丰田IPSUM旅行车自动变速箱
AT变速箱这么好越来越多的车却用CVT和双离合这是为什么
AT变速箱这么好越来越多的车却用CVT和双离合这是为什么提到CVT大家会想到什么？不耐用？加速慢？钢带打滑？还是售后麻烦？这些都是常见观点。
到底CVT有哪些真正的技术硬伤，它的变速原理又是什么？汽车工业进化这么多年，在一些人嘴里，一个变速机构大类怎么就成了一个东西？那么本期我们就来聊聊这里面的门道什么是CVT？刻板印象中，CVT无级变速箱的核心是锥轮和推力钢带，所谓“两轮一带”中的这个轮，指的是一对能相对安装带有锥面的圆盘，一个固定另一个可以沿轴向移动，内部是油压驱动，可以相互靠近或远离，金属带放置在两个锥面之间，因为传动带长度相对不变，一个圆盘靠近另一个的过程中，会迫使另一根轴上的圆盘开始分离，锥面的间隙变化就带来了不同的传动半径。
范道尔纳传动带那么这个过程中传动钢带一边被压紧，另一边被释放，所以普遍称为推力带。
目前主流制造商是博世的V型金属片组成的脊状推力钢带，这种钢带也被称为范道尔纳传动带。
范道尔纳两兄弟Hub和Wim两个人，在荷兰可以说家喻户晓，他们创办了达夫汽车这个著名的商用车公司，与斯堪尼亚/奔驰/曼恩/沃尔沃/依维柯以及雷诺，合称为欧卡七姐妹。
纵观整个汽车工业史，达夫汽车带给人类的机械瑰宝有两样，除了CVT，还有一种被称作Trado的后驱结构由一个板簧转架和两个可同时驱动的负重轮组成，实现后轴翻转，这相当于给车提供了一个额外的行走系统，越野能力大大加强。
只不过从商用到乘用的过程中又提升了NVH的要求，如果没有好的设计，评价是不可能高的。
所以乘用车维度，直到1985年脊状推力传动带被博世大量生产，各种维度的平衡才得到基本解决。
博世的这套传动带，内嵌钢带作为基础支撑，横向由金属推片堆叠而成。
主动锥轮压迫钢带侧面形成静摩擦力，利用片与片之间的推力，让钢带推着从动轮一起转，把发动机的动力从主动锥轮传递到从动锥轮。
当主动轮因为油压装置向中间夹紧的时候，钢带的容身区域缩小会被顺着侧边挤上去，钢带的整体周长是相对不变的，但因为分到主动轮一侧的周长长了，从动轮的周长自然不就小了么。
自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录1：外文翻译自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0。
The new Opel/Vauxhall公司在2014年秋季推出了自动化五速手动变速箱(MTA) Easytronic 3.0。
该变速器使用电动液压离合器和位移控制，其主要部件主来自手动变速箱(F17-5)。
这个新的变速器新增了停止/启动功能，而他的控制系统是根据安全标准ISO 26262设计的。
DIPL.-ING。
THOMAS ZEMMRICH是德国Adam Opel公司变速器自动化MT系统组长和技术专家。
持续战略2014年秋季，欧宝/沃克斯豪尔公司引进了新一代自动化手动变速器MTA(手动变速器) Easytronic 3.0。
这延续了公司自2001年开始战略，通过这种低成本的变速器有效代替小型车辆的常规自动变速器。
由于传统变速器在传动过程中有扭矩中断会使车辆在驾驶时舒适度不佳。
因此，他们设计了与传统变速箱相比操作操作更简便，燃油经济性更好的，并且带有运动驾驶风格的自动化变速器。
这篇文章介绍了欧宝新推出的MTA 的设计和性能特点。
变速器的设计这款新推出的变速器是在Opel公司五速手动变速箱(F17-5)的基础上开发的，它的扭矩容量为190Nm。
这款变速器用在中小型汽油发动机手动档车型上的排量高达1.4L，用在材油机手动挡车型上的排量为1.3L。
虽然拥有高达200Nm转矩容量的6速变速箱越来越受到欢迎，但是考虑到成本，目前五速版的变速箱任是小型汽车的首选。
这款变速器采用拨叉和同步器进行换档，所选的齿轮组传动比范围为5.53，这对于一个五速变速箱来说是一个相当大的传动比范围。
由于较大的传动比范围，使得一档工作时不需要输入较大的转矩，使驾驶舒适性能得到提高，且在五档工作时不需要发动机输入较高的转速就可以获得较高的驾驶速度，还能够降低噪音，提高燃油经济性。
后者是实现自动手动变速器而不损失任何性能，因为加速度可以通过快速自动降档来实现。
Allison自动变速箱最新司机操作资料_图文.
