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2.12 Perceptions of Owners and ContractorsAlthough owners and contractors may have different perceptions on project management for construction, they have a common interest in creating an environment leading to successful projects in which performance quality, completion time and final costs are within prescribed limits and tolerances. It is interesting therefore to note the opinions of some leading contractors and owners who were interviewed in 1984.From the responses of six contractors, the key factors cited for successful projects are:∙well defined scope∙extensive early planning∙good leadership, management and first line supervision∙positive client relationship with client involvement∙proper project team chemistry∙quick response to changes∙engineering managers concerned with the total project, not just the engineering elements.Conversely, the key factors cited for unsuccessful projects are:∙ill-defined scope∙poor management∙poor planning∙breakdown in communication between engineering and construction∙unrealistic scope, schedules and budgets∙many changes at various stages of progress∙lack of good project controlThe responses of eight owners indicated that they did not always understand the concerns of the contractors although they generally agreed with some of the key factors for successful and unsuccessful projects cited by the contractors. The significant findings of the interviews with owners are summarized as follows:∙All owners have the same perception of their own role, but they differ significantly in assuming that role in practice.∙The owners also differ dramatically in the amount of early planning and in providing information in bid packages.∙There is a trend toward breaking a project into several smaller projects as the projects become larger and more complex.∙Most owners recognize the importance of schedule, but they adopt different requirements in controlling the schedule.∙All agree that people are the key to project success.From the results of these interviews, it is obvious that owners must be more aware and involved in the process in order to generate favorable conditions for successful projects. Design professionalsand construction contractors must provide better communication with each other and with the owner in project implementation.3. The Design and Construction Process3.1 Design and Construction as an Integrated SystemIn the planning of facilities, it is important to recognize the close relationship between design and construction. These processes can best be viewed as an integrated system. Broadly speaking, design is a process of creating the description of a new facility, usually represented by detailed plans and specifications; construction planning is a process of identifying activities and resources required to make the design a physical reality. Hence, construction is the implementation of a design envisioned by architects and engineers. In both design and construction, numerous operational tasks must be performed with a variety of precedence and other relationships among the different tasks.Several characteristics are unique to the planning of constructed facilities and should be kept in mind even at the very early stage of the project life cycle. These include the following:∙Nearly every facility is custom designed and constructed, and often requires a long time to complete.∙Both the design and construction of a facility must satisfy the conditions peculiar to a specific site.∙Because each project is site specific, its execution is influenced by natural, social and other locational conditions such as weather, labor supply, local building codes, etc.∙Since the service life of a facility is long, the anticipation of future requirements is inherently difficult.∙Because of technological complexity and market demands, changes of design plans during construction are not uncommon.In an integrated system, the planning for both design and construction can proceed almost simultaneously, examining various alternatives which are desirable from both viewpoints and thus eliminating the necessity of extensive revisions under the guise of value engineering. Furthermore, the review of designs with regard to their constructibility can be carried out as the project progresses from planning to design. For example, if the sequence of assembly of a structure and the critical loadings on the partially assembled structure during construction are carefully considered as a part of the overall structural design, the impacts of the design on construction falsework and on assembly details can be anticipated. However, if the design professionals are expected to assume such responsibilities, they must be rewarded for sharing the risks as well as for undertaking these additional tasks. Similarly, when construction contractors are