供应链管理课后习题答案
供应链管理课后习题答案第一早1. 纵向一体化的企业拥有、管理并运作所有相关的业务职能。
横向一体化的企业由一些独立运营的企业组成，公司总部提供品牌、指导和一般战略。
比较并对比这两种类型企业的供应链战略。
答：纵向一体化企业旨在使公司各业务成分之间的互动更紧密，而且经常集中地管理它们。
这样的结构，可以更容易地通过中央决策除去供应链中的不同部分之间的冲突来实现系统的整体目标。
在横向一体化公司，协调公司内部各业务的供应链通常是没有效益的。
事实上，如果横向一体化中的每个企业都专注于它的核心功能，并以最佳状态运行，就可能达到总体的全局最优效果。
2•考虑一个企业重新设计其物流网络。
为数不多的几个集中仓库的优点是什么？大量靠近最终用户的仓库的优点是什么？答：少数位于市中心的仓库，允许公司利用风险分担，以提高服务水平并降低库存水平和成本。
不过，对外运输成本通常较高，交货间隔期较长。
另一方面，企业可以通过建立更多的靠近最终用户的仓库，以减少对外运输成本和交货间隔期。
然而，这种类型的系统将会使总库存水平和成本增加、规模经济下降、仓储费用增加，并且可能增加对内运输费用。
3•考虑一个企业选择运输服务提供商。
使用卡车承运商的优点是什么？使用诸如这样的包裹速递公司的优点是什么？答：企业对运输服务的选择在很大程度上取决于公司要运输的产品的类型和大小，库存和交付的策略，和对灵活性的需求：1•如果是大量而稳定的运送大件物品或小件物品从仓库到需求点（店），货车运输会更好。
一个很好的例子就是仓库到超市之间的杂货送货。
要注意，在本例中，我们希望的是卡车满载时货物达到卡车装载量。
2•如果由制造商/仓库直接递送顾客的是相对低成本的项目，那么用快递公司更合适。
此外，快递公司可以根据客户的个人需要灵活的提供不同的运输方式。
4. 企业库存水平较高有什么优点？有什么缺点？库存水平低有什么优点和缺点？答：1.高库存水平i. 优点：订单满足率（服务水平）高和订单执行快速。
.缺点:成本与库存的机会成本高，有因时间和报废导致价格下跌的危险，需要更多的仓储空间。
2. 低库存水平i. 优点：低库存持有和仓储成本。
.缺点：较高缺货风险和较低的服务水平。
5. 如果一个企业是完全纵向一体化的，有效供应链管理是否仍然重要？答：一个完全纵向一体化的企业旨在使公司各部门之间的关系更紧密，并经常集中的管理它们。
这样的结构，通过除去供应链中的不同部件之间的冲突，更容易地实现整个系统的目标。
横向一体化企业，经常协调供应链中公司内部各业务是没有益处的。
事实上，如果每一个部门专注于它的核心能力，并很好的执行，可能会达到整体最优。
1. 服务和库存水平之间存在什么样的关系?答：一般来说，高的库存水平容易保持更高的服务水平。
然而，现代库存管理技术将有可能不像过去一样需要通过增加库存水平来提高服务水平。
2. 管理层在确定一个目标服务水平时应考虑哪些因素？答：目标服务水平取决于产品的关键性任务。
例如，考虑一个配件供应商的设备，每一个小时的停机时间是非常昂贵的。
在这种情况下，我们希望那些供应商公司的管理部门指定服务水平接近100%市场环境在决定目标服务水平时也扮演了重要的角色。
对于商品，我们会相当期望服务水平高，因为消费者若没找到他们想要的产品可以轻易地换掉。
然而，如果该产品的价值与其竞争对手有明显的差异，较低的服务水平是有可能被接受的。
例如，高端服务器，如果制造商脱销时客户愿意等待 1-2周，显然是认为它优于市场上其他产品。
3. 面对高需求变动会有什么不利的地方？是否会有什么好处？答：对于高需求变动有隐式和显式的坏处。
例如：1. 安全库存的水平与需求变动是成正比的，即，需求变动越高，库存持有成本就越高。
2. 从制造商的角度来看，高需求变动意味着设备将极大地波动，需求低时设备将闲置不用。
3. 从管理的角度来看，高变动性使规划变得复杂，这需要额外的资源，精密的模型和工具。
另一方面，如果一个公司成功地实施战略应对高需求变动，而竞争对手并不成功，它便可以利用这个优势来增加市场份额或收入。
4•你认为什么时候两个商店对一个产品的需求是正相关的？什么时候又会是负相关的？答：如果两个商店的定价策略、服务水平和服务质量都相似，那我们就可以将这两个商店的需求看作正相关。
然而，假设整体市场需求是相对稳定的，其中一个商店搞促销，在这种情况下，我们就得将该促销活动看作从另家商店夺取销售量，那么这两个商店的需求将呈负相关。
AVV ----- *第二早1. 为什么对于一个企业而言，定期检查物流网络设计很重要？随着时间的推移，一个企业对其物流网络的需求如何变化？答：影响物流网络性能的因素不是静态的，就是说，它们是随时间变化的。
这些因素包括需求、产品设计、物流网络中的各种成本、法规、合同等。
这些动态因素需要定期评估以确定现有的配置在新操作环境是否仍然是令人满意。
例如，服务水平需求可能会改变，由于竞争加剧通常意味着需要缩短客户订单交货期，这就要要求该公司重新设计其物流网络和建立新的接近最终用户的仓库。
2. 第2节中我们看到整车运输费率结构是不对称的，为什么？答：如果我们假设卡车在其返回时空载，那么率会变高高。
考虑到222节的例子，垃圾车从伊利诺斯州（工业中心）到纽约空载回来的概率低于从纽约到伊利诺斯州相应的概率，解释了这两个城市之间的不对称成本结构。
3. 给出仓库搬运成本、固定成本和储存成本的具体内容。
答：1.搬运成本i. 材料处理中的工人劳动成本。
.用来将货物送至仓库的传送带、叉车、自动引导车辆（）等的成本。
这些成本有两个成分：与货物运输距离成线性正比的可变成本；与材料搬运系统的日产需求成正比的设备的采购成本，但是以非线性的方式，因为设备是以离散数量购买。
2. 固定成本i. 购买或租赁土地的成本。
.仓库的维护成本和操作成本，包括年度折旧和公用事业费用。
.货架成本，它取决于仓库容量。
•保险设施的成本。
3. 存储成本i. 库存持有资本的机会成本。
.货物在仓库滞留期间价格贬值的成本。
注意，其中包括需要回收的废弃库存的风险。
4•什么是仿真？它如何帮助解决复杂的物流问题？答：仿真是一个受欢迎的绩效评估和建模工具，用于无法评估分析的复杂的随机系统。
一个仿真模型可以密切反映真正的系统，模拟其行为，但它也有一些缺点：模拟是一个描述性的工具，即，它不能为系统的输入提供最优值。
对于一系列给定的输入，它从系统中生成一些范例输出，用来计算绩效指标的统计估算。
同时，精确的大型仿真模型系统需要大量的开发工作，通常运行时间很长。
因此，我们提倡一个两阶段的方法来解决困难的物流问题：1. 使用数学优化模型来生成大量的优秀候选解决方案，将最重要的成本组件考虑进去。
2. 使用一个详尽的仿真模型来评估第一阶段生成的候选方案。
第五章1. 讨论一下各因素如何有助于减轻牛鞭效应的影响：电子商务和互联网、快递送货、合作预测、天天低价、供应商管理库存、供应合同。
答：a.电子商务和互联网允许上游商家，例如，供应商，获得更准确的需求信息。
它减轻了牛鞭效应，防止失真和误解的需求信息，并减少订货提前期。
b. 减少快递交货提前期期和相关的需求差异。
因为在系统，需求的可变性与提前期是成正比的。
C.合作预测有助于所有供应链中的利益相关者制定一个通用的、公认的终端用户需求预测方案，从而减少牛鞭效应。
d. 定期促销活动是人为的使需求达到高峰和低谷，增加了客户需求变动性，放大了牛鞭效应。
通过日常低价，可以预防这些需求波动，部分的缓解牛鞭效应。
e. 供应商管理库存允许供应商监控下游需求，以便确定保留多少库存，给它的客户输送多少。
因此，供应商不一定要依靠订单数据来预测需求来降低牛鞭效应。
f. 供应合同调整供应链中的激励机制，通过确定商定的供应限制减少不确定需求，从而减少牛鞭效应。
2 •讨论在供应链中能够缩短提前期的5种方法。
答：以下策略可以缩短供应链中的提前期：1. 使用（电子数据交换），减少订购流程中的信息提前期。
2. 使用交叉运输减少/消除库存消耗的时间。
3. 缺货时与附近的零售商分享库存减少提前期。
4. 在整个供应链中共享需求信息，以便能够响应需求的快速波动。
5. 使用延迟差异战略，使得供应链中的通用产品尽可能的向下游推进，以便供应链更容易地适应一系列相关产品的需求。
6. 实施（供应商管理库存）策略，这样供应商可以在库存水平变化上有更多的响应。
7. 运用快递服务，如减少运输提前期。
8. 采用新技术，如机自动化来降低生产提前期。
1. 分别讨论推动式供应链和拉动式供应链的优点。
答：推动式供应链具有以下优点 ：1） 利用了长期预测和计划 2）系统的存储库存。
如果产品是通用的 ，库存可以马上满足客户需求，减少客户等待时间。
拉动式供应链具有以下优点：1）有最小的库存水平 2）产品差异化时可以更好地匹配供应和需求 3）减少了生产计划对预测的依赖答：1.亚马逊：因为销售额的增大，亚马逊从纯拉动式转换为推 是由于亚马逊足够大，能够跨地理区域汇集需求。
2公司：类似于亚马逊，公司通过建立仓库从纯拉动式转换为推 -拉式，这个仓库对一片地区汇集需求的能力比传 统仓库要强。
交货时间约束和服务水平等原因导致公司转为推 -拉式。
3.戴尔：戴尔供应链的推-拉边界是组装。
计算机组件是标准化的，他们需要聚合这些组件来组装所有成品。
他们可以使用推动式管理在风险分担和规模经济中占优。
电脑是根据买家指定的配置定制的—AvV TITT式官理。
4. 家具公司：生产是基于拉动式但交付是推动式 ，因为运输成本高，所以家具公司需要汇集一定时期需求， 从而利用规模经济实现风险分担。
第七章1.考虑一个大型折扣店。
讨论对于哪些产品和供应商，折扣店应该采用直接转运战略？对于哪些产品和供应商 适合采用直接装运战略？ 答：以沃尔玛为例第六章2. 亚马逊网上商店、公司、戴尔和一些家具制造商都使用了推 如何运用风险分担概念的。
-拉式供应链战略，尝试描述一下每一家公司都是-拉式。
边界在于他们的区域性仓库。
这个变化,电脑装配应该使用拉动1. 直接转运供应商的不易坏产品如啤酒、大米和洗发水，总销售额很大但在每个商店的需求变动很低,适合直接转运策略。
这些产品可以与其他小容量的货物交叉装运，实现到每个商店的整车运输。
2. 直接装运运对于供应商，易腐和对时间敏感的产品，如水果和牛奶，适合直接转运策略。
零售商订购货物时，在卡车满载的情况下也可以直接运送。
第八章1. 为什么第三方物流行业发展如此迅猛？答：物流是一组复杂的任务，需要大量的资源，专业的分析、相关软件和大量投资于信息技术（更新速度非常快）。
因此，除非物流是一个公司的核心竞争力并有资源来运营它，否则很难设计和实施有效的物流业务。
因此，越来越多的企业愿意将物流外包给第三方物流公司，它们有专业的分析，先进的软件和足够的资源来保持更新信息系统。
供应链管理实务第四版课后答案
供应链管理实务第四版课后答案以下为供应链管理实务第四版课后答案一、項空题1.题目：供应链管理的实质内容包括以（顾客）为中心，以（市场需求）为原动力；强调企业应专注于（核心业务），建立核心竞争力，在供应链上明确定位，将非核心业务外包；各企业紧密合作，其担风险，共享利益：2.题目：供应链管理的目标是建立一个高效率、高效益的供应链：为（最终用户）创造价值；通过贸易伙伴间的密切合作，以最小的（总成本）和费用提供最大的价值和最好的服务。
3. 题目：实施供应链管理不仅意味着企业在战略方面努力构筑企业间（战珞同盟），而且意味着企业在经营方面努力实施供应链企业一体化的（物流管理）。
4. 题目：供应链的概念注重（外部环境）以及与其他企业的联系，偏重于一个价值链中不同企业的制造、组装、分销、零售等过程将原材料转换成产品到最终用户的转换过程。
5.顾目：一体化的供应链管理组织具有高度的反应力，能迅速支持一个伙伴公司的快速发展。
所有供应链伙伴分享（业务计划）、（预测信息）、MS数据、库存信息、进货情况以及有关协调货流的信息。
二、选择题1.供应链是围绕通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制，从采购原材料开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成的一个整体的增值网链结构。
答案A 核心企业答案B 供应商答案C 制造商答案D 分销商正确答案：A（直接填一个答案）2. 供应链实质上是由企业间的链接成的市场链、产业链，这种供需关系就是功能关系链、流程关系链，也是一条体现竞争实力的价值增值链。
网链中的商流、物流、信息流和资金流反映了供应链不同经营主体间合作、竞争和利益关系，从整个供应链的构成、运行与控制过程分析，供应链运作机制必须体现客户价值链增值过程。
答案A 客户关系答案B 供需关系答案C 利益关系答案D 竞争关系正确答案：B （直接填一个答案）3.题目：按供应链的涉及来分类有单元供应链、产业供应链和全球供应链。
（完整版）供应链管理_第三版_Unit1_习题与答案