Operator's Manual操作手册艾里逊变速箱世界变速箱型号 2008年5月 OM4119ZH 3000 和 4000产品系列包括第4代控制系统和 MY09型号预测控制部分 3000 3200 3500 3700 4000 3200 MH 3200 ORS 3500 ORS 3000SP 3200 SP 3500 SP 3700 SP 4000 SP 4000 MH 4500 4700 4800 4000 ORS 4200 ORS 4430 ORS 4440 ORS 4500 ORS 4600 ORS 4700 ORS 4500 SP 4700 SP 4800 SP 2008 年 11 月印于中国 2008 年艾里逊版权所有备注 2目简介录 7 拥有艾里逊自动变速箱的优势............................................................... 艾里逊变速箱简介.............................................................................. 10 艾里逊第 4 代电控系统........................................................................ 15 艾里逊第 4 代MY09 预测控制功能............................................................16 变扭器............................................................................................. 19 行星齿轮和离合器.............................................................................. 19 冷却回路.......................................................................................... 20 缓速器............................................................................................. 20 分动箱 (落矩箱.............................................................................. 20 换档器简介 (22)可用的第 4 代换档器类型描述 (22)可用的第 4 代 MY09 预测控制功能换档器类型描述…………………………………29 档位选择………………………………………………………………………………36 驾驶注意事项 CHECK TRANS（检查变速箱）灯……………………………………………………… 41 查看故障诊断码……………………………………………………………………… 42 艾里逊第 4 代控制系统诊断码显示过程…………………………………………… 43 艾里逊第 4 代MY09 预测控制功能诊断码显示过程………………………………… 46 油门控制……………………………………………………………………………… 49 降档和换档操作的抑制功能………………………………………………………… 49 利用发动机降低车速………………………………………………………………… 50 使用液力缓速器……………………………………………………………………… 51 档位预选择…………………………………………………………………………… 55 冷天启动……………………………………………………………………………… 55 冰雪路面行驶………………………………………………………………………… 56 陷在泥泞、沙地或雪地中如何驶出………………………………………………… 56 变速箱油温过高的情况处理………………………………………………………… 57 驻车制动……………………………………………………………………………… 58 拖车或推车注意事项………………………………………………………………… 58 3关闭发动机的注意事项……………………………………………………………… 59 优先换档/辅助换挡模式…………………………………………………………… 59 巡航控制操作………………………………………………………………………… 59 陡峭下坡操作(后部卸货的搅拌车………………………………………………… 60 动力输出操作由发动机驱动的取力器(PTO ………………………………………………………61 保养与维护定期检查.......................................................................................... 62 应预防的主要问题.............................................................................. 62 保持正确油液液位的重要性.................................................................. 62 用换挡器检查艾里逊第 4 代停用 MY09 预测控制功能的和七速变速箱的油位 (63)MY09 预测控制功能……………………………………………………………………67 用换挡器检查艾里逊第 4 代 MY09 启用预测控制功能的变速箱油位……………… 70 用诊断工具检查变速箱油位………………………………………………………… 76 人工检查变速箱油位的步骤………………………………………………………… 76 冷态检查……………………………………………………………………………… 78 热态检查……………………………………………………………………………… 79 推荐使用的自动变速箱油液及其粘度等级................................................ 80 保持油液清洁.................................................................................... 81 推荐的艾里逊第 4 代及停用 MY09 预测控制功能的变速箱油及内部滤芯更换周期 81 推荐的艾里逊第 4 代带 MY09 预测控制功能的变速箱油及内部滤芯更换周期...... 88 油液分析.......................................................................................... 90 重新加注变速箱油液........................................................................... 90 故障诊断故障诊断码....................................................................................... 91 客户服务车主支持 (93)维修资料 (95)艾里逊变速箱在世界各地的办事处 (96)4商标使用以下商标归所列公司所有:· Allison DOC™ 是 General Motors Corporation 的商标。
