第一节 语法和词汇知识
五年级上册456单元英语知识小报
《五年级上册456单元英语知识小报》第一节：英语语法知识1. Be动词：是英语中最基础的动词之一，表示“是”的概念。
主要包括am, is, are三种形式，am用于第一人称单数，is用于第三人称单数，are用于第一人称复数和第三人称复数。
2. 名词复数形式：一般情况下，在名词后面加一个-s就可以变成复数形式，如cat变成cats。
但是也有一些特殊情况，如以s, ss, sh, ch, x 结尾的名词，需要在词尾加-es才能转换成复数形式。
3. 形容词比较级和最高级：形容词的比较级一般在词尾加-er或者在前面加more来表示，最高级则在词尾加-est或者在前面加most来表示，如tall的比较级是taller，最高级是tallest。
但有一些形容词需要在前面加more和most才能表示比较级和最高级，如beautiful。
第二节：英语词汇知识1. 动词短语：在英语中，动词短语是由一个实义动词和一个或多个帮助动词或者副词组成，如take care of, look after等。
2. 表示时间的词汇：在英语中，表示时间的词汇有很多种，包括年、月、日、星期等。
年用年份来表示，月用January，February等来表示，星期用Monday，Tuesday等来表示。
3. 表示数量的词汇：在英语中，表示数量的词汇有很多种，包括数字和数量词。
数字从1到10分别是one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten。
第三节：英语阅读技巧1. 标题理解：在阅读文章或书籍时，要先看标题，了解文章的主题和大意，这样可以更好地帮助理解文章的内容。
2. 核心主题理解：在阅读文章时，要注意抓住文章的核心主题，通过阅读理解，帮助理解文章的意思。
3. 关键词语理解：在阅读文章时，要注意抓住文章中的关键词语，通过理解关键词语的含义，更好地帮助理解文章的内容。
第四节：英语写作技巧1. 书写规范：在英语写作中，要注意书写规范，包括字母的大小写、标点符号的使用等，这样可以让读者更好地理解文章的意思。
四川省乐山市2024年中考英语真题(含答案)
四川省乐山市2024年中考英语真题姓名：__________ 班级：__________考号：__________1分，满分15分）从A、B、C三个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1．—Hi, you look ____. Why are you so happy today?—Can you believe it? I have just met Miss Zhou, my first teacher!A．excited B．exciting C．excite2．____ amazing it is! The Shenzhou XVIII members raise fish for the first time in Tiangong space station.A．What B．How C．What an3．—Dear, put the knives out of the kids' touch!—OK. I'll do it right away. It's quite necessary to keep ____.A．quiet B．warm C．safe4．—There are some after—school clubs in our school. You can ____ between the Music Club and the Food and Drink Club.—I prefer the Food and Drink Club, for I can learn more life skills.A．avoid B．choose C．hide5．—I'll never forget the experiences ____ we had in the volunteer work last summer.—Me too. The 3 days were meaningful and full of fun.A．when B．who C．that6．—Hello, may I speak to Jenny, please?—Wait a minute, please. She ____ in the kitchen now.A．cooked B．is cooking C．will cook7．—People ____ wear helmets（头盔）when they ride e—bikes according to the traffic rules.—Yes. Or they will be punished.A．must B．can C．may8．—There has been less and less pollution in Leshan these years.—The government has made a great effort on it. I'm sure this problem ____ one day in the future.A．was solved B．solves C．will be solved9．—I____ Mike on Monday. He invited us to visit his hometown in his letter.—Do we accept his invitation? We haven't met him for 3 years.A．heard from B．came from C．suffered from10．—Do you know Zhang Guimei, one of the "People Who Moved China"（感动中国人物）?—Yes. ____ she met lots of difficulties, she successfully helped so many students to go to college.A．Although B．Since C．If11．—World Sleep Day falls on March 21st. Do you think sleep is important?—I think so. Sleeping well can give you enough ____.A．courage B．energy C．reason12．—____ do you have a swimming class?—Once a week.A．How much B．How soon C．How often13．The composer who created Learn from the Role Model Lei Feng（《学习雷锋好榜样》）didn't ____ the song would be enjoyed by many people for more than 60 years.A．expect B．allow C．receive14．—I just went back from Guangzhou. Can you guess ____?—I suppose you took the high—speed train（高铁）.A．how did I get thereB．when I got thereC．how I got there15．—The Chengdu Horticultural Exhibition（成都园艺博览会）is really excellent! Thanks for inviting me here!—____A．I'm sorry.B．You're welcome.C．No problem.二、第一部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分30分）第二节完形填空（共15 小题；每小题1分，满分15分）阅读下列短文，掌握其大意，然后从36～50各题所给的三个或四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
英语测验考试及答案
高二年级考试英语试题2014.07第一部分英语知识运用（共两节, 满分50分）第一节语法和词汇知识(共20小题；每小题1分, 满分20分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