（完整版）供应链管理_第三版_Unit1_习题与答案Chapter 1Understanding the Supply ChainTrue/False1. A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplyingcomponents needed for manufacturing.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate2. A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network orsupply web.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate3. The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy4. Every supply chain must include all 5 stages.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy5. The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain aredivided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successivestages.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate6. The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that theprocesses in a supply chainare divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy7. The objective of customer order entry is to maintain a record of product receiptand complete payment.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard8. The replenishment cycle occurs at the retailer/distributor interface.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Hard9. The manufacturing cycle occurs at the manufacturer/supplier interface.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate10. The procurement cycle occurs at the manufacturer/supplier interface.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy11. The cycle view of the supply chain is useful when considering operationaldecisions, because it specifies the roles and responsibilities of each member of the supply chain.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate12. The push/pull view of the supply chain is useful when considering strategicdecisions relating to supply chain design, because it categorizes processesbased on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate13. Pull processes may also be referred to as reactive processes.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy14. Pull processes may also be referred to as speculative processes.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy15. All supply chain activities within a firm belong to one of three macro processes –CRM, ISCM and SRM.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy16. There is a close connection between the design and management of supplychain flows and the success of a supply chain.Answer: TrueDifficulty: EasyEssay/Problems1. Explain the 3 decision phases (categories) that must be made in a successfulsupply chain.Answer: The 3 decision phases that occur within a supply chain are supply chain strategy (or design), supply chain planningand supply chain operation. Decisions relate to the flow of information, product and funds. The difference between categories depends upon the frequency of each decision and the time frame over which it has an impact. During the supply chain strategy phase, a companydetermines what the chain’s configurations will be, how resources will beallocated, and what processes each stage will perform. This will establish thestructure of the supply chain for several years. Supply chain planning deals withdecisions with a time frame from 3 months up to a year. The planning phasemust work within the constraints established in the strategy phase. Planningdecisions include which markets to supply from which locations, subcontractingof manufacturing, inventory policies and timing and size of marketing promotions.The supply chain operation phase operates on a weekly or daily time horizon and deals with decisions concerning individual customer orders.Difficulty: Hard答：决策的3阶段发生在一个供应链的供应链战略（或设计），供应链与供应链运作。
供应链管理习题答案
供应链管理习题一、单项选择题每题2分,15题,共30分1、传统管理模式下生产方式的主要特征不含C ;A、少品种B、大批量生产C、柔性D、专用流水线2、A主要体现供应链的物理功能,即以最低的成本将原材料转化成零部件、半成品、产品,以及在供应链中的运输等;A、有效性供应链B、反应性供应链C、稳定供应链D、动态供应链3、许多企业已经普遍将信息系统业务,在规定的服务水平基础上外包给应用服务提供商ASP,由其管理并提供用户所需要的信息服务;这是属于D业务外包的方式;A、研发外包B、生产外包C、脑力资源外包D、应用服务外包4、A是指在竞争、合作、动态的市场环境中,由若干个供方、需方等实体自主、半自主构成的快速响应环境变化的动态供需网络;A、敏捷供应链B、稳定供应链C、反应性供应链D、平衡供应链5、提供功能性产品的公司的一个极重要的目标是BA、提高边际利润B、降低总成本C、加快市场反应D、降低总库存6、信息技术高度发展以及在供应链节点企业间的高度集成,供应链节点企业间的合作关系最终集成为D ;A、传统关系物流关系C、合作伙伴关系D、网络资源关系7、传统的生产计划决策模式是一种集中式决策,而供应链管理环境下生产计划的决策模式是B决策过程.A、分布式B、分布式群体C、集中群体D、分权式8、B是指需求变化独立于人们的主观控制能力之外,因而其数量与出现的概率是随机的、不确定的、模糊的;A、单一需求B、独立需求C、多需求D、相关需求9、下列C不是供应链管理环境下采购的特点;A、为订单而采购B、从采购管理向外部资源管理转变C、为库存而采购D、从一般买卖关系向战略协作伙伴关系转变10、在需求变异加速放大的原因中, A是需求放大的主要原因;A、需求预测修正B、订货批量决策C、价格波动D、短缺博弈11、供应链中的信息流控制模式中,各部门对信息的流向及内容有决定权,能灵活掌握信息需求及信息传播的时间、地点和方式,但企业不能从整体上把握信息的流向及内容,缺乏宏观调控能力并导致信息流的混乱及无序,管理效率下降,严重的情况将会是导致管理失控；这种模式是B ;A、集中控制模式B、分散控制模式C、综合式D、B/S模式12、在企业目前工作流程存在的问题中,是由于分工过细造成的问题是C ;A、无人负责整个经营过程,缺乏全心全意为顾客服务的意识B、组织机构臃肿,助长官僚作风C、员工技能单一,适应性差D、资源闲置和重复劳动,症结是内部信息纵向和横向沟通不够13、关于BPR与TQM不同的地方说法不正确的是D ;A、TQM并未触及企业原有的组织机构和工作方式,从本质上说是一种追加式改进；B、BPR是打破旧有的业务流程,再造新的流程的彻底变革;C、实施方式上,BPR是自上而下,TQM则是自下而上的实施过程;D、BPR与TQM在本质上是一样的;14、在物流管理组织结构的演变中,试图在一个高层经理的领导下,统一所有的物流功能和运作,目的是对所有原材料和制成品的运输和存储进行战略管理,以使企业产生最大利益;这种组织基本上是属于D ;A、传统物流管理组织结构B、简单功能集合的物流组织形式C、物流功能独立的组织形式D、一体化物流组织形式15、在ECR系统的构建中的在零售环节, A是管理的重点;A、营销技术 B、物流技术C、信息技术D、组织革新技术我二、多项选择题每题2分,10题,共20分1、下列ABCDE体现了供应链管理的管理思想A、强调核心竞争力 B、资源外用OutsourcingC、合作性竞争D、延迟制造Postponement原则；E、以顾客满意度为目标的服务化管理；2、供应链设计的主要内容有ABC A、供应链成员及合作伙伴选择 B、网络结构设计C、供应链运行基本规则D、协调机制E、生产物流的计划与控制体系的建立3、核心竞争力的主要特点是ABCD ;A、价值优越性B、难替代性C、差异性D、可延伸性E、可复制性4、根据计划来管理企业的生产经营活动,叫做计划管理,计划管理是一个过程,通常包括ABCE阶段;A、编制计划B、执行计划C、检查计划完成情况D、组织E、制定改进措施5、供应链管理环境下的生产计划与传统生产计划有显着的不同;在制定生产计划的过程中,主要面临以下ABC方面的问题;A、柔性约束 B、生产进度C、生产能力D、组织设计E、物流管理6、需求变异加速放大的原因ABDE ;A、需求预测修正B、订货批量决策C、多级库存D、短缺博弈E、价格波动7、VMI的基本思想有BCDE ;A、联合进行管理库存B、使双方成本最小互惠原则C、框架协议目标一致性原则D、连续改进原则E、合作精神合作性原则8、第三方物流公司的未来前景可以向以下ACDE方面努力;A、老主顾外包其他业务B、实施联合运输方式C、开发物流信息管理系统D、处理供应链末端任务E、整合供应链作业9、下列ABCD在供应链管理中的应用比较广泛;A、Internet/Intranet技术、WEB技术B、MRP、MRPII 、ERP、CRM、JIT、CIMSC、CAD/CAMD、BR、RFID、GIS、GPS、EDIE、航空航天技术10、CPFR的主要特点有ABCE ;A、协同B、规划C、预测D、战略E、补货三、判断题正确的打“√”, 错误的打“×”;每题2分,10题,共20分1、供应链结构模式比一般单个企业的结构模式更为简单; ×2、依据相对于顾客需求的执行顺序,供应链上的所有流程可以分为两类：推动流程和拉动流程; √3、供应链管理的实施目标之一是总成本最低化,总成本最低化目标是指运输费用或库存成本;×4、供应链之间的竞争实质上是时间竞争; √5、供应商在供应链上扮演着一个至关重要的角色,是链中物流的始发点,是资金流的开始,同时又是反馈信息流的终点; √6、第四方物流是第三方物流公司为其客户提供一种增值服务,主要是解决物流规划功能外包问题的物流方案; ×7、从系统开发的角度,客户关系管理是帮助企业以一定的组织方式来管理客户的互联网软件系统; √8、MC模式的关键是实现产品标准化和制造柔性化之间的平衡; √9、连续性检查的固定订货量、固定订货点策略,即Q, R策略;该策略的基本思想是：对库存进行连续性检查,当库存降低到订货点水平R时,即发出一个订货,每次的订货量要发生变化; ×10、联合库存管理Joint Managed