空气压缩机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
压缩机Compressors(双语)

PRODUCTION TECHNICAL TRAINING生产培训PRESENTS课程介绍MODULE: Compressors模块:压缩机DESIGNED FORENHANCING OPERATIONS KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS适用于提高操作知识和技能STUDENT PACKAGE学生部分TABLE OF CONTENTS目录If viewing this TOC on a computer, you can move directly to a subject area by pointing with your cursor and single clicking.如果要在计算机上观察这种TOC(目录表),你可以利用光标指点和单击,直接移动到主题区。
I.INTRODUCTION: (6)I.引言II.GAS COMPRESSION AND METHODS OF COMPRESSION (6)II.气体压缩和压缩方法A.C OMPRESSION B ASICS (6)A.压缩基本知识1)Gas Physics (6)1) 气体的物理性质2)Centrifugal Compressor Head Curve (7)2)离心式压缩机压头曲线B.P URPOSES OF C OMPRESSING G AS IN C HEMICAL P ROCESS S YSTEMS (7)B.化学工艺系统中压缩气体的目的C.C OMMON T YPES OF C OMPRESSORS AND T HEIR O PERATION (8)C.常用类别的压缩机及其运转III.CENTRIFUGAL AND AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS (9)III. 离心和轴流压缩机A.C ENTRIFUGAL C OMPRESSORS (9)A.离心压缩机1)Uses (9)1)用途2)Major Components and Operation (10)2)主要零部件和运转B.A XIAL F LOW C OMPRESSORS (10)B.轴流压缩机1)Uses (10)1)用途2)Design and Operation (11)2)设计和运转C.C ENTRIFUGAL C OMPRESSOR S EALING/L UBRICATION AND C OMPONENTS..............C.离心压缩机密封/润滑和零部件1)Non-contact Shaft Seals (12)1)非接触轴封a)Labyrinth Seal (12)a)迷宫式密封b)Ported Labyrinth Seal (3)b)带排出孔的迷宫式密封c)Restrictive Ring Seal (4)c)阻流环密封2)Contact Shaft Seals (5)2)接触轴封a)Mechanical Contact Shaft Seal (5)a)机械接触轴封b)Liquid-Film Shaft Seal (6)b)液膜轴封c)Overhead Seal Tank (7)c)高位密封油箱3)Bearings (8)3)轴承a)Journal Bearing (9)a)支持轴承b)Thrust Bearing (9)b)推力轴承c)Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing (9)c)可倾瓦块支持轴承d)Balancing Drums (10)d)平衡盘4)Lube-Oil Systems (13)4)润滑油系统D.C OMMON O PERATING P ROBLEMS IN C ENTRIFUGAL AND A XIAL F LOW C OMPRESSORS C OMPRESSORS (15)D.离心和轴流压缩机的常见运转问题1)Surge Problems (15)1)喘振问题a)Causes of Surge (15)a)喘振原因b)Methods of Correcting Surge (16)b)纠正喘振的方法2)Vibration Problems (16)2)振动问题a)Definitions and General Physics (17)a)定义和一般物理性质b)Monitoring Systems (20)b)监视系统c)Radial Vibration (21)c)径向振动d)Axial Displacement (22)d)轴向位移e)Temperature (23)e)温度f)Vibrating Alarm Systems (23)f)振动报警系统g)Transducer-Failure Alarm (24)g)传感器故障报警h)High-Radial-Vibration Alarm (24)h)大径向振动报警i)Axial-Position Alarm (24)i)轴向位移报警j)High-Temperature Alarm (24)j)高温报警3)Lube and Seal-Oil Systems and Problems (25)3)润滑和密封油系统及问题a)Typical Lube Oil System (25)a)典型的润滑油系统b)Typical Seal Oil System (28)b)典型的密封油系统IV.POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS (30)IV. 容积式压缩机A.R ECIPROCATING C OMPRESSORS (30)A.往复式压缩机1)Design Characteristics (30)1)结构特点2)Double-Acting Reciprocating Compressor (39)2)双作用往复式压缩机3)Operation (39)3)操作B.R OTARY C OMPRESSORS (40)B.旋转式压缩机1)Rotary Sliding Vane Compressors (40)1)旋转滑动叶片压缩机2)Rotary Two-Impeller (Lobed) Compressors (41)2)旋转式双叶轮(叶形轮)压缩机3)Rotary Screw Compressor (42)3)旋转式螺杆压缩机4)Rotary Liquid Piston Compressors (43)4)旋转液体活塞压缩机VI.SUMMARY (47)VI.摘要I.INTRODUCTION:引言Compressors are similar in construction to pumps, but operate on different principles since gases are compressible and liquids are not. The primary purpose of compressors is to move air or gases from one place to another and to increase its pressure. Centrifugal and reciprocating compressors are found in many plants. As a Technician, you must be familiar with the design and basic operation of these pieces of equipment and how gases behave when they are compressed.压缩机的结构与泵的类似,但以不同的原理运转,原因是气体可压缩,但液体不能。
空压机有关结构中英文对照

空气压缩机名词英语解释时间:2010-7—1 11:40:27,点击:252容积式压缩机positive displacement compressor往复式压缩机(活塞式压缩机)reciprocating compressor回转式压缩机rotary compressor滑片式压缩机sliding vane compressor单滑片回转式压缩机single vane rotary compressor滚动转子式压缩机rolling rotor compressor三角转子式压缩机triangle rotor compressor多滑片回转式压缩机multi-vane rotary compressor滑片blade旋转活塞式压缩机rolling piston compressor涡旋式压缩机scroll compressor涡旋盘scroll固定涡旋盘stationary scroll,fixed scroll驱动涡旋盘driven scroll,orbiting scroll斜盘式压缩机(摇盘式压缩机)swash plate compressor斜盘swash plate摇盘wobble plate螺杆式压缩机screw compressor单螺杆压缩机single screw compressor阴转子female rotor阳转子male rotor主转子main rotor闸转子gate rotor无油压缩机oil free compressor膜式压缩机diaphragm compressor活塞式压缩机reciprocating compressor单作用压缩机single acting compressor双作用压缩机double acting compressor双效压缩机dual effect compressor双缸压缩机twin cylinder compressor闭式曲轴箱压缩机closed crankcase compressor开式曲轴箱压缩机open crankcase compressor顺流式压缩机uniflow compressor逆流式压缩机return flow compressor干活塞式压缩机dry piston compressor双级压缩机compound compressor多级压缩机multistage compressor差动活塞式压缩机stepped piston compound compressor, differential piston compressor 串轴式压缩机tandem compressor,dual compressor截止阀line valve, stop valve排气截止阀discharge line valve吸气截止阀suction line valve部分负荷旁通口partial duty port能量调节器energy regulator容量控制滑阀capacity control slide valve容量控制器capacity control消声器muffler联轴节coupling曲轴箱crankcase曲轴箱加热器crankcase heater轴封crankcase seal, shaft seal填料盒stuffing box轴封填料shaft packing机械密封mechanical seal波纹管密封bellows seal转动密封rotary seal迷宫密封labyrinth seal轴承bearing滑动轴承sleeve bearing偏心环eccentric strap滚珠轴承ball bearing滚柱轴承roller bearing滚针轴承needle bearing止推轴承thrust bearing外轴承pedestal bearing臼形轴承footstep bearing轴承箱bearing housing止推盘thrust collar偏心销eccentric pin曲轴平衡块crankshaft counterweight, crankshaft balance weight 曲柄轴crankshaft偏心轴eccentric type crankshaft曲拐轴crank throw type crankshaft连杆connecting rod连杆大头crank pin end连杆小头piston pin end曲轴crankshaft主轴颈main journal曲柄crank arm,crank shaft曲柄销crank pin曲拐crank throw曲拐机构crank-toggle阀盘valve disc阀杆valve stem阀座valve seat阀板valve plate阀盖valve cage阀罩valve cover阀升程限制器valve lift guard阀升程valve lift阀孔valve port吸气口suction inlet压缩机气阀compressor valve吸气阀suction valve排气阀delivery valve圆盘阀disc valve环片阀ring plate valve簧片阀reed valve舌状阀cantilever valve条状阀beam valve提升阀poppet valve菌状阀mushroom valve杯状阀tulip valve缸径cylinder bore余隙容积clearance volume附加余隙(补充余隙)clearance pocket活塞排量swept volume,piston displacement理论排量theoretical displacement实际排量actual displacement实际输气量actual displacement, actual output of gas 气缸工作容积working volume of the cylinder活塞行程容积piston displacement气缸cylinder气缸体cylinder block气缸壁cylinder wall水冷套water