得争吵，耶稣替她帮腔。
Lecture 11
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High-frequency Phrases for TEM-8 (300条) （1）break the stalemate 打破僵局（2）be bound up with 与....联系在一起（3）be analogous to 与.....相似（4）on as daily basis 每天（5）be validated by 被..验证（6）it stands to reason that .....理所当然（7）be at peace with 与.....和睦相处（8）on the sly 偷偷地（9）in accordance with 根据.....（10）to the purpose 中肯地（11）of no avail 不起作用（12）boast of 吹嘘（13）be confronted with 面临......( 14) to sb's credit 使某人感到光荣（15）to the effect that 大意是....主要内容是.... （16）around the clock 昼夜不停地（17）at one's wit's end 无法可想，智穷计尽(18) in the twinkling of an eye 一眨眼，转眼间（19）live from hand to mouth 勉强度日（20）none other that 不是...正是...（21）in the vicinity of 大约....（22）have a bearing on 与...有关（23）on the impulse of 凭....的冲动（24）equal stress on integrity and ability 德才兼备（25）give incentive to 鼓励....（26）bring vigor into 输入活力（27）give sb the edge 使某人如虎添翼（28）plunge into sth 一头扎在...(29）get burned out 筋疲力尽（30）hold true for 适用于..（31）race against the clock 争分夺秒（32）stand one's ground 坚持立场（33）climber the career ladder 为事业奋斗（34）reach a consensus 达成一致（35）fall out of use 逐渐不使用（36）see eye to eye with sb 与....看法一致（37）a spoiled brat 宠坏的孩子（38）a black sheep 败家子，惹祸精（39）lose sight of 忽略，忘记（40）hold water 合理，说得通(41)a case in point 恰当的例子(42) bosom friends 心腹之交，知己（43）for better or worse 不论好坏子（44)screen sb/sth out 筛选出，淘汰(45）from all walks of life 来自各行各业（46）put sth above sth 重视....甚于....(47) a code of ethics 道德准则（48）conjure up images of sth...使人想到.....（49）keep pace with sth 与....并驾齐驱（50）shake sth off 摆脱...（51）fulfill one's potential 实现某人的价值(52）a rosy picture of sth 对....美好的印象(53）build up expertise 获得专业技术（54）sense of satisfaction 成就感（55）a small price to pay 微不足道的代价（56）put sb at a disadvantage 使....处于劣势（57）a wide selection of sth 各种各样地，广泛大量的的.. （58）on the verge of sth 在...的边缘(59) stumbling block 绊脚石（60）tough nails 坚强的人(61）inflict pain on..使....痛苦（62）socialize with sb 与...交往（63）bend the rules 改变原则，通融（64）weigh up the pros and cons权衡利弊（65）win-win situation 双赢(66）frown upon sth 不赞成...（67）in a nutshell 总而言之（68）a thorn in one's side 眼中钉，肉中刺（69）dos and don'ts 行为准则，须知（70）count oneself lucky 自认幸运(71)shut sb out from...将....排除在外（72）take priority over 比....优先（73）have the edge on.在...方面有优势（74）give oneself the edge 给予自己优势（75）save for a rainy day 未雨绸缪（76）bridge the gap 缩小差距（77）take the blame for 为...承担责任（78）be a good bet 好法子（79）give it a shot 尝试....(80)join the ranks of ...加入....的行列（81）be racked with ..备受...的折磨（82）a castle in the air 海市蜃楼（83）bring ....into full play 充分发挥...的作用（84）make clear an idea that 弄清楚的是 (85)alienate sb from...使某人疏远 ..（86）grin and bear it 逆来顺受(87) cast light on 有助于看清....（88）pluck up courage 鼓起勇气(89)ally oneself with 与....联合(90)back sb up 支持某人(91)talk sense言之有物(92)cost sb an arm and a leg 非常昂贵（93）fair and square 正大光明的（94）relieve sb of sth 使某人摆脱....(94)be under illusion that 误以为...(95)pin one's hope on 把希望寄托在....(96)add spice to sth 为....增加趣味（97）have fantasy about sth 对....抱有幻想(98)have a nodding acquaintance with 对....略知一二（99）keep on top of everything 控制全局（100）eradicate defect根除缺陷(101)in all probalility 十有八九（102）in defiance of 违抗...（103）on the threshold of 在....的开始（104）in a manner of speaking 在某种意义上说(105)be quite feasible in sth/doing sth 在...方面行得通（106）become indulgent with sb 纵容某人(107)a chronic state of 长期的（108）be hooked on 对..