expected to take over the responsibilities of engineers, such as devising a very elaborate scheme to erect an unconventional structure, they too must be rewarded accordingly. As long as the owner does not assume the responsibility for resolving this risk-reward dilemma, the concept of a truly integrated system for design and construction cannot be realized.It is interesting to note that European owners are generally more open to new technologies and to share risks with designers and contractors. In particular, they are more willing to accept responsibilities for the unforeseen subsurface conditions in geotechnical engineering. Consequently, the designers and contractors are also more willing to introduce new techniques in order to reduce the time and cost of construction. In European practice, owners typically present contractors with a conceptual design, and contractors prepare detailed designs, which are checked by the owner's engineers. Those detailed designs may be alternate designs, and specialty contractors may also prepare detailed alternate designs.Example 3-1: Responsibility for Shop DrawingsThe willingness to assume responsibilities does not come easily from any party in the current litigious climate of the construction industry in the United States. On the other hand, if owner, architect, engineer, contractor and other groups that represent parts of the industry do not jointly fix the responsibilities of various tasks to appropriate parties, the standards of practice will eventually be set by court decisions. In an attempt to provide a guide to the entire spectrum of participants in a construction project, the American Society of Civil Engineers issued a Manual of Professional Practice entitled Quality in the Constructed Project in 1990. This manual is intended to help bring a turn around of the fragmentation of activities in the design and construction process.Shop drawings represent the assembly details for erecting a structure which should reflect the intent and rationale of the original structural design. They are prepared by the construction contractor and reviewed by the design professional. However, since the responsibility for preparing shop drawings was traditionally assigned to construction contractors, design professionals took the view that the review process was advisory and assumed no responsibility for their accuracy. This justification was ruled unacceptable by a court in connection with the walkway failure at the Hyatt Hotel in Kansas City in 1985. In preparing the ASCE Manual of Professional Practice for Quality in the Constructed Project, the responsibilities for preparation of shop drawings proved to be the most difficult to develop. [1] The reason for this situation is not difficult to fathom since the responsibilities for the task are diffused, and all parties must agree to the new responsibilities assigned to each in the recommended risk-reward relations shown in Table 3-1.Traditionally, the owner is not involved in the preparation and review of shop drawings, and perhaps is even unaware of any potential problems. In the recommended practice, the owner is required to take responsibility for providing adequate time and funding, including approval of scheduling, in order to allow the design professionals and construction contractors to perform satisfactorily.Example 3-2:Model Metro Project in Milan, Italy [2]Under Italian law, unforeseen subsurface conditions are the owner's responsibility, not the contractor's. This is a striking difference from U.S. construction practice where changed conditions clauses and claims and the adequacy of prebid site investigations are points of contention. In effect, the Italian law means that the owner assumes those risks. But under the same law, a contractor may elect to assume the risks in order to lower the bid price and thereby beat the competition.According to the Technical Director of Rodio, the Milan-based contractor which is heavily involved in the grouting job for tunneling in the Model Metro project in Milan, Italy, there are two typical contractual arrangements for specialized subcontractor firms such as theirs. One is to work on a unit price basis with no responsibility for the design. The other is what he calls the "nominated subcontractor" or turnkey method: prequalified subcontractors offer their own designs and guarantee the price, quality, quantities, and, if they wish, the risks of unforeseen conditions.At the beginning of the Milan metro project, the Rodio contract ratio was 50/50 unit price and turnkey. The firm convinced the metro owners that they would save money with the turnkey approach, and the ratio became 80% turnkey. What's more, in the work packages where Rodio worked with other grouting specialists, those subcontractors paid Rodio a fee to assume all risks for unforeseen conditions.Under these