cooled jacket气缸盖(气缸头) cylinder head安全盖(假盖)safety head假盖false head活塞环piston ring气环sealing ring刮油环scraper ring油环scrape ring活塞销piston pin活塞piston活塞行程piston stroke吸气行程suction stroke膨胀行程expansion stroke压缩行程compression stroke排气行程discharge stroke升压压缩机booster compressor立式压缩机vertical compressor卧式压缩机horizontal compressor角度式压缩机angular type compressor对称平衡型压缩机symmetrically balanced type compressor空压机英文菜单及报警信息的中英文对照序号英文报警信息中文报警名称1 Emergencey Stop 紧急制动2 Communication Control 通讯控制3 Invalid Access Code 进入码错误4 No fault stored 无故障信息存储5 No fault reset 无复位指示6 No service indicated 无维修指示7 Remote start enable 远程启动8 Remote start enables 远程停机9 Stop machine first 先停机10 Fan motor fault 风扇电机故障11 High air pressure 空气压力过高12 High oil temp fault 油温过高13 Main motor fault 主电机故障14 Pressure probe fault 压力探测器故障15 Rotation fault 转向故障16 Star/delta fault Y/△故障17 Temperature probe fault 温度探测器故障18 Change air filter 更换空气过滤器19 Chang reclaimer element 更换油分离器滤芯20 High oil 油温过高21 Service due 技术服务时间到22 Max overpress 最高过压(自己复位)23 Total 总时数24 Hours on load 负载时数25 Max。
空气净化器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文资料Celebrate Your Freedo m from Allergens-- The #1Rated Whole-House Air Purification SystemAbstractThe Perfect 16 powerfully removes more allergens, bacteria, dust, pollen and other airborne contaminants that are detrimental to your health. It’s the perfect system for people who suffer from allergies, asthma or for people who simply want to breathe the cleanest air possible. Let IQAir transform your house into a healthy home.Key word:The Perfect 16;Remove allergens;Fresh airHighest Efficiency – Lowest Air RestrictionThe Perfect 16™ is the only system that is rated a perfect Merv 16, the highest filtration rating possible. MERV stands for Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value. The MERV system was created by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) to independently verify how well an air filtration system really cleans the air. 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Manfred, a life-long allergy and asthma sufferer, was the first person to benefit from his own machine.Swiss Craftsmanship The Highest QualityCrafted, assembled, individually inspected and tested at IQAir’s Swiss factory, each Perfect 16 meets our high standards before it leaves our facility. IQAir expert craftsmen construct each unit with dedication and extreme attention to detail.IQAir’s passion for the highest product quality extends to our expert, professional installation practices.IQAir leads the industry with the most comprehensive installation guarantee.The Perfect 16 Delivers up to 50 Times More Filtration PowerThe Secret is the Revolutionary V2 DesignThe V2 Difference: Perfect 16’s revolutionary V2 designMost air filters have a single flat surface that fits squarely into the housing of the syst em. The Perfect 16’s filters are placed in a double “V” shape. The V2 design allows the Perfect 16 to use over 170 square feet of filter media. This is up to 50 times more filtration material than that of ordinary filtration systems. The additional surface area creates higher filtration efficiency, while allowing more air to pass through the system. A truly innovative design with substantially increased collection area providessuperior filtration power over ordinary filtration systems.Featuring Unique AMF TechnologyThe Perfect 16 is the first whole-house air cleaning system to utilize advanced micro-fiber filtration technology. Filter fibers are 10 times thinner than those used in standard air filters. This allows air to easily pass through the filters, while the ultra-fine threads create an almost impenetrable barrier for pollution particles. The result is an air filter that sets a new standard for air cleaning efficiency as well as airflow.No Filter Replacements for 3 Years!Most whole-house air cleaning systems and furnace filters require monthly changing and many even require weekly cleaning. 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But now we’re taking this tradition to the highest level and going beyond industry standards by testing the system and guaranteeing the results right in your home.After the Perfect 16 is installed, the IQAir Authorized Installer will test and verify the installation with an advanced laser particle counter. The authorized installer will ensure that the system is removing at least 90% of particles 0.3 microns or larger. System performance will b e detailed in a personalized owner’s certificate.Using advanced laser technology, an IQAir Authorized Installer will test particle levels before and after installation to guarantee results of 10X cleaner air. After testing the system, our IQAir Authorized Installer will enter the test results intoa personalized owner’s certificate which certifies your home as one of the healthiest homes in America.IQAir’s Whole-House Air Cleaning System Wins Reviewboard’s Product of the YearWritten by Philip Ferreira, Editor-in-Chief of Reviewboard MagazineThe home we tested the Perfect 16 in was immaculate, but like many homes it had a hidden problem –unhealthy indoor air. We used advanced laser particle counting equipment before and after installation so that our readers could see what they could really expect if they had this system installed in their own home.The Perfect 16 delivers the highest level of air cleaning effectiveness available to homeowners. Reviewboard tested the system in a real home, not in a laboratory, and we saw an almost 95% improvement in air quality.The Perfect 16 retrofits into existing heating and/or air conditioning (HV AC) systems. It uses the existing duct work of a home to provide clean air to every room of the house. The Perfect 16 utilizes IQAir’s Advanced Micro-Fiber Filtration technology. The ultra-fine fibers used in the Perfect 16’s filters are ten times thinner than the fibers used in standard air filters. This allows air to pass easily through the filter mesh while creating an almost