丰田Prius技术详解
主要规格表尺寸及质量全长mm 4,450全宽mm 1,725全高mm 1,510轴距mm 2,700轮距（前/后）mm 1,510/1,480最小离地间隙（空载）mm 160最小转弯半径m 5.1整备质量kg 1,345满载质量kg 1,745轮胎规格195/60R15发动机型号1NZ-FXE型式4缸直列顶置双凸轮轴电喷16气门（VVT-i）排气量cc 1,497最大功率kW/rpm 57/5000最大扭矩Nm/rpm 115/4000缸径 * 行程mm/mm Φ75.0*84.7压缩比13.0最高车速km/h 165燃油供给装置EFI(电子控制式燃料喷射装置)变速箱型式电子控制式无级变速油箱容积L 45百公里耗油（综合工况法）L/100km 4.7 电动机 66``l型式同步交流电动机（永磁型）最大功率kW/rpm 50/1200-1540最大扭矩Nm/rpm 400/0-1200混合动力车专用蓄电池型式密封Ni-MH（镍氢电池）模块数量28容量Ah 6.5/3h制动、悬架、驱动方式制动系统(前/后) 通风盘式/实体盘式悬架系统前麦弗逊式悬架悬架系统后摇曳臂式悬架驱动方式前轮驱动车身整体铸造1.5升VVT-i发动机高膨胀比循环和智能正时可变气门系统VVT-i保持在最佳状态，减弱了摩擦带来的能量损失，进而实现了优异的动力性能和高效的能源利用率。
TOYOTA 油电混合动力系统中安装的发动机与以往机型相比，具有低油耗，高输出的特性。
＜高膨胀比循环＞1NZ-FXE应用了高膨胀比循环的代表性系统“艾金森循环”，是追求高效率的1.5L发动机。
缩小燃烧室容积，以提高膨胀比（＊1)，即等待爆发压力在充分降低后才进行排气，由此充分利用爆发能量。
膨胀比：(膨胀行程容积+燃烧室容积)/燃烧室容积＜高旋转化＞将发动机的最高转数升至5000r.p.m，提高了输出功率。
在减少摩擦损失的同时提高了最高转数，所以既加大了加速时的驱动力，又实现了低油耗。
Fuller UltraShift LEP 自动变速箱和 UltraShift LST 系列产品介绍
Date: June 22, 2006For Release: ImmediatelyMettyContact: Monica(269) 342-3341*********************Eaton Introduces the New Fuller UltraShift "LEP" Transmission for Improved Efficiency and Drivability in Linehaul ApplicationsKALAMAZOO, MI.-Diversified industrial manufacturer Eaton Corporation has introduced the Fuller UltraShift LEP (Linehaul Efficient Performance), the newest addition to the UltraShift family of automated transmissions along with two product extensions of the popular UltraShift LST (Linehaul Standard): the UltraShift LST Overdrive Multi-Torque and the UltraShift LST Direct Drive Multi-Torque.The UltraShift LEP is a unique transmission designed with optimized shift calibrations to keep engine rpm’s low and in the best “fuel-island” while maintaining performance and drivability. Created to work in select engine families, this optimized shift calibration is obtained by computer-controlled shifts within a relatively tight window of close steps unique to that family. These shifts enable the LEP transmission to stay within the engine’s fuel map contour for maximum efficiency and performance. The LEP features 13 forward speeds and three reverse ratios with overall ratio coverage of 14.25:1. Specifically designed for on-highway use in any terrain, the UltraShift LEP offers torque capacity coverage up to 1,750 pounds per foot (in the top two gears) and an 80,000 gross combined weight at cruise speeds up to 65 miles per hour. Eaton is working with truck and engine makers to tune the UltraShift LEP specifically to the unique operating characteristics of each engine for the most efficient match-up.“Designed around customer requests for a transmission with improved efficiency and potentially improved fuel economy, the UltraShift LEP is the first of its kind,” said Scott Steurer, Product Line Manager for Heavy Duty Transmission – Performance/Vocational. “Unlike other transmissions in its class, the LEP’s software is custom-calibrated for each approved engine, allowing us to tailor the transmission to address the specific needs of individual fleets.”Steurer further explained that in a computer-driven duty cycle simulation, an UltraShift LEP has demonstrated a 