1. ______ new system makes it easier for people to have ______ access to railway tickets.A. The; 不填B. The; anC. A; theD. A; an2. Last night we went to Ann’s party，______ we enjoyed ourselves very much．A．there B．that C. which D. where3. The local residents strongly objected to their cars ______for parking here.A. chargedB. being chargedC. chargingD. be charged4. Everyone can receive education. That is to say，education is taken as a right rather thana(n) ______．A．privilege B．encouragement C．assistance D．dignity5. Though we take a great risk of investing in the project, it will______ in the long run.A. go offB. turn upC. pay offD. come up6. Tom said that not until he began to work ______ how much time he had wasted.A. didn't he realizeB. did he realizeC. he didn't realizeD. he realized7. According to experts，China needs to ______ its one-child family planning policy to fight against a worsening gender (性别) imbalance and an aging population.A．arrange B．apply C．adjust D．adapt8. ______ computers are of great benefit to the development of science and technology.A. The fact thatB. That the fact isC. What the fact is thatD. The fact is that 9．There is a mountain, ______ is always covered with snow.A. the top of thatB. the top of whichC. whose the topD. the whose top 10．He was ______by his husband’s sudden death and the loss of her pet dog.A. cast downB. cast awayC. cast offD. cast aside11．AIDS is said ______the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area overthe past few years.A．that it is B．to be C．to have been D．that it has been12．—I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.—I think so. He ______ for it for months.A．is preparing B．was preparing C．had been preparing D．has been preparing13．______ hard late into the night, he soon fell ill in bed.A. To workB. WorkingC. Being workedD. Having worked14．Keep me ______of the meeting tomorrow in case I should forget.A. suspectedB. accusedC. remindedD. informed15. —The plane is due to take off at 7:50 from the airport.—______we fail to arrive there in time?—Try to take another flight then.A. What ifB. As ifC. Even ifD. Only if16. With the advances of technology, plastics have taken the place of many______ materials. A．conventional B．optional C．artificial D．potential17．The performance of the host，______ to please the audience and draw their attention，was greeted with a cold silence，however.A．had intended B．intended C．intending D．to intend18．The success of a government should be measured ______ the happiness of the people as well as the development of economy.A．in face of B．in place of C．in terms of D．in honor of19. — Have you booked a room at the hotel?— I ______ to the hotel the other day, but they haven’t answered yet.A. have writtenB. wroteC. had writtenD. write20. —Our team will play against the Rockets this weekend. I’m sure we’ll win!—______!A. CheersB. CongratulationsC. Good luckD. Go ahead第二节完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分, 满分30分)阅读下面短文, 掌握其大意, 然后从21—40 各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
词汇与语法
宾语：句子中表示动作、行 为的对象或结果的部分
补语：句子中补充说明宾语 或主语的部分，通常表示动
作的方式、时间、地点等
状语：修饰动词、形容词或整个句子的成分，表示时间、地点、方式等 定语：修饰名词或代词，表示品质、特征、所属等 状语和定语在句子中起到描述和限定的作用 正确使用状语和定语可以提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性
主语、谓语、宾语是句子的主要成分 定语、状语、补语是句子的次要成分 句子成分的顺序是主语、谓语、宾语，然后是定语、状语、补语 句子成分的顺序是遵循一定的规则和习惯的
并列复合句：由两个或两个以上的简单句并列组成，表达相对独立的含义。 主从复合句：由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成，从句在句中充当主句的一个成分。 嵌套复合句：一个复合句中包含另一个复合句，形成嵌套结构。 包孕复合句：一个复合句包含另一个简单句，形成包孕结构。
练习建议：多阅读，多写作， 提高语言运用能力
缺少主语或 谓语
句子成分多 余或残缺
语序不当 句式杂糅
词汇选择：根据语境选择合适 的词汇，表达准确含义
语法结构：运用正确的语法结 构，使句子通顺流畅
词汇丰富度：使用多样化的词 汇，增加语言表达的丰富性
语法准确性：确保语法正确， 避免产生歧义或误解
理解句子含义：通过词汇和语法 的组合，理解句子的具体含义。
添加标题 添加标题 添加标题 添加标题
定义：主语和谓语在人称、数、格等方面不一致的语法错误。
常见类型：主语是复数形式，谓语却是单数形式；主语是单数形式，谓 语却是复数形式。
纠正方法：检查主谓是否一致，确保在语法和语义上都符合规范。
示例：正确的句子：“The books are on the shelf.”（书在架子上。） 错误的句子：“The book is on the shelf.”（书在架子上。）