Inventory,JMI是指由供应商和用户联合管理库存; ×四、案例分析题每小问题5分,6小题,共30分阅读以下案例资料,然后回答问题物流外包背后的真正问题1、区域经理的物流尴尬日趋激烈的市场竞争,加之消费的多元化和个性化,都对企业现有的生产经营及管理形成了新的考验,要想扩大利润空间,难度越来越高;提高要货满意率,减少库存量,让产品飞快地转起来,这都是企业亟待解决的物流问题;尤其是国内目前的服装类公司;如果物流管理无法规范,企业每年三分之一,甚至是二分之一的利润都可能被侵蚀掉;作为北京区域总经理的林华对自己一手创办起来的“依狼”成衣品牌的物流管理也遇到同样的问题;林华也曾想过把成衣物流外包出去,但是遍寻市场都找不到一家合适的第三方物流企业;于是,自建物流公司的想法便顺理成章的跳入林华脑中;2、行业分析90年代中期以来,部分企业依靠劳动力资源优势从事OEM和中低档产品,在国内需要增长、国外品牌进入较少的条件下取得了一定的知名度和市场份额;但当时的需求增长、国外品牌进入较少,这掩盖了许多产品与销售费用方面的缺点;进入新世纪以来,国内市场的出现了以服装消费占居民总消费比例下降而引起的需求总量增长减缓,及服装消费休闲化和时尚化的趋势;这些变化对国内成衣企业单品种大规模的生产发展模式构成冲击：消费多元化和个性化发展使市场变数增加,对企业现有生产经营及管理模式形成挑战；品牌定位模糊及中低档次产品的过度竞争导致服装价格持续下降,使企业的利润空间不断缩小;竞争直接导致了营销渠道的剧烈变化;厂商为保持竞争优势,渠道下沉、全力支持终端已经成为必然选择;从产品来讲,中档男性西服、中档男性衬衫、中档男性休闲服、中高档男性西服市场较大;但是这些偏重款式的成衣在时效性方面要求是很高的——这尤其体现在终端对厂家的物流服务要求,因此北京区网点对林华指挥的分销渠道的速度、存货管理能力提出了更高的要求;3、自营物流还是外包在服装行业,象李宁一样的大型多生产和分销的服装企业,成立物流公司的模式值得考虑；但对依狼这样以成衣为主营业务的企业来说,除非战略向多元化发展,否则难去支撑以自营的方式建立物流公司的运作方式;尤其在企业物流管理能力不高的情况下,自建物流的运作成本更可能高于现有的物流成本林华的公司目前面临的物流问题主要表现在这几个方面：1物流网络结构不合理,缺乏一套严格而行之有效的物流管理制度和操作流程；2缺乏一套针对全过程的信息管理系统来实时控制定单和库存状况；3在物流供应商选择上缺乏长期意识,没能够培养出一个战略合作伙伴;通过分析,从表面上看,为林华提供服务的第三方物流企业的服务素质偏低,操作不专业,自然而然地成了替罪羊,掩盖了其他一切问题;第三方物流的“弱质”实际上有两方面的原因：一是由于服装行业的成长非常快速,以往的仓储以及配送业务均由制造企业或者大的代理商独立承担,第三方物流企业缺乏服装产品的运作经验；二是由于制造企业没有自身的物流运作规范,把业务外包后就撒手不管了,这就造成物流供应商只能在以往客户物流运作系统的操作基础上逐步改善,往往事倍功半;实际上,物流经营模式的选择一般取决于两个因素的平衡：一是物流对企业成功的关键程度,二是企业物流管理的能力;从林华来看,它所面对的服装物流对企业成功的关键程度高,但企业物流管理的能力还有待提高;所以在现阶段,如果建立物流公司,不是一种最佳选择;物流只是支持企业发展的其中一个部分,营销、财务、采购、财务等等方面的政策对企业整体的绩效起决定性作用,并直接对物流运作的结果带来直接的影响;因此,在进行物流变革的同时应该对上述主要的企业职能进行全盘的规划和统筹,这才是林华的变革之道;“这就是现实问题的本质”4、变革之道从物流、库存管理最需要的“数据基础”方面说起——现在的依狼北京公司,在分销渠道上的预测基本靠不定期的人工经验判断,而且各销售分支机构不能快速汇总结果,从而根本新形不成指导分公司各部门协调工作的基础——更别说指导第三方物流商精细运作了原因分析：虽然“数据分析不足”有市场变化难以捉摸的因素,但没有基础数据,没有科学的预测方法,这是最大的问题——当然实际上根本就是分公司乃至全公司没有建立数据收集、分析到发布的完整体系;而正是数据分析不足带来的可怕的“牛鞭效应”终端要货量上下变动幅度过大,让林华和他的物流服务商都头疼得要死;所以林华企业物流管理的重点应在于营销、财务、采购、物流之间的协调,根据营销渠道的发展,联合一些大的物流企业,解决干线配送,区域配送的主体模式;根据日常营销数据,利用信息技术处理日常业务的速度,提供预测的基础数据,不断微调具体的运输过程,并严格进行物流外包以后的管理,这些是目前最应该做的事情;具体可以按照这几个步骤开展：第一,对公司的物流成本进行一次彻底的审计,找出物流成本所在,是销售问题还是物流运作本身的问题；第二,根据审计结果,发现物流能力和业务需求的差距,建立物流运作的绩效考核机制,确认改进的方向；第三,建立一个一体化的物流服务体系,其中包括信息系统,组织结构,业务流程和基础设施,对目前的分销供应链进行优化；第四,信息系统一定要保证物流全过程的实时可见；同时,实现物流部门和业务运作部门的良性互动,尤其是销售预测和库存计划;第五,和物流供应商签定基于客户服务的一揽子协议,用量化的指标来考评;阅读以上案例资料,回答下列问题每题5分,6小题,共30分1、在物流管理上,服装行业普遍存在哪些问题2、服装市场需求发生了哪些变化3、林华的公司目前面临的物流问题主要表现在哪些方面4、在为服装企业提供第三方物流服务的公司出现问题的主要原因有哪些5、林华的公司选择物流模式的主要影响因素有哪些6、林华的公司如何变革物流管理。
供应链管理习题答案
供应链管理习题答案供应链管理习题答案供应链管理是现代企业运营中至关重要的一环。
它涉及到从原材料采购到最终产品交付的整个流程，包括供应商选择、物流运输、库存管理等各个环节。
在实践中，供应链管理面临着各种挑战和问题，需要通过有效的策略和方法来解决。
下面将针对几个供应链管理习题给出相应的答案和解析。
习题一：如何选择供应商？答案：选择供应商是供应链管理中关键的一步。
首先，企业应该明确自己的需求和要求，包括质量、价格、交货时间等方面。
然后，通过市场调研和供应商评估，筛选出符合要求的候选供应商。
最后，通过实地考察和合同谈判，选择最合适的供应商。
习题二：如何优化物流运输？答案：物流运输是供应链管理中的一个重要环节。
为了优化物流运输，企业可以采取以下策略。
首先，合理规划物流网络，选择合适的仓储和配送中心。
其次，优化运输路线，减少运输时间和成本。
再次，使用信息技术来跟踪和管理货物的运输过程，提高运输效率和准确性。
习题三：如何管理库存？答案：库存管理是供应链管理中的一个重要环节。
有效的库存管理可以降低成本，提高客户满意度。
为了管理库存，企业可以采取以下措施。
首先，建立准确的需求预测模型，避免库存过剩或缺货。
其次，优化订货策略，合理控制订货量和订货时间。
再次，使用先进的库存管理技术，如ABC分类法和定期盘点等，提高库存管理效率。
习题四：如何应对供应链风险？答案：供应链管理面临各种风险，如自然灾害、供应商倒闭等。
为了应对供应链风险，企业可以采取以下策略。
首先，建立供应链风险管理体系，包括风险评估、风险监控和风险应对等方面。
其次，与供应商建立紧密的合作关系，共同应对风险。
再次，建立备份供应商和备用物流渠道，以应对突发情况。
习题五：如何评估供应链绩效？答案：评估供应链绩效是衡量供应链管理效果的重要指标。
为了评估供应链绩效，企业可以采取以下方法。
首先，建立供应链绩效指标体系，包括交货时间、库存周转率、客户满意度等方面。
其次，收集和分析相关数据，进行绩效评估和比较。
供应链物流管理(supply chain logistics management)鲍尔索克斯 课后习题答案1-6章
Chapter1：1.Why can the current movement toward establishing supply chains becharacterized as a revolution?Because the current movement toward establishing supply chains has reshaped contemporary strategic thinking.Two massive shifts, supply chain revolution and a related logistical renaissance, in expectation and practice concerning the performance of business operations are highly interrelated but they are significantly different aspects of contemporary strategic thinking.pare the concept of a modern supply chain with more traditionaldistribution channels. Be specific regarding similarities and differences. Traditional distribution channels typically had an order fulfillment time of 15-30 days. But if something went wrong, this time would increase dramatically. It was a common practice to maintain inventory at every stage of the supply chain like retailers, wholesalers, and manufacturers. The market was characterized by scarcity to the primary goal of traditional model was to ensure availability of products. However, today customers want more options in product offerings. Modern supply chain is geared towards meeting the changing consumer needs. Transportation capacity and operational performance has become more reliable and economical. Logistical systems are capable of capable of delivering products at exact times. So customer orders can be fulfilled faster. With massive development in information technology, the need to maintain inventory has reduced dramatically. The occurrence of failures, characteristic of traditional supply chain, has been replaced by a commitment towards zero-defect of six sigma performance. In essence a high level of performance is achieved at a lower total cost with commitment of fewer financial resources than that in the past.3.What specific role does logistics play in supply chain operations?Logistics is the primary conduit of product and service flow within a supply chain arrangement. It is the work required to move and to position inventory throughout a supply chain. It is a combination of order management, inventory, transportation, warehousing, material handling and packaging as integrated throughout a facility network. Logistics is essential for effective supply chain connectivity.4.Describe “integrative management”. Be specific concerning the relationship betweenfunctionality and process.The challenge to achieving integrated management results from the long-standing tradition of performing and measuring work on a functional basis. Since the industrial revolution, achieving best practice has focused managerial attention on functional specialization. The prevailing belief was the better the performance of a specific function, the greater the efficiency of the overall process.The fundamental challenge of integrated management is to redirect traditional emphasis on functionality in an effort to focus on process achievement. Integrative process management seeks to identify and achieve lowest total cost by capturing trade-offs that exist between functions. The focus of integrated management is lowest total process cost, which is not necessarily the achievement of the lowest cost for each function included in the process.5.In terms of enterprise extension, describe the importance of the information sharingand process specialization paradigms.The information sharing paradigm is the widespread belief that achieving a high degree of cooperative behavior requires that supply chain participants voluntarily share operating information