研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文复习资料翻译1-12单元完整版
(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1
Lesson 1 Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk[1] In retrospect, the pattern seems clear. Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money. An explosion at a Texas refinery killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A. BakerⅢ, the former secretary of state, said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year, a corroded pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay. None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warming skeptic, upbraided BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues”.[2] Much of this indifference stemmed from an obsession with profits, come what may. But there also appears to have been another factor, one more universally human, at work. The people running BP did a dreadful job of estimating the true chances of events that seemed unlikely—but that would bring enormous costs.[3] Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to consider what BP executives must be thinking today. Surely, given the expense of the clean-up and the hit to BP’s reputation, the executives wish they could go back and spend the extra money to make Deepwater Horizon safer. That they did not suggests that they figured the rig would be fine an itwas.[4]For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does. “These are precisely the kinds of events that are hard for us as humans to get our hands around and react to rationally, ”Robert N. Stavins, an environmental economist at Harvard, says. We make two basic—and opposite—types of mistakes. When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan. Most of the people running Deepwater Horizon probably never had a rig explode on them. So they assumed it would not happen , at least not to them.[5] Similarly, Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan liked to argue, not so long ago, that the national real estate market was not in a bubble because it had never been in one before. Wall Street traders took the same view and built mathematical models that did not allow for the possibility that house prices would decline. And may home buyers signed up for unaffordable mortgages, believing they could refinance or sell the house once its price rose. That’s what house prices did, it seemed.[6]On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet theadditional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.[7]When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so. Yet in the case of Deepwater Horizon, government policy actually went the other way. It encouraged BP to underestimate the odds of a catastrophe.[8] In a little-noticed provision in a 1990 law passed after the Exxon Valdez spill, Congress capped a spiller’s liability over and above cleanup costs at $7500 million for a rig spill. Even if the party is on the hook for only $7500 million. (In this instance, BP has agreed to waive the cap for claims it deems legitimate. ) Michael Greenstone, an M.I.T. economist who runs the Hamilton Project in Washington, says the law fundamentally distorts a company’s decision making. Without the cap, executives would have to weigh the possible revenue from a well against the cost of drilling there and the risk of damage. With the cap, they can largely ignore the potential damage beyond cleanup costs. So they end up drilling wells even in places where the damage can be horrific, like close to a shoreline. To put it another way, human frailty helped BP’s executives underestimate the chance of a low-probability, high-cost event. Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.[9] In the wake of Deepwater Horizon, Congress and Obama administration will no doubt be tempted to pass laws meant to reducethe risks of another deep-water disaster. Certainly there are some sensible steps they can take, like lifting the liability cap and freeing regulators from the sway of industry. But it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly become salient.