吉林大学考博英语2012年真题.doc

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2012 年吉林省专升本考试英语真题

2012 年吉林省专升本考试英语真题1、42．—________ meat do you want?—Half a kilo. [单选题] *A．How much(正确答案)B．How manyC．WhatD．Which2、( ) .Would you please ______me the gifts from your friends? [单选题] *A.to showB. showingC. show(正确答案)D. shown3、20．Sometimes it often rains ________ in my hometown in summer. [单选题] * A．heavyB．hardlyC．heavily(正确答案)D．strongly4、In order to find the missing child, villagers _______ all they can over the past five hours. [单选题] *A. didB. doC. had doneD. have been doing(正确答案)5、July hardly joins in any class activities,_____? [单选题] *A. does she(正确答案)B. doesn't sheC. didn't sheD. is she6、--Do you know _______ girl with long curly hair?--Yes. She is Mary. She plays _______ piano very well. [单选题] *A. a; /B. the; /C. the; the(正确答案)D. a; the7、What do you think of the idea that _____ honest man who married and brought up a large family did more service than he who continued single and only talked of _____ population. [单选题] *A. a, /B. an, /C. a, theD. an, the(正确答案)8、16．Lily is a lovely girl. We all want to ________ friends with her. [单选题] *A．haveB．make(正确答案)C．doD．take9、93．Welcome ________ our school! [单选题] *A．to(正确答案)B．inC．atD．/10、My brother usually _______ his room after school. But now he _______ soccer. [单选题] *A. cleans; playsB. cleaning; playingC. cleans; is playing(正确答案)D. cleans; is playing the11、We are looking forward to _______ you again. [单选题] *A. seeB. sawC. seeing(正确答案)D. seen12、17．Joe is a good student and he is busy ______ his studies every day. [单选题] * A．inB．with(正确答案)C．byD．for13、Mary's watch is more expensive than _____. [单选题] *A. Susan's(正确答案)B. that of Susan'sC. that of SusanD. Susan14、My brother will come to see me tomorrow. I’ll meet?_______ at the airport. [单选题] *A. herB. youC. him(正确答案)D. them15、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. 赶快地B. 尽能力C. 一...就D. 尽快地(正确答案)16、—Are these your sheep? [单选题] *A）on grass at the foot of the hill.(正确答案)B. feedC.is fedD. is feeding17、She was seen _____ that theatre just now. [单选题] *A. enteredB. enterC. to enter(正确答案)D. to be entering18、We haven't heard from him so far. [单选题] *A. 到目前为止(正确答案)B. 一直C. 这么远D. 这么久19、—Excuse me, how long does it ______ to walk to the library? —About 15 minutes, I’m afraid.（）[单选题] *A. take(正确答案)B. spendC. costD. pay20、In the future, people ______ a new kind of clothes that will be warm when they are cold, and cool when they’re hot.（）[单选题] *A. wearB. woreC. are wearingD. will wear(正确答案)21、She found her wallet（）she lost it. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whenC. in whichD.that22、He made ______ for an old person on the bus. [单选题] *A. room(正确答案)B. roomsC. a roomD. some rooms23、39．__________ he was very tired, he didn’t stop working. [单选题] * A．Although (正确答案)B．WhenC．AfterD．Because24、34．My mother isn't in now, but she will be back ______ ten minutes. [单选题] * A．forB．beforeC．in(正确答案)D．at25、_____ rooms are both large and comfortable. [单选题] *A. Jack's and Jane's(正确答案)B. Jack and Jane'sC. Jack's and JaneD.Jack and Jane26、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] *A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in27、_____you may do, you must do it well. [单选题] *A.WhichB.WheneverC.Whatever(正确答案)D.When28、Jim will _______ New York at 12 o’clock. [单选题] *A. get onB. get outC. get offD. get to(正确答案)29、Boys and girls, please _______ your favorite book here and show it to us next class. [单选题] *A. bring(正确答案)B. sellC. buyD. take30、Tom is ____ honest man, so we all like to work with him. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. /D. any。