汉语言文学专业基础知识
②副词一般不能单说，只有“不、没有、也许、有点儿、当然、马上、何必”等在省略句中可以单说。
③部分副词能兼有关联作用，如“越说越快”“有说有笑”。“没有（没）”既是动词又是副词，否定人物或事情的存在时是动词，否定动作或性状存在时是副词。“白、老、净、怪”等词修饰名词时是形容词，修饰动词、形容词时是副词。
6． 语法单位：语素、词、短语、句子。它们都是语言中的音义结合体。
语素是语言中最小的音义结合体，可以组合成合成词也可以单独成词。
词是最小的能够独立运用的语言单位，是构成短语和句子的备用单位，一部分词加上语调可以单独成句。
短语是语义上和语法上都能搭配而没有句调的一组词，是造句的备用单位。
句子是具有一个句调、能够表达一个相对完整的意思的语言单位，可由短语或词组成。
实词——形容词
1． 形容词的意义：表示性质、状态等
2． 形容词的种类：性质形容词——软、硬、酸、甜、远、近
状态形容词——雪白、笔直、火热、血红、绿油油、水灵灵、黑不溜秋
不定量形容词——多、少、全
唯谓形容词——陋、盎然、昏沉
3．形容词的语法特征：①形容词常作谓语或谓语中心和定语，多数能够直接修饰名词，少数性质形容词能够直接修饰动词，作状语，通常要重叠或者加助词“地”才可以作状语，一部分形容词也可以作补语；
④有些性质形容词可以重叠，表示形状程度的加深或适中，重叠后不能前加副词“很”。单音节——AA 或 AA的、 AA儿；双音节——AABB,AABB(的)，AABB（儿）；A里AB式
语法和词汇知识{单选}
第一节语法和词汇知识（共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. This book tells life story of John Smith , who left school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16 .A . the ; theB . a ; theC . the ; /D . a ; /2.---I don’t suppose the police know who did it .--- Well ,surprisingly they do .A man has been arrested and now .A . has been questionedB . is being questionedC . is questioningD . has questioned3 . I along the street looking for a place to park when the accident .A .went ;was occurringB . went ; occurredC . was going ; occurred D. was going ; had occurred4 . on time ,I would have seen the famous scientist last week .A .If I arrivedB . Had I arrivedC . I arrivedD . If I would arrived5 .The new discovery of gas is of great to the countries economy .signature B . significant C .significance D . sign6 . it during the Second War he died ?A .Is ; whichB . Was ; whichC .Was ; thatD . Is ;that7 . The young man owes his success to many people , his parents .A . after allB . by chance C. on purpose D . in particular8 . The reason why the teacher is successful is due to the fact that his students are .A .superbB . expensiveC . quantityD . a lot of9 . She felt anxious about her son as she for quite a long time .A .haven’t heard himB . hadn’t heard himC . haven’t heard from himD . hadn’t heard from him10 .Modern plastic can very high and very low temperatures .A .standB . holdC . carryD . support11 .---It often rains in that area . Please take an umbrella with you .--- .A .Well ,it just dependsB .All right ,you are welcomeC . Yes , take it with meD . OK ,just in case12 .---Where did the case of murder happen ?---It was in the house my grandmother used to live .A . thatB . whichC . whereD . when13 . ---How did you find the music she played at the concert ?---Wonderful . It’s worth .A . very ; listeningB . well ; to be listened toC . very ; listening toD . well ; listening to14 . When my old friend Jack me ,I didn’t recognize him at that moment .A . came aboutB . came toC . came up toD . came up with15. Some aspects of a pilot’s job be boring , and pilots often work atinconvenient hours .A . can ; have toB . may ; canC . have to ; mayD . ought to ; must16.There is little_____in arguing with Susan. It won’t help at all.A. needB. meaningC. pointD. view17.With_____ he needed____, he left the supermarket happily.A．all, buy B. what, bought C. everything, to buy D. all, buying18.When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have___ for her, but now all her worries are gone.A.in needB.in timeC.in storeD.in preparation19.I think the director’s attitude___ this program will decide what we should do next.A. forB. ofC. atD. towards20. In order to keep their trade___, they would have to buy less goods in the United Stated.A. balancedB. balancingC. to balanceD. being balanced21. The road is designed for only motor vehicles, so once_____ , bicycles are not allowed to go along it.A. opensB. having openedC. openingD. opened22. _____the high price, demand for these cars is very high.A. Because ofB. In spite ofC. In case ofD. Thanks to23. She has always _____ her father and felt highly honored for what he has been doing.A. looked up toB. looked down uponC. looked around forD.looked forward to24. ---Sorry, but I need a bit more time to find my lunch box.