impenetrable barrier for common household pollutants like dust, pollen, mold spores, allergens, even bacteria and viruses.We also noted that the Perfect 16 does away with a major annoyance of other whole-house air purifiers: frequent cleaning or filter changes. Most air purifier systems require cleaning or filter changes every few months.The Perfect 16 is filter replacement and maintenance free for up to three years. The Perfect 16 utilizes the circulation of a home’s forced air HV AC system. It does not require additional electricity to operate, and unlike electronic air purifiers, it produces absolutely no ozone.The Perfect 16 is a truly amazing product. In our judgment, it is the best whole-house air purification system on the market. It is exceptional in its air cleaning effectiveness and ultra-low maintenance. It’s a true winner and deserving of Reviewboard’s Product of the Year award.The Perfect 16 can be seen Sundays on ABC’s popular television show “Extreme Makeover: Home Edition”, as IQAir helps the show’s Design Team build healthy homes for deserving families. It is also currently featured in “Esquire House 360” in Beverly Hills, California.About Reviewboard –Alexa ranking lists Reviewboard Magazine as the third largest consumer product review publication in the world. Their product reviews are read each year by more than 110 million readers in 54 countries worldwide. Alexa also lists Reviewboard as the #1 user ranked consumer publication in the world.Real Homes - Real ResultsWhat difference will the Perfect 16 make in your home? Take a look at the results achieved in this old home built in 1928. It is hillside property in Los Angeles, a city known for its poor air quality. Indoor air quality specialists used advanced laser pa rticle counters to measure the home’s indoor air quality before and after the installation. The instruments recorded the microscopic airborne pollution particles in the home including dust, mold, pollen, bacteria, and other irritants.This home’s air qual ity was improved by over 95% within 90 minutes of installation, and that’s a typical result.Location: Los Angeles County, California | Home size: 2’300 sq.ft (two story). Date: June 24, 2006 | HV AC System airflow: 1200 cfm Air Cleaning: Perfect 16 ID-2225Before the installation the air pollution levels throughout the home were at approximately 1.5 million particles per cubic foot. After the Perfect16 was installed, the air quality was improved by over 90% in just 60 minutes. After 90 minutes, air quality was improved by over 95%. The home went from an unhealthy indoor environment to one of America’s cleanest homes in just an hour and a half. These are real results achieved in real homes, the kind of results you can expect when your Perfect 16 is installed.2000-2008 The IQAir Group. All rights reserved. Technical specifications are subject to change without prior notice. IQAir, HealthPro and HyperHEPA are the registered trademarks of The IQAir Group.中文翻译庆祝你从过敏原获得自由-- # 1额定的全方位空气净化系统摘要完美的16强力去除更多的过敏原,细菌,灰尘,花粉和其他有害健康的空气污染物。
流体 机械 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 减轻高压注气压缩机爆炸风险

原文Mitigating Explosion Risks in High Pressure Air Injection CompressorsAbstractThis paper describes research undertaken by Encore Acquisition Company and the University of Calgary regarding the flammability safety of synthetic lubricants used in Encore’s compressors in their high pressure air injection (HPAI) projects in Southeastern Montana. With over 2,270 e3m (ST)/d (80MMscfd) of installed air compression capacity discharging at pressures of 31.0 to 34.5 MPa (4,500 to 5,000 psi), a critical aspect of this project is the safe and uninterrupted operation of the compressors. Experience gained by Encore and other HPAI operators shows that the reaction of high pressure air with compressor lubricants in high temperature interstage and discharge regions of the compressors can be a source of trouble (destructive overpressures), even when synthetic diester-based lubricants are employed.Using an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC), samples of fresh and used synthetic lubricants were heated in the presence of air at initial pressures up to 34.5 MPa (5,000 psi). Self-heating rates and pressure responses were measured.The results highlighted the significant effect of pressure on auto-ignition temperature. Most significantly, the auto-ignition temperature of the diester-based lubricant dropped from the manufacturer’s reported level of 410?C (770?F) at atmospheric pressure to 180?C (365?F) at pressures in the range of 17.2 to 34.5 MPa (2,500 to 5,000 psi). Also, the auto-ignition temperature of used (oxidized) synthetic lubricant was further reduced to values close to the operating temperature levels of the compressors. Finally, it was noted that the auto-ignition temperatures for different brands of diester-based lubricants were all very similar.The significance of this study is not only in the temperature data, but also in the discussion of several significant changes that Encore made to the design and operation of their high pressure air compressors as a result of this study. This information will assist future HPAI operators in designing safe and reliable air compression systems. IntroductionImproved oil recovery of conventional light oils by high pressure air injection (HPAI) is becoming a well known process. With increasing oil demand and dwindling primary and secondary production-based reserves, more producers are showing increasing interest in HPAI. Typical examples of such increasing interest include Encore’s eight injector 17 e3m (ST)/d (6 MMscfd) HPAI project initiated in 2002 in their Pennel Unit that has since expanded to 850 e3m (ST)/d (30 MMscfd) with an ultimate design of 1,700 e3m (ST)/d (60 MMscfd). Air has been continually injected at 34.5 MPa (5,000 psi) for four years in the original portion of the flood. In addition, a new 566 e3m3(ST)/d (20 MMscfd)HPAI project was