2% fuel savings potential – but cautioned that these were simulations, and that a fleet’s actual mileage could vary widely. “In a well-spec’d truck and powertrain, there is certainlythe potential for an Ultrashift LEP to pay for itself over a 10-speed AMT within two years, and to start paying back to a fleet in fuel savings starting in year three”, he concluded.Like all transmissions in the UltraShift product line, the LEP offers fully automatic operation based on industry proven and preferred Fuller manual transmission technology. This eliminates the need for manual shifting and allows the driver to keep both hands on the steering wheel for safer vehicle operation. UltraShift transmissions also offer a “Manual” mode, which holds the current gear and allows driver-selected shifts for additional flexibility in changing conditions and a “Low” mode to provide maximum rpm’s during downshifts to increase engine braking and control.Additional key features and benefits of the UltraShift LEP transmission include:*Two torque capacities, both approved to 80,000 lbs. GCW: 1,650 lbs/ft and a 1,650 “M” (Multi-Torque) model with 1,750 lbs-ft operation in top two gears.*Automatic starts, utilizing Eaton’s AutoClutch module, based on the industry standard 15 ½ inch twin plate, ceramic-facing technology.*Electronic shift protection and totally automated operation reduces the potential for drivetrain abuse.*Reduction of part counts and improved serviceability by utilizing the same electronics, controls and XY shifter as Eaton’s other Gen3 UltraShift products.The UltraShift LST Overdrive Multi-Torque with torque capacity coverage up to 1,750 lbs/ft in the top two gears allows the truck to be specified with a ‘gear fast, run slow’ configuration while maintaining superior gradeability. This ‘gear fast, run slow’ configuration allows the engine to run slower at cruise speeds, which translates into potential reduced fuel consumption. The Multi-torque feature allows the engine to provide additional power when needed, as when climbing a grade. By specifying a Multi-torque transmission with a dual powered engine, the fleet operator obtains the best combination of fuel economy and performance.The UltraShift LST Direct-Drive Multi-Torque features a 1-1 gear ratio that reduces drivetrain friction and oil churning, which in turn improves efficiency and saves fuel. This transmission is available in two models. The first model offers torque capacities of 1,450 lb/ft in the first eight gears and 1,650 lb/ft in the top two, while the second model offers 1,550 lb/ft in the first eight gears and 1,750 lb/ft in the top two.Several unique electronic service features are part of the new “Gen 3” electronics in all new UltraShift transmissions, including:*“Electronic Snapshot” – takes a data picture of the system when the fault occurred to provide the technician with better data to make a more accurate diagnosis to fix the problem the first time.*“Wiggle Test” – tests system connections by simulating an operating environment with vibrations and jarring. This allows the service technician to locate open or short connectors before removing expensive electronic components.