---______!We’ll be late for the picnic.A. Don’t worryB. Take your timeC. Take it easyD. Come on25. Louise was very patient _______ me.A. withB. ofC. atD. upon26. —Is three o’clock _____ for you?—I am afraid I will be busy working in my office then.A. enoughB. lateC. comfortableD. convenient27. The food was so ______ that the child couldn’t help tasting it.A. smellyB. invitedC. interestingD. inviting28.---Julia won the prize this time again.---She worked hard when she was at school, which ___her success in her career.A. depended onB. contributed toC. brought aboutD. cared for29.In the name list, two names ____in particular: James and Susan, who are both topstudents in our school.A. call upB. stand forC. call outD. stand out30.A warm thought suddenly occurred to me___ I could use the pocket money to buy abig cake for my mother’s birthday.A. ifB. whenC. thatD. Which31. — Last night, I saw the teens movie Cheetah Girls.—? It’s said that it just went publ ic in America this August 25.A. What’s upB. ReallyC. Are you feeling wellD. Yes32. To support their families, they are willing to ______ many of the disadvantages of city life such as crime, heavy traffic, and pollution.A. put upB. put offC. put up withD. put away33. Chinese students may have good control of English grammar, yet unable to express their ideas in conversation.A. the; /B. a; theC. a; /D. the; a34. We met something unpleasant. But we enjoyed our stay here.A. for a whileB. on the wholeC. in the meanwhileD. on the way35. I was just about to leave home the telephone rang.A. whileB. asC. whenD. then36. my homework, I went out for a walk and felt much more relaxed.A. FinishedB. To finishC. Have finishedD. Having finished37. is well-known to the world that China has had contacts with Japan since ancient times.A. WhatB. ItC. AsD. That38. When the sun rose the next day, he his way to the seashore.A. tookB. foughtC. madeD. caught39. most of the women at that time, Lin Qiaozi was very lucky.A. Compared withB. Comparing toC. To compare toD. Having compared with40. — Were all the people in the car injured in the accident ?—No, only the two passengers who got hurt.A. it wasB. there wasC. it isD. there are41. He turned and went to sleep again, that it was still early.A. to thinkB. thinkC. thinkingD. thought42. With lots of junk food brought in, the was that many people were overweight.A. resultB. causeC. consequenceD. conclusion43. It is reported that more than twenty workers are in the mine.A. caughtB. heldC. keptD. trapped44. — I hear it may get windy tomorrow.—I don’t care it d oesn’t rain again.A. even ifB. as ifC. as far asD. so long as45. it seems to make sense but if you think about it, the rule misses the point.A. At first glanceB. At the first glanceC. In first glanceD. In the first glance46．The repairs cost a lot，but it’s money well．A．to spend B．spent C．being spent D．spending47．When the old man to walk back to his house，the sun itself behind the mountain．A．started；had already hidden B．had started；had already hiddenC．had started；was hiding D．was starting；hid48．He was hoping to go abroad but his parents that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bankA．were deciding B．have decided C decided D．will decide49．To understand the grammar of the sentence，you must break it______ into parts．A．down B．up C．off D．out50．-Would you mind my coming over and having a look at your new garden? My little son’s curious about those roses you grow．_________. You’re welcome．A．Yes．I do B Never mindC．Yes．please D．Not at all51．