circumstances, it was critical that the firm should know the subsurface conditions as precisely as possible, which was a major reason why the firm developed a computerized electronic sensing program to predict stratigraphy and thus control grout mixes, pressures and, most important, quantities.3.2 Innovation and Technological FeasibilityThe planning for a construction project begins with the generation of concepts for a facility which will meet market demands and owner needs. Innovative concepts in design are highly valued not for their own sake but for their contributions to reducing costs and to the improvement of aesthetics, comfort or convenience as embodied in a well-designed facility. However, the constructor as well as the design professionals must have an appreciation and full understanding of the technological complexities often associated with innovative designs in order to provide a safe and sound facility. Since these concepts are often preliminary or tentative, screening studies are carried out to determine the overall technological viability and economic attractiveness without pursuing these concepts in great detail. Because of the ambiguity of the objectives and the uncertainty of external events, screening studies call for uninhibited innovation in creating new concepts and judicious judgment in selecting the appropriate ones for further consideration.One of the most important aspects of design innovation is the necessity of communication in the design/construction partnership. In the case of bridge design, it can be illustrated by the following quotation from Lin and Gerwick concerning bridge construction: [3]The great pioneering steel bridges of the United States were built by an open or covert alliance between designers and constructors. The turnkey approach of designer-constructor has developed and built our chemical plants, refineries, steel plants, and nuclear power plants. It is time to ask, seriously, whether we may not have adopted a restrictive approach by divorcing engineering and construction in the field of bridge construction.If a contractor-engineer, by some stroke of genius, were to present to design engineers today a wonderful new scheme for long span prestressed concrete bridges that made them far cheaper, he would have to make these ideas available to all other constructors, even limiting or watering them down so as to "get a group of truly competitive bidders." The engineer would have to make sure that he found other contractors to bid against the ingenious innovator.If an engineer should, by a similar stroke of genius, hit on such a unique and brilliant scheme, he would have to worry, wondering if the low bidder would be one who had any concept of what he was trying to accomplish or was in any way qualified for high class technical work.Innovative design concepts must be tested for technological feasibility. Three levels of technology are of special concern: technological requirements for operation or production, design resources and construction technology. The first refers to the new technologies that may be introduced in a facility which is used for a certain type of production such as chemical processing or nuclear power generation. The second refers to the design capabilities that are available to the designers, such as new computational methods or new materials. The third refers to new technologies which can be adopted to construct the facility, such as new equipment or new construction methods.A new facility may involve complex new technology for operation in hostile environments such as severe climate or restricted accessibility. Large projects with unprecedented demands for resources such as labor supply, material and infrastructure may also call for careful technological feasibility studies. Major elements in a feasibility study on production technology should include, but are not limited to, the following:∙Project type as characterized by the technology required, such as synthetic fuels, petrochemicals, nuclear power plants, etc.∙Project size in dollars, design engineer's hours, construction labor hours, etc.∙Design, including sources of any special technology which require licensing agreements.