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。

选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。

听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

2012年吉大考博英语真题

2012年吉大考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentencethere are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONEthat best completes the sentence. Then markthecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEETwith a single line through the center.1. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, butthey are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. inelevantlyD. independently2. The work was done in the of reformsin the economic, social and cultural spheres.A. contextB. contestC. pretextD. texture3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt wasby the board of trustees.A. approvedB. frustratedC. disclosedD. justified4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situation so that their news may create agreat .A. explosionB. sensationC. exaggeratingD. stimulation5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, there was little todisprove it.A. by the same tokenB. under the same conditionC. at the same stageD. for the same purpose6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causesenergy to be in some form.A. given offB. put outC.debates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption11. The of a oultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physicalaspect in the life style of the people.A. implementationB. demonstcationC. manifestationD. expedition12. Reading the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes whatwe read our.A. rectitiesB. prolongsC. minimizesD. furnishes13. Previous studies provoked because the used patients whose diagnosiswasquestionable.A. contrlbutionB. contractionC. controversyD. convergence14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close . A. temperament B. contamination C. scrutiny D. symmetry15. I never said anything like that at all You are purposely my ideas to prove yourpoints.A. revisingB. contradictingC. distortingD. distracting16. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must thequalities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.A. forfeitB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear17.I was unaware of the critical points invoived, so my choice was quite .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. mechanicalD. unpredictable18. An important property of a scientifictheory is its ability to further research andfurther thinking about a particular topic.A. stimulateB. renovateC.arouse D. advocate19. All the off-shore oil explorers were inhigh spirits as they read lettersfrom theirfamilies.A. affectionateB. sentimentalC. intimateD. sensitive20. Whoever formulated the theory of theorigin of the universe, it is just and needs proving.A. spontaneousB. hypotheticalC. intuitiveD. empirical21.The ceremony will as soon as the president arrives.A. commendB. complyC. confrontD. commence22. The barbarous aggressors grew more andmore in slaughtering people andburningdown their houses.A. amorphousB. ferociousC. audaciousD. egregious23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become and are nolonger used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique24. Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to revenueby limiting commerce.A. disregardB. challengeC. diminishD. reject25. The spectators in the stadium cheered upwhen they saw hundreds of colorful balloons slowly into the sky.A. descendingB. ascendingC. escalatingD. elevating26. An increasing proportion of ourpopulation, unable to live without advancedmedical , will become progressivelymore reliant on expensive technology.A. interferenceB. interruptionC. interventionD. interaction27. Several intemational events in the early1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A. revoltB. revolveC. reverseD. revive28. Foreign disinvestments and the ofSouth Africa from world capital marketsafter1985 further weakened its economy.A. displacementB. eliminationC. exclusionD. exception29. We are moving towards a more and cooperative society ,which is gettingbetter and better.A fraternalB emotionalC exclusionD illegal30. The student were about whobell rang for their first class in the newsemester.A. foreseeingB. speculatingC. fabricatingD. ponderingPart III Reading Comprehension (60%) Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to thevirus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune case of thesmallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two?A. By passing information on how to fightthe disease to the disease.B. By passing information on how to fightthe disease to the immune system.C. By weakening the disease so that theimmune system can defeat it.D. Introducing the disease to the body,so that survivors have already fought it.52. What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?A. The way that vaccines protect peoplefrom diseases.B. The effectiveness of vaccines ineradicating certain diseases.C. The practical use of a vaccine tocontrol an epidemic disease.D. The possible negative outcome ofadministering vaccines.53. The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because .A. saving the many would not necessarilyjustify the death of the few.B. some vaccines, such as the smallpoxvaccine, have negative side effects.C. they don’t always work.D. while many lives are saved, SOME AREACTUALLY KILLED BY THE VACCINT.54. The best title for the passage would be .A. “The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis”.B. “How Vaccines Work”.C. “Vaccines: Methods andImplications”.D. “A Warning on the Negative SideEffects of Vaccines”.55. The main purpose of the passage is to .A. convince the reader that vaccines arenot as safe as many think.B. educate the reader on how vaccines areused and some of their dangers.C. educate the reader on thecircumstances that would necessitatewidespread vaccinations.D. present the method by which vaccinesare used through the case of the smallpox vaccine.Passage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history, Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains.Several methods are used in explainingand predicting avalanches. Scientists and learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow’s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when the traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier’s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speedsup to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “soft slab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn’t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with theexisting snow.56. What would be the best title for this passage?A. AvalanchesB. The History of AvalanchesC. Skiers BewareD. Avalanches Can Kill57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?A. They hid the armies approaching thecity aiding in the attack.B. They killed the armies approaching thecity.C. They blocked paths into the city.D. They snowblinded the approachingarmies.58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?A. They only have to worry after a heavysnowfall.B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss orFrench Alps.C. They should always expect that anavalanche will occur.D. When skiing in New England, they willnever have to worry about an avalanche.59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?A. When the temperature is below 20degrees F.B. Right before a snowstorm.C. During a snowstorm.D. In the winter.60. According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?A. The slope of the mountain.B. The size of the snowfall.C. The amount and intensity of movementaround the snowfall.D. The weight of the snow.Passage ThreeQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they alsoignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching. A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the systemshould present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those who profess and it is perhaps timefor universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators” of something else.The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.61. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. The relationship between teaching andresearch should not be simplified.B. Teaching and research arecontradictory.C. Research can never be emphasized toomuch.D. It is wrong to overestimate theimportance of teaching.62. In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partlybecause .A. research improves the quality ofteaching.B. students who want to be challengedappreciate research professors.C. professors with achievements inresearch are usually responsible and tough.D. it is difficult to evaluate teachingquality objectively.63. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?A. Distinguished professors at researchuniversities should concentrate on research only.B. It is of utmost importance to improveteaching in elementary schools in orderto train newscientists.C. The separation of teaching fromresearch can lower the quality of future scientists.D. The rapid development of modernscience makes it impossible to combine teaching withresearch.64. The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do .A. scientific researchB. teachingC. field workD. investigation65. The phrase “the problem” (Line 4, Para.5) refers to .A. raising the status of teaching.B. the separation of teaching fromresearch.C. the combination of teaching withresearch.D. improving the status of research.. Passage FourQuestions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation thesavings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.66. Almost all companies involved in new production and development must .A. rely on their financial resources.B. persuade the banks to providelong-term finance.C. borrow large sums of money from friendsand people we know.D. depend on the population as a whole forfinance.67. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is .A. repaid to its original owners as soonas possible.B. raised by the selling of shares in thecompanies.C. exchanges for part ownership in TheStock Exchange.D. invested in different companies on TheStock Exchange.68. When the savers want their money back they .A. ask another company to obtain theirmoney for them.B. look for other people to borrow moneyfrom.C. put their shares in the company backon the market.D. transfer their money to a moresuccessful company.69. All the essential services on which we depend are .A. run by the Government or our localauthorities.B. in constant need of financial support.C. financed wholly by rates and taxes.D. unable to provide for the needs of thepopulation.70. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalizedindustries .A. to borrow as much money as they wish.B. to make certain everybody saves money.C. to raise money to finance newdevelopments.D. to make certain everybody lends moneyto them.Passage FiveQuestions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than thatfor regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers’seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research’s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read “I lb. Maxwell House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to studytheir lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ( “personality and character”) who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.71. The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact that they spent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that .A. advertising does not assure favorablesales results.B. companies spent more money onadvertising than they should.C. people pay little attention toadvertising.D. the more one advertises the better thesales picture.72. In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover .A. why people drink coffee.B. why instant coffee did not taste good.C. why regular coffee was successful.D. the real reason why people would notbuy instant coffee.73. This investigation indicated that .A. 50 per cent of housewives are lazy.B. housewives who use instant coffee arelazy.C. many women believe that wives who useinstant coffee are lazy.D. wives who use regular coffee are goodplanners.74. On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to show a .A. lazy housewife using regular coffee.B. hard-working housewife using instantcoffee.C. lazy housewife using instant coffee.D. man obviously enjoying the taste ofinstant coffee.75. Implied but not stated.A. Despite its advantages, most peopledisliked instant coffee because of its taste.B. The advertising expenditure for instantcoffee was greater than that for regular coffee.C. Very often we do not know the realreasons for doing things.D. Taste is the principal factor indetermining what we buy.Passage SixQuestions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, of parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating （改善）the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow theissues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their oppon ents’ evidence Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements.Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护) —the litigants need to make only aone-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) waives (放弃) any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.76. The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except .A. narrow the issuesB. cause early settlementsC. save judicial timeD. increase settlement costs77. What is the main topic of the passage?A. All states should follow California’sexample in using small-claims courts in order to freejudges for other work.B. The legislature needs to formulatefewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on itsolder cases.C. Nobody seems to care enough to attemptto find methods for making the judicialsystemmore efficient.D. While there are many problems with thecourt system, there are viable suggestions forimprovement.78. The word “litigants” means most nearly .parties in a lawsuit D. taxpayers79. Which of the following is true about small-claims courts?A. It is possible to have one’s case heard by a jury if he or she is dissatisfied with the court’s decision.B. The litigants must plead accurately and according to a strict form.C. The decision may not be appealed to a higher court.D. The parties may not present their cases without an attorney’s help.80. What can we assume from the passage?A. Most people who feel they have beenwronged have a ready remedy in courts of law.B. Many people would like to bring a caseto a court, but unable to because of thecost andtime required.C. The judicial system in the United States is highly acclaimed for its efficiency.D. Pretrial conferences will someday probably have replaced trials completely.。

