国际市场营销第1章国际市场营销理论基础 习题参考答案
国际市场营销——理论、实务、案例、实训(第二版 刘苍劲)参考答案与提示
“21世纪多元整合一体化”教材系列·市场营销专业国际市场营销——理论、实务、案例、实训（第二版）网络教学资源包之《参考答案与提示》第1章 国际市场营销导论【教学互动1-1】（1）教学提示：本题是一个开放性的问题，在国际市场营销过程中，需要根据实际的市场情况来分析相对的“大而全”或是“小而美”，企业的国际市场营销过程中，不是偏执于某一方面，要努力做到一种平衡，就像骑自行车一样。
（2）教学提示：由于文化的差异性，同样一种产品可能面临各种不同的需求偏好，从而导致企业的营销决策需要根据当地的特殊偏好作适当的调整，哪怕是标准化程 度比较高的产品也不可能在世界范围内采用完全一样的营销组合。
这就需要企业在国际营销活动当中具备“全球本土化”的能力。
即全球化思考并且本土化行动，或者说是一种如何把标准化和非标准化整合起来在国际市场上进行营销活动的能力。
除了“全球本土化”能力之外，企业在应对交叉文化的国际营销活动当中，还应该超越“自我参照标准”的障碍。
这里的“自我参照标准”是指无意识地参照本国文化的价值观、经验、和知识，并以此作为决策的依据。
■单元训练□理论题▲客观题△选择题○单项选择1）C; 2）C；3）D○多项选择1）ABCD 2）ABCD 3）AC△判断题1）错 2）对 3）错 4）对▲主观题△简答题1）什么是国际市场营销？国际营销与国内营销有何不同？参考答案：国际市场营销（International Marketing，简称国际营销，也有的称国际行销）是以营销学理论应用于国际市场大环境而形成、发展起来的，指的是企业在跨越国境的基础上计划和实施交易，以实现满足个人和组织需要的交换的过程。
国内营销和国际营销的区别不在于营销概念的不同，而是实施营销计划的环境不同。
国际市场营销是国内营销在国际市场上的延伸，作为企业超越本国国境进行的市场经营活动，是指企业为满足世界多国消费者的需要以获取利润为目的而进行的营销管理活动。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
国际市场营销（第十六版）参考答案
国际市场营销（第十六版）参考答案Keys to the exercises of Chapter1Marketing’s Value to Consumers, Firms and Society1.Multiple choices.(1)B(2)D(3)C(4)D(5)A2.Terms translation.(1)营销(2)融资(3)顾客满意度(4)计划经济(5)社会责任(6)中间商(7)合作者(8)销售时代(9)营销伦理(10)规模经济3.True or false.(1)F(2)T(3)T(4)T(5)T(6)T(7)F(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks.(1)Economics of scale(2)E-commerce(3)Customer value(4)spatial separation(5)Standardization and grading(6)collaborators(7)command(8)sales(9)marketing(10)micro-macro dilemma5.Answer the following questions.(1)There are seven main functions of marketing:selling,pricing,financing, promotion,distribution or channel management,product or service management, marketing information management.(2)Marketing is the performance of activities that seek to accomplish an organization’s objectives by anticipating customer or client needs and directing a flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client.(3)Micro-marketing refers to the marketing of products or services designed to meet the needs of a very small section of the market.Macro-marketing is a social process that directs an economy’s flow of goods and services from producers to consumers in a way that effectively matches supply and demand and accomplishes the objectives of society.As the same with micro-marketing,macro-marketing is also concerned with the flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to consumer.However, the emphasis with macro-marketing is not on the activities of individual organizations.Instead,the emphasis is on how the whole marketing system works.