∙Project location which may pose problems in environmental protection, labor productivity and special risks.An example of innovative design for operation and production is the use of entropy concepts for the design of integrated chemical processes. Simple calculations can be used to indicate the minimum energy requirements and the least number of heat exchange units to achieve desired objectives. The result is a new incentive and criterion for designers to achieve more effective designs. Numerous applications of the new methodology has shown its efficacy in reducing both energy costs and construction expenditures. [4] This is a case in which innovative design is not a matter of trading-off operating and capital costs, but better designs can simultaneously achieve improvements in both objectives.The choice of construction technology and method involves both strategic and tactical decisions about appropriate technologies and the best sequencing of operations. For example, the extent to which prefabricated facility components will be used represents a strategic construction decision. In turn, prefabrication of components might be accomplished off-site in existing manufacturing facilities or a temporary, on-site fabrication plant might be used. Another example of a strategic decision is whether to install mechanical equipment in place early in the construction process or at an intermediate stage. Strategic decisions of this sort should be integrated with the process of facility design in many cases. At the tactical level, detailed decisions about how to accomplish particular tasks are required, and such decisions can often be made in the field.Construction planning should be a major concern in the development of facility designs, in the preparation of cost estimates, and in forming bids by contractors. Unfortunately, planning for the construction of a facility is often treated as an after thought by design professionals. This contrasts with manufacturing practices in which the assembly of devices is a major concern in design. Design to insure ease of assembly or construction should be a major concern of engineers and architects. As the Business Roundtable noted, "All too often chances to cut schedule time and costs are lost because construction operates as a production process separated by a chasm from financial planning, scheduling, and engineering or architectural design. Too many engineers, separated from field experience, are not up to date about how to build what they design, or how to design so structures and equipment can be erected most efficiently." [5]。
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Writing同步控制原理Principle of Synchronic Control统计Statistics统计计算Experiment of Applied Physics统计检查与质量控制Statistic Check and Quality Control统计物理Statistical Physics统计信号分析Analysis of Statistical Signal统计学Statistics统计学原理Principle of Statistics统计学原理与工业统计Principle of Statistics & Industrial Statistics统计原理Statistics投入产出分析Analysis of Input and Output投入产出技术Input and Output Technique透平机械三元流动Three-dimensional Flow of Turbine Machinery透平膨胀机Turbine Expansion Engine透平式压缩机特性模拟Analog of Performance of Turbine Compressor 透平压缩机强度Tensile of Turbine Compressor图论Graph Theory图论算法Algorithm on Graph Theory图论与组合Graphing & Grouping图论与组合优化Graphing & Optimal Grouping土力学与地基Soil Mechanics and Foundations托福测试Test of English as a Foreign Language拓朴学Topology外部设备讲座Lectures on Peripheral Equipment外部设备维修Repairment of Peripheral Equipment外国古代建筑史History of Western Ancient Architecture外国文献阅读Readings of Foreign Literature外国文学史History of Foreign Literature外国文学作品选译Selected Translations of Foreign Literary Works外国物流Foreign Material Flow外国物资管理Overseas Material Management外国新闻事业史History of Overseas Journalism外贸会计Foreign Business Accountancy外贸英语Foreign Business English外设概论Introduction to Peripheral Equipment外设实验Experiment on Peripheral Equipment往复泵及其它类型泵Reciprocating Pump & Other type Pumps微波测量技术Microwave Measurement Technique微波电路计算机辅助设计CAD of Microwave Circuit微波技术Microwave Technique微波技术基础Basis of Microwave Technique微波技术与天线Microwave Technique and Antenna微波器件Microwave Device微波器件及电路Microwave Device and Circuitry微波铁氧体器件Microwave Iron Oxide Elements微波网络Microwave Net微波遥感Microwave Remote Sensors微分方程Differential Equation微分方程数值解Numerical solution of partial differential equation微分几何Differential Geometry微观分析Micro-Analysis微观经济学Micro-Economics微机管理系统概论Introduction to Microcomputer Administration System微机和程序逻辑Microcomputer &Program Logic微机化设计Microcomputerization Design微机化仪器Microcomputerized Instrument微机化仪器仪表Microcomputerized Instrument & Meter微机汇编语言程序设计Microcomputer Programming in Assembly Languages 微机技术课程设计Course Exercise in Microcomputer Technology微机继电保护基础Basic Computer Relay Protection微机控制技术Control Technique of Microcomputer微机控制系统Control System of Microcomputer微机励磁检测系统Magnetic Excitation Test System of Microcomputer微机励磁控制系统Magnetic Excitation Control System of Microcomputer微机实验与设计Experiment & Design of Microcomputer微机数据管理Microcomputer Data Administration微机应用Application of Microcomputer微机应用技术Application Technique of Microcomputer微机原理Principle of Micro-computer微机原理及接口技术Principle & Interface Technique of Micro-computer微机原理及应用Principle & Application of Microcomputer微机原理与外设Principle of Microcomputer & Peripheral Equipment微机在并网中的应用Application of Microcomputer in Parallel Network微机在压缩机中应用Application of Microcomputer in Compressor微机在医学中的应用Application of Microcomputer in Medic ine微机在铸造技术中的应用Application of Microcomputer in Casting微生物学Microbiology微型机及应用Microcomputer & its Application微型计算机控制技术Microcomputer