东北师范大学吉林大学考博英语辅导：考博英语阅读理解习题

东北师范大学吉林大学考博英语辅导：考博英语阅读理解习题Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words.Words do provide us with some information，but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone.Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message.Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words.We don't always say what we mean or mean what we say.Sometimes our words don't mean anything except“I'm letting off some steam.I don't really want you to pay close attention to what I'm saying.Just pay attention to what I'm feeling.”Mostly we mean several things at once.A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner，“This step has to be fixed before I'll buy.”The owner says，“It's been like that for years.”Actually，the step hasn't been like that for years，but the unspoken message is：“I don't want to fix it.We put up with it.Why can't you？”The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who said it，when it occurred，the related conditions or situation，and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning.Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing.But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior.A friend's unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness.Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic.For example，a person who says“No！”to a serials of charges like“You're dumb，”“You're lazy，”and“You're dishonest，”may also say“No！”and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is“And you're good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented.The words，“If sure has been nice to have you over，”can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically.The phrase can be said once or repeated several times.And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly.Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance；sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.1.Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners，if___.A.they use proper words to carry their ideas.B.they both speak truly of their own feelings.C.they try to understand each other's ideas beyond words.D.they are capable of associating meaning with their words.2.“I'm letting off some steam”in paragraph1means___.A.I'm just calling your attention.B.I'm just kidding.C.I'm just saying the opposite.D.I'm just giving off some sound.3.The house-owner's example shows that he actually means___.A.the step has been like that for years.B.he doesn't think it necessary to fix the step.C.the condition of the step is only a minor fault.D.the cost involved in the fixing should be shared.4.Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical，but are justifiable if___.A.linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness.B.seen as one's habitual pattern of behavior.C.taken as part of an ordering sequence.D.expressed to a series of charges.5.The word“ritualistically”in the last paragraph equals something done___.A.without true intention.B.light-heartedly.C.in a way of ceremony.D.with less emphasis.答案：ＤＢＡＢＣ本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2012年考研英语真题及答案解析

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Y et, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psyc hology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in V ermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of V ermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its V ermont Y ankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in V ernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to V ermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both V ermont Y ankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the V ermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do havesome regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that V ermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in V ermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) review s the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the V ermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] V ermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s c onceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionist s in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the pre sident of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. Y ou are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of whatthey are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Y et for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that itmight entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.Y ou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsY ou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)参考答案Section I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A18.C 19.D 20.DSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.GPart C46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。