[10]The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficits that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming years—and the possibility that lender will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington. True, some economists and policy makers insist the country should not get worked up about this possibility, because lenders have never soured on the Unite States government before and show no signs of doing so now. but isn’t that reminiscent of the old Bernanke-Greenspan tune about the housing market?[11]Then, of course, there are the greenhouse gases that oil wells ( among other things) send into the atmosphere even when the wells function properly. Scientists say the buildup of these gases is already likely to warm the planet by at least three degrees over the next century and cause droughts, storms and more ice-cap melting. The researcher’s estimates have risen recently, too, and it is also possible the planet could get around 12 degree hotter. That kind of could flood major cities and cause parts of Antarctica to collapse.[12]Nothing like that has ever happened before. Even imagining it is difficult. It is much easier to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, it’s only natural to have this hope. But that doesn’t make it wise.。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)课文全翻译
课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险戴维伦哈特[1] 回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在“深水地平线”钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克三世领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
[2] 这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生但一旦发生就会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的可能性时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
[3] 也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
[4] 尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件，”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文斯说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）现象。
大多数在“深水地平线”工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
[5] 同样，不久以前，本·伯南克和艾伦·格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
研究生英语阅读教程课文参考译文(L3)
第三课 A焦虑的另一个名字就是挑战詹姆斯林肯克利尔（1）在大二结束、升大三之前的那年暑假，我有个机会可以到阿根廷的一个大牧场去打工。
我的室友 Ted 的爸爸是做养牛生意的，他想让 Ted 去学学。
Ted 说如果能让他带一个朋友去，他就去。
他选择了我。
一想到能到南美洲阿根廷的大平原去度过两个月传奇式的生活就让人兴奋。
可是我转念又一想，我从未远离过新英格兰地区（在美国的东北部），而且我刚上大学时前几周还想家呢。
如果到了一个陌生的国家会怎么样呢？语言不通怎么办？另外，我已经答应我弟弟，暑假的时候要教他开帆船。
我越想越沮丧。
晚上睡觉醒来时浑身冒冷汗。
（2）最后我拒绝了 Ted 的邀请。
可是当 Ted 邀请别人去的时候，我又追悔莫及。
两周后我回到了家还是干我以前暑假打工的工作——在当地的超市里开货箱上货，我感到心情很不好。
我因为害怕，拒绝了我想干的工作，结果感到很郁闷。
有好长一段时间我都缓不过劲来。
等秋季开学时，听说 Ted 和他的朋友暑假过得非常开心，我心里还是不高兴。
（3）这个不愉快的夏天最终给了我一个非常有意义的教训，后来我把它当作生活的一个原则，那就是宁可做使你害怕的事，也不要做那些让你抑郁的事。
（4）当然，我这里指的不是严重的焦虑和抑郁状态，因为严重的焦虑和抑郁状态是需要治疗的。
我这里指的是我们一般称之为怯场，心里不踏实或神经非常紧张的那种状态，比如说我们找工作面试时、我们要组织一次大型的晚会时、或我们必须在办公室做重要报告时的那种感觉。
我指的这种郁闷就是心情不好，感觉很沮丧，对什么事也不感兴趣，什么事也干不进去、也没精力去干。
（5）在我大学四年级快结束时，也遇到了这种情况。
因为毕业临近，我开始尝试考虑把写作作为我的终生职业。
但是我的一个教授极力劝我考研究生，目的是今后可以以教书为职业。
我踌躇了。
一想到以写作为生就使人感到害怕，我想比暑假到阿根廷大平原上打工还可怕。
我想来想去，做了决定又放弃。
突然我意识到每次我想放弃写作，心情都会特别沉重，很沮丧。
研究生英语阅读教程(李光立基础级第三版)1-12课后习题答案翻译
A. evolveB. Constitute形成C. tolerateD. aroused
9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.
10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simplydie out.
III. Cloze
There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]
point upby and largetake indescentfor good or ill
leave asidecrystal cleardie outendangerlay... at the door of
1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computersfor good or ill, in various areas of human life.
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级版）课文及其翻译
Whupping (whipping/Beating) Fat AlbertBy Rudolph Giuliani[1] My father was an excellent (perfect, wonderful) boxer. His poor eyesight prevented him from becoming the prizefighter (warrior/ knight) he wanted to be, but at 6 feet and a lean 150 pounds, he was fast and tough. He understood the sport and would describe fights to me in great detail, explaining the strategies and techniques of the great fighters, men like (such as) Sugar Ray Robinson, Joe Louis, Willie Pep, Rocky Marciano, and Jersey Joe Walcott.