Controlling Technique微型计算机控制技术课程设计Course Exercise in Microcomputer Principles 微型计算机原理及应用Principle & Applications of Microcomputer微型计算机原理课程设计Course Exercise in Microcomputer Principles文化人类学Cultural Anthropology文书学Secretarial Science文献检索Document Indexing文选与习作Selected Readings & Composition文学概论Introduction to Literature文学选读Selected Readings of Literature文字音韵学Phonology文定性理论Theory of Stability涡轮增压器原理Principle of Turbosupercharger无机电介质Inorganic Dielectric无机化学Inorganic Chemistry无机化学实验Inorganic Chemistry Experiments无机介电材料Inorganic Dielectric Material无损检测技术Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement无线电测量Antijamming Techniques无线电系统概论Introduction to Radio System无线电系统与设备Radio System & Equipment无油润滑及空气净化Oil-Free Lubrication & Air Purification物理光学Physical Optics物理光学实验Optical-Physics Experiment物理化学Chemicophysics物理化学实验Physical Chemistry Experiment物理学Physics物理冶金Physical Metallurgy物流管理学Material flow Management物流系统工程Material Flow System Engineering误差理论Theory of Error西方近现代建筑史History of Western Contemporary Architecture西方科学与哲学评价Comment of Western Science & Philosophy西方美术史History of Western Art吸收式制冷机Absorption Refrigerator系统辨识System Discrimination系统程序设计基础Basic of System Program Design系统动力学System Dynamics系统工程System Engineering系统工程及经济分析概论Introduction to System Engineering & Economic Analysis 系统建模与响应System Modeling & Response系统结构System Structure系统与泵站System & Pump Station细胞生物学Cell Biology细杆式制冷压缩机Thin Pole Compressor纤维光学Fiber Optics显示技术Display Technique显示技术及装置Display Technique & Equipment显示仪表Displaying Meter现代汉语Modern Chinese现代控制论Contemporary Control Theory现代生物概率Probability of Modern Biology现代文学Modern Literature现代文学作品选读Selected Readings of Contemporary Literature现代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy现代西方哲学评价Comments on Contemporary Western Philosophy现代语言学Modern Linguistics现代作品选讲Lectures on Selected Contemporary Writings线性代数Linear Algebra线性规划Linear Programming线性系统与分析Linear System & Analysis相似理论在热工中应用Application of Similarity Theory in Heat Engineering项目可行性研究与评诂Research & Evaluation of Project Feasibility小区规划设计Small Zone Planning小型客积式压缩机Small-V olumed Compressor小型制冷装置Small Refrigerating Equipment写作Writing写作基础Basis for Writing新时期小说专题Current Issues on Contemporary Novels新闻采访学News Gathering新闻概论Introduction to Journalism新闻管理专题Current Issues on Journalism Administration新闻学理论Theories of Journalism Science新闻评论学News Commentary新闻摄影News Photography新闻史History of Journalism新闻世界史World History of News新闻事业管理Journalism Administration新闻文化学News Culturology新闻写作News Writing新闻心理学News Psychology新闻总编赏析Appreciation & Analysis of General Editing心理学Psychology信号变换与处理Signal Conversion & Processing信号分析Signal Analysis信号交换处理Signal Exchange Processing信号与线性系统Signal & Linear System信息传输基础Information Transmission System信息光学Information Optics信息论Informatics信息论与编码Informatics & Coding信息系统设计Information System Design信息系统设计与分析Analysis of Information System & Designing形式逻辑formal Logics形势与教育Situation & Education形势与政策Situation & Policy行政法Administrative Law行政管理学Administration Science修辞讲座Lectures on Rhetorics学科专研究Subject Research循环分析Analysis of Cycling循环力学Cycling Mechanics训估学Phonology压力焊Pressure Welding压缩机测试技术Compression Test Technique压缩机汽阀Steam V alve of Compressor压缩机制冷技术Technology of Compressor Refrigeration压缩机制冷原理Principle of Compressor Refrigeration压缩机制造工艺学Technology of Compressor Manufacturing氧化锌避雷器Zinc-Oxide Arrester遥感图象数字处理Remote Sense Picture and Digit Processing叶片泵设计Paddle Pump Designing叶栅理论Theories of Cascades液力传动Fluid Transmission液体静压技术Liquid Static-Press Technique液体力学及液压传动Fluid Dynamics and Hydraulic Power Transmission 液压测试技术Hydraulic Test Technique液压传动Hydraulic Transmission液压传动系统Hydraulic Power Transmission System液压传动系统设计Hydraulic Power Transmission System Designing液压概论Introduction to Hydraulics液压流体力学Hydro-mechanics液压伺服系统Hydrauservo System液压随动系统Hydraulic Slave System液压系统的模拟机分析Analysis of Simulator of Hydraulic System液压系统数字仿真Digital Imitation in Hydraulic System液压系统污染控制Pollution Control in Hydraulic System液压元件Hydraulic Elements液压元件课程设计Course Exercise in Hydraulic Elements遗传学Genetics仪表可靠性Meter Reliability仪表零件及结构Meter Elements & structure仪器电路设计Instrument Circuit Designing仪器分析Instrumental Analysis仪器物理Instrumental Physics仪器物理学Instrumental Physics仪器制造工艺Instrument Manufacturing Technique仪用运放电路Instrument Transporting Circuitry音乐欣赏Music Appreciation银行信贷Bank Credits印刷输出设备设计原理Principle of Printing Out/Put Equipment Designing 英国文学史History of British Literature英美文学作品选读Selected Readings of British & American Literature英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation英美报刊选读Selected British & American Newspaper Readings英美概况British & American Culture and Society英美外台选听Selected Listenings of British & American Broadcast英美文学史History of British & American Literature英文打字Typing in English英语English英语词汇学English Lexicology英语泛读Extensive Reading英语精读Intensive Reading英语口语Oral English Practice英语视听English Videos英语听力English Listening