2012年专升本英语考试真题及解析17页

山东省2012年普通高等教育专升本统一考试英语试卷一第一部分: 听力理解（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)Part I Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once.Short Conversations1. A) Give a speech in Professor Jones class.B) See Professor Jones after class.C) Postpone her meeting with Professor Jones.D) Go to the beach with her friends.2. A) Anything but some meat.B) Some fruit only.C) Nothing.D) Some meat and fruit.3. A) The man. B) The woman’s mother.C) The baker. D) The woman.4. A) By plane. B) By ship.C) By car. D) By bus.5. A) 76 B) 67C) 59 D) 696. A) He stopped smoking.B) He still smokes.C) He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day.D) He smokes 10 cigarettes a day.7. A) It was better. B) It was a disaster.C) It was not good enough. D) It was great.8. A) Sales clerk and customer. B) Doctor and patient.C) Waitress and customer. D) Teacher and student.Long Conversation 1Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) They’re roommates.B) They’re families.C) They’re cousins. D) They’re friends.10. A) She easily got nervous while speaking in front of others.B) She missed her psychology class.C) She had not finished her homework.D) She failed the English exam.11. A) Go to psychology class.B) Get fully prepared before speaking in public.C) Try to forget about people while speaking in public.D) Never speak in public.12. A) Men become nervous more than women.B) Children become nervous more easily than adults.C) It’s common for women to get nervous.D) Women become nervous more than men.Long Conversation 2Questions 13 to 14 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. A) Expensive.B) Interesting.C) Waste of time.D) Boring.14. A) Because he has nothing else to do.B) Because it helps him to get a job in the future.C) Because he loves studying.D) Because he is interested in business management.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some question. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. Afteryou hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choice markedA)、B)、C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer. Sheet with asingle line through the center.Passage OneQuestion 15 to 17are based on the conversation you have just heard.15. A). A letter of invitation.B). A letter of recommendation.C). A letter of introduction.D). A letter of application.16. A). 1997B). 1992C). 1990D). 200017). A). Brigitte once changed her job.B). Brigitte has never been to Dublin.C). Brigitte is going to get married in Dublin.D). Brigitte is a native English speaker.Passage TwoQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the conversation you have just heard.18. A). A college in Switzerland.B). A college in Sweden.C). A college in Britain.D). A college in America.19. A). That all the students agreed to accept Elizabeth.B). That most of the students didn’t mind wh ether to accept her or not.C). That some felt proud to have a woman student on the campus.D). That some thought Liza’s idea very interesting.20. A). Because a famous politician supported her.B). Because he thought her idea was interesting.C). Because he took proud in training the world’s first woman doctor.D). Because he was forced to do so.第二部分：词汇和语法结构（本大题共30小题，每小题0.5分，共15分）Part II Vocabulary and StructureDirections:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A) B) C) and D).Choose the answer that best completes. Thenmark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line thought thecenter.21. Marry has come; I will put ___________plate on the dining table.A) a further B) a spareC) an extra D) more22. After interviewing several workers, she came to a (an) ___________that their working conditions were very poor.A) observation B) illustrationC) conclusion D) qualification23. He is a student of great intelligence and diligence. ___________, he is a top student in the class.A) Undoubtedly B) FortunatelyC) Nevertheless D) In spite24. Silk and nylon look alike but they ___________ in origin and cost.A) refer B) inferC) differ D) prefer25. What we would like you to know is that we greatly ___________your timely help.A) compliment B) appreciateC) thank D) attach26. Mr. Brown had an unusual ___________: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.A) position B) occupationC) profession D) career27. It was ___________of you to get up to catch the first bus so that you could avoid traffic jam.A) reasonable B) sensibleC) sentimental D) sensitive28. Her beauty can not ___________her stupidity.A) make out of B) make forC) make at D) make up for29. Community service can ___________ anything from gardening to helping in old pe ople’s homes.A) involve B) askC) insist D) remain30. There seems to be an electrical problem. I’ll get someone to ___________it.A) look at B) look intoC) look upon D) look out31. After the war, Germany became one of Europe’s most ___________ countries.A) prosperous B) improvedC) swift D) interested32. New computers are soon out of date since newer models are ___________ constantly.A) turned up B) turned overC) turned down D) turned out33. The scene in the movie ___________him of his childhood.A) recalledB) rememberedC) recollectedD) reminded34 The football match was televised ___________from the Worker’s Stadium.A) live B) livingC) alive D) lively35. Color-blind people often find it difficult to___________ blue and green.A) compare B) contrastC) distinguish D) separate36. Mike’s uncle insists ___________ in this hotel.A) that he not stayB) staying notC) not to stayD) that he would not stay37. The office was in darkness ___________ the light over his desk.A) besides B) exceptC) except for D) rather than38. The old lady sat in an armchair, her cat ___________ beside her.A) lay B) lyingC) lied D) laying39. I appreciate ___________ to your home.A) to have invitedB) to be invitedC) having invitedD) being invited40. We are living in an age ___________many things are done on the computer.A) that B) whichC) whose D) when41. We could do nothing but ___________till he came back.A) waiting B) waitC) to wait D) waited42. ___________is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.A) As B) WhichC) It D) That43. The driver admitted that not only___________, but he didn’t have a driving license either.A) he was not insured B) he was insured notC) was he not insured D) was not he insured44. She hardly ever leaves the house after ten at night, ___________?A) nor does she B) does sheC) so does she D) doe sn’t she45. The reason Beethoven went away to the country is___________ he was gradually going deaf.A) since B) thatC) because D) as46. She wanted to know what ___________at the meeting.A) has happenedB) was happenedC) had happenedD) had been happened47. Nobody but Smith and John ___________ in the lab yesterday.A) wereB) had beenC) was beD) was48. Mary has just bought herself ___________ dress.A) a cotton expensive blueB) an expensive blue cottonC) a blue expensive cottonD) a cotton blue expensive49. Such an idea would never occur ___________ me.A) to B) withC) from D) on50. Alice, ___________where to find the book, asked her mother where the book was.A) with no knowledgeB) never knowC) not knowingD) not to know第三部分：阅读理解（本大题共20小题,共30分).Part III Reading ComprehensionSectionA.Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choice marked A), B), C) andD). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneStrange things happen to time when you travel, because the earth is divided into twenty four time zones, one hour apart. You can have days with more than twenty-four hours, and weeks with more or fewer than seven days.If you make a five-day trip across the Atlantic ocean, your ship enters a different time zone every day. As you enter each zone, the time changes one hour. Traveling west, you set your clock back; traveling east, you set it ahead. Each day of your trip has either twenty-five of twenty-three hours.If you travel by ship across the Pacific, you cross the international date line. By agreement, this is the point where a new day begins. When you cross the line, you change your calendar one full day, backward or forward. Traveling east, today becomes yesterday, traveling west, it is tomorrow!51. The difference in time between zones is _________ ．A) more than seven daysB) twenty-four hoursC) one hourD) seven days52. From this selection, it seems true that the Atlantic Ocean ______．A) is in one time zoneB) cannot be crossed in five daysC) is divided into five time zonesD) is divided into twenty-four zones53. If you cross the Atlantic Ocean going east，you set your clock ______．A) ahead one hour in each new time zoneB) head by twenty-three hoursC) back one full day for each time zoneD) ahead one hour for the whole trip54.. The International Date Line is the name for _______．A) any time zone in the Pacific OceanB) any point where time changes by one hourC) the point where a new day beginsD) the beginning of any new time zonePassage TwoMost people have had a dog or wanted one as their companion at some time in their lives. If you are thinking of buying a dog, however, you should first decide what sort of companion you need and whether the dog is likely to be happy in the surroundings you can provide. Specialist advice is available to help you choose the most suitable breed of dog. But in part, the decisiondepends on common sense. Different dogs were originally developed to perform specific tasks. So, if you want a dog to protect you or your house, for example, you should choose a breed that has the right size and characteristicsYou must also be ready to devote a good deal of time to train the dog when it is young and give it the exercise it needs throughout its life, unless live in the country and can let it run freely. Dogs are demanding pets. Cats love the house and so are satisfactory with their place which is secure, but a dog is loyal to its master and consequently wants him to show proof of his affection.The best time to buy a baby dog is when it is between 6 and 8 weeks old so that it can transfer its affection from its mother to its master. If baby dogs have not established a relationship with the human being until they are over three months old, their strong relationship will always be with dogs. They are likely to be too shy when they are brought out into the world to become good pets.55. Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?A) Size and characteristics of the dogs should be considered too.B) It is common sense that is the most important when choosing a dog.C) You should decide what kind of dog you want.D) You can always get help from the specialists.56. What is mentioned as a consideration in buying a dog?A) The price of the dog.B) The color of the dog.C) Whether the dog will fit the environment.D) Whether the dog will get along with the other pets in the house.57. Why does the writer say a dog is a more demanding pet than a cat?A) It must be looked after carefully.B) It demands more food and space.C) It needs more love and care.D) It must be trained so that it won’t bite.58. Why is it advised to buy a baby dog under three months old?A) It’s easier to buy a baby dog under three months old.B) They are less likely to run away.C) They are less likely to be shy with human beings.D) It’s easier for them to form a relationship with their masters.Passage ThreeStudents who want to attend an American college or university must explain how they will pay for their education. They have to show that they will be able to pay for each year of study.Students have to consider not only the tuition, the cost of classes, but also meals and a place to live, known as room-and-board. They also need money for books , supplies ,social activities and other things.Educational advisers say foreign students should keep enough money in a local bank to pay for at least two months of spending. So how much will it cost every year to study at an American school? Generally speaking, the answer is: a lot. The University of Washington says foreign students are paying more than thirty-six thousand dollars this year. Its website says the Universityof Washington does not offer financial assistance to international students.This is generally true of American schools, especially at the undergraduate level. It means foreign students are faced with a heavy financial burden.The international application for the university includes a Statement of Financial Responsibility that must be signed. Students must also provide a bank letter or statement from within the past six months. And they have to name anyone who will help with payments. These people must send proof from a bank to show that they have the money.The government or employer may be able to help you pay all or some college costs. A good idea is to ask at least eighteen months before you want to start classes in the United States.Enough time should be ensured to go through procedures.59. Which statement is true according to the first paragraph?A) Foreign students in America can hardly support themselves.B) They should show that they are able to pay the first year of their study.C) Room-and-board refers to the expense on meals and accommodation.D) Students intending to attend an American college or university should explain who will payfor their education.60. According to educational advisers, how many months of expense should be ensured by foreign students?A) At least two months.B) At least six months.C) At least twelve months.D) At least eighteen months.61. What is Not included in the international application for the university?A) A signed Statement of Financial Responsibility.B) A name list of anyone who will offer help for payments.C) A bank statement issued in the past six months.D) Proofs from banks showing that the students have got the money.62. American universities _________ to international students at the undergraduate levelA) sometimes offer partial financial assistance.B) occasionally offer financial assistance.C) generally do not offer financial assistance.D) always offer financial assistance.Section B.Directions: Match the Chinese sentences in the left column with the English in the right column.Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecentre.山东省2012年普通高等教育专升本统一考试英语试卷二第四部分翻译（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）Part IV TransalationSection ADirections:Put the following sentences into Chinses.All of them are taken from the passages you have just read.71 Traveling west, you set your clock back; traveling east, you set it ahead._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 72 Different dogs were originally developed to perform specific tasks._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________73 A dog is loyal to its master and consequently wants him to show proof of his affection_______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________74 This is generally true of American schools, especially at the undergraduate level._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________75 The government or employer may be able to help you pay all or some college costs._______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Section BDirections:Put the following sentences intoEmglish.76 我喜欢农村生活胜过城市生活。