_______from odler continents for minions of years，Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world．A．Being separated B．Having separatedC．Having been separated D．To be separated52．First，it is important to recognize what kind of person you are and which special qualities make you different from ．A．everyone else B．the otherC．someone else D．the rest53．What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before．It is it is long．A．half not as wide as B．wide not as half asC．not half as wide as D．as wide as not half54．Her sister has become a lawyer，she wanted to be．A．who B．that C．what D．which55．He hasn’t slept at all for three days．_______he is tired out．A．There is no point B．There is no needC．It is no wonder D．It is no way56．They started off 1ate and got to the airport with minutes to_______．A．spare B．catch C．1eave D make57．一Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere．一Well．He have gone far-his coat's still hereA．shouldn’t B．mustn’t C．can’t D wouldn’t58．If I——plan to do anything 1 wanted to，I'd like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible．A．would B．could C．had to D．ought to59．一Father．you promised!一Well. ．But it was you who didn’t keep your word first．A．so was I B．so did I C so 1 was D．so I did60．This picture was taken a long time ago．I wonder if you can my father．A．find out B．pick out C．100k out D．speak out61. It is often said that ______ teachers have ______very easy life.A. 不填；不填B. 不填；aC. the ；不填D. the；a62. —Somebody wants you on the telephone.—____ no one knows I’m here.A. ForB. AndC. ButD. So63. This _____ girl is Linda’s cousin.A. pretty little SpanishB. Spanish little prettyC. Spanish pretty littleD. little pretty Spanish64. He ________ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.A. has learnedB. would have learnedC. learnedD. had learned65. It’s the present situation in poor areas that _____ much higher spending on education and training.A. answers forB. provides forC. calls forD. plans for66. He _____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.A. shouldB. mustC. wouldn’tD. can’t67. Scientists think that the continents ______ always where they _______ today.A. aren’t; areB. aren’t; wereC. weren’t; areD. weren’t; were68. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ______ the answers ready will be of great help.A. To have hadB. having hadC. HaveD. Having69. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _______ and see him.A. you will comeB. will you comeC. you comeD. do you come70. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _______ at the party, but not ______.A. to arrive; leavingB. to arrive; to leaveC. arriving; leavingD. arriving; to leave71. —Why did you leave that position?—I _________ a better position at IBM.A. offerB. offeredC. am offeredD. was offered72. The prize of the game show is ＄30,000 and an all expenses __________ vacation to China.A. payingB. paidC. to be paidD. being paid73. I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _______ I can have time for a cup of tea.A. as soon asB. as a resultC. in caseD. so that74. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ________.A. going onB. goes onC. went onD. to go on75. —why does she always ask you for help?—there is no one else ______, is there?A. who to turn toB. she can turn toC. for whom to turnD. for her to turn76．Many people in western countries go to church on , as do some Chinese.A．∕；a Sunday B．the; Sunday C．∕；Sundays D．the; Sundays 77．I have an old friend my respect has grown because he has realized he dreamt of all his life.A．into whom ; which B．for whom ; whatC．for whose ; which D．to which ; what78．The new kind of pen which smoothly is quite popular with students.A．is written B．written C．writing D．writes 79．In fact, hardship is beneficial because it helps build a strong mind, , I think ,that can lead you to great achievement in life.A．