Comprehension英语写作English Writing英语语法English Grammar英语语法流派Schools of English Grammar英语语言学导论Introdnction to General Lingnistics英语语言专题讲座Current Issues in Language Research and Education英语语音English Phonetics英语阅读English Reading英语阅读与技巧English Reading & Skills应用光学Applied Optics应用光学课程设计Course Design of Applied Optics应用光学设计Applied Optics Design应用光学实验Experiment on Applied Optics应用化学Applied Chemistry应用解剖Applied Anatomy应用软件基础Basic Applied Software应用软件与数据库Applied Software & Database应用物理实验Experiment of Applied Physics语言学概论Introduction to Linguistics语义学Semantics语音练习Practice on Phonetics语音学基础Basis of Phonetics预测技术Predicting Technique预测与决策Predicting and Policy-Making原理设计Principle Design原子物理学Atomic Physics园林设计Garden Designing源流理论与计算方法Principle & Computing Method of Source Flow远动技术Motion Technology阅读与技巧Reading & Skills运筹学Operational Research噪声原理及分析Principle & Analysis of Noise造型材料Modeling Material造型材料及基础Material & Basis of Modeling粘弹性力学V iscous Elastic Mechanics粘性流体力学V iscous Fluid Mechanics哲学Philosophy真空物理与技术V acuum Physics Technology振动分析与测试V ibration Analysis & Testing振动理论Theory of V ibration振动理论与测试Theory & Testing of V ibration振动学V ibration政治经济学Plutonomy政治理论Political Theories政治学Politics直流调整系统Direct Current Adjustive System直流输电Direct Current Transmission制冷及低温技术Refrigeration & Cryogenic Technique制冷系统优化与节能Optimal Refrigeration System & Energy Saving制冷与空调Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning制冷原理与设备Refrigeration Principle & Equipment智能化仪表基础Basis of Artific ial Intelligence Meter智能机器Artificial Intelligence Machinery智能仪器设计与应用Design & Application of Artificial Intelligence Instrument 质量管理Quality Management质量管理工程学Quality Management Engineering中国传统文化专题Topics on Chinese Traditional Culture中国当代文学史History of Chinese Contemporary Literature中国革命史History of Chinese Revolution中国古代建筑史History of Ancient Chinese Architecture中国古代名著欣赏Appreciation of Famous Ancient Chinese Works中国古代史History of Ancient China中国古代文学作品选讲Selected Readings of Ancient Chinese Literary Work中国古典文学Classical Chinese Literature中国古典小说名著选讲Selected Readings of Famous Classical Chinese Novels 中国古典小说选讲Selected Readings of Classical Chinese Novels中国画技巧Technique of Chinese Painting中国近现代经济史History of Recent & Modern Chinese Economy中国近代史Modern History of China中国经济地理Chinese Economic Geography中国经济与社会发展战略Chinese Economy & Social Development Strategy中国历代诗歌选Selections of Chinese Poetry中国美术欣赏Appreciation of Chinese Art中国美学史History of Chinese Aesthetics中国社会学史History of Chinese Sociology中国社会主义建设Chinese Socialist Construction中国诗话词话研究Research on Chinese Poetry & Prose中国文学Chinese Literature中国文学史History of Chinese Literature中国现代史Contemporary History of China中国现代文学史Contemporary Literature History of China中国现代小说流派Schools of Chinese Contemporary Novel中国语文Chinese Language中级无机化学Medium Inorganic Chemistry中级无机化学实验Experiment on Medium Inorganic Chemistry中社建文献选读Selected Readings of Chinese Socialist Construction Documents 中英文打字与编排Typing & Editing in English & Chinese轴流式压缩机Axial Flow Compressor铸钢及有色金属Steel-Casting & Colored Metal铸件成形理论Theory of Casting forming铸件形成理论基础Basis of Cast forming Theory铸铁熔炼Castiron Melting铸铁孕育Preparation of Castiron铸压加热设备Heating Equipment for Die Casting铸造测试技术Measuring Technique for Casting铸造车间环境保护Environmental Protection for Casting Shop铸造车间设计原理Principle of Casting Shop Design铸造工艺及设计Foundry Technology铸造合金Casting Alloy铸造合金及熔炼Cast Alloy & Melting铸造合金原理及熔炼Principles of Cast Alloy & Melting铸造化学Casting Chemistry铸造机构Casting Mechanism铸造机械设备Casting Equipment of Machine铸造设备Casting Equipment铸造新工艺New Casting Technique注塑工艺Shooting Technique专家系统Expert System专利与商标Patent & Trademark专题研究Research on Current Issues专业概论Introduction to Majors专业设讨Specialty Design & Discussion专业实验Specialty Experiment专业物理实验Physics Specialty Experiment专业英语Specialty English专业英语阅读Specialty English Reading资本论选读Selected Readings of On Capital自动测试系统Auto-Test System自动调节原理及水轮机调节Principle of Automatic Control & Hydrogenerator Re 自动化系统故障诊断Diagnosis of Automation System Error自动检测技术Automatic Measurement Technique自动控制理论Theory of Automatic Control自动控制系统Automatic Control System自动控制原理Principle of Automatic Control自动显示仪表Meter of Automatic Display自控实验Experiment on Auto-Control自然科学概论Introduction to Natural Science自适应控制Self Adaptive Control综合英语练习Comprehensive Practice in English阻容元件Resistor-Capacitor Unit组织行为学Organization Behavior最优化Optimum Theory最优化方法Optimal Method作品选读Selected Readings作文Composition金工实习Metalworking Practice水泵设计原理Principle of Pump DesigningCET-4 College English Test(Band 4)CET-6 College English Test(Band 6)生产实习Production Practice课程设计Course Exercise有限元法FInite Element代用燃料Substitute Fuel英汉口译English-Chinese Oral Interpretation思想道德修养Cultivation of Ethic Thought计算机文字处理Computer Language Processing英语影视English Movies & TV程序设计Program Designing计算机分析Computer Analysis汇编语言程序设计Assembly Language Programming模拟电路Analog Circuitry数字逻辑课程设计Course Design of Digital Logic数据库dBASE Ⅲ d BASE III on