2012年英语真题答案.doc

Section ⅠUse of English2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章，出自New York Times, June, 30th , 2011的“Ethics, Politics and the Law”一文。

选材回归了2000年完型曾出过的法律类文章，而且和当年一样，也是包含几个小段落，不像以往的文章，三段或者四段论，脉络比较清晰，结构容易把握。

而且，较去年比较“平易近人”的文章，这篇法律类文章背后有一定的背景知识，比较关注时事或者对这一块儿有所了解的同学，会相应得心应手一些。

另外，20道题目中，多达13题都是在考查动词，虽然选项中基本不存在干扰项，除了15题一道考查两词的辨析之外，其他的选项含义都差别甚远，按理说值得高兴。

但是这些考查动词的题目中，许多都考查对于熟词僻义的掌握情况，往年就是08年出现了3处，今年也出现3处。

仅有2道题考查逻辑词，而且这两道题是送分题，不需要考虑太多。

一向是命题人偏爱的以“able”作后缀的形容词依然出现(19题)。

下面就真题作一个详细解析。

和以往一样，第一句话不设空，帮助同学们理解全文探讨的话题：美国高等法庭司法官的伦理道德问题。

题1选B。

maintain. 此空有赖于对后文的理解。

这直接体现了我们作完型的整体思路，也就是首先通读全文。

尤其是看到最后一段直接给出提议：希望法官和政治划清界限从而保证自己的权威性，因此全文的导向和逻辑就非常清晰了。

同时，题2答案(when)也顺势而出：如果法官们和政治家一样，法庭就不能捍卫自己作为法律卫道士的权威。

题2选A。

这里的when其实表示条件关系，即“如果……。

”题3选择weakened。

上下文语义题+词义辨析。

选项含义差别较大，要求对上下文逻辑关系掌握清楚。

Yet表示一个转折：“即使这样，还是有很多法官这样做，损害了法庭独立和公正的名声。

” 本题如果能把导向把握准，即可定位在B和D两项，D项eliminated 过于绝对，排除。

2012年吉林省专升本考试英语真题(含1-30答案)

2012年吉林省专升本考试英语真题1.考生必须在答题卡上答题，用2B铅笔将准考证号代码涂黑，其余用钢笔或圆珠笔填写2.用2B铅笔将答题卡上的正确选项涂黑，修改时必须用橡皮将涂错地方擦干净。