着迷（109）come out of one's shell 不再羞怯(110)ponder over 深思.....（111）a vicious cycle 恶性循环（112）not all doom and gloom并非一片黯淡break the shackle of convention 打破传统的束缚（113）differentiate with 区别于...(114)stand a better chance of doing 更有机会做. （115）translate into...转化为..（116）run with the crowd 随波逐流（117）uncivilized barbarians 未开化的野蛮人（118）be increasingly entangled in 越来越融入... （119）be inseparable to 不可或缺的(120)on the increase 正在增加，不断增长（121）procure ideal jobs 得到理想的工作be unfavourable to 对...不利（122）be deprived of 被剥夺.....（123）be characterized by 以...为特征（124）in the corporate world 在商业界（125）get accustomed to 习惯于，适用于(126)temporary remedy 暂时的补救办法(127)lay emphasis on 强调....(128)learn mountains of theories 学习大量理论知识（129）to the detriment of 对...造成伤害(130)the pyramid of higher learning will crumble 高等教育的金字塔将轰然倒塌(131)give them an upper hand 使他们具有优势（132）in the vicissitudes of lives 世事变迁(133)reach saturation 达到饱和状态（134）draw scant attention 不受重视（135）get command of 掌握（136）be vulnerable to 易于受到伤害的（137）get into the habit of frugality 养成节俭的习惯（138）err in the same manner犯同样的错误（139）get away with the punishments逃脱惩罚（140）take into one's confidence 向....吐露心声（141）avail every means to do sth 利用一切手段做某事（142）in line with 符合,跟...一致(143)rank top in their priorities 处于优先处理的位置（144）transcend over temporal limitations 超越时代的界限（145）make compliments to 称赞（146）have an encyclopedic knowledge 有丰富的知识（147）cultivate talents for our society 为社会培养人才(148)the underlying reason 根本原因（149）find its expression in 在....有所体现(150)tuition fees and living expenditure 学费和生活费（151）mortage loans 抵押贷款（152）impoverished college students 贫困大学生（153）more often than not 往往，多半（154）get hand in hand 密切合作(155)a prevailing practice 一个普遍的现象(156）give up eating for choking 因噎忘食（157）give due weight to 充分重视（158）endow sb sth 使某人具有（好资质，能力等）（159）wage earners 工薪阶层（160）in private 私下（161）play a crucial role 起关键作用（162）the domestic bliss 天伦之乐（163）be conductive to 导致，有助于..(164)lucrative opportunities 赚钱的机会（165）the general public 公众（166）domestic violence 家庭暴力(167)fiscal and monetary policy 财政和货币政策（168）intangible cultural heritage 无形文化遗产（169）ward off 避开，挡开（170）staunch defender 忠实的守卫者（171）give sb a dose of their own medicine 给某人应有的惩罚（172）gain celebrity overnight 一夜成名（173）producer's myopia 生产者的短视行为（174）reap immediate profits 立刻获得利润（175）lay stress on experience 强调工作经验（176）employee attrition rate 人才流动率（177）in times of ups and downs 在起伏波动的时候（178）wrapped by an aura of trustable titles 被各类头衔所包围（179）accumulate a system of expertise 积累了系统的知识（180）fake specialists 冒牌专家（181）give a fair shake 给予公平待遇（182）under authorization of 在....地授权之下（183）have intentions of evading taxes 有意逃税（184）tax deductible 可免税的（185）it is advisable to do....使明智的（186）from the perspective of 从...方面来看（187）arts and crafts 工艺（188）a time-honored brand 一个历史悠久的品牌（189）extend the market share 扩大市场份额（190）take the shine off 黯然失色（191）pay one's way 勉强维持（192）non-material cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产（193）the intangible assets 无形资产（194）on the move of an unprecedented speed 以前所未有的速度在前进（195）painstaking efforts 辛苦的努力（196）by unscrupulous means 不择手段(197)stand the test of time 经受得住时间的考验（198）binary opposition 二元对立（199）unshirkable responsiblity 不可推卸的责任（200）rectify and regulate 整顿和规范（201）down-to-earth 务实的（202）act of omission 不作为（203）teem with 充满（204）surrender oneself to 屈服于，投降于（205）succumble to 屈服于（206）weigh sb down 使某人疲惫不堪（207）medical practitioners 医师（208）in the course of history 在历史的长河中（209）casual relationship 因果关系（210）earn meager salaries 赚取微薄的工资（211）speculate in 在...