one B．this C．that D．it80．No worker and no engineer who it is that is for the explosion of the chemical factory.A．know ; to blame B．knows ; to blameC．know ; to be blamed D．would know ; blamed81．—Why hasn’t Steve contacted us up to now? anything have happened to him?—I’m not sure ,but I guess something .A．Must; may B．Could;mightC．May; must have D．Can; may have82．The high-speed railway service linking Shanghai and Nanjing has __________ the traveling time by half.A．removed B．declined C．relieved D．cut83．his great love for the works of Shakespeare, he has a broad range of interest in other English writers as well.A．Apart from B．In terms of C．Except for D．In addition 84．—Mary, you look confused. Have you made sense of the poem we are talking about?—Yes, I another problem just now.A．thought of B．was thinking ofC．have thought of D．had thought of85．Despite her old age, she is always adaptable and to new knowledge and others’ viewpoints.A．adequate B．willing C．open D．ready 86．On hearing the news, the manager his trip to Sydney and returned to the company immediately.A．broke off B．went off C．kept off D．took off 87．Online shopping sometimes causes us trouble more than provides us with convenience and a refreshing way of life.A．casually B．especially C．specially D．simply 88．It’s very funny that many people who lose weight gain it back after some time and end up back __________ they strated.A．when B．after C．where D．since 89．The new airport under construction , three times as large as the old one,is due to be accomplished next year.A．measured B．measuring C．measures D．to measure 90．— Excuse me, but may I have access to the Wi-Fi here? I’d like to take some photos of the delicious food and update my microblog.[ ]91. _______ English well, one must have a lot of practice.A. SpeakB. SpeakingC. To speakD. Spoken [ ]92. In Britain, you ______ be 18 if you want to drive a car.A. canB. mustC. mayD. might[ ]93. If the robot ________ wrong, you can get a new one for free or get all your money back.A. goesB. will goC. wentD. would go [ ]94. —May I speak to Mr. Green?—Sorry. He _______ a speech now. Please call later.A. givesB. has givenC. is givingD. gave[ ]95. I _______ a headache earlier but I feel fine now.A. haveB. have hadC. hadD. had had [ ]96. Have you seen the movie ________ is playing at the Fox Theater?A. whenB. whichC. whoD. what[ ]97. ______ this rock music, please. I’m afraid some people can’t stand the noise!A. StopB. To stopC. StoppingD. Stopped [ ]98. —Could we see each other at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning?—Sorry, let’s make it ________ time.A. other’sB. the otherC. otherD. another [ ]99. I had to call a taxi because the box was _______ than I’d expected.A. heavyB. heavierC. the heavierD. the heaviest[ ]100. —Would you like to watch the three-D film 2012 with me?—Certainly. I don’t mind seeing it again although I ______ it twice.A. seeB. sawC. have seenD. had seen[ ]101 Some of my friends eat with their eyes. They prefer to order ________ looks nice.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. how[ ]102 —Do you think cinemas _______ by TV and computers in the next century?—Maybe.A. will replaceB. will be replacedC. have replacedD. have been replaced[ ]103. —Could you please tell me _____?—They’re over there.A. where are the restroomsB. where were the restroomsC. where the restrooms wereD. where the restrooms are[ ]104. Martin and his friends didn’t eat up all the food they ordered, _____ they took the rest away.A. soB. orC. forD. as[ ]105. He missed ______ gold in the high jump, but will get _______ second chance in the long jump.A. the; theB. 不填；aC. a；不填D. the; a。
第一课语法
语法基础知识1.语素语素是语音语义的最小结合体，例如：人、吃、大、十等。
语素构成词。