*Service Port – Separate test port allows the technician to test the system ground and power without disturbing the current condition of the components and wiring.*Driver-Triggered Data Logger – allows the driver to capture system performance data around a specific event even when a fault code is not being set. This allows the service technician to view the driver’s complaint without having to be present in the vehicle during the event.The UltraShift transmission incorporates an advanced shift-by-wire system, utilizing SAE-J1939 protocol to communicate with electronic engines, which allows precise control of engine and transmission functions.The LEP is currently in its “LQR” phase (limited quantity release), with full-volume production scheduled for the first half of 2007. Roadranger Marketing is currently working with all of the North American truck makers to place the UltraShift LEP in their 2007 databooks for optimum availability.To reach Roadranger Customer Service right now, dial 1-800-826-HELP (4357) in the U.S. and Canada. In Mexico, dial 01-800-826-4357.The Roadranger solution is an unbeatable combination of the best drivetrain, chassis and safety components from Dana Corporation and Eaton Corporation, all backed by Roadranger Customer Service – the most experienced, expert, and accessible drivetrain consultants in the business. Eaton is the leader in the design, manufacture and marketing of drivetrain systems and components for medium-duty and heavy-duty commercial vehicles on the American continents. In concert with its manufacturing and marketing partners, principally Dana Corporation, Eaton markets the “Roadranger System” – a complete line of drivetrain components, systems, lubricants, safety products and service tools, including manual and automatic transmissions, clutches, driveshafts, steer and drive axles, trailer axles and suspensions, brakes, anti-lock braking systems, tire pressure management systems, collision warning systems with adaptive cruise control, and mobile diagnostic tools and software.Eaton Corporation is a diversified industrial manufacturer with 2005 sales of $11.1 billion. Eaton is a global leader in electrical systems and components for power quality, distribution and control; fluid power systems and services for industrial, mobile and aircraft equipment; intelligent truck drivetrain systems for safety and fuel economy; and automotive engine air management systems, powertrain solutions and specialty controls for performance, fuel economy and safety. Eaton has 60,000 employees and sells products to customers in more than 125 countries.。
丰田RAV4使用手册：手动变速箱说明书
Driving 137
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Main Menu
Table of Contents
5-speed and 6-speed Manual Transmissions
1. With the clutch pedal pressed, move the shift lever to the First/ Second gear side of the Neutral gate, then shift to Reverse.
2. If you are still unable to shift to Reverse, apply the parking brake and turn the ignition key to ACCESSORY (I) or LOCK (0).
Your vehicle has a reverse lockout so you cannot accidentally shift to Reverse when the vehicle speed exceeds 5 mph (8 km/h).