and jointly plan strategies. The guiding principle is that information sharing is essential among supply chain participants to collectively do the things customers demand faster and more efficiently.The process specialization paradigm is commitment to focusing collaborative arrangements on planning joint operations with a goal of eliminating nonproductive or non-value-adding redundancy by firms in a supply chain. The basic idea is to design the overall supply chain processes in a manner that identifies a specific firm’s competencies along with the responsibility and accountability to perform each element of essential work in a manner that maximizes overall results.Importance: Sharing information and joint planning can reduce risk related to inventory positioning. Collaboration can eliminate duplicative or redundant work, such as repetitive quality inspection, by designating and empowering a specified member of the supply chain to be fully responsible and accountable. Such extended enterprise integration introduces new challenges regarding measurement, benefit and risk sharing, trust, leadership, and conflict resolution.6.Describe and illustrate an integrated service provider. How does the conceptof integrated service provider differ from traditional service providers, such as for-hire transportation and warehousing?Integrated Service Providers (ISP) also known as third-party logistics providers provide a range of logistics services that includes all work necessary to service customers. With the regulatory changes in the transportation the traditional logistics services providers started offering warehousing and shared transportation services. Therefore the ISPs initiated the radical shift from single function to multifunction outsourcing. Their services include order entry to product delivery and in certain situations they also provide wide range of value-added services. For example United Parcel Services (UPS) stocks Nike shoes and warm-ups at its Louisville warehouse and processes orders hourly. All the related communication and financial administration are handled by an UPS call center in San Antonio. Therefore UPS handles the basic logistics and value-added services for Nike.In contrast the traditional service providers, such as for-hire transportation and warehousing specialize in specific functions. For instance, the for-hire transportationindustry consists of carriers who specialize in moving products between geographic locations. The companies offering warehouse services are traditionally called public warehouses and they provide storage supplemented by specialized services.pare and contrast anticipatory and response-based business models.Why has responsiveness become popular in supply chain collaborations? Anticipatory and response-based business models are the two ways used by firms to fulfill customer requirements. However the fundamental difference in the two models is timingAnticipatory model has been the traditional business practice, which was mainly forecast driven. Since information about purchasing behavior was not readily available, and the channel partners were loosely collaborating, businesses were driven by forecasts. However the forecasts used by the manufacturers, wholesales, distributors, and retailers were often different that led to a lot of excess inventory in the system. All the work was performed in anticipation of future projections, so the likelihood of misgauging customer requirements was very high. In addition each firm in the chain duplicated the anticipatory process.Response-based model aims to reduce or eliminate forecast reliance by joint planning and rapid exchange of information between supply chain partners. This model has been made possible because managers can now obtain and share accurate sales information faster. Consequently customers can be provided with their desired items faster. This model requires fewer steps and therefore less cost to complete a fulfillment process compared to the anticipatory model. Response-based model is similar to a build to order model however the former has a faster response time and allows higher degree of customization.Responsiveness propelled by information technology development has become the cornerstone of today’s supply chain collaboration. Higher responsiveness can not only increase the level of customer satisfaction but can also reduce the overall cost of doing that.pare and contrast manufacturing and geographic postponement. Manufacturing and geographic postponement are strategies and practices that reduces the anticipatory risks of supply chain performance. The factors favoring one pr the other form depends on the volume, value, competitive initiatives desired customer service levels. Manufacturing or form postponement aims at manufacturing the products one order at a time with no preparatory work or component procurement until the customer specifications are fully known and customer commitment is received. The goal of this postponement strategy is to maintain products in a neutral or non-committed status as long as possible. In an ideal situation a standard or base product is manufactured in large quantities to obtain economy of scale while deferring the finalization until the customer commitment. In this scenario, economy of scope is introduced by producing the base product to accommodate a wide range of different customers. An example of manufacturing postponement is observed in mixing paintcolor at retail stores to accommodate the individual customer’s request. This strategy not only reduces the risks of logistics malfunction but also increases the use of light manufacturing and final assembly at logistical facilitiesOn the other hand, Geographical or logistical postponement focuses on response acceleration. This strategy aims to build and stock a full-line inventory at one or more strategic locations. Forward deployment of inventory is postponed until the customer order is received. In an ideal situation this postponement strategy eliminates the risk of anticipatory risk of inventory deployment while retaining manufacturing economy scale. An example of geographical postponement