3.本试卷第Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ部分，每题1分；第Ⅲ部分，每题2分。

4.本试卷满分为100分，答题时间为90分钟。

1.Vocabulary(15Points)Directions.There are 15 incommplete sentences in this part.For each sentence,there are 4 choices marked A,B,CandD.Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.Jesus was the founder of the Christian .A.religionB.religiousC.religionlessnessD.religionist2. is an institution in most societies.A. MarryB. MarriedC.To marryD.Marriage3.Testing results showed that he had the ability of a 14-year-old schoolboy!Yet,some scientists were still .They formed a group to retest him.A.gruntB.happyC.suspiciousD.somer4.They’re tearing these old houses to put up a new office building.A.downB.upC.up and downD.in5.People became very when they heard the news.A.exciteB.excitedC.wasexcitdeD.to excited6.“And finally,”I finished,”I like animals because they’renot hypocrites.They don’t say one thing and do another.They are,asI’ve said,honest……”(What’s meaning about“hypocrites?”)wton was a(n) singer until the age of 40,when he turned professional.A.amsteurB.primaryC.adequateD.dynamic8.Every child is , with his or her own needs and preferences.A.awfulB.onlyC.uniqueD.free9.I could’t who the lady dressed in red was.A.understandB.watch outC.calculateD.figure out10.He tried to pay to what she was saying.A.FOCUSB.attentionC.interestD.creation11.The shopping center sells a of goods.A.surveyB.stimulationbinationD.variety12.Leonardo da Vinci was well for his jokes and funny stories.A.knownB.beenC.downD.seen13.When you go to a zoo,you may see a lot of there.A.fruitsB.vegetablesC.booksD.animals14.Chinese consider the number four to be unluckey because of sounds like the world for .A.luckyB.goodC.deathD.pass15.His main in life is to earn as much money as possible.A.missionB.missbleC.sessionmissionⅡ.Structure(15 Points)Directions：There are 15 incommplete sentences in this part.For each sentence,there are 4 choices marked A,B,CandD.Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.16.He promised the secret.A.to keepB.keepingC.keepD.kept17. the teacher came from Russia,he was poor.A.As ifB.WhatC.UnlessD.When18.--- one of them is Liu Xiang？Is he the small man on the right? ---No.He is the tall man on the left.A.WhyB. ThisC.WhichD.When19.I’m sure you’ll have no difficulty the examination.A.passB.passingC.passedD.to passing20.I’m very busy present,Can I call you back later?A.offB.toC.atD.any21.Until then,his family from him for 6 mouths.A.not heardB.hadn’t heardC.haven’t heardD.will not heard22.Only when the war ended .A.did people come backB.did come back peopleC.people did come backe back did people23.I was listening to the radio while my brother the computer games.A．was playing B.would play C.was to play D.played24.The most important is not you do,but you do it.A.what…whichB.what…whatC.what…howD.how…which25.I would have never been able to finish those three miles if I you.A.amB.isC.wereD.was26.A good administrator should know of he is carrying out a correct measure.A.how to be firmB.to have firmnessC.to be firmD.the way of firmness27.This man,as well as his father,always the largest fish.A.catchingB.catchC.catch toD.catches28.Longjing well-know tea.A.IS……\B.is……aC.was……\D.are……a29.How can we endeavor the brevity of human life?A.to prolongB.prolongingC.prolonged Dprolong30.His uncle was the only person that he could depend on he was in America.A.as ifB.thatC.whileD.whatⅢ.Reading Comprehension(40 Points)Directions：There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions.For each of them,there are four choices markedA,B,CandD.You shpuld decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage oneOnly a people far away from home knowa what homesickness is.It is the welling-up tears in your eyes,the lump in you throat,the waving hands when the train is drawing out of the station and taking you away home.It is the strength with which you walk the three miles to your home with heavy bags in your hands after a long tiring trip,and the halt,excitement,and hesitation at the doorstep.It is the impatience,anxiety,misery,fear,andwild guesses when you are waiting for a letter form home,It is the never fading joy of reading it again in bed.It is the unusual patience and indomitable willpower with which you go to the ticket office at midnight and stand in a long line before the small window,and the ecstasy when you at last get a ticket at 10o’clock the next morning.It is the sudden delight of closeness that strikes you when you meet a person from the same town,or even a stranger who has just been there.It is the eagerness to ask about everything,the trees,the hills,andyour dear old folks.It is the sparking eyes when come upon a few words zbout your hometown is one corner of a newspaper.31.The title of paeeage is Homesicknedd,so how do translate it?A.跨国恋B.思乡情C.兄弟盟D.慈母心32.Which kind of perpon knows”homesickness”?A.Most of femalesB.Most of malesC.A perpon far away form homeD.A perpon like walking in the park33.According to the passage,when you meet a perpon fron the same town,you willA. eagerness to ask about everything,the trees,the hills,and your dear old folks.B.want to tell them you are so happy in this cityC. to say nothing with themD.reading the letter again ang again.34.What’s the meaning of the word”impatience”(line1.para4)A.视而不见B.想家C.害怕D.没有耐心，焦急35.According to the passage,ticket office belongs to(line2,para4) ,A.hospitalB.train stationC.middle schoolD.supermarket passage twoWheter you’re on a dinner or at a business lunch,you have to show those you’re with that you are well-edaucated,and then the following suggestions may help you a lot.Don’t speak with food in you mouth No one wants to see what you are chewing or listen to you talk with a mouthfui food.If you’re asked aboutsomething and mouth is full,signal your apologies and,if your dining partners are refined,theywill patiently wait until you’re able to reply.So,eat sloely and converse with your tablemates.Don’t reach across anyone When dining with others.don’t reach over,politelty ask someone to pass the bread.When they do,take the tray or baskest and offer the passer a piece of bread before taking one.If the bread is in front of you,pass it to the perpon beside you and,if they know good etiquette,they will offer you the tray.Don’t make bodily noises Avoid coughing and nose blowing.If you need to cough or sneeze,turn you head away from the table and cover your mouth with your napkin.An inappropriate burp or fart may get you high mark with your friends,but it’ll ruin the meal for anyone eles36.According to the passage,you if you have good table manners.A.are very proud of yourselfB.are highly respectedC.are greatly welcomeD.are well-educated37.What does the suggest for people to have good table manners、A.Signaling apologies directlyB.Talking politelyC.Waiting patientlyD.Eating slowly38.You had better if you want to get the food far from you.A.bravely reach over for itB.patiently wait until it is your turnC.politely ask someone to pass it to youD.slowly get up and go closely to it39.If you need to cough or sneeze,A.pass it to the person beside youB.pass it to the person beside you and,if they know good etiquette,they will offer you the tray.C.turn your head away form the table and cover your mouth with your napkin.D.signal your apologies.40.According to the passage,which of the following can be seen as bad table manners？A.Cleaning your eyes in order to hear talking about others.B.Taking a piece of bread and then giving one to the passer.C.Talking with a mouthful of food.D.BandC.Passage threeRose is a sanitation worker in a restaurant, a much honored one. She has been awarded for her “excellent work and satisfactory service”by the National Tourism Administration four times since she took the job 6years ago.Her job seems simple. Every morning, she is required to clean two washrooms, two bathrooms, two locker rooms, the balcony and thecorridor. But it is hard and demanding work, especially for a girl who suffers from heart disease. “I usually have to come at 8:30—half an hour before the working time begins, and start to bustle in and out without a break,”says Liu. At 11 o’clock—the opening time of the restaurant, everything is washed up. So is she. Then she stands in front of the washrooms to greet every guest with a smile, help them and do the cleaning whenever it is necessary.“It is unusual work for such a young woman,”says the manager of the restaurant. “It is not only the hard work but also the psychological pressure that she has to stand.”Four year ago, she was honored as Excellent Sanitation Worker by the National Tourism Administration. It was the happiest day of her life. “Standing on the stage, I cried, because it is not only a prize, but a kind of understanding and recognition,”Rose says.In spite of the heavy work during the daytime, Liu spends every night learning from her sister’s textbooks. “Sometimes I read till 3 o’clock in the morning and get up at 6 to go to work,”she says.Two yeas ago, she passed the entrance examination for the “Worker College,”and this year, she obtained a diploma in finance. Her thesis was selected for excellence and was honored at the commencement. 41.Rose is a/anA．doctor in a hospital. cator in a middle school.C.sanitation worker in a restaurant.D.manager in pany.42.The underlined sentence in second paragraph meansA.She wants to have heart disease.B.She is a doctor cute the heart disease.C.She is a patient of heart disease.D.She go to restaurant and eat some foods.43.Which time is the restaurangt’s opening time?A.8:30B.9:00C.9:30 D11:0044.Which kind of diploma Rose did obtain?A.worker collegeB.financeC.linguisticD.heart disease45.In Rose’s opinion,honored as Excellent Sanitation Worker isA.a diploma in finance she obtained.B.a prize.C.a kind of understanding and recognition.D.not only a prize,but a kind of understanding and recognition Passage fourLinda received three messagesFirst messages:Second message:Third message46.If Linda wants to go auditorium with David,she’ll notA. go swimming with JulianB.to dinner with Tom&TonyC.to see the movie with DavidD.None of them47.Where will Linda has dinner with Tom&Tony?A.RestaurantB.AuditoriumC.Their apartmentD.Swimming pool48.What’s the meaning of “Hamlet”in third message?A.呼啸山庄B.双城记C.李尔王D.王子复仇记49.How many hours will the movie last?A.1 hourB.2 hoursC.3 hoursD.more than 2 hours50.If linda decided to dinner with Tom&Tony,which one she also can do?A.Swimming with JuliaB.Go to the film with DavidC.Swimming and dancingD.She can’t do anythingⅣ.Cloze(10 Points)People tend to talk 51 stress as if it’s all bad.Actually it’s not. “Some stress is good 52 you,”Dr.Sternberg says.”I have to get my stress response to a certain level so I can perform in front of a largewhen I give talk.”But while some stress is good 53 is not good.”If you’re too stressed, your performance falls off.”Dr Sternberg says.”The objective should be not to get rid of stress completely 54 you can’t get rid of stress—stress is life,life is stress.Rather you need to be able to use your stress response positively.”The key is 55 to move yourself to that ideal point so that you’re not underperforming but you’re also not so stressed 56 you ‘re unable to perform.How much we’re able to do that is the challenge.Dr. Sternberg admits.This may not be possible in all situation, 57 for all people,because just as with the animals Dr.Sternberg studied,some people may have a more sensitive stress response than 58 .“But your goal should be try to learn to 59 your stress to make it work for you,”Dr. Sternberg says. “Don’t just think of 60 your stressyour stress;think of turning it to your advantage.51.A. about B．to Ｃ．In Ｄ．on52.A. so B．for Ｃ．on Ｄ．in53. A.too many B．many to Ｃ．much too Ｄ．too much54. A.if B．because Ｃ．because of Ｄ．so55. A. to learn B．being learning Ｃ．learn Ｄ．be learning56. A.a B．to Ｃ．that Ｄ．who57. A. but B.as Ｃ．both Ｄ．or58. A.another B．others Ｃ．other Ｄ．any another59. A. treat B．open Ｃ．control Ｄ．close60. A.to avoid B．aviod Ｃ．have been avoid Ｄ．AvoidingⅤ.Translation(20 Points)Directions：There are four choices marked A,B,CandD.You shpuld choose the best translation and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet61.He came to Chicago in 1998 and has lived here ever since.A.他于1992年来到芝加哥，之后从没在这里住过。