方面投机（212）fend for oneself 照顾自己（213）per capita income 人均收入(214)cross cultural communication 跨文化交流（215）a double-edged sword 一把双刃剑（216）bustle and hustle 熙熙攘攘(217)boost confidence and stimulate spending 提升信心，刺激消费（218）pose threat to 给...带来危险（219）get acquainted with 与....熟识（220）drive forward the economy 拉动经济（221）last but not least 最后但不是最不重要 (222)market-oriented economy 市场经济（223）get out of the shadow of 走出...的阴影（224）get stuck to 依附...黏住（225）idle away time 虚度光阴（226）bo of opinion 认为（227）fish for fame and scrab money 沽名钓誉（228）marked indication 显著标志（229）thriving in prosperity 兴旺发达（230）laws and regulations 法律法规（231）big shot 有名的人物（232）interfere in 打扰，影响..（233）an all-round reward 全方位的收获（234）shape one's inclination 塑造某人的爱好（235）self-fulfillment 自我实现（236）interpersonal relationship 人际关系（237）run contrary to 与...相矛盾（238）anxiety-laden 忧心忡忡的（239）mental-handicapped 弱智的（240）might-have-been outcome 可能的后果（241）be driven to despair限于绝望（242）requisite preparation 必要准备（243）give a careful consideration 仔细考虑（244）stick to one's position 坚守自己的岗位（245）develop one's potential to the full充分发挥某人的潜力（246）full of vim and vigor 充满活力（247）fall into one's concern 引起关注（248）corrupted bureauerats 腐败的官僚（249）prone to 易于...的（250）marvel at 惊叹于..折服于...（251）pooling ideas from various channels 集思广益（252）put ...at stake 把...置于危险境地（253）ever-accelerating 不断增加的(254)give rise to 引起，导致（255）deliiberate layout 精心布局（256）not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses 不以物喜，不以己悲(257)to foster the students'ability to study on their own 培养学生自学能力（258）to give scope to the students'initiative and creativeness 发挥学生的主动性和创造性（259）graduation dissertation 毕业论文（260）annexed or forced out of business 被兼并或被挤掉（261）extramarital affairs 婚外情（262）to be saddled with 使负担（262）to unshackle/liberate/release the productive force 解放生产力（263）socialism redevelopment 社会主义改造（264）strenuous exercise 剧烈运动(265)domestic household chores 家务（266）business recession 经济衰退（267）stock exchange 证券交易所（268）invigorate enterprises 搞活企业（269）ruuning expenses 日常费用（270）cosmetic surgery 整容手术（271）sanitary environment 卫生环境（272）occupational disease 职业病(273)cellular radiation 手机辐射（274）fitness/bodybuilding exercise 健美操（275）extracurriculum activity 课外活动（276）optimize the teaching stuff 优化教师队伍（277）have poor command of 对..掌握ahead 不好（278）strike a balance between 在...和...之间取得平衡（279）ahead of schedule 提前（280）spring up like mushroom 如雨后春笋般涌现（281）launch a new reform 推行一项新的改革（282）enormous amount of controversy 很大的争议（283）poverty-stricken families 贫困家庭（284）beyond the boundaries of 超出...的范围（285）become indulgent with 纵容某人（286）go against the aim of 违背...的目的（287）hold a hostile attitude towards 对...怀有敌意（288）with the advent of .随着...的到来（289）a case in point 一个恰当的例子（290）with theb acceleration of 随着...的加速（291）industrious and economical 勤俭节约（292）brag...as ...自夸，吹嘘（293）swarm into 涌入（294）its benefits overweigh the demerits 优点大于缺点（295）far-reaching social significance 深远的社会意义（296）be in a dilemma 左右为难（297）vice versa 反之亦然（298）with one's heartfelt sincerity 非常诚挚地（299）go so far as to 竟然（300）in the neighborhood of 在..附近，大约..。