initiated in the Cedar Creek-Little Beaver East Field located on the Montana/North Dakota border in 2004. This project has 28 injection wells and is operated at 31.0 MPa (4,500psi). Figure 1 isa map indicating Encore’s presence in the Cedar Creek Anticline [over 160 km (100 miles) long] showing the HPAI and waterflood projects sites.Safe and uninterrupted compressor operation is the most important factor in the successful implementation of every HPAI project. To improve operational safety and reliability, ester-based synthetic lubricating oils are widely used in HPAI compressors. The advantages of these synthetic lubricants over petroleum-based lube oils include higher flash point, higher auto-ignition temperature (1, 2)(AIT) and higher detergency (low residue) . These properties significantly minimize explosion risks during compressor operation. The standard test manufacturers use to measure the auto-ig (3) nition temperatures of these lube oils, ASTM E-659 and ASTM (4)D-2155 , are performed at atmospheric pressure. The flammability ranges of hydrocarbon fuels are known to widen with an (5)increase in pressure . Thus, operating below the manufacturer’s recommended AIT would not eliminate the potential risk for an explosive reaction between the air and the compressor lube oil. This was thought to occur in an Encore Acquisition’s HPAI facility in Southeastern Montana.The objective of this work was to investigate the oxidation behaviour of fresh and used (partially oxidized) synthetic ester-based lube oils, Anderol 750 and Anderol 555, at different reaction pressures. The results were compared to those of other ester-based synthetic lube oils; namely, Shell Corena DE 150 and a custom formulated ester-based synthetic oil from Summit Lubricants. The safety improvements Encore implemented based on the results of this investigation are also discussed.Applicability of ARC tests to lube oilThe accelerating rate calorimeter was originally developed for the evaluation of thermal hazard of substances. Detailed description of the ARC apparatus, its theory, experimental procedure and (6-8)data analysis are available in the literature .The classical analysis of ARC test data is based on a simple singular decomposition reaction of the form A → Pro ducts, with the basic assumption that the reaction goes to completion, and the products do not interfere with the reaction mechanism. If the above exothermic reaction occurs adiabatically, all the reaction heat will be used in raising the product’s tempera ture. The resulting selfheat rate can be approximated by the following (6) :()1000d --⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=n F n FF C T T T T T T k dt T (1) The above equation can be rearranged to the form below (with the pseudo-rateconstant 10-*=n kC k ). ()()dtdT T T T T k n F n F ⋅--=*-10 (2) At the correct reaction order, k * has the same functional dependence on temperature as k*. Hence, experimental thermal decomposition data is used to obtain k* and a graphical iteration is used on the Arrhenius model below to obtain the best fit for the reaction order and the kinetic parameters (6) .()()⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=-*T R E AC k n 1ln ln 10α (3) Unlike the singular decomposition reaction on which ARC theory is based, formulated synthetic ester-based lube oils often contain various additives to improve their oxidative stability (9.10). The oxidation reactions of these lube oils and other complex mixtures, such as crude oils, seldom go to completion during an ARC test either due to oxygen availability or formation of refractory residual material, even in the presence of excess air. In addition, the observed experimental data such as dT/dt and T need F to be corrected for the thermal inertia of the reaction cell. While self-heating rates upwards of 1,000?C/min are recorded, experimental heater power supply data verified that the ARC is not able to closely track actual self-heating rates in excess of 15 to 18?C/minute. Therefore, measured maximum heating rates of greater than the 15 to 18?C/minute range should be viewed as qualitative indications of elevated oxidation rates rather than as the absolute SHR values. In spite of these limitations, ARC tests have provided useful values for the kinetics parameters for even complex mixtures such as crude oil (11) .Experimental ProcedureMaterialsThe synthetic ester-based lube oils Anderol 750 and Anderol 555 used in this work are of ISO viscosity grade of 150 and 100 , respectively, supplied by Encore. To investigate the effect of inservice oil use on the potential risk of auto-ignition, both fresh and used (partially oxidized) oils were tested. The used oils were sampled from different points along the compressor train. Table 1 summarizes the oil type, location description and the ARC test number in which the oils were used. The Anderol 750 sample used in Test 3 and Test 4 was taken from the final stage scrubber which is after the pulsation bottle and the cooler, while the one used in Test 5 and Test 6 was from the pulsation bottle directly after the final compression stage. Thus, the former Anderol 750 sample had been subjected to a high temperature and pressure for a longer duration. The Anderol 555 used in Tests 9 and 10 was obtained from the last compression stage with a normal operating temperature and pressure of about 149?C (300?F) and 31.0 MPag (4,500 psig). The Shell Corena DE 150 is a 150-ISO viscosity grade oil consisting of about 90 – 99 mass% synthetic esters, and 1 – 10 mass% proprietary polymer additives . The Summit oil is a custom formulated ester-based synthetic lube oil for high pressure air compressors.ARC test ProcedureThe ARC tests were performed in a modified CSI-ARC apparatus. Briefly, the ARC consists of the calorimeter unit with the sample-holder (see Figure 2), power supply, temperature control and main processor units. The main processor is used for setting the run conditions