[2] In boxing, he said, the most important skill was to stay (be) calm. This was the best lesson my father ever taught me—stay calm, especially when those (people) around you are uneasy or troubled (upset). The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool (calmness) the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas. If he remains calm, even while he's being hit, he can look for opportunities to hit back. (knock down->out knock out)[3] The lesson came in handy (turned out/ proved to be useful). My Uncle Willie was a New Y ork City police officer. Long after he retired, he always wore a jacket and, usually, a tie. He was a shy (silent/ timid) man who kept to himself (silent), and he'd spend his off hours reading the paper under the tree in front of our house. Next door lived another family, and the father was also a cop. For some reason, my uncle disliked him—perhaps he'd been nasty or unfair to Uncle Willie. Anyway, this guy (man/ fellow) had a son named Albert, a big fat kid, two years older than me—I was about 5 and he was 7. Albert took advantage of his size to intimidate (frighten) the other kids. He'd knock them down and roll (sit) on them.[4] My uncle used to read Spring 3100, the in-house police magazine. I loved looking at it—still do, in fact. I would pore over (study sth. carefully) Uncle Willie's copy, but only for so long—my uncle would always take the magazine back. One day he was sitting alone under the tree and my mother was nowhere in sight. He called me over. A copy of Spring 3100 was by his side.[5] "Y ou want this magazine, right?"[6] "Y es," I replied.[7] "Y ou want it to keep?"[8] "Sure!'[9] "Beat up Albert, and I'll give you the magazine."[10] "What do you mean?"[11] Uncle Willie said, "Look, your father's been teaching you to box. Throw a couple of jabs like your old man showed you and Albert will start crying—he's a fat slob and bullies are never as tough (strong/ powerful) as they seem."[12] I was reluctant, because Albert was much heavier than I was. But Uncle Willie showed me the magazine and let me hold it, before taking it back and repeating that it would be mine as soon asI got (made) Albert to cry uncle.[13] A little while (moment) later, Uncle Willie was sitting in his usual chair, when (suddenly) I saw Albert up to his usual tricks, pushing some kids around, all of them smaller than he. I don't remember exactly how it (fighting) started. All I know is that I found myself in a fight with him, just the two of us.[14] I started jabbing at his face—boom, boom, boom, exactly as I'd been taught—and they (jabs) were landing, nearly all of them. Albert never laid a hand on me—or if he did, I didn't notice.His nose started bleeding, a shiner was rising (swelling) nicely (noticeably), and finally he started to cry. Then he turned and ran home (ad.).[15] I went home, too, and told my mother. She slapped me hard (heavily) across the face. "Apologize right now, and I'm going to tell your father tonight. He's going to give you a real beating."[16] "I don't want to apologize," I mumbled. "He started it." For that I got a second slap.[17] Albert was still crying, and I begrudgingly (reluctantly) said, "I'm sorry, Albert." My mother made (forced) us (to) shake hands and ordered me to stay in for the rest of the day. I glanced at my uncle, and thought, at least he could give me the darn magazine. But I didn't give him up. I just went slowly up to my room. About 20 minutes later, his daughter, my cousin (/=nephew/ niece) Evangeline, came up. She was carrying his copy of Spring 3100. "My dad wanted you to have this," she said. "Since you have to stay in all day." I looked out the window. Uncle Willie was still there, under his tree, and he gave me a nod—as much for keeping my mouth shut, I knew, as for whipping Albert.