is the Sears Store Delivery System. The logistics of the appliances is not initiated till the customer order is received. An appliance purchased on Monday can be installed at customer’s home as early as Wednesday. And there is a possibility that the product is not manufactured until that night or early Tuesday.In a number of supply chains both types of postponement strategies are combined to create a highly responsive strategy.9.Define and illustrate cash-to-cash conversion, dwell-time minimization andcash spin. How does supply chain strategy and structure impact each?Cash-to-cash conversion is the time required to convert raw material or inventory purchases into sales revenue. It is directly related to inventory turn. Its benefits are realized by reducing and sharing risk and inventory investment. In traditional business the benefits were enjoyed at the expense of business partners. For example, terms of 2% net 10 meant that a prompt payment discount could be earned if the invoice is paid within ten days from the time of delivery. In a response based system these benefits can be shared by managing the inventory transfer velocity across the supply chain. To facilitate such arrangements supply chain partners often use dead net pricing, which factors discounts and allowances in the selling price. Therefore incentives of timely payment are replaced by performance commitments at a specified net price. Managing supply chain logistics as a continuous synchronized process also serves to reduce dwell time.Dwell time is the ratio of the time that an asset sits idle to the time required to satisfy its designated supply chain mission. As an example dwell time would represent the ratio of the time inventory is in store to the time it is moving or contributing to achieve supply chain objectives. Dwell time can be reduced if the supply chain partners are willing to eliminate duplicate work. Therefore each firm could be designated to perform and be accountable for the value-added work in order to reduce the overall dwell.Cash spin basically refers to free cash spin. This concept aims to reduce the overall assets committed to the supply chain performance. Therefore capital invested on inventory or warehouse can be made available for redeployment by revising the supply chain arrangement. Free capital can be reinvested in other projects that would have otherwise not been considered.10.Discuss and support the following argument: "Supply chain arrangements mayreduce consumer value."A somewhat more abstract but often cited potential downside of supply chain management could be labeled the dark side of collaboration. The argument is that the public does not benefit across the board from supply chain efficiency.Supply chain criticism comes in two parts.First, the line of reasoning is that operating efficiency does not automatically translate to or guarantee lower consumer prices. Firms that collaborate may individually or collectively make larger profits and thereby generate large shareholder wealth. However, no mechanisms exist to guarantee that efficiencies will be passed on to consumers in the form of lower retail prices. In fact, the supporting logic is that as supply chains.The second criticism of supply chain arrangements builds on the premise that operating efficiency may not always be socially equitable. The argument questions the benefits of more precise matching of supply to demand in terms of the overall reduction in surplus goods.Chapter2：1.Illustrate a common trade-off that occurs between the work areas of logistics. Any illustration that demonstrates an inherent trade-off between information, inventory, transportation, warehousing, material handling or packaging is acceptable. The following are a few examples of such trade-offs:Information is increasingly being used as a substitute for inventory. For instance, a warehouse manager that is in constant contact with a supplier of his/her stocks need not hold traditional, high levels of inventory. By being “connected”, the supplier realizes when the warehouse is in need of product and can make accommodations of product processing and shipping accordingly. Improved, faster means of transportation also prevent manufacturers and merchandisers from holding high levels of inventory.Poor packaging can lead to product damage in transit. Management should either improve packaging or seek a transportation mode that is more stable and less damage-inducing. Regardless, greater costs will be incurred upfront – though they are likely to be offset with reduced costs of product recollection and rework.2.Discuss and elaborate the following statement: "The selection of a superiorlocation network can create substantial competitive advantage."The statement “The selection of Superior location network can create sub stantial competitive advantage” holds true with regard to logistical networks. The network design implies customer service and cost considerations. Added value (and perhaps a competitive advantage) may be derived from the “intimacy” of being located near customers. Networks that strive for the highest levels of effectiveness (superior serviceperformance) often do so at significantly higher expense. Networks may also be designed for efficient product flows in order to lower transportation and inventory holding costs. Depending upon the competitive environment in which a firm operates, competitive advantage may result from either being located near the customers to provide superior service or through low cost service with the cost-efficient network design.3.Why are customer-accommodation operations typically more erratic thanmanufacturing support and procurement operations?Market or physical distribution operations are typically more erratic because they are initiated by the customer, whose behavior cannot be controlled by the firm. Manufacturing and procurement operations, on the other hand, are initiated by the firm and considered to be within the firm’s span of control. However, better communications between the logistics organization and customers can reduce the uncertainty and erratic nature of market-distribution operations.4.How has