and controlling the experiment. It also processes the results to obtain kinetic and thermal parameters from the experimental data. The two ARCs at the University of Calgary have been extensively and specially modified for reliable operation up to 41.4MPa (6,000 psi), while tracking highly exothermic combustion reactions. They use specially developed 9 cm reaction cells made of Hastelloy-Cweighing approximately 24.3 gm. The instrument is calibrated and drift-checked before each run.In each test, about 0.2 g (Table 1) of the synthetic lube oil sample was loaded in the reaction cell and mounted in the ARC heating assembly, as shown in Figure 2. The ARC tests were performed in a closed mode in which the oil-loaded reaction cell was filled with air to the desired pressure and sealed. No mass exchange occurs across the cell boundary during the test; the cell boundary includes the volume of tubing connection to the pressure gauge. The ARC system was heated to the starting temperature of 50?C and operated in a heat-wait-search (HWS) mode. In the HWS operating mode, the sample was subjected to repeated cycles consisting of heating in steps of 5?C, followed by a 20 minute wait period (for thermal equilibration between the lube oil sample and the reaction cell) and then a search for self-heating. During the latter, the microprocessor searches for a self-heat rate (SHR) greater than a preset value of 0.025?C/min. Once an exotherm is detected, the exothermic (oil oxidation) reaction is allowed to proceed adiabatically. Four test pressures were selected in order to investigate the effect of pressure and to reflect the interstage pressures in the real operation.Results and Discussion temperature and Pressure Profiles The ARC test conditions used for the two synthetic lube oils, Anderol 750 and Anderol 555, are summarized in Table 1. Typical accelerating rate calorimeter responses for the HWS test method are shown in Figures 3 and 4 for fresh Anderol 750 tested at 17.2 MPag (2,500 psig) and at 34.5 MPag (5,000 psig), respectively. The temperature profiles show the ramp of stepwise temperature increase due to the HWS scheme with the occurrence of an exothermic reaction (self-heat) beginning after about 950 min at 180?C (Figure 3). No additional exotherms were detected in the subsequent HWS steps until the maximum operating temperature of the system (500?C) was attained and the system automatically shuts down resulting in the observed rapid cooling. The pressure profile closely followed the temperature profile. The rates of change in temperature and pressure during the exotherm are shown as insets in the above figures. At 34.5 MPag (5,000 psig) test pressure(Figure 4), the major exotherm occurred earlier but at the same starting temperature as the 17.2 MPag (2,500 psig) test (850 min, 180?C).Based on the temperature vs. time responses as shown in Figures 3 and 4, the self-heat rates due to the exothermic reactions of the lube oil and air at different initial pressures are presented in Figures 5 and 6 for the fresh and the used Anderol 750, respectively. Similar SHR plots for fresh and used Anderol 555 are shown in Figure 7, while Figure 8 shows the exothermic self-heating of the Corena DE 150 oil and the custom formulated Summit lubricant. The regions with no data points in the above figures indicate the absence of any detectable exothermic activity in those temperature ranges.Self-heat Rates and AItThe SHR plots in Figures 5 and 6 show a characteristic ramp-up in exothermic activity at the lower temperature end of the data (180–195?C and 155 – 165?C for the fresh and the used Anderol 750, respectively) followed by two distinct pressure dependent behaviours. For the 17.2 MPag (2,500 psig) and the 34.5 MPag (5,000 psig)runs, the initial portion of the self-heat region is followed by an essentially instantaneous 20-330 fold increase in the SHR, and an eventual decline in the latter. Following the initial SHR phase, the runs at 500 psig and 1,000 psig show phases of increasing SHR [albeit much lower than the ones at 17.2 and 34.5 MPag (2,500 and 5,000 psig)] followed by the final decline in the SHR.The self-heat rates are relatively insensitive to the test pressure for self-heat rates of less than 0.3?C/minute. The initial energy generation is believed to be associated with liquid phase reactions for which there is an excess of oxygen and reactive hydrocarbon in the liquid phase. Once the self-heat rates approach a certain level, the liquid phase reactions become controlled by the rate of transfer of oxygen (i.e. on the oxygen partial pressure in the vapour phase and mass transfer resistance), as well as on the concentration of reactive hydrocarbon in the liquid phase. In the absence of the onset of a reaction zone involving the vapour phase, the oxidation reactions responsible for the energy generation will be associated with liquid phase reactions and will terminate when all of the reactive liquid phase hydrocarbon fractions are consumed. This appears to be the case for the 3.4 and 6.9 MPag (500 and 1,000 psig) tests.A comparison of Figures 5 and 6 reveal that under similar test conditions, the oxidized oil starts to react earlier, and at a lower temperature than the fresh oil. This is believed to be due to the formation of liquid phase oxidized species under the in-service conditions of the commercial compressors. The oxidized species (9)participate in a number of liquid phase free radical reactions . The above observations are also true for Anderol 555 (Figure 7).The shape of the self-heat rate curves is indicative of different mechanisms controlling the overall heat generation rate at a given temperature. At the lower temperature regions, the SHR traces exhibit a behaviour which can be approximated using an Arrhenius-type expression which implies a semi-logarithmic relationship between self-heat rate and inverse absolute temperature. This behaviour will appear as a straight line