[18] My father came home that evening, and my mother told him what had happened. I could hear them (talk) talking in the room next door. It was his fault, my mother said, for teaching me to box. He should give me a licking (beating) I'd never forget. My father came up to me, but before he could adopt (~ed child) a suitable face (expression) of disapproval, he blurted, "You whipped Albert? God almighty (mighty=powerful)! He's two years older than you, and 25 pounds heavier!" (mighty=powerful)[19] Standing up to bullies might sound like a glib call to be macho (brave), but the truth is it takes a toll on you. One of the best reasons to let bullies know you won't back down (withdraw/ retreat) from a fight is so (difficult) that it doesn't get to (express) that point (meaning). That's not just a theory—there were many times (cases/ often) in my administration when an early confrontation led to far less fighting (struggle) down the road (in the direction). Here's an example. At about 8:40 p. m. on Wednesday, July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean just off (away from) Long Island. All 230 on board the Paris-bound 747, which had taken off from Kennedy International Airport, were killed. My community response team and I got to the scene (site)(scenery) within an hour and set up an assistance (help) center at the Ramada Plaza Hotel near the airport to provide aid (help) and counseling (comfort) to family members. [boarding school][20] When we got (arrived) there, the first thing we tried to do was (to) obtain (get) the manifest so (that) we could be sure who had been on the plane. Airlines are required by law to compile a complete list of passengers on international flights, including full names, passport information, and emergency phone contact numbers. This information is supposed (thought to (=should) be made available within three hours of any crash. In this case, by 11:30 p. m., TWA said 229 people were aboard. By noon the next day, they were saying the number was 228. Later in the afternoon, they put the number at 230. I repeatedly demanded an accurate passenger list from TWA but was given every excuse why the airline couldn't produce one. I sensed (felt) something was up (was happening) when I received a call about 4 a. m. from the CEO of the airline, Jeffrey Erickson, from a plane heading for Kennedy. I told him that I needed the manifest. He said we would talk when he got to New Y ork, that he wanted to "liaise" (contact) with me. I don't agree to liaise with people I haven't met. But then I thought, well, maybe I shouldn't be so judgmental (subjunctive) based on the use of one word.[21] By the next day, I was exasperated. I felt we were getting the runaround. When Ericksonfinally showed up (appeared), he addressed the families and the press at Kennedy Airport, and spoke for under (less than) a minute. He refused to take a single question. He added nothing to what we already knew; there was certainly nothing to liaise about.[22] On behalf of the families of the passengers—and with an eye toward future disasters—I decided to make my anger known. On several national shows and on all the local channels, I criticized TWA for caring more about covering (hiding) itself than promptly notifying (informing) suffering family members. On Friday, I recorded my weekly WABC radio show from the Ramada and said, "The upper management of TWA incompetently handled (delt with) the notification process for the families. That continues to be exacerbated (worse) by their not telling the truth about what happened."[23] Three months later, Erickson resigned (sign + nature->signature). But that wasn't the point (key). In a city the size of New Y ork, disasters are inevitable (=unavoidable). I wanted leaders of companies involved in any future disaster to understand just what was expected of them—clear, honest, timely communication. By refusing to keep quiet about TWA's behavior, I made sure (granter) the consequences of putting corporate needs ahead of human suffering were understood. (1, 388 words).OUT THE AUTHORRudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani III (born May 28, 1944) served as the Mayor of New Y ork from January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2001.EXERCISESI . Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. Rudolph Giuliani's father was _____.A. a successful boxing prizefighterB. able to win fights with techniquesC. very tall and strongD. well informed of boxing2. The strategies and techniques of a great fighter that Rudolph Giuliani learned from his father _____.A. were soon practicedB. were later used when he grew upC. didn't work for GiulianiD. were made into theory by Giuliani3. Uncle Willie didn't like their neighboring policeman probably because _____.A. he often abused childrenB. he was unfair while executing the lawC. he had treated Uncle Willie unfairlyD. he was a crazy and unreasonable man4. What made Giuliani decide to beat Albert?A. Albert took advantage of his size to bully other kids.B. Albert used to intimidate Giuliani.C. Giuliani didn't like him.D. Giuliani wanted to keep a police magazine.5. In the fighting between Giuliani and Albert, Albert _____.A. lost his control the first time he was hitB. missed almost all his targetsC. ended up flat on his backD. never had any chance to use his hands6. After Giuliani's father was told about the fighting he _____.A. was very excitedB. gave Giuliani a real beatingC. didn't believe itD. kissed his son as an encouragement7. The theory of standing up to bullies _____.A. took a heavy toll in Giuliani's later lifeB. became a very useful strategy in Giuliani's lifeC. led to far less fighting in Giuliani's later lifeD. helped him win in his running for the mayor8. Giuliani criticized TWA company for _____.A. being unable to provide an accurate passenger listB. planning to liaise with GiulianiC. its covering of itselfD. its CEO's be lated showing up9. The most important reason for Erickson's resignation is that _____.A. he lied to the public about the truth of his companyB. as a CEO he didn't live up to the expectations of the publicC. his company was involved in a disaster in which too many people were killedD. as a CEO he was incompetent in dealing with their business partners10. Giuliani disclosed the TWA's misconduct because he wanted to tell the companies that _____.A. they must pay price if they care about their company' interests more than human injuries and lossB. they will lose in the competition with their rivals if they put their needs ahead of human sufferingC. serious consequences will follow if they don't corporate with the city's government in a disasterD. companies will suffer a lot if they don't communicate with the public honestly and timelyII. VocabularyRead the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. Traditionally it is a peaceful event, without confrontation between police and what they describe as the hippy convoy.A. connectionB. exchangeC. fightD. interaction2. Tom Landry is one of the most successful football coaches in National Football League history, and he was known for his unruffled manner and fierce competitiveness.A. calmB. braveC. politeD. mild (climate<->weather)3. At the auction, he offered ridiculously low bids and intimidated other would-be buyers so that he could buy back the farm at an extremely low price.A. betrayedB. frightenedC. gatheredD. cheated (deceive)4. After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles, all the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing the job.A. presently (timely/ in time/ promptly)B. reasonablyC. willinglyD. reluctantly5. People with ADHD have difficulty keeping their minds on one thing; they may run into thestreet without looking, blurt out inappropriate comments in class, and interrupt conversations.A. utter (->utterance)B. conductC. makeD. crush6. An attendant Labor press officer mumbled: "We're shameless, aren't we?" [(1)vt.: attend a meeting/ a class; (2)vi.: attend to sb.; flight attendant]A. claimedB. acknowledgedC. proposed (suggest)D. muttered7. During the congressional elections of 1866, Johnson campaigned for his Reconstruction Program (project), but his efforts hurt his cause (事业) more than they helped. This exasperated him into heated (激烈) and undignified arguments. (congress->Capitol)A. hitB. beatC. angeredD. stirred8. One primary intervention therefore was for me to liaise regularly with the ward so that Mrs. Allen was fully informed about the situation. (well-informed<->ill-informed; inform sb of sth.)A. negotiateB. contactC. imposeD. stimulate (stimuli and response)9. Difficult market conditions were exacerbated when Korean tanners entered the UK and New Zealand raw material markets, driving up prices.A. deterioratedB. (alter<->)changedC. (go to sb’s