语素可以单独成词，也可以与别的语素组合成词，例如：“人”；“人参”。
“吃”；“吃亏”。
2.词类词可分实词和虚词两大类。
实词表示实在意义，能够作短语或句子的成分，一般能够独立成句。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词。
虚词一般不表示实在的意义，它们的基本用途是表示语法关系。
虚词包括副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词和拟声词。
(1)名词表示人或事物名称的词。
例如：学生，友谊，早晨，前面等。
(2)动词表示动作、行为、发展变化、心理活动的词。
例如：走，爱，使，能够，起来，是等。
(3)形容词表示性质或状态的词。
例如：美丽，迅速等。
(4)数词表示数目的词。
例如：百，一些，第一等。
(5)量词表示人、事物的单位或动作、行为的单位的词。
例如：尺，趟等。
(6)代词起代替或指示作用的词。
例如：我，什么，这等。
(7)副词用在动词、形容词前头，表示动作、行为或性质、状态的程度、范围、时间、频率、语气、情貌等。
例如：很，立刻，都，时常，忽然，不，竟等。
(8)介词用在名词(或短语)、代词前头，合起来表示动作行为的起止、方向、处所、时间、对象、目的等。
例如：从，向，在，把，按照，为了，对于，比，除了等。
(9)连词连接词、短语、句子、表示某种逻辑关系。
例如：和，或者，而且，虽然，但是，因为，所以，只有，如果等。
(10)助词附在词或短语、句子后面表示一定的结构关系或附加意义或语气。
结构助词“地”“的”可以合用为“的”，即定语、状语都用“的”：(伟大)的人民：(勇敢)的前进。
但不作硬性规定，如分开用，要用得正确，定语用“的”，状语用“地”。
例如：的，地，得，着，了，过，吗，啊等。
(11)叹词表示感叹或呼唤应答的词。
例如：喂，哎呀，嗯等。
(12)拟声词摹拟声物声音的词。
例如：砰，轰隆，哗啦啦等。
3.短语短语是由词和词构成的，短语可以作为句子成分；大多数短语加上一定的语调就可以成为句子。
汉语语法与修辞知识 第一节 词汇(思维导图)
词汇一、词的构成词的概念，词的构成：语素词是语言里最小的有意义的可以独立运用的单位以音节的多少为标准单音词双音词多音词三音词复音词（一）语素构词的类型语素是语言中最小的音义结合体，是最小的有意义的语言单位。
按照音节划分单音节语素（绝大多数）:一个音节代表一个语素举例：人、书、字双音节语素踌躇、吩咐、霹雳三个或三个以上音节的因特网、巧克力、维也纳按照词语内部语素的数量1单纯词(由一个语素构成的词)2单音节3复音节134合成词构成词根表示基本意义的语素（词的词汇意义的主要承担者）词缀（加在词根上面）表示附加意义的语素三大类5复合式合成词由词根的相互关系看6联合型（并列式）7偏正型8补充型9动宾型（支配式）10主谓型（陈述式）11附加式合成词根据词根与词缀的位置12词缀+词根13词根+词缀14词根+叠音词缀15重叠式合成词按照语素是否能单用成词语素（单用）人、手、跑不成词语素（不能单用）们、阿16（二）汉语词汇组成基本词汇17重要意义三个特点历史悠久，具有稳固性；社会普遍使用，具有全民常用性；成为构造新词语的基本，具有能产性。
一般词汇18特点包括古语词历史词文言词方言词19概念标准语吸取方言有用成分外来词20音译词21音意兼译词22字母词行业语23隐语熟语24概念25特点包括26成语惯用语27概念28结构29歇后语谚语30概念31结构32特点33例子俗语34概念和谚语有些交叉35比较36例子基本词汇和一般词汇的关系相互依存、相互渗透基本词汇——构成新词（基础）——扩充一般词汇一般词汇（某些词）——（转化）基本词汇二、词形、词音和词义（一）词形371.异形词分类不完全异形词（主流）38仅部分用字不同完全异形词39用字全部不同异形词的语音形式语音形式国家规范《第一批异形词整理表》40选取范围41选取内容42适用范围《现代汉语词典》43首选词主条副条44正条452.同形词（二）词音1.多音词2.同音词46概念47复音词同音词的要求按书写形式分同形同音词异形同音词同音词与多义词的区别a：多义词是一词多义，各项意义之间存在着联系b：同音词是异词同音，词的意义间没有必然联系影响积极意义混乱，影响信息传递与交流消极谐音双关，生动、风趣、耐人寻味3.异读词48概念49限制产生原因文白异读方音影响讹读影响50异读词与异音同形词的区别规定《普通话异读词审音表》（三）词义51概念分类词汇意义（概念意义）实词语法意义（关系意义）实词52虚词531.词义的构成(1)词的理性义54概念55作用(2)词的色彩义①感情色彩义褒义词贬义词中性词褒义色彩贬义色彩②语体色彩义（文体色彩）书面语色彩口语色彩③形象色彩义56概念57形象感58包括2.单义词和多义词（所表示意义的多少）单义词概念分类常见事物的名称专有名词科学术语多义词59概念各意义间有一定的联系60基本义61派生义62引申义63比喻义具体语言环境中只能有一个意义3.同义词64等义词（绝对同义词）对同一事物、现象、关系的不同称谓，其概念意义或逻辑内容相同65近义词（相对同义词）词义大同中有小异，在概念意义方面存在某些细微的差别66重要作用差别(1)意义的轻重不同(2)词义概括的范围大小不同(3)集合概念与非集合概念的不同(4)词义的侧重点不同(5)搭配对象不同(6)感情色彩不同(7)67语体色彩不同4.反义词68相对反义词69就词与词的关系同一范畴音节和结构要求分类70绝对反义词71相对反义词72重要意义三、常见词语使用错误的纠正(一)准确理解词义，注意辨析词义(二)尊重约定俗成的语言习惯，不生造乱用词语73态度查阅《现代汉语词典》《人民日报》、《光明日报》(三)注意词义的范围大小和附加色彩词语备注：1. 从语音形式分析2. 单音节单纯词只有一个音节，如“字”、“看”、“亮”等3. 有两个或更多的音节，不能分开解释各个音节的意义4. 由两个或两个以上的语素按照一定的结构方式和语义关系组合而成的词5. 由两个或者两个以上不相同的词根结合在一起构成6. 两个意义相同、相近或相反的词根并列组合而成例如：信息、开放、品味、反正7. 前一词根修饰、限制后一词根例如：手机、电脑、特区8. 后一词根补充说明前一词根例如：革新、盘活、理顺9. 前一词根表示动作、行为，后一词根表示前一词根所支配、关涉的事物例如：上网、涉外、下海10. 前一词根表示被陈述的事物，后一词根陈述前一词根例如：心疼、民主、自律11. 由一个表示具体词汇意义的词根和一个表示某种附加意义的词缀构成12. 例如：第一、初一、老乡、阿姨13. 例如：稿子、花儿、木头14. 例如：胖乎乎、美滋滋、喜洋洋词缀：附加成分，不表示具体词汇意义，起语法作用构成名词的标志：阿、小、子、儿、头构成动词的标志：化15. 例如：爸爸、妈妈、星星、渐渐、恰恰16. 在词汇系统中的地位和作用17. 词汇中最主要的部分，使用频率高，生命力强，一般交际中必须，为一般人所共同理解，如天、地、头、心。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第一节语法和词汇知识A21. Kitty said that she had grown crazy about nature because she hadn’t been ______ too long.A. outdoorsB. indoorC. indoorsD. outdoor22. When he came into the dinning hall, nobody said hello to him. So he felt _______.A. calmB. ignoredC. lonelyD. sorry23. These pictures will show you ______.A. what does our village look likeB. how does our village look likeC. what our village looks likeD. how our village looks like24. ______ the problem, the three leaders held a meeting in a secret room.A. To settleB. SettleC. To settle downD. Settling25. The result of the examination shows ______.A. what great progress did you makeB. why did you make such progressC. such great progress you will makeD. that you have made great progress26. It is important to