transportation cost, as a percentage of total logistics cost, trackedsince 1980The transportation costs as a percentage of total logistics costs in US has increased over the last 20 years. In 1980, the percentage was approximately 47 percent and this has increased to over 63 percent in 2004. Therefore transportation represents a significant portion of the overall logistics cost.5.Describe the logistics value proposition. Be specific regarding specificcustomer accommodation and cost.Logistical value proposition is a cost framework that aims to match of operating competency and commitment to meet the individual of selected groups of customers’ expectations and requirements. A well-designed logistical network must have high customer response with low operational variance and minimum inventory commitment. However the combinations will be different for different groups. Well designed and operated logistical system can help firms to achieve competitive advantage.6.Describe the fundamental similarities and differences between procurement,manufacturing support and customer-accommodation performance cycles as they relate to logistical control.Procurement performance cycles consist of the many activities that maintain the flow of materials, parts, or finished goods into a manufacturing or distribution facility. The scope of procurement activities is limited. Although similar to the customer order processing cycle, shipments are generally larger and cycles often require much more time. Maintaining raw materials inventory is sometimes less expensive relative to finished goods, since time of delivery and material security is often less sensitive into facility than out to the customer. Another difference is that the number of suppliers of a firm is generally less than the number of customers, making the procurement cycle more direct.Manufacturing support performance cycles serve as the logistics of production. These functions maintain orderly and economic flow of materials and work-in-process inventory to support production schedules. The goal is to support manufacturing requirements in the most efficient manner. These are internal cycles to the firm, thus they are rarely affected by behavioral uncertainty.Customer-accommodation performance cycles are those associated with processing and delivering customer orders. They link the customers through timely and economical product availability. Physical distribution integrates marketing and manufacturing efforts. To improve the effectiveness of the distribution system, forecast accuracy must improve to reduce uncertainty. In addition to the value of sound forecasting methods, the firm must emphasize flexibility and responsiveness to deal with the uncertainty of customers in the physical distribution cycle.pare and contrast a performance cycle node and a link. Give an exampleof each.Nodes are facility locations. Forms of communications and transportation represent links between the nodes. Most logistical work takes place at nodes whereas links represent the interface among locations. Nodes represent network facilities where materials are processed and base inventories and safety stocks are maintained. Inventory that is in between nodes is c alled “in transit”.8.How does the "quest for quality" affect logistical operations? Does theconcept of total quality have relevancy when applied to logistics?Though logistical service quality is often in the eye of the beholder –that is, the definition of quality varies among suppliers and customers, it is possible to pursue a quest for quality. The quest requires logistics organizations to identify the service qualities that customers most highly value. Upon identifying these key dimensions of service, it is up to the firm to flawlessly execute those functions that add value. Ultimately, customers may demand “perfect order” performance, a level of service that requires suppliers to meet expectations without error.The ideals of total quality – namely, doing things right the first time, does find relevance in logistics. It is far better in terms of customer service and low cost to provide customers with desired service on the first effort. Customers more highly value suppliers that meet their promises, delivering product on time, in proper quantities, and without damage. Costs are reduced in the process as fewer products are recollected and reworked. These costs of service or product failure can be eliminated if processes are corrected, ensuring that the problem is not a recurring one. Over time, customers tend to rely on those suppliers that provide sound service time and again.9.Discuss uncertainty as it relates to the overall logistical performance cycle.Discuss and illustrate how performance cycle variance can be controlled.One of the major objectives of logistical management is to reduce the uncertainty in performance cycles. Since the performance cycles are made up of many activities, eachwith its own volatility or variance, variance over the entire cycle can significantly impede the logistics organization’s efficiency and effectiveness.To control variance, the firm must conform expected cycle time to actual cycle time. If cycle time is less than expected, the delivered product becomes inventory to be stored. If the cycle time is longer than expected, then the firm must rely on safety stocks to satisfy customer demand. In either case there are costs associated with variance. The ides is to eliminate variance by equating actual cycle time to the expected cycle time. This may require adjustments in product flows into or out of the organization.10.What is the logic of designing echeloned logistical structures? Can echelonedand direct structures be combined?The echeloned logistical structure is built on the logic of stocking some level of inventory or performing specific activities at consecutive levels of supply chain. This structure utilizes warehouses to create inventory assortments and achieve consolidation economies associated with large volume transportation shipments. The inventory is position to meet the customers’ requirements faster. Typical echelon systems use either break bulk or consolidation