(4)Production orientation refers to making whatever products are easy to produce and then trying to sell them.Marketing orientation means trying to carry out the marketing concept.Instead of just trying to get customers to buy what the firm has produced,a marketing-oriented firm tries to offer customers what they need. (5)Open-ended.Keys to the exercises of Chapter2:Evaluating Opportunities in theChanging Market Environment1.Multiple choices(1)C(2)B(3)D(4)B(5)A2.Terms translation(1)公司宗旨(2)竞争环境(3)可持续的竞争优势(4)竞争对手分析(5)经济环境(6)文化和社会环境(7)国民总收入(GNI)(8)智能代理(9)民族主义(10)可持续性3.True or false(1)T(2)T(3)F(4)F(5)T(6)F(7)T(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks(1)mission statement(2)monopoly(3)opportunities(4)Artificial intelligence(AI)(5)intelligent agent(6)Nationalism(7)Free trade(8)competition(9)return on investment(10)Sustainability 5.Answer the following questions(1)The marketing manager should be heard when the company is setting objectives. But setting whole-company objectives—within resource limits—ultimately is the responsibility of top management.T op management must look at the whole business, relate its present objectives and resources to the external environment,and then decide what the firm wants to accomplish in the future.(2)Many firms try to avoid this problem by developing a mission statement,which sets out the organization’s basic purpose for being.A good mission statement focuses on a few key goals rather than embracing everything.It should guide managers in determining which opportunities to pursue.(3)To find its strengths or recognize weaknesses,a firm must evaluate its functional areas(production,research and engineering,marketing,general management,and finance)as well as its present products and markets.(4)Sustainable competitive advantage refers to a marketing mix that customers see as better than a competitor’s mix andcannot be quickly or easily copied.The search for some sort of competitive advantage—requires an understanding not only of customers but also of competitors.That’s why marketing managers turn to competitor analysis—an organized approach for evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of current or potential competitors’marketing strategies.(5)open-ended.。
(完整版)《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就是说，企业发展国际营销，一般都有一个渐进的过程。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
国际市场营销习题答案-1-14章(1)
课后习题答案第一章导论一、单选A 2B 3D 4C 5C 6D 7D 8C 9D 10C二、多选题1 ABCDE2 ABCDE 3ABD 4 ABCD 5 ABD三、简答：1．国际市场营销的含义是什么?国际市场营销是指企业根据市场国消费者的消费习惯与需求，将产品和服务提供给国外的消费者的跨越国界的营销行为。
国际市场营销的本质是企业通过为国际市场上的消费者提供满足其需要的产品和服务从而获得利润的经营活动。
国际市场营销相对于国内市场营销更具有复杂性、风险性、困难性等。
2．国际市场营销的基本理论有哪些?国际市场营销与市场营销一样，是以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础，融合现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以应用于国内的市场营销活动，又广泛运用于国际市场营销之中。
以消费者的需求为中心，经历了一个由生产观念到市场观念，从以生产者为中心到以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心的发展过程。
国际市场营销是国内市场营销的延伸。
4．如何理解国际市场营销的概念?国际市场营销的本质是企业通过为国际市场上的消费者提供满足其需要的产品和服务从而获得利润的经营活动。
国际市场营销相对于国内市场营销更具有复杂性、风险性、困难性等。
因为国际市场营销是企业在国际市场进行的，由于各国的经济、政治、文化等方面都存在一定的差异，因此市场需求千差万别。