1st to 2nd 2nd to 3rd 3rd to 4th 4th to 5th
7 mph (11 km/h) 23 mph (37 km/h) 33 mph (53 km/h) 45 mph (72 km/h)
6-speed
Shift up Cruise from acceleration
1st to 2nd 2nd to 3rd 3rd to 4th 4th to 5th 5th to 6th
A341E自动变速器word资料18页
4、对于比较老款的丰田电控自动变速箱，多数阀体上有三个电磁阀，其中包括两个换挡电磁阀和一个锁止电磁阀。
当变速箱出现故障进入安全应急模式运行时，电控系统通常将变速箱锁定在四挡，即变速箱锁四挡。
5、丰田自动变速箱在机械构造方面，一般都设计有2挡手动带式制动器(图二)，因此当变速杆置于手动2挡时，车辆都具有发动机制动作用。
6、丰田自动变速箱的变矩器都具有锁止功能。
图一电控波箱的节气门拉线只调节主油压图二设计的手动2挡制动带起发动机制动作用二、施力装置和传动路线分析：丰田自动变速箱型号较多，但行星齿轮机构与传动线路大体同，这里以内部结构较典型的A340E自动变速箱为例，对其施力装置和传动路线进行说明。
该变速箱的行星齿轮机构采用一个单排行星齿轮机构(即超速行星排)和一个辛普森行星排组成，在辛普森行星排中，有一个共用太阳轮，太阳轮和前排齿圈可分别或同时作为动力输入元件，前排行星架与后排齿圈连为一体作为输出元件，后排行星架可独立运动，并与2号单向离合器、低倒挡制动器连接，在低倒挡时制动形成低速挡和倒挡。
其动力传递示意图如图三（元件说明：1-超速挡制动器2-超速挡离合器3-超速挡单向离合器4-手动2挡带式制动器5-高速挡/倒挡离合器6-前进挡离合器7-二挡制动器8-1号单向离合器9-低速挡/倒挡制动器10-2号单向离合器）。
各挡施力装置作用表如下：A340E自动变速箱各挡施力装置作用图三A340E动力传递路线示意图表元件说明：C0—超速挡离合器C1—前进挡离合器C2—直接挡离合器 B0—超速挡制动器B1—手动2挡带式制动器B2—2挡制动器B3—低倒挡制动器F0—超速挡单向离合器F1—1号单向离合器F2—2号单向离合器从以上元件施力装置工作表可以看出，该款变速箱在结构上设计有发动机制动作用，当变速杆处于手动2挡时，手动2挡带式制动器参与工作，固定辛普森行星排的共用太阳轮，所以当车辆下长坡或陡坡时，将变速杆置于手动2挡滑行可产生发动机制动作用，从而增强车辆的制动效果。
Prius
详解丰田普锐斯(Toyota Prius)工作模式(2013-01-02 21:04:01)转载▼分类：汽车频道标签：杂谈详解丰田普锐斯(Toyota Prius)工作模式以下是一位普锐斯车友理论结合实践的倾心之作。
从普锐斯静止状态下汽油机的启动、冷车启动、热车启动、起步、加速和爬坡、巡航、滑行、刹车、爬行和电力起步和低速行驶和电动行车这十种工作模式剖析普锐斯工作模式。
三代普锐斯与二代相比，电机和汽油机的马力都加大了，但基本结构和工作原理还是那些。
一、关于普锐斯的核心运动部件1、汽油机：普锐斯的1.5L的汽油机是阿特金森循环汽油机，与普通轿车的奥托循环汽油机相比，阿特金森循环汽油机的优点是燃烧效率较高，负荷较轻，特别适合反复点火启动，缺点是单位重量和功率比不如奥托循环汽油机。
2、电机：普锐斯有两台电机，资料上分别称为一号电机和二号电机。
一号电机10KW，二号电机50KW。
这两台电机在车载计算机控制下，有时以发电机模式工作，有时以电动机模式工作。
有时正转，有时反转。
正转时，有时是发电机，有时是电动机；反转时只作为电动机使用。
/player.php/sid/XNDI0MTc1NjE2/v.swf3、PSD（Power SplitDevice）：即“动力分配器”。
本质上是一个行星齿轮组（planetary gear set），它是普锐斯的机械中枢。
汽油机和电动机的动力结合、无级变速的实现都要靠它完成。
其示意图如下：通过观察这个示意图，可以看到动力分配器由一个中心齿轮、四个小的行星齿轮、一个圆形的行星齿轮座、一个外齿圈构成。
A. 中心的齿轮称为“恒星齿轮”，它与一号电机相联。
由于一号电机既可以正转，也可以反转，所以恒星齿轮也随一号电机正转或反转（恒星齿轮和一号电机见图中黄色的部分）。
B. 恒星齿轮四周有四个小齿轮围绕着旋转，称为“行星齿轮”。
C. 承载四个行星齿轮的圆环称为“行星齿轮座”，它上面有四个独立的短轴，四个行星齿轮分别装在短轴上。