relief/ relieve sb./ rescue sb./ relief->relievedD. solved (a problem; answer a question)10. Thus all material to be shown will have been compiled in the knowledge that it would be made available.A. verifiedB. sortedC. extractedD. (A is ~ of B and C. ) composedB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.take a toll on end up pore over slap bullylose one's cool be up come in handy strategy promptly1. Human-made structures also take a toll (bring heavy losses) on migrants. Skyscrapers and radio towers have caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of migrating birds. (migrate->migrant; emigrate<->immigrate)2. Amanda stayed calm at the moment and didn't lose her cool (n.).3. We both like driving it so much that we end up using it all the time.4. We should remember from Mayhew's account (description) that the boots also come in handy (prove to/ turn out to be useful) for kicking policemen and other traditional foes (夙敌) of the costers.5. In his lunch breaks Doisneau pored over books on photography, and at weekends he set off (start out) alone with a heavy wooden camera and tripod to capture the first of the "personal" photographs that would be the basis (base) of his life's work.6. Last night the woman, who did not wish to be named, said: "I'm really (fury->)furious, I'd just love to slap him on (the) his nasty face."7. I could tell by the look (expression) on his face that something was up (was happening).8. Essential (important) information on the progress of the project is conveyed throughout its duration and any enforced changes are notified promptly (timely/ in time).9. This use of a series of releasers, one after the other, is a strategy frequently employed (used) in communication.10. He wasn't, in fact, a very nice (good) boy, a bully and rather stupid.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage candidly and choose the hest answer from the four choices given .for each blank.New Y ork City has a highly centralized municipal (urban<->rural) government. The mayor, chosen by a citywide electorate for a four-year term, has wide 1 powers. The mayor has a leadership role in budget-making, authority to organize and reorganize administrative agencies and to 2 and remove their heads, a strong veto (否决权), and all powers not specifically otherwise granted. The comptroller (审计官) , elected on a citywide basis for a four-year term, recommends financial policies and advises the mayor and the city council in the preparation of the 3 .There are nine major administrative agencies, called administrations. The police and fire departments are not 4 as administrations, but are also principal (major) agencies. Certain important city agencies include the board of education, the board of higher education, the health and hospitals corporation, and the housing authority. 5 two major agencies are bi-state or regional in character (nature): the Port Authority of New Y ork and New Jersey, which controls airports and interstate buses, and the Transportation Authority, which controls subway and bus operations in the city and railroad service in New Y ork and Connecticut.Legislative authority is 6 by the city council, made up of 51 members, who are elected from 7 districts for four-year terms. The 8 officer is the public advocate, chosen for a four-year term by a citywide electorate. The advocate can vote only to 9 . The most powerful member of the council is the speaker (spokesman), who is chosen by a 10 of the members and appoints the heads of the various council committees. The council introduces and legislates all laws and approves the budget; it can override a mayoral veto by a vote of two-thirds of all the members.1. A. productive B. manipulative C. speculative D. executive2. A. appoint B. fire C. arrange D. offer3. A. economy B. budget C. revenue D. expense4. A. included B. undertaken C. classified D. called5. A. At last B. As usual C. In addition (=besides) D. After all6. A. grabbed B. guarded C graded D. granted7. A. personal B. individual C. private D. single8. A. presidential B. practicing C. presiding D. present9. A. break a tie B. make a decision C. draw a conclusion D. give a summary10. A. minimum B. maximum C. minority D. majorityIV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas.能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。