on the self-heat rate plots shown in Figures 5 to 8, inclusive. Over other temperature ranges, the self-heat rates are relatively insensitive to temperature which suggests that mass transfer to, and within the liquid/solid phase, is dominating the self-heating rate.Figure 8 shows that the exothermic self-heating of the Corena DE-150 oil started at essentially the same temperature as the Anderol oils, but the maximum SHR and the final temperature of the major exotherms were significantly lower. The reported AIT of the (13)Corena DE 150 is 443?C . The custom formulated Summit lube oil showed the highest on-set temperature of the major exotherms (195?C) and a final temperature of the major exotherm similar to that of the Anderol oils.The rapid increase in SHR observed at 17.2 MPag (2,500 psig) and at 34.5 MPag (5,000 psig) is believed to be a violent gas-phase reaction, i.e., ignition of a combustible vapour phase of the lube oil-air mixture. In order to initiate and sustain a vapour phase burn, the concentration of hydrocarbon in the vapour phase must be within the flammable region and the temperature must be above the value required for auto-ignition. In the absence of liquid phase compositional data andphase behaviour relationships for the modified components, it is impossible to accurately predict the composition of the vapour phase at the time of initiation of the vapour burn. Based on the assumption that increased test pressure implies lower hydrocarbon vapourization rates at a given temperature, the moles of hydrocarbon in the vapour phase will decrease and the amount of hydrocarbon remaining in the liquid phase will remain higher with increasing total pressure. For a given initial concentration of oxygen in the injected air, the amount of oxygen available in the vapour phase will increase with increasing total pressure. As a result of the combined pressure effects, it is surmised that when the temperature within the reaction cell is above that required for ignition, the hydrocarbon concentrations in the vapour space for the two lower pressure tests falls in the fuel rich region, while the two higher pressure tests fall in the flammable region. Once the vapour phase burn is initiated, the greater amount of heat released for the 34.5 MPag (5,000 psig) test reflects the increased amount of oxygen available to sustain the combustion reaction.The amount of heat generated during the violent vapour phase reaction and the associated pressure increases could lead to a hazardous situation in field operations. It is important to note that these reactions started at <190?C for both the fresh and the oxidized Anderol and the Corena DE 150 lube oils. This temperature is much lower than the AIT of 410?C (ASTM E-659 test at 1 atmosphere) (12)and is well within the nominal operating range (–15 to 230?C) reported by the Anderol manufacturer. It is similarly lower than the (13)reported 443?C AIT of the Corena DE 150 oil . Therefore, it is necessary for HPAI air compressor operators to determine the AITs for their lubricating oils under real operating conditions. The effect of pressure on SHR of fresh and used Anderol 555 at 17.2 MPag (2,500 psig) and at 34.5 MPag (5,000 psig) (Figure 7) are similar to those of Anderol 750. Both Anderol 555 and Anderol 750 have similar AITs and flash points; the former is less viscous at the same (12)temperature .In addition to pressure, the auto-ignition temperature can also be affected by the heating rate. Figure 9 shows the pressurized differential scanning calorimeter (PDSC) response of used Anderol 750 tested at 1,000 psi. At the low heating rate (0.15?C/min), the exothermic reaction occurred at a lower temperature and to a much lower extent compared to the reaction at the higher heating rate (5?C/min). The average sample heating rate during the HWS cycles in the ARC tests was about 0.16?C/min.Termal and Kinetic ParametersThe experimental SHR data was used in conjunction with Equations (1) to (3) to obtain the kinetic parameters of the lube oil-air reactions. Due to the previously discussed limitations in the applicability of the ARC test procedure to the lube oils, only the initial exotherms were fitted with the above equations. The initial exotherms are believed to play a significant role in generating the heat necessary for the subsequent violent vapour phase reactions to occur. No significant changes in oxygen or oil concentration occurred during the initial exotherms; hence, zero order kinetics were found to be appropriate. The calculated Arrhenius activation energy, E , and other thermal parameters of the test systems are summarized in Table 2.Relevance to oilfield hPAI CompressorsThe polarity of ester molecules results in strong intermolecular attraction and low volatility of ester-based lube oils. Due to the low volatility of the ester-based synthetic lube oils, the high compressor operating pressures and the large air throughputs involved in HPAI air compression systems, it is unlikely that sufficient lube oil will evaporate to form a combustible vapour with the compressed air in the process lines. However, combustible mixtures can still form at the compressed air-lube oil interface or in dead spaces within the process streams due to the heat generated by the initial exotherm. Therefore, accumulations of lubricating oils, especially in stagnant regions in the compression system, must be avoided.Safety Improvements at encore Compressor StationSafety is a prime concern at Encore’s HPAI compressor station and modifications to existing and new facilities are always being examined. Early in Encore’s experience with high pressure air compression, focus was given to oil holdup based on offsite operators’ experience. This means that compressor cylinders were rotated 90 degrees if this created better oil drainage. Explosions in air compression facilities have been attributed to the presence of excessive amounts of ester-based lubricant in the