keep ______ in an emergency (紧急情况).A. quietB. calmC. silentD. still27. John asked me __________ to visit his uncle’s farm with him.A. how would I likeB. if or not would I likeC. whether I would likeD. what I would like28. The old man died very quickly. He didn’t ______ much.A. suffer fromB. suffer withC. sufferD. suffer by29. I’d like to know ________ Chinese.A. when he began to learnB. where did he begin to learnC. when did he begin learningD. for how long he began to learn30. ______ get a better score, she has been studying hard all day.A. So as toB. In order toC. So thatD. In order that31. While walking the dog, you should take care not to let it _____.Otherwise, it may be dangerous to strangers.A. looseB. tightC. upsetD. crazy32. — Can you help me all the money that I should pay?— Very sorry. Please wait a minute, madam.A. add upB. add up toC. add toD. add together33. This exam is very difficult. Many students are concerned the results.A. aboutB. withC. inD. of34. It is said that more than ten thousand workers have ______ the strike.A. joinedB. joined inC. joined toD. joined up35. — Do you think it’s going to rain over the weekend?— ______.A. I don’t believeB. I don’t believe itC. I believe not soD. I believe notB.21. ______it is to jump into a pool or go swimming in the sea when you visit Hawaii!A. What funB. What a funC. How funD. How a fun22______ for some time after a tiring day is very enjoyable and exciting for me in summer.A. SwimB. SwimmingC. Go swimmingD. To swim23. Only by hard working can you _______ the goal.A. achieveB. receiveC. makeD. take24.---I regret _____you John has been fired .---I can hardly believe my ears .He is such a fine worker .A. tellingB. having toldC. to tellD. to have told25. More than 5,000 people _______ the important meeting.A. tookB. attendedC. took partD. joined26.. How do you like the cake? It’s quite different from I had last month.A.thatB. whichC. the oneD. whose27. After Yang Li Wei succeeded in circling the earth, ______ our astronautsdesire to do is to walk in space.A. whereB. whatC. thatD. how28.This is one of the best films___this year.A which has been shownB that have been shownC that have shownD have been show.29 That tree, the branches___are almost bare ,is a very old one.A whoseB in whichC on whichD of which30. When _____ my homework, I heard my name _____, but I just couldn’t recognize the voice.A. did; calledB. doing; callingC. did; to callD. doing; called31. The teacher apologized _____ late.A. to his students to arriveB. to his students for arrivingC. at his students to arriveD. at his students for arriving32. After he had finished _____ his diary, he _____ his homework.A. to write; went on to doB. to write; went on doingC. writing; went on doingD. writing; went on to do33. A person with good manners never laughs at people when they are introuble. _____, hetries to help them.A. InsteadB. Instead ofC. In place ofD. And34. Our English teacher advises us ____________ more after class.A. to practice to speakB. practicing to speakC. to practice speakingD. practicing speaking35. I have three ___ notes in my wallet.A. five dollars’B. five dollarsC. five-dollarD. five-dollarsIII. 翻译下列句子1. 他们正在面对面地交谈。
(face)__________________________________________________________2. 根据约翰说的, 下周将有一次会议。
(according)__________________________________________________________.3. 他早起为了赶头班车。
(in order to)__________________________________________________________4. 你和你的同学相处得怎么样? (get along with)___________________________________________________________5. 我们对他的安全都很关切。
(concern)_________________________________________________________6. 你是否需要一个你可以无话不谈的朋友?__________________________________________________________7. 你近况如何?___________________________________________________________8. 我们成为好朋友已十年了。