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吉林大学考博英语2012年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary an(总题数：30，分数：30.00)nguage, culture, and personality may be considered ______ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.（分数：1.00）A.indistinctB.separateC.irrelevantD.independent2.The work was done in the ______ of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres.（分数：1.00）A.contextB.contestC.pretextD.texture3.The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was ______ by the board of trustees.（分数：1.00）A.approvedB.frustratedC.disclosedD.justified4.Some journalists are fond of overstating the situation so that their news may create a great ______.（分数：1.00）A.explosionB.sensationC.exaggeratingD.stimulation5.There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______ there was little to disprove it.（分数：1.00）A.by the same tokenB.under the same conditionC.at the same stageD.for the same purpose6.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ______ in some form.（分数：1.00）A.given offB.put outC.set offed up7.The United Nations Conferences on the Law of the sea would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its ______ declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.（分数：1.00）A.unanimousB.abstractC.autonomousD.almighty8.This growth in the ______ of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity.（分数：1.00）A.inferenceB.incidenceC.regulationD.repetition9.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.（分数：1.00）A.in proportion toB.in reply toC.in relation toD.in contrast to10.France"s ______ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.（分数：1.00）A.assumptionB.consumptionC.presumptionD.resumption11.The ______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.（分数：1.00）A.implementationB.demonstrationC.manifestationD.expedition12.Reading ______ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.（分数：1.00）A.rectifiesB.prolongsC.minimizesD.furnishes13.Previous studies provoked ______ because they used patients whose diagnosis was questionable.（分数：1.00）A.contributionB.contractionC.controversyD.convergence14.Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close ______.（分数：1.00）A.temperamentB.contaminationC.scrutinyD.symmetry15.I never said anything like that at all. You are purposely ______ my ideas to prove your points.（分数：1.00）A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting16.To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must ______ the qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.（分数：1.00）A.forfeitB.enhanceC.guaranteeD.gear17.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ______.（分数：1.00）A.arbitraryB.rationalC.mechanicalD.unpredictable18.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.（分数：1.00）A.stimulateB.renovateC.arouseD.advocate19.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.（分数：1.00）A.affectionateB.sentimentalC.intimateD.sensitive20.Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ______ and needs proving.（分数：1.00）A.spontaneousB.hypotheticalC.intuitiveD.empirical21.The ceremony will ______ as soon as the president arrives.（分数：1.00）mendplyC.confrontmence22.The barbarous aggressors grew more and more ______ in slaughtering people and burning down their houses.（分数：1.00）A.amorphousB.ferociousC.audaciousD.egregious23.Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become ______ and are no longer used in the present days.（分数：1.00）A.obsoleteB.obsceneC.obviousD.oblique24.Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to ______ revenue by limiting commerce.（分数：1.00）A.disregardB.challengeC.diminishD.reject25.The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons ______ slowly into the sky.（分数：1.00）B.ascendingC.escalatingD.elevating26.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ______, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.（分数：1.00）A.interferenceB.interruptionC.interventionD.interaction27.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.（分数：1.00）A.revoltB.revolveC.reverseD.revive28.Foreign disinvestment and the ______ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.（分数：1.00）A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception29.We are moving towards a more ______ and cooperative society, which is getting better and better.（分数：1.00）A.fraternalB.emotionalC.accidentalD.illegal30.The students were ______ about who their new teacher would be when the bell rang for their first class in the new semester.（分数：1.00）A.foreseeingB.speculatingC.fabricatingD.pondering二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)New research from Australia supports the belief that many pet owners have—it shows that pets are good for your health. The 1 of this new study suggest that people who have pets are 2 less risk from heart disease than 3 who do not.Ironically this 4 study on pets was intended to 5 the myth that pets are good for your health. Earlier research 6 the benefits of owning pets received a lot of 7 , but the results were not good enough to 8 the more skeptical doctors. The new research was carried 9 over three years and examined 6000 people, the largest group yet involved in 10 a study. They took tests that measured a 11 of different factors known to be 12 in heart disease— 13 and blood levels of cholesterol (胆固醇) and triglyceride (甘油三酸酯). 14 , people were asked about their lifestyles.The 800 people who owned pets had 15 levels on each of the factors 16 than those who did not own pets. The differences were even greater than those found in similar studies on people who 17 to vegetarian diets or took 18 exercise. The study also showed that it did not matter 19 kind of pet was owned—a cat was as good as a dog—so the benefits could not be attributed 20 the exercise involved in walking a dog.（分数：10.00）B.conclusionsC.indicationsD.signsA.inB.onC.atD.ofA.othersB.onesC.theseD.thoseteterttertestA.exploreB.explodeC.exploitD.expressA.aboutB.inC.onD.ofA.publicityB.publicC.publicanD.publicationA.consultB.convertC.convictD.convinceA.onB.outC.throughD.forA.soB.suchC.howD.whatA.kindB.sortC.varietyD.differenceA.includingB.involvingC.includedD.involvedA.blood pressureC.indigestionD.high feverA.HoweverB.AlsoC.ThereforeD.SoA.similarB.sameC.lowerD.fewerA.calculatedB.testedC.mentionedD.measuredA.switchedB.shutC.ateD.directedA.inB.outC.upD.overA.whatB.whichC..aD.theA.throughB.toC.byD.for三、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient"s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body"s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease"s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient"s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version ofthe disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient"s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970"s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.（分数：10.00）(1).How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to Paragraph Two?（分数：2.00）A.By training the immune system to fight weaker versions of the diseaseB.By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune systemC.By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat itD.Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it(2).What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.The way that vaccines protect people from diseasesB.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseasesC.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic diseaseD.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines(3).The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because ______.（分数：2.00）A.saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the fewB.some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effectsC.they don"t always workD.while many lives are saved, some are actually killed by the vaccine(4).The best title for the passage would be ______.（分数：2.00）A."The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis"B."How Vaccines Work"C."Vaccines: Methods and Implications"D."A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines"(5).The main purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many thinkcate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangerscate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinationsD.present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history. Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains. Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists are learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow"s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when they traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it inplace. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier"s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Stab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called "soft slab" avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn"t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the existing snow. The heavier and the wetter the snow and the colder the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with the existing snow.（分数：10.00）(1).What would be the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.AvalanchesB.The History of AvalanchesC.Skiers BewareD.Avalanches Can Kill(2).According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?（分数：2.00）A.They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attackB.They killed the armies approaching the cityC.They blocked paths into the cityD.They snowblinded the approaching armies(3).According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?（分数：2.00）A.They only have to worry after a heavy snowfallB.Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French AlpsC.They should always expect that an avalanche will occurD.When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche(4).According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?（分数：2.00）A.When the temperature is below 20 degrees FB.Right before a snowstormC.During a snowstormD.In the winter(5).According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?（分数：2.00）A.The slope of the mountainB.The size of the snowfallC.The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfallD.The weight of the snow六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching.A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to bechallenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modem science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually "made" in the elementary schools, scientists can be "lost" by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called "distinguished research investigators" of something else.The pace of modem science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.（分数：10.00）(1).What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplifiedB.Teaching and research are contradictoryC.Research can never be emphasized too muchD.It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching(2).In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because ______.（分数：2.00）A.research improves the quality of teachingB.students who want to be challenged appreciate research professorsC.professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and toughD.it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively(3).According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on research onlyB.It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to train new scientistsC.The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientistsD.The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teaching with research(4).The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do ______.（分数：2.00）A.scientific researchB.teachingC.field workD.investigation(5).The phrase "the problem" (Line 3, Para. 5) refers to ______.（分数：2.00）A.raising the status of teachingB.the separation of teaching from researchC.the combination of teaching with researchD.improving the status of research七、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.（分数：10.00）(1).Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ______.（分数：2.00）A.rely on their financial resourcesB.persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC.borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD.depend on the population as a whole for finance(2).The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is ______.（分数：2.00）A.repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB.raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC.exchanges for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD.invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange(3).When the savers want their money back they ______.（分数：2.00）A.ask another company to obtain their money for themB.look for other people to borrow money fromC.put their shares in the company hack on the marketD.transfer their money to a more successful company(4).All the essential services on which we depend are ______.（分数：2.00）A.run by the Government or our local authoritiesB.in constant need of financial supportC.financed wholly by rates and taxesD.unable to provide for the needs of the population(5).The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.（分数：2.00）A.to borrow as much money as they wishB.to make certain everybody saves moneyC.to raise money to finance new developmentsD.to make certain everybody lends money to them八、Passage Five(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers" seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research"s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read "I lb. Maxwell House coffee" on one list and "Nescafe instant coffee" on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ("personality and character") who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.（分数：10.00）(1).The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact that they spent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that ______.（分数：2.00）A.advertising does not assure favorable sales resultspanies spent more money on advertising than they shouldC.people pay little attention to advertisingD.the more one advertises the better the sales picture(2).In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover ______.（分数：2.00）A.why people drink coffeeB.why instant coffee did not taste goodC.why regular coffee was successfulD.the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee(3).This investigation indicated that ______.（分数：2.00）A.50 per cent of housewives are lazyB.housewives who use instant coffee are lazyC.many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazyD.wives who use regular coffee are good planners(4).On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to show a ______.（分数：2.00）zy housewife using regular coffeeB.hard-working housewife using instant coffeezy housewife using instant coffeeD.man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee(5).Which of the following is implied but not stated?（分数：2.00）A.Despite its advantages, most people disliked instant coffee because of its tasteB.The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was greater than that for regular coffeeC.Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing thingsD.Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buy九、Passage Six(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, or parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating (改善) the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents" evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements. Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护)—the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) waives (放弃) any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.（分数：10.00）(1).The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except ______.（分数：2.00）A.narrow the issuesB.cause early settlementsC.save judicial timeD.increase settlement costs(2).What is the main topic of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.All states should follow California"s example in using small-claims courts in order to free judges for other workB.The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on its older casesC.Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial system more efficientD.While there are many problems with the court system, there are viable suggestions for improvement(3).The word "litigants" means most nearly ______.（分数：2.00）A.jury membersmentatorsC.parties in a lawsuitD.taxpayers(4).Which of the following is true about small-claims courts?（分数：2.00）A.It is possible to have one"s case heard by a jury if he or she is dissatisfied with the court"s decisionB.The litigants must plead accurately and according to a strict formC.The decision may not be appealed to a higher courtD.The parties may not present their cases without an attorney"s help(5).What can we assume from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Most people who feel they have been wronged have a ready remedy in courts of law。