研究生英语阅读教程基础第三版课后翻译+单选
1. 国际地位和影响力2. 生态文明建设3. 中国武术4. 中文热词5. 丝绸之路6. 读书之道7. 民生问题8. 中国梦Translation:1.近年来，我国国际地位和影响力显著提高。
我们在国际事务中发挥重要的建设性作用，有力维护国家主权、安全和发展利益，全方位外交取得重大进展。
我们成功举办北京奥运会、上海世博会，实现了中华民族的百年梦想。
这些辉煌成就，充分显示了中国特色社会主义的优越性，展现了改革开放的伟大力量，极大增强了全国各族人民的自信心和自豪感，增强了中华民族的凝聚力，激励我们奋勇前进。
——选自西南交通大学出版社即将出版的《大学英语六级汉译英16字真经》In recent years, China's international prestige and influence grew significantly. We played an important and constructive role in international affairs; effectively safeguarded our national sovereignty, security and development interests. We made major progress in our all-around diplomacy. We successfully hosted the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo, thus fulfilling dreams the Chinese nation had cherished for a century. These brilliant achievements clearly show the advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great power of reform and opening up. They greatly increased the confidence and pride of our people of all ethnic groups, strengthened the cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, and inspired us to forge ahead.2. 生态文明建设关系人民生活，关乎民族未来。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级3版)课文复习资料翻译1-12单元完整版
1..1.a . , , . . ,a , , , ... ... .因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2. a (a ). , "" , ( ) —— , a .同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。
这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。
3. , , . ,a .总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。
在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。
4. a . , a , a , a .然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。
在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。
5. , , , .讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
6. 's .这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。
21 . I , I .苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这一点。
我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱我所做的事情。
2 a , ..因为，作为一个成功者的负重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替, 没有比这更确定的事情了。
这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。
3 (可怕的好可怕糟糕的 ) i . a . 't . 这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要它。
(完整版)新研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三次修订版课文参考译文
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级）第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆•麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔•普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。
但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。
（第141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。
在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。
他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。
在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。
英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。
（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。
和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。
在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。
第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。
二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。
从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。
（3）从来没有像英语这样?语言，这既有利也有弊。
曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。
总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。
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1..1.a . , , . . ,a , , , ... ... .因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2. a (a ). , "" , ( ) —— , a .同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。
这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。
3. , , . ,a .总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。
在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。
4. a . , a , a , a .然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。
在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。
5. , , , .讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
6. 's .这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。
21 . I , I .苹果公司发生的这些事情丝毫的没有改变这一点。
我被驱逐了,但是我仍然钟爱我所做的事情。