企业在进行国际市场营销活动时，必须充分调研各国的商业政策和市场特点，营销决策应因地制宜，尊重各国的文化特点。
5．市场营销学与国际市场营销学的区别。
国际市场营销与国内市场营销所面临的环境大不相同，因此，从事国际市场营销和从事国内市场营销时也存在较大的区别，具体表现在以下几个方面。
1．国际市场营销面临的环境更复杂。
国内市场营销在本国范围内进行，面临的是一种比较单纯的市场环境结构，它是由企业营销人员比较熟悉的所在国的政治、经济、法律、文化等市场环境构成。
国际市场营销所面临的市场环境则是多层次的复杂结构。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
国际市场营销课后习题答案《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
国际市场营销在线测试
第一章国际市场营销导论一、选择题1、国际贸易和国际营销在以下哪个环节是不同的（）A．定价 B．利润C．购销 D．促销参考答案：D2、推动企业营销观念变化的根本原因是（）A．消费需求的变化 B．竞争状况的变件C．社会生产力水平的提高 D．消费观念的变件参考答案：C3．奉行全球化战略的企业在营销策略的使用上（）A.既重视国外市场又重视国内市场B.重视各国市场的差异C.按国别组织营销活动D.更强调一体化参考答案：D4、属于国际市场营销策略组合4PS中的策略是（）A、国际产品策略B、国际公共关系C、国际市场探查D、国际广告策略参考答案：A5、以下观点表达了现代市场营销观念（）A、“酒香不怕巷子深”B、“帮助客户成功就是成功你自己”C、“己所不欲不施与人”D、“营销就是推销产品”参考答案：C二、判断题（）1、大市场营销观念同样适合于国内市场的封锁。
（）2、帮助客户成功就是成功你自己表达了关系营销观念。
（）3、从营销视角来看，市场是商品交换的场所。
（）4、现在营销观念和传统营销观念的一个重要区别是是否以顾客为中心和以社会为中心。
（）5、地区多元化比产品多元化更具有优越性。
参考答案：1、对；2、对；3、错；4、对；5、对第二章国际文化环境一、选择题1、由于教育水平的差异，导致各国居民对（）。
A．同一消费品偏好相同 B．同一消费品偏好不同C．任何产品承受程度不同 D．产品承受程度无影响参考答案：B2、国际文化环境中最敏感的因素是（）。
A、语言B、宗教C、教育水平D、社会组织参考答案：B3、高科技产品的营销对以下哪个文化因素比较敏感（）？A、语言B、宗教C、教育水平D、物质要素参考答案：C4、文化对国际营销的影响包括（）。
A、语言在很小程度上影响促销效果；B、语言为便捷了解当地情况提供了通道；C、语言仅仅是公司内部沟通的工具；D、多语言国家的国际营销更容易成功。
参考答案：B二、判断题（）1、国际营销文化环境主要是语言、美学、教育、宗教、社会组织、人类创造的物质条件等。
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第1章国际市场营销理论基础习题参考答案
一、选择题
1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．D
6．C 7．D 8．D 9．A 10．A
11．C 12．D
二、判断题
1．对
2．错
3．对
4．错
5．对
6．错
7．对
8．错
9．错
10．对
11．对
12．错
13．对
14．对
15．对
16．对
17．对
18．错
19．对
20．错
21．对
22．对
23．错
24．错
25．错
26．对
27．错
28．错
29．对
30．错
31．对
32．对
33．对
34．错
35．对
三、案例分析
（一）
1．耐克选择的目标市场是什么？
耐克选择的目标市场是大众化运动鞋市场。
2．耐克是怎样挤进“铁三角”的？
耐克为挤进"铁三角"，迅速开发新式跑鞋，并为此花费巨资。
耐克运用其雄厚的研究力量开发出140余种不同式样的产品，不少产品是市场上最新颖和工艺最先进的。
这些式样是根据不同脚型、体重、速度、训练计划、性别而设计的。
这些风格各异、价格不同和多用途的产品，吸引了成千上万的跑步者。
到1979年,耐克通过策划新产品的上市和强劲的推销。
其市场占有率达到33%，终于打进了“铁三角”。
3．耐克如何推出新产品，怎样获得成功的？
从市场营销的原理来看,为了使新产品开发获得成功，企业应该把握新产品开发的方向,包括:
（1）多功能化。
（2）微型化。
（3）节能化
（4）简易化。
（5）合理化和美化
（6）智能化。
从新产品开发的方式看:
（1）获取现成的新产品
（2）自行开发新产品
新产品开发的要求：
（1）要有市场。
（2）要有特色。
（3）要有效益。
（4）要有能力。
耐克公司在综合考虑了市场环境和自身实力的基础上,推出的一系列新款跑鞋、运动鞋和多种训练用鞋,实现了新产品的多功能化,而注重运动鞋的外形与功用结合,则抓住了新产品的美观和合理性.巧妙利用了欧洲人对美国超级球星出神入化的球技的崇拜心理来推销自己的产品这一举措,是对消费市场的准确把握,也是耐克的"明星"特色体现.耐克一手塑造、推广并引领的以旅游鞋为时髦的风气和推销这种时髦的“美国形象”，使得耐克的新产品具备了运动鞋的功用和美观之外的特色——与时尚相联系，并成功地将这一特色转化为经济效益。
综上，耐克公司通过寻求创意、筛选、形成产品概念、制定市场营销战略、营业分析等战略，成功地推广了新产品，也使得公司本身扭亏为盈，并成为国际化品牌。
（二）
1．请分析是什么原因促使皮尔斯堡公司的营销发生转变？
市场营销观念是随着商品经济发展和企业经营环境的变化而不断演变相发展的。
可分析社会经济由卖方市场转变为买方市场这一历程导致营销观念发生的变化
2．请根据这一转变，说明市场营销观念的转变和各阶段的特点。
营销观念的转变可分为六个阶段：1)生产观念，是在卖方市场条件下。
以生产为中心的观念。
2)产品观念，以产品为中心的观念，认为顾客欢迎质量好、价格合理的产品，不重视推销。
3)推销观念，是由卖方市场向买方市场过渡时期产生的一种以推销为中心的经营观点。
4)市场营销观念，在买方市场条件下，以顾客为中心的经营观念。
5)社会市场观念，以社会利益为中心的营销观念。
这种观念在强调满足市场需求和获取利益的同时，还必须注重社会利益。
6)大市场营销观念，是指在市场壁垒，企业难以进入的情况下，以满足守门人的渴求为中心，争取进入市场的指导思想。
3．请根据该公司的转变，说明对我国企业有何借鉴意义？
主要结合我国经济发展由卖方市场向买方市场转变过程中企业营销观念的转变，以及市场变化的趋势，讨论企业采取的营销方式应如何适当变化。