compressed air system . Pulsation bottle baffles had holes in the bottom of the plates to allow drainage. All pipe locations that could pool compressor oil were eliminated. This was a good start, however, problems were encountered when the compressors were turned down in rate. It was discovered that the air velocity was key in moving used compressor oil away from the heat source and in dissipating the exothermic heat generated in oil oxidation reactions. In addition, flammability of the vapour phase is very dependent on air velocity. The vapour phase is believed to be fuel lean at normal discharge rates, but it can enter the flammable region in regions where oil is in contact with dead air. Rapid pressurization of areas where oil may be trapped should be avoided. For an ideal gas under adiabatic conditions, the temperature following pressurization equals the inlet absolute temperature times the specific heat ratio. Assuming a specific heat ratio of 1.4 for air and an auto-ignition temperature of 180?C, an inlet air temperature of 50?C combined with a rapid re-pressurization could cause the temperature to exceed the AIT. For the above reasons, Encore has imposed a turndown limit for its compressors based on air velocity considerations.In theory, depressurization of the space above a pool of lubricating oil may also lead to the formation of a flammable mixture. At a given temperature, the lube oil volatility will increase as oxygen partial pressure decreases, so the vapour phase may enter the flammable region from the lean side. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that pools of oil are not trapped in portions of the piping that are at high temperatures. Operating temperatures for each compression stage should be limited when designing a high pressure air compression facility. This limit will be based on the compressor oil’s AIT at the operating pressure, plus a safety factor accounting for further oil degradation. Lubrication should not be an afterthought of the compression design, but an integral part of it.The final lesson learned from Encore’s field experience is that plant maintenance regarding compressor oil buildup is important. Facilities should be designed withclean-out access ports to bottles, coolers and scrubbers such that they can be easily cleaned on a regular basis. Buildup of carbonaceous deposits and compressor oil can lead to an ignition in the piping with potentially dangerous consequences. ConclusionAccelerating rate calorimeter tests of fresh and used ester-based synthetic lubricating oils, Anderol 750 and Anderol 555, at 3.4 to 34.5 MPag (500 to 5,000 psig) shows that:1. At pressures of 17.2 to 34.5 MPag (2,500 to 5,000 psig), the auto-ignitiontemperature is less than 190?C — well within the nominal operating range of the oil. Hence, it is essential to test the AIT of the lubricating oils for HPAI air compressors at the anticipated operating pressures.2. Used (partially oxidized) oil showed lower AIT compared to identical freshoil.3. Increasing the heating rate of an oxidized Anderol 750 sample delayed theoccurrence of auto-ignition to a higher temperature, and led to greater heat generation.4. The different fresh synthetic oils tested gave a similar response to the ARCheat-wait-search scheme. Test pressure and the state of the lube oil (fresh or oxidized) has a greater influence over the oil type.5. The maximum operating temperatures of HPAI air compressors should bebased on the AIT of the compressor oil at the operating temperature. The compressor facilities should be designed with clean-out access ports to bottles, coolers and scrubbers such that they can be easily cleaned on a regular basis. AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge Encore Acquisition Company and Continental Resources for the permission to publish this work. We also thank K. van Fraassen, D. Marentette, M. Hancock and J. Li for the experimental work on ARC and PDSC.NomeNClAtuReA = pre-exponential (Arrhenuis) factorC = reactant concentrationE a = activation energyk = reaction rate constantk* = pseudo-reaction rate constant (10k n C )T = temperaturet = timeSubscripts0 = initial conditionsF = final conditionsAcronymsAIT = auto-ignition temperatureARC = accelerating rate colorimeterCSI = Columbia scientific industriesHPAI = high pressure air injectionHWS = heat-wait-searchNM = not measuredPDSC = pressurized differential scanning calorimeterSHR = self-heat rate(s)第二篇:减轻高压注气压缩机爆炸风险摘要这篇文章阐述了由安可收购公司和卡尔加里大学共同进行的一项研究,这是关于安可公司在蒙大拿州东南部压缩机高压注气(HPAI)工程的合成润滑油燃烧安全性的研究。
空压机中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译空压机使用及维护说明书1 安全预防措施1.1 一般信息压缩空气和电都很危险。
在对空压机进行任何维前,一定要切断、锁住和标记电源并将空压机中的全部释放。
操作过程中所有保护措施必须到位并将门/盖关闭。
空压机的安装必须符合公认的电气操作规范,并符地的卫生与安全规定。
请只使用安全溶剂清洁空压机和辅助设备。
1.2 压缩空气一定要使机器在额定的压力下运作,而且要让所有相关人员都知道该额定压力。
安装在机器上的所有空气压力设备或与该机器相连的所有空气压力设备都必须有安全工作压力额定值并且该额定值不得低于机器的额定压力。
如果有几台压缩机与一个公用下游设备连接,则必须安装有效的止回阀和隔离阀,并用工作程序控制,从而使一台机器不会被另一台机器意外加压或过度加压。
如果安全阀安装在隔离阀和空压机之间,则它必须具有足够的容量用于释放空压机中的空气。
由于排放出来的空气中含有少量的压缩机润滑油,因此要注意下游设备的适应性。
如果排出的空气最后排放在一个有限的空间内,则必须提供足够的通风设备。
使用不带金属保护装置的塑料壳体过滤器会有危险。
影响其安全的因素可能是合成润滑油,也可能是矿物油中使用的添加剂。
金属碗应该用于高压系统。
压缩空气决不能同任何形式的呼吸设备或口罩直接相连。
每次使用压缩空气时都必须使用适当的个人保护设备。
所有含压部件,尤其是弹性软管及其接头,都必须定期检查,做到毫无缺陷,如发现缺陷,必须根据本《手册》的说明进行更换。
如处置不当,压缩空气可能会带来危险。
操作之前要切记将系统中的压力全部释放,并确保机器不能意外启动。
要避免身体与压缩空气接触。
应定期检查位于分离槽内的安全阀是否工作正常。
无论何时通过减压安全阀释放压力,都是由于系统装置中压力过高。
应立即查找压力过高的原因。
1.3 原料机器制造过程中使用了下述材料,如使用不当,可能会危害身体健康:防护性润滑脂防锈剂空压机冷却剂详细信息请参阅冷却剂材料安全数据表。
压缩机英文资料