warehouses. However the service commitment and order size economies determine the most desirable and economical structure to service the specific customer. So many supply chains use a combination of echeloned and direct structures to meet their logistical needs.Chapter3：1.Explain the differences between transactional and relationship marketing.How do these differences lead to increasing emphasis on logistical performance in supply chain management?Transactional marketing is generally focused towards short-term interaction with customers. Traditional marketing strategies followed this approach wherein exchanges/transactions are carried out with customers in order to increase their revenues and profits.Relationship marketing focuses on the long-term relations with the key supply chain partners such as the consumers, intermediate customers and suppliers. This strategy aims to develop and retain long term preference and loyalty because it has been realized in many industries that it is more important to obtain greater share of the purchases made by the existing customers than to attract new customers. This approach tries to identify the individual customers in order to satisfy their unique needs in the most cost-efficient and effective way. This requires a greater emphasis on logistical performance of the entire supply chain.2.Why are the four primary service outputs of spatial convenience, lot size,waiting time, and product variety important to logistics management?Provide examples of competing firms that differ in the level of each service output provided to customers.Since every customer has different requirements regarding service outputs, spatial convenience, lot size, waiting or delivery time, and product variety represent the four generic outputs to accommodate customer requirements.Spatial convenience measures the amount of shopping time and effort that needs to be out by the customer. Higher convenience is offered by making the product available in more number of places. As an example some household furniture manufacturers offer their products through department store, mass merchandisers and other independent department stores whereas Ethen Allen offers its products only at its own Allen retail stores.Lot size refers to the number of units that can be purchased in each transaction. A customer who wish to buy larger quantity of items for example 12 or 24 rolls of paper towels to get a lower unit price can get it from Sam’s Club and Costco. However they can buy single rolls from grocery or convenient stores. The basic tradeoff in such purchases is between the unit price and the storage or maintenance cost of such volumes.Waiting time is the amount if time a customer has to wait between ordering and receiving products. The lower the waiting time, the higher is the level of service. Buying products from retail or grocery stores has no waiting time however if someone wants to order from a catalog or via the Internet, he has to wait for the product. Although higher waiting time is associated with inconvenience, customers are rewarded in the form of lower prices.Product variety refers to the different assortments or variety offered to the consumers and end-users. Supermarkets offer a large variety of items, whereas the warehouse stores offer a much less variety. And convenience stores offer even lesser variety.3.What is meant by availability in logistics customer service? Provide examples ofthe different ways to monitor a firm’s performance in availability.Availability is the capacity to have inventory when desired by a customer. As simple as this may seem, it is not at all uncommon for an organization to expend considerable time, money, and effort to generate customer demand and then fail to have product available to meet customer requirements. The traditional practice in organizations is to stock inventory in anticipation of customer orders.Availability is based on three performance measures: Stockout Frequency, Fill Rate, and Orders Shipped Complete.Stockout Frequency: For example, a study of retail supermarkets revealed that at any point in time during a week, the average supermarket is out of stock of approximately 8 percent of the items planned to be on the shelves. It is important to note, however, that a stockout does not actually occur until a customer desires a product. The aggregation of all stockouts across all products is an indicator of how well a firm is positioned to provide basic service commitments in product availability. While it does not consider that some products may be more critical in terms of availability than others, it is the starting point in thinking about inventory availability.Fill Rate:For example, if a customer wants 100 units of an item and only 97 are available, the fill rate is 97 percent. To effectively consider fill rate, the typical procedure is to evaluate performance over time to incIude multiple customer orders. Thus, fill rate performance can be evaluated for a specific customer, product, or for any combination of customers, products, or business segments. Fill rate can be used to differentiate the level of service to be offered on specific products. In the earlier example, if all 100 products ordered were critical to a customer, then a fill rate of 97 percent could result in a stockout at the customer's plant or warehouse and severely disrupt the customer's operations. Imagine an assembly line scheduled to produce 100 automobiles that receives only 97 of its required brake assemblies. In situations where some of the items are not critical to performance, a fill rate of 97 percent may be acceptable. The customer may accept a back order or be willing to reorder the short items at a later time. Fill rate strategies need to consider customer requirements for products.Orders Shipped Complete:The most exacting measure of performance in product availability is orders shipped complete. It views having everything that a customer orders as the standard of acceptable performance. Failure to provide even one item on a customer's order results in that order being recorded as zero in terms of complete shipment.pare and contrast