2 a , ..因为，作为一个成功者的负重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉所重新代替, 没有比这更确定的事情了。
这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。
3 (可怕的好可怕糟糕的 ) i . a . 't . 这个良药的味道实在是太苦了,但是我想病人需要它。
有时候,人生会用砖头打你的头。
不要失去信心。
4 i .记住你要死去是我所知道最好的方法来避免思维的陷阱你输得起的东西。
你已经裸体。
没有理由不去追随你的心.5 't 's 't 's 't ' .你的时间有限,所以不要浪费时间去过别人的生活。
不要被信条所惑——盲从信条是活在别人的思考结果。
不要让别人的意见淹没了你内心的声音。
61. , , , a . " ," . " , a a ."米哈里·奇凯因特米哈里认为这种区分是错误的。
他发明了“强感受” ()这个说法, 信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。
在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道: “只要存在强感受因素, 任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。
根据这一观点, 从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。
”2. 1990s , .但是20世纪90年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影啊, 这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。
3. , 41, a a a aa . . "I a ," . " ,a , ."41岁的马丁娜·蕾迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理, 虽然工作压力大, 但她和同事相处都很好;6年前她换了工作, 到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。
如今她时间多了, 自由度也大了, 但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑, 也得不到老板的赏识。
她说: “我不适应这个部门。
不管你个人生活多惬意,如果工作单位氛围不好, 个人生活就会大受影响。
”4. , a . 30% . , .事实上, 对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然, 不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。
哈特认为, 对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异, 员工的个性只起30%的作用, 其他的取决于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。
5. , " ”, , a , .内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯·赖特说, 直到不久前, 企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工作心情舒畅的问题, 认为这“不属于他们关心的范围, 和他们的职责范围相去甚远”6. . , , .但后来对工作满意度的许多研究结果却前后矛盾。
现在看来, 用更广泛的衡量标准来评估快乐感受, 能更有效地预测生产率。
7. , . a .a , . , a , a , .但通过关心员工的需求, 至少企业可能发展得更好。
那样, 我们更多的人就会在工作中找到一定程度的满足感。
而且偶尔我们可能还希望获得最大程度的满足。
这种情况可能发生在篮球场上喧闹欢呼的人群前, 也可能发生在教室里, 在仅仅一个充满感激的学生面前。
7..1 , I , . 's " ", " "" ".大惊喜,我以为,棉布将里头的卷成球的剪裁在我的肩膀上,与“金钱减轻压力”,“骗子好作家”和“花花公子做更好的骗子”。
2 , , , .去年,她不幸的是她的愿望,太很快,生活超过一半,只要生了她的女人。
3 , , a a ,. , , .他的主要人物,伊妮德兰伯特,患上了抑郁症,作为一种无形的力场,无意识地排斥每个人都远离她脆弱的核心。
伊妮德抱怨和摔东西、操纵和劝诱,为了减轻她基本的不满。
4 , . 't , ,.她仍保持完整,因为抑郁症保护真正的痛苦,她周围的人必须的方式。
什么不杀了你,看来,移动更顽固的采石场。
5, , . , , , .... . .睡,瓶子或打滑。
简历牢骚,下巴,把短柄小斧,在地毯。
生活是困难的,然后你……叹气。
8..1. , .每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。
2.a , , , . .改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。
通常这种方法很奏效。
3 a , a . , .结果一些社团和全国性团体向电台或电视台施加压力让他们禁播这些演员的节目。
这些指控也促使负责广播业的监管机构联邦通讯委员会开始进行调查。
4. a aa ? , , ?这是否意味着在广播电台或电视台播放的歌曲中不允许出现那些在新闻或体育节目中禁止出现的语言和观念？或者这是否意味着电台或电视台应该承认不同的交流或娱乐形式，或是为不同听众设计的节目，在语言和观念上应该具有不同的标准？5. a " " . ' .一位作者指出流行音乐也成了女孩子们成熟的标志。
在同龄男孩子成长为像女孩子那样成熟并能较容易地与女孩子建立朋友关系之前，少年歌星可能会成为不会对女孩子形成威胁的男友的替身。
91 , ,a ,.欢迎来到乌七八糟的烟草世界。
在这里，除了巨大的利益，没有什么具有重要意义；在这里，烟草公司的负责人不费吹灰之力就能穿梭于不同角色之间，从表现愤愤不平的无辜转而变为诚心诚意的悔过；在这里，似乎惟一能够言行正直（:言行正直）的人就是那些判定随处可见的烟草诉讼案的陪审员们。
2. —, a'd 's , " ".这些陪审员放弃了生命中的两年时光，聆听了无数证人证言，却仅用了几个小时就商议定案。
如果他们感觉像是爱丽丝跌下了兔子洞进入仙境，听着红心王后高喊“砍掉他们的脑袋”，却从未有一个人被砍头，这种感觉是可以谅解的。
3. , , () .从此以后，烟草公司就像夏天在草坪上播洒除草剂一般四处提供政治捐款，主要支持和自己立场相似的共和党人，因为共和党人虽然痛恨肺气肿，但却更喜爱自由企业(以及软资金)。
4. ,.责任意识强的美国人接受任何人都有权毒害自己的观点，但是研究显示绝大多数吸烟者开始吸烟时仍未成年，这就对知情吸烟提出了疑问。
5. , , : ,, .公益服务通告，针对儿童的好看易记的广告，与各州达成和解补偿卫生保健费用：曾经发誓绝没有做错任何事情的烟草公司现如今也愿意为最终保住利润而部分放弃意识形态的斗争。
101. a 1980s1980. " ' : ", , ."民众普遍希望昔日美好生活能够重现，以寻求解决80年代遇到的种种问题。
1980年，罗纳德·里根当选为美国总统，正是这一民意的体现。
《时代》周刊推选里根总统为年度风云人物，并说“无论是理智上还是情感上，里根都生活在过去之中”。
2. ,1980s 's .里根总统相信，通过这种趋近过去的努力，美国人民的生活水平能像美国历史上大部分时期一样，再次在80年代能得以改善。
3. .. , ,a .战争时期，美国人把对有计划的举国合作的厌恶之情暂置一旁，甘愿在国家统一指挥下互相协作，甘愿牺牲个人利益以换取战争的最终胜利。
然而，在和平时期，他们却坚决抵制有计划的举国合作，认为这是对个人自由的侵犯。
4., , , .美国人往往会认为国家的强大更多地源于个人自由、机会均等、勤奋努力、竞争取胜等价值观念而不是源于举国合作。
5. ,. , ,.有些评论家认为这种缓慢而谨慎的态度太过胆小乏力，无法迎接未来的挑战。
然而，美国人则认为，以国家利益之名，骤然实行根本性变革，通常会导致独裁体制，不仅问题依然无法得到解决，还会失去个人自由。
第7 页共7 页.月出之时，当我们放慢自己的思想，让它跟随天国的脚步，一种心醉神迷的感觉就会流遍全身。
我们会打开情感的窗口，会让白天被理智锁住的那部分思绪尽情奔涌。
我们有越过遥远的时空，听见远古猎人的低语'再次看到很久以前的恋人与诗人眼中的世界。
111 : , a ' s , . .再看看那些电缆。
电缆弯弯曲曲地进入计算机后盖，然后又出来，最后到达猕猴头上的帽子里。
电缆从埋在猕猴大脑里的数百个电极接收信号，猕猴用思维向机器手臂发出指令。
2 , , a a a1990s .几十年来，科学家就一直在思索、推测大脑和机器直接联系的可能性，但都认为这不切实际。
只是到了20世纪90年代末，科学家才开始充分地了解大脑与信号处理的有关知识，从而出现了使科幻小说的幻象变成现实的希望的曙光。
3 's , , .?解码大脑指令的想法乍看起来可能像是十足的狂妄自大。
计算机怎么能窃听日常生活每时每刻发生在大脑甩的全部活动呢？4 a 'sa . 但是，大多数研究人员认为，每种类型的运动都是靠大脑几十亿神经元中一些少数特定的神经元来控制的为了找到那些少数神经元而需要监测整个大脑则会使成功的解码变为实际办不到的事。