Compressor活塞压缩机结构Structure of Piston Compressor活塞压缩机强度Intensity of Piston Compressor三元流动理论Theory of Three-dimensional Flowing自动控制元件Automatic Control Component检测与显示技术Detection & Display Technique变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology工厂供电Factory Electricity Supply计算机控制技术Computer Controlling Technology课程设计(接口) Course Exercise(Interface)计算机概论与上机操作Introduction to Computers & Practise社会主义市场经济Socialist Marketing Economics当代资本主义经济Contemporary Capitalist Economy精密机械零件与机构Precision Machinery Elements & Mechanism 光学工艺实习Optical Technology Practice光电探测及信号处理Photoelectric Inspect & Signal Processing激光实验Laser Experiments毕业实习Graduation Practice激光器件原理与设计Principles of Laser Devices & Design光电课程设计Photoelectric Course Exercise激光生物医学Laser Biomedicine激光与材料相互作用Reciprocity of Laser & Materials生物医学光子学Biomedical Photonics光纤原理与技术Fibre Optical Operation & Technology光纤通信技术Fibre Optical Communication Technology通信原理与技术Principle of Communication & Technology光纤实验Experiments in Fibre Optical外设与接口Peripheral Equipment & InterfacePASCAL语言Programming in PASCAL算法设计与分析Algorithmic Design & Analysis音乐基础理论Basis Theory of Music精读Perusal口语训练Oral Training英语听说训练English Practice on Listening & Speaking口语Oral Training语法Syntax文体学style Science高级视听Advanced V ideos英语学习技巧English Studying Skills报刊选读Selected Readings of Newspaper & Magazine模拟集成电路及应用Analog Integrated Circuit & Application传感器及应用Sensors & Application微机技术实验Microcomputer Technology Experiment数字语音处理Digital V oice Processing微机接口技术Interface Technique of Microcomputer电力拖动Electric Traction程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language应用写作Applied Composition文字处理系统Word Processing System经济基础Basis of Economy汉字信息处理系统设计Design of Chinese Character Information Processing办公自动化Office Automatization办公自动化系统设计Office Automatization DesignWindows系统Windows Operation System多媒体计算机技术Multimedia Computer Technology办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization Thesis制冷课程设计Refrigeration Course Design制冷装置及自动化Refrigeration Equipment & Automatization电视传感器图象显示Television Sensor Graphic Display电子线路的计算机辅助分析Computer Associate Analysis of Electronic Circuit 自动检测技术与仪表Automatic Measurement Technique & Meter图形显示Graphic Demonstration外存储原理与技术External Memory Principle & Technique计算机原理及应用Principle & Applications of Computer机械制图Mechanical Graphing外贸会计会话Foreign Business Accountancy Conversation外贸函电Foreign Business Correspondence外贸英语会话Foreign Business English Conversation西方经济学Western Economics统计学原理与外贸统计Principle of Statistics & Business Statistics国际商法International Commercial Law国际技术贸易International Technical Trade工业产品学Industrial Products外贸应用文写作Foreign Business Practical Writing国际经济合作International Economics Cooperation对外贸易运输International Trade Transportation跨国公司International Firm国际信贷International Credits世界市场行情International Market Analysis建筑结构试验Architectural Structure Experimentation建筑工程概预算Construction Project Budget。
有道词典更改默认发音方法介绍
有道词典更改默认发音方法介绍全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：有道词典是一款非常常用的在线翻译工具，用户在使用过程中可能发现，有道词典刚发音的方法是通过点击字母上的音标来进行的。
虽然这种方式相对方便，但对于一些用户来说，他们可能更希望进行其他方法的发音。
本文将介绍如何更改有道词典的默认发音方法，帮助用户更好地使用这个工具。
我们需要打开有道词典的官方网站或者应用程序，进入到需要进行单词发音的页面。
在这个页面上，我们可以看到每个单词后面都有一个音标的标志，这就是有道词典默认的发音方式。
用户可以点击这个音标，就能够听到该单词的发音。
对于一些用户来说，他们可能更希望通过其他的方式来进行单词的发音，比如快捷键或者鼠标手势等。
如果用户希望通过快捷键来进行单词的发音，可以在设置页面中选择“快捷键”这个选项。
在这个选项中，用户可以设置一个快捷键，当用户按下这个快捷键的时候，就能够听到当前单词的发音。
这种方式相对来说比较方便，用户只需要按下一个键就能够听到单词的发音，不需要进行额外的操作。
第二篇示例：有道词典是一款非常受欢迎的翻译工具，广泛应用于学习、工作和生活中。
它不仅可以帮助用户快速查找单词的释义和翻译，还可以提供发音功能，方便用户学习外语发音。
有道词典的默认发音方法可能不符合用户的需求，因此有必要进行更改。
一、打开有道词典并选择单词要改变有道词典的默认发音方法，首先要打开这个应用程序。
在有道词典的主界面上，输入想要查找的单词或短语，并点击搜索按钮。
在搜索结果中选择对应的单词，然后点击单词，即可进入单词的详情页面。
二、查找发音设置选项在单词的详情页面中，用户可以看到单词的释义、例句以及发音按钮。
用户可以点击发音按钮听到单词的发音。
如果用户想要更改有道词典的默认发音方法，可以在发音按钮附近查找设置选项。
通常设置选项会显示为一个齿轮图标或者“设置”按钮，用户点击即可进入发音设置页面。
四、保存设置并应用到所有单词当用户确定了要更改的发音设置后，可以点击保存按钮或者确认按钮，以保存这个设置。
常用课程的英文翻译
文献检索 document．tion Retrieval
数据库概论 Introduction to Database
网络原理 Principles of Network
人工智能 Artificial Intelligence
Finance 财政学
Financial Accounting 财务会计
Fine Arts 美术
Functions of a Complex Variable 单复变函数
Functions of Complex Variables 复变函数
Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformations 复变函数与积分变
数字电子技术 Digital Electrical Technique
电磁场 Electromagnetic Field
微机原理 Principle of Microcomputer
企业管理 Business Management
专业英语 Specialized English
可编程序控制技术 Controlling Technique for Programming
Advanced Mathematics 高等数学
Advanced Numerical Analysis 高等数值分析
Algorithmic Language 算法语言
Analogical Electronics 模拟电子电路
Artificial Intelligence Programming 人工智能程序设计
有道取词翻译
有道取词翻译是一种便捷的功能，它允许用户通过以下步骤进行操作：
1.打开有道词典应用的主界面。
2.在主界面的右下角找到并点击【取词】或【划词】。
3.当您打开包含英文内容的网页或者文档时，将鼠标悬停在任意英文单词上方，有道词典会检测并自动提供翻译。
4.如果你不喜欢该功能的默认设置，可以在软件的设置中进行个性化调整。
5.在设置菜单中，您可以找到【取词/划词】选项，并根据个人需求进行相应的配置。
此外，有道词典还提供了一些高级功能，比如在PDF文档中对图片文字和菜单栏也能进行取词翻译。
这通常需要在软件设置中选择【软件设置】，然后在【取词划词】部分进行相关的设置，如开启OCR取词模块，并指定取词快捷键（默认为Ctrl + Mouse Scroll）。
完成这些设置后，即使是在PDF文档中使用鼠标光标悬停在菜单栏上的文本上，也会有翻译显示出来。
有道词典
180万百科词条提供一站式知识查询平台。