speed, consistency, and flexibility as optionalperformance activities. In some situations,is one activity more critical than others?Performance cycle speed is the elapsed time form when a customer establishes a need to order until the product is delivered and is ready for customer use.Speed is an essential ingredient in many just-in-time and quick-response logistical strategies as fast performance cycles reduce customer inventory requirements.Order cycle consistency is measured by the number of times that actual cycles meet the time planned for completion.most logistical managers place greater value on consistency because it directly impacts a customer’s ability to plan and perform is own activities.the issue of consistency is fundamental to effective logistics operations as it is becoming increasingly common for customers to actually specify a desired date and even specify a delivery appointment when placing orders.Flexibility involves a firm’s ability to accommodate special situations and unusual or unexpected customer requests.In some situations,adjustments can be implemented to prevent or accommodate special situations,thereby preventing malfunctions.so one may be more critical than others. 5.Why is perfect order service so difficult to achieve?An order should be delivered complete,delivered on time,at the right location,in perfect condition,with complete and accurate documentation.Each of these individual elements must comply with customer specifications.thus,complete delivery means all product the customer originally requested,on time means at the customer’s specified date and time.ing the ten categories of customer expectations in Table 3-1, develop yourown examples of how customers might evaluate performance of a supplier.。
《供应链管理实务》课后答案参考
《供应链管理实务》课后答案参考任务一理解供应链【练习与思考】(一)单项选择题1(供应链可分为有效性供应链和反应性供应链，其依据是根据供应链的(D ) 。
A(稳定性 B(复杂性 C(容量与用户需求的关系 D(功能模式2(在市场变化加剧情况下，若供应链成本增加，库存增加、浪费增加时，企业不能在最优状态下运作，此时的供应链是:( D)。
A(稳定的供应链 B(动态的供应链 C(平衡的供应链 D(倾斜的供应链3(供应链是一个(A )，产品从原材料到成品再到客户手中的全过程实际上是在波特教授所谓的“价值系统”中运行。
A(价值链 B(信息流 C(资金流 D(物流(二)判断题1(推动式供应链的驱动力产生于最终用户，整个供应链的集成度较高，信息交换迅速，可以根据用户的需求实现定制化服务。
(× )2(有效型供应链的基本目标是以最低的成本供应可预测的需求。
(?)3(在供应链中，不可能存在一个厂家同时又是入点和出点的情况。
(? ) 4(功能型产品的供应链设计策略是反应性供应链;创新型产品采用有效型供应链的设计策略。
(×)(三)思考题1(请思考牛奶供应链如何构成的，并描述其不同阶段的特征。
牛奶供应链得形成——以蒙牛为例---奶源问题:公司+农户，大规模饲养降低成本---加工环节:利用利乐包装，产品多样化---配销环节:就近生产就近配送，就远生产就远配送，如何管理分销渠道---销售环节:如何管理零售终端库存，产品过期等问题---营销环节:依靠营销法大势营销法2(当企业制定决策时，为什么要考虑供应链的整体利益,供应链的目标应该是供应链整体价值最大化。
供应链所产生的价值应为最终产品对顾客的价值与满足顾客需求所付出的供应链成本之间的差额。
对大多数商业供应链而言，价值与供应链盈利(亦称供应链剩余)之间是强相关关系。
供应链的盈利产生于来自顾客的收入与供应链总成本之间的差额。
3(总结归纳供应链的目标是什么,供应链的目标应该是供应链整体价值最大化。
供应链管理课后习题答案
供应链管理课后习题答案【篇一：供应链管理课后习题答案】xt>第一章1.纵向一体化的企业拥有、管理并运作所有相关的业务职能。
横向一体化的企业由一些独立运营的企业组成，公司总部提供品牌、指导和一般战略。
比较并对比这两种类型企业的供应链战略。
答：纵向一体化企业旨在使公司各业务成分之间的互动更紧密，而且经常集中地管理它们。
这样的结构，可以更容易地通过中央决策除去供应链中的不同部分之间的冲突来实现系统的整体目标。
在横向一体化公司，协调公司内部各业务的供应链通常是没有效益的。
事实上，如果横向一体化中的每个企业都专注于它的核心功能，并以最佳状态运行，就可能达到总体的全局最优效果。
2.考虑一个企业重新设计其物流网络。
为数不多的几个集中仓库的优点是什么？大量靠近最终用户的仓库的优点是什么？司利用风险分担，以提高服务水平并降低库存水平和成本。
不过，对外运输成本通常较高，交货间隔期较长。
另一方面，企业可以通过建立更多的靠近最终用户的仓库，以减少对外运输成本和交货间隔期。
然而，这种类型的系统将会使总库存水平和成本增加、规模经济下降、仓储费用增加，并且可能增加对内运输费用。
3.考虑一个企业选择运输服务提供商。
使用卡车承运商的优点是什么？使用诸如ups这样的包裹速递公司的优点是什么？答：企业对运输服务的选择在很大程度上取决于公司要运输的产品的类型和大小，库存和交付的策略，和对灵活性的需求：1.如果是大量而稳定的运送大件物品或小件物品从仓库到需求点（店），货车运输会更好。
一个很好的例子就是仓库到超市之间的杂货送货。
要注意，在本例中，我们希望的是卡车满载时货物达到卡车装载量。
2.如果由制造商/仓库直接递送顾客的是相对低成本的项目，那么用快递公司更合适。
此外，快递公司可以根据客户的个人需要灵活的提供不同的运输方式。
【篇二：供应链管理考试复习题及答案(给力版)】供应链管理？供应链是围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制，从采购原材料开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构。
供应链管理课后习题答案
供应链管理课后习题答案供应链管理课后习题答案一、概述供应链管理是现代企业管理的重要组成部分，它涉及到从原材料采购到产品销售的整个流程。
通过对供应链的管理，企业可以实现资源的优化配置，提高生产效率和产品质量，从而增加竞争力和利润。
以下是一些供应链管理课后习题的答案，希望能对大家的学习有所帮助。
二、供应链设计1. 什么是供应链设计？供应链设计是指在满足客户需求的前提下，通过合理的供应链网络设计和流程优化，实现企业资源的最优配置和供应链效率的最大化。
2. 供应链设计的关键要素有哪些？供应链设计的关键要素包括供应链网络结构、物流配送策略、库存管理策略、合作伙伴选择等。
3. 供应链网络结构有哪些类型？常见的供应链网络结构包括集中式供应链、分散式供应链、混合式供应链和虚拟供应链等。
4. 如何选择合适的供应链网络结构？选择合适的供应链网络结构需要考虑产品特性、市场需求、成本效益、风险管理等因素，综合评估不同结构的优缺点，以实现最佳的供应链设计。
三、供应链协调1. 什么是供应链协调？供应链协调是指通过信息共享、合作伙伴关系管理、业务流程优化等手段，实现供应链各环节之间的协同和协作，以提高供应链整体效能。
2. 供应链协调的重要性是什么？供应链协调可以减少信息滞后、降低库存水平、提高交付准确率，从而提高供应链的灵活性、响应速度和客户满意度。
3. 如何实现供应链协调？实现供应链协调需要建立有效的沟通机制、共享信息平台，加强合作伙伴之间的信任和合作，同时优化业务流程和决策机制。
四、供应链风险管理1. 什么是供应链风险管理？供应链风险管理是指通过识别、评估和应对供应链中的各种风险，以保障供应链的稳定运行和业务连续性。
2. 常见的供应链风险有哪些？常见的供应链风险包括市场需求波动、供应商倒闭、物流延误、自然灾害等。
3. 如何进行供应链风险管理？供应链风险管理需要建立风险识别和评估机制，制定相应的风险应对策略，同时建立灵活的供应链网络和备份计划，以应对不同的风险情况。
供应链管理实务课后答案
供应链管理实务课后答案1.企业竞争战略与供应链战略的区别?答:价值链是指企业进行的一系列符合特定模式的活动。
或者说,价值链是企业生产的产品或服务增值的环节或链条,价值链中的每项活动都增加了产品或服务的价值。
企业的成功与否与以下因此紧密相连:第一:竞争战略要和所有的职能战略相互匹配以形成协调统一的总体战略。
任何一个部门的职能战略在制定的时候都不是单独考虑的,它必须要支持其他的职能战略,帮助企,业实现最终的竞争战略目标。
第二:企业的各个部门必须合适地配置本部门的流程及资源以保证能够成功的执行这些战略。
第三:整体供应链战略的设计和各阶段的作用必须协调一致,以支持供应链战略。
3,怎样才能使竞争战略与供应链战略更好的匹配?答:要赢得战略匹配,企业必须保证其供应链能力会支持公司满足目标客户群的能力。
赢得这种战略匹配有一下三个基本步骤:第一:理解顾客和供应链不确定性:首先,一家企业必须理解每个目标顾客群的需求,以及在满足这些需求过程中,供应链所面临的不确定性。
这些需求帮助公司决定需求的成本和服务要求。
供应链的不确定性帮助公司确定了供应链必须准备面对的需求量、中断和延迟的不可预知性。
第二:理解供应链能力:供应链有很多种形式,每一种都根据不同的工作要求设计。
一家企业必须了解它的供应链在哪些方面表现卓越。
第三:赢得战略匹配:如果供应链运行出色的方面与期望的顾客需求仍然存在不匹配的地方,企业要毛需要重新配置供应链以支持竞争战略,要毛需要调整竞争战略以支持供应链战略。
4,供应链中有哪些驱动因素,各驱动因素在供应链做的作用、在竞争战略中的作用及其决策因素有哪些。
答:企业实现战略匹配需要在响应性和效率之间寻找适当的平衡,而供应链绩效的物流驱动因素(设施、库存与运输)和跨职能驱动因素(信息、采购与定价)中的每一种因素都有可能会影响到这一平衡。
这些因素互相作用,才能够决定供应链的响应性和效率。
设施的作用:在供应链中的作用是供应链发展到一定阶段就要建设物流基础设施,它们用来存放、装配或制造库存的设备或物品:在竞争战略中的作用是设施所处的地理位置、容量大小、能力高低以及柔性程度都直接影响着供应链的响应性和效率。
供应链管理最新精品高教版“课后训练”参考答案
“课后训练”参考答案第一章主要概念供应链是围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制，从采购原材料开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成的一个整体的增值网链结构单元供应链由一家企业的直接供货商和直接客户组成，包括了从需到供的循环。
它是供应链的最基本模式产业供应链(extended supply chain)由单元供应链组成，是企业联合其他上下游企业，通过联盟和外包等各种合作方式建立一条经济利益相关、业务关系紧密、优势互补的产业供需关系网链，企业充分利用产业供应链上的资源来适应新的竞争环境，实现合作优化，共同增强竞争力。
全球供应链是在全球范围内组合供应链，是企业根据需要在世界各地选取最有竞争力的合作伙伴，结成全球供应链网络，以实现该供应链的最优化供应链管理是为满足服务水平要求，将供应商、生产商、销售商、物流商到最终用户结成网链来组织生产与销售商品，并通过商流、物流、信息流、资金流系统设计、计划、运行和控制等活动达到降低系统总成本的预期目的，它是供应链商流、物流、信息流、资金流以及合作者关系等规划、设计、运营、控制过程进行一体化的集成管理思想、方法和技术体系一体化物流是指原料、半成品和成品的生产、供应、销售环节结合成有机整体，进行系统计划与协调的活动重点实务企业供应链结构分析：能够根据实际运作绘制企业供应链结构；效率型供应链、反应型供应链与功能性产品和创新性产品的匹配：能够明确效率型供应链与功能性产品、反应型供应链和创新性产品的匹配关系。
习题与训练一、判断题1．√2．×3．√4．√5．×二、选择题1．A2．A3．D4．D5．A三、简答题1．供应链有发散网结构、会聚网结构、T形网结构等三种结构。
供应链主要具有以下特征：(1)全局性；(2)复杂性；(3)动态性；(4)交叉性；(5)增值性；(6)面向用户需求。