贴心实用的词典最懂你的学习伙伴全新推出有道学堂板块，用海量的个性定制化双语阅读文章，配合科学的学习方式，帮您高效稳步提升英语水平。
兼容单词卡片、微英语等频道，让英语学习变得轻松愉快。
强力智能划词取词首家实现IE9、chrome浏览器屏幕取词。
支持多浏览器环境，可针对词汇进行百科查询，任意段落或长句进行检索、翻译。
多国语言翻译全新增加多语种发音功能，集成中、英、日、韩、法五种语言专业词典，切换语言环境，即可选择多国语言轻松查询，还可跟随英、日、韩、法多语言发音学习纯正口语。
中英日韩法全文翻译增强全新增加网页翻译功能，在翻译框内直接输入网址点击翻译，即可得到翻译后的该网址页面。
实现快速准确的中英日韩法五国语言全文翻译，还可自动检测语言环境，轻松翻译长句及文章段落。
具备OCR取词功能，图片PDF文档中轻松取词。
丰富形式帮助记忆新增图片词典，用搜索引擎技术实现结果单词-图片相对应，帮助您更好的理解词汇。
新增同根词查询，给出同根词结果，轻松背单词。
有道词典其他的实用之处内容丰富的百科全书
融入全球最大的中文百科全书，一站式的网络参考书与知识查询平台。查的不仅是单词，还有更丰富的百科知识供您浏览。
纯正英文单词发音
提供标准清晰的纯正英文语音朗读示范，可实现边看边听，帮您有效记忆单词，学习口语发音。
权威汉语大词典
加入权威《现代汉语大词典》，实现汉语成语、生僻字的直观释义，为您提供准确高效的汉语宝典。
便捷的网络单词本
可随时添加单词，并使单词本与服务器保持实时同步，方便您在任何地方学习单词。同时支持导入导出、编辑分类等多项功能，大大提高英语学习效率。
DeepL翻译真的比谷歌、有道、百度翻译都好用？来测评一波！
DeepL翻译真的比谷歌、有道、百度翻译都好用？来测评一波！DeepL翻译已经出来有一段时间了，官方网站被称为世界上最好的翻译机器，大大领先于其他竞争对手。
DeepL翻译图片所谓的”盲测”也就是说，当专业翻译评论员不知道哪个翻译版本是由哪个网站翻译的时候，翻译文本的评估一直是这样的DeepL测试方法之一。
DeepL由于精度极佳，也引爆了Reddit，有网友指出，DeepL不像谷歌翻译那样从单词上翻译，从Textractor可以在设置上看到，DeepL还支持以前的翻译作为上下文来改进翻译结果。
德国的硬核翻译工具DeepL体验DeepL这是一种来自德国的在线翻译工具，早在2017年就上线了（请原谅我的无知）。
它的外观与其他翻译工具相似，反应速度也很快OK！鼠标点击翻译时，左侧原文区会自动亮起，方便用户检查翻译结果。
DeepL界面不过DeepL并没有像Google像翻译这样的内置单词翻译在日常工作中仍然会显得有点不方便。
然而，我非常喜欢它的一键下载，它可以直接将翻译结果转换为TXT文档，保存，分享都很方便。
虽然第一印象还是不错的，但是对于一个翻译工具来说，翻译质量才是最重要的我们来看看。
但是真的像网友说的那样吗？今天我们请出来Google翻译，Baidu比较翻译、有道等主流翻译服务。
评测一：是骡子是马拉出来遛遛便知道了。
原句是骡子是马拉出来遛遛便知道了。
DeepLIt's a mule or a horse out for a walk, you'll see.谷歌It was the mule and the horse that came out and walked and knew.百度It's a mule or a horse that you know when you pull it out.搜狗It's a mule. It's a horse. Just pull it out for a walk.有道It's a mule or a horse that comes out for a walk.从五个翻译结果来看，很难区分胜负。
有道翻译在线
有道翻译是网易公司开发的一款翻译软件，其最大特色在于翻译引擎是基于搜索引擎，网络释义的，也就是说它所翻译的词释义都是来自网络。
有道桌面词典背靠其强大的搜索引擎（有道搜索）后台数据和“网页萃取”技术，从数十亿海量网页中提炼出传统词典无法收录的各类新兴词汇和英文缩写，如影视作品名称、品牌名称、名人姓名、地名、专业术语等。
由于互联网上的网页内容是时刻更新的，因此有道桌面词典提供的词汇和例句也会随之动态更新，以致将互联网上最新、最酷、最鲜活的中英文词汇及句子一网打尽。
软件界面输入框：在输入框中输入搜索词，点击查询按钮或按回车键就能得到查询结果。
词典查询结果:查询结果显示在词典界面的右侧，包括查询词的音标、解释、例句等信息。
查询提示:当输入查询词时，在词典界面左侧列表中会列出以查询词为前缀的即时提示。
网络释义:为呈现查询词在网络上的相关解释。
单词读音:有道桌面词典支持自动朗读功能，输入查询词后只需点击“查询”按钮或直接回车，就可在看到单词完整释义的同时听到清晰、标准的英文朗读示范。
将鼠标移至小喇叭图标上（无需点击），即可重复收听单词读音，非常方便。
软件功能汉-英查询1.汉英翻释有道桌面词典点击即可浏览与中文查询词相对应的英文单词或解释。
2.英汉翻译结果:显示的是与所查询汉语相对应的英文翻译结果。
3.例句与用法:显示包含该查询词的例句及其在句子中的用法。
英-英查询1.音标及读音有道桌面词典显示查询词的音标；音标分为英语读音和美语读音，将鼠标移至小喇叭上可以听到读音。
2.英英翻译:显示的是查询词的英文解释和例句，并分词性列出。
英-汉查询1.英汉翻译有道桌面点击即可查看对查询词英英翻译的结果。
2.音标、读音及解释:标明查询词的音标、读音、中文翻译以及词形词性变化等具体信息。
3.例句与用法:显示包含该查询词的例句及其在例句中的用法。
查找文本1.找按钮有道桌面词典点击该按键弹出查找对话框，可以进行文本查找。
2.离线查询:当无法连接网络或者是无法访问时，只要安装了桌面词典的本地词库，即可以启用离线查询功能。
《第7课 沟通无限——网上翻译》作业设计方案-初中信息技术清华大学版12七年级上册自编模拟
《沟通无限——网上翻译》作业设计方案（第一课时）一、作业目标本次作业旨在帮助学生掌握网上翻译的基本操作，了解翻译软件的使用方法，提高翻译能力，并增强对信息技术课程的兴趣。
二、作业内容1. 任务一：熟悉翻译软件a. 打开至少一款翻译软件（如百度翻译、有道翻译等），观察软件的界面，了解其基本操作。
b. 尝试使用翻译软件进行简单的单词或短语的翻译。
2. 任务二：实践翻译a. 选择一篇短文，将其翻译成中文，并对比原文，检查自己的翻译是否准确。
b. 尝试翻译一些常见的俚语、短语或句子，以增强实际应用能力。
3. 任务三：分享交流a. 将自己的翻译成果拍照或截图，上传至学习群聊中，与其他同学分享，互相学习，互相评价。
b. 针对他人的翻译成果，提出自己的建议或意见，共同提高。
三、作业要求1. 独立完成：学生需独立完成作业，不得抄袭或请人代劳。
2. 质量保证：翻译成果应清晰、准确，符合基本的语法和用词规范。
3. 提交时间：请同学们在课后的一周内完成作业，并提交至学习群聊中。
4. 反馈与评价：教师将对同学们的作业进行点评，给出反馈和建议。
四、作业评价1. 评价标准：作业完成情况、翻译质量、参与度等。
2. 评价方式：教师评价与同学互评相结合。
3. 奖励机制：优秀的翻译成果将有机会在班级或学校内展示，并获得一定的奖励。
五、作业反馈1. 学生对本次作业的反馈应包括对作业内容的理解、完成情况、收获和建议。
2. 教师将对同学们的反馈进行整理和分析，以便改进未来的教学安排和内容。
3. 对于普遍存在的问题和困难，教师将在下次课堂上进行解答和指导。
4. 对于个别同学的特殊情况，如翻译困难较大，教师将提供额外的帮助和支持。
通过本次作业，我们希望同学们能够熟练掌握网上翻译的基本操作，了解翻译软件的使用方法，增强对信息技术课程的兴趣，同时也能够提高自己的翻译能力，为将来的学习和工作打下坚实的基础。
作业设计方案（第二课时）一、作业目标1. 掌握基本的翻译技巧和方法，提高翻译能力；2. 了解并熟悉常见的翻译工具和软件；3. 增强学生的自主学习能力和团队协作意识。
有道翻译文本翻译
有道翻译文本翻译有道翻译有道翻译是一款常用的在线翻译工具，提供文本翻译服务。
作为资深的翻译工作者，我将对有道翻译进行评价和翻译的介绍。
优点•界面简洁：有道翻译的界面设计简单易用，用户可以轻松找到并使用所需的功能。
•多语言支持：有道翻译提供了多种语言之间的翻译服务，包括中文、英文、日文、法文等，满足用户多样化的翻译需求。
•翻译准确度高：有道翻译的翻译结果相对准确，尤其是对于常见的短语、句子和单词的翻译，具备较高的可靠性。
•提供例句和发音：有道翻译除了提供翻译结果外，还会给出相应词组的例句和发音，帮助用户更好地理解和应用所翻译的内容。
•支持多种翻译方式：有道翻译不仅支持文本输入进行翻译，还支持图片、语音、网页等多种形式的翻译方式，提供了更灵活和便利的选择。
缺点•精确度不高：有道翻译在某些专业领域或技术性内容的翻译上可能存在一定的不准确性，需要用户对翻译结果进行进一步的核对和调整。
•社区翻译质量参差不齐：有道翻译的用户翻译社区中，参与翻译的用户水平参差不齐，某些用户可能存在翻译错误或不准确的情况。
例句•英文翻译示例：Hello, how are you? -> 你好，你好吗？•中文翻译示例：我爱你 -> I love you.以上是我对有道翻译的评价和介绍，该翻译工具在翻译准确度和多语言支持方面表现出色，但也有一些需要改进的地方。
作为翻译工作者，我们需要根据实际需求和文本特点选择最适合的翻译工具，以确保翻译质量的准确性和可靠性。
使用方法使用有道翻译进行文本翻译非常简便，以下是使用方法的步骤：1.打开有道翻译的网页或者下载并打开有道翻译的应用程序。
2.在翻译框中输入待翻译的文本。
3.选择源语言和目标语言，可以通过下拉菜单选择所需的语言。
4.点击翻译按钮（通常是一个箭头图标）进行翻译。
5.等待片刻，有道翻译会给出翻译结果。
6.阅读翻译结果，并根据需要进行调整和修改。
7.如果需要，可以点击例句或发音按钮查看相关的例句和发音。
英语翻译有道
英语翻译有道
英语翻译有道（Youdao Translation）是一款由网易公司开发的
免费翻译软件，旨在为用户提供高质量的翻译服务。
下面就从以下几
个方面进行介绍。
一、实用性强
英语翻译有道在翻译效果上表现得非常不错。
它不仅支持中英、
英中互相翻译，也支持中日、中韩、中法、中俄等多语言翻译。
在翻
译结果方面，有道翻译采用人工智能技术，能够根据上下文判断语境，从而更加准确地翻译出所需要的语意。
二、多样的翻译方式
英语翻译有道支持多种翻译方式，包括粘贴翻译和OCR翻译。
当
你遇到一段无法手动输入的文本时，OCR翻译为你提供了一种有效的方式，只需要扫描文本即可完成翻译。
三、用户体验好
英语翻译有道界面简洁明了，功能操作齐全，使用起来非常方便。
同时，它还提供了多种实用的功能，例如支持发音、全屏翻译、历史
记录、收藏等。
所有的这些功能都为用户提供了极佳的使用体验。
四、支持多设备同步
英语翻译有道可以在多个设备上登录同一个账号，因此可以跨设
备同步历史记录和收藏夹。
这使得我们可以随时随地使用翻译服务，
不必担心使用不同设备导致历史记录和收藏夹丢失的问题。
总的来说，英语翻译有道是一款非常实用的翻译软件，它的高质
量翻译效果、多样化翻译方式、出色的用户体验以及支持多设备同步
等功能使它成为了一款备受欢迎的翻译工具。