压缩机英文资料压缩机英文资料The latter two are used extensively in the design of refrigeration equip ment. If you place two objects together so that they remain touching, and one is hot and one is cold, heat will flow from the hot object into the cold object. This is called conduction. This is an easy concept to grasp and is rather like gravitational potential, where a ball will try to roll down an inclined plane. If you were to fan a hot plate of food it w ould cool somewhat. Some of the heat from the food would be carried away by the air molecules. When heat is transferred by a substance in the ga seous state the process is called convection. And if you kicked a glowing hot ember away from a bonfire, and you watched it glowing dimmer and dimmer, it is cooling itself by radiating heat away. Note that an object doesn't�t have to be glowing in order to radiate heat, all things use c ombinations of these methods to come to equilibrium with their surroundi ngs. So you can see that in order to refrigerate something, we must finda way to expose our object to something that is colder than itself andnature will take over from there. We are getting closer to talking about the actual mechanics of a refrigerating system, but there are some othe r important concepts to discuss first.The States of MatterThey are of course; solid, liquid and gas. It is important to note that heat must be added to a substance to make it change state from solid to liquid and from liquid to a gas. It is just as important to note that he at must be removed from a substance to make it change state from a gas t o a liquid and from a liquid to a solid.The Magic of Latent HeatLong ago it was found that we needed a way to quantify heat. Something m ore precise than "less heat" or "more heat" or "a great deal of heat" wa s required. This was a fairly easy task to accomplish. They took 1 Lb. of water and heated it 1 degree Fahrenheit. The amount of heat that was required to do this was called 1 BTU (British Thermal Unit). The refriger ation industry has long since utilized this definition. You can for exam ple purchase a 6000 BTUH window air conditioner. This would be a unit th at is capable of relocating 6000 BTU's of heat per hour. A larger unit capable of 12,000 BTUH could also be called a one Ton unit. There are 12, 000 BTU's in 1 Ton.To raise the temperature of 1 LB of water from 40 degrees to 41 degrees would take 1 BTU. To raise the temperature of 1 LB of water from 177 deg rees to 178 degrees would also take 1 BTU. However, if you tried raising the temperature of water from 212 degrees to 213 degrees you would not be able to do it. Water boils at 212 degrees and would prefer to change into a gas rather than let you get it any hotter. Something of utmost im portance occurs at the boiling point of a substance. If you did a little experiment and added 1 BTU of heat at a time to 1 LB of water, you woul d notice that the water temperature would increase by 1 degree each time. That is until you reached 212 degrees. Then something changes. You woul d keep adding BTU's, but the water would not get any hotter! It would ch ange state into a gas and it would take 970 BTU's to vaporize that pound of water. This is called the Latent Heat of Vaporization and in the cas e of water it is 970 BTU's per pound.So what! you say. When are you going to tell me how the refrigeration ef fect works? Well hang in there, you have just learned about 3/4 of what you need to know to understand the process. What keeps that beaker of wa ter from boiling when it is at room temperature? If you say it's because it is not hot enough, sorry but you are wrong. The only thing that keep s it from boiling is the pressure of the air molecules pressing down on the surface of the water. When you heat that water to 212 degrees and th en continue to add heat, what you are doing is supplying sufficient ener gy to the water molecules to overcome the pressure of the air and allow them to escape from the liquid state. If you took that beaker of water t o outer space where there is no air pressure the water would flash into a va pour. If you took that beaker of water to the top of Mt. Everest wh ere there is much less air pressure, you would find that much less heat would be needed to boil the water. (it would boil at a lower temperature than 212 degrees). So water boils at 212 degrees at normal atmospheric pressure. Lower the pressure and you lower the boiling point. Therefore we should be able to place that beaker of water under a bell jar and hav e a vacuum pump extract the air from within the bell jar and watch the w ater come to a boil even at room temperature. This is indeed the case!A liquid requires heat to be added to it in order for it to overcome theair pressure pressing down on its' surface if it is to evaporate into a gas. We just learned that if the pressure above the liquids surface is reduced it will evaporate easier. We could look at it from a slightly di fferent angle and say that when a liquid evaporates it absorbs heat from the surrounding area. So, finding some fluid that evaporates at a handi er boiling point than water (IE: lower) was one of the first steps requi red for the development of mechanical refrigeration.Chemical Engineers spent years experimenting before they came up with the perfect chemicals for the job. They developed a family of hydroflourocarbon refrigerants which had extremely low boiling points. These chemica ls would boil at temperatures below 0 degrees Fahrenheit at atmospheric pressure. So finally, we can begin to describe the mechanical refrigerat ion process.Main ComponentsThere are 4 main components in a mechanical refrigeration system. Any co mponents beyond these basic 4 are called accessories. The compressor isa va pour compression pump which uses pistons or some other method to compress the refrigerant gas and后两个是广泛用于制冷设备的设计。
空气压缩机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

毕业设计外文资料翻译附件1:外文资料翻译译文一维多级轴流压缩机性能的解析优化摘要 对多级压缩机的优化设计模型,本文假设固定的流道形状以入口和出口的动叶绝对角度,静叶的绝对角度和静叶及每一级的入口和出口的相对气体密度作为设计变量,得到压缩机基元级的基本方程和多级压缩机的解析关系。
用数值实例来说明多级压缩机的各种参数对最优性能的影响。
关键词 轴流压缩机 效率 分析关系 优化1 引言轴流式压缩机的设计是工艺技术的一部分,如果缺乏准确的预测将影响设计过程。
至今还没有公认的方法可使新的设计参数达到一个足够精确的值,通过应用一些已经取得新进展的数值优化技术,以完成单级和多级轴流式压缩机的设计。
计算流体动力学(CFD )和许多更准确的方法特别是发展计算的CFD 技术,已经应用到许多轴流式压缩机的平面和三维优化设计。
它仍然是使用一维流体力学理论用数值实例来计算压缩机的最佳设计。
Boiko 通过以下假设提出了详细的数学模型用以优化设计单级和多级轴流涡轮:(1)固定的轴向均匀速度分布(2)固定流动路径的形状分布,并获得了理想的优化结果。
陈林根等人也采用了类似的想法,通过假设一个固定的轴向速度分布的优化设计提出了设计单级轴流式压缩机一种数学模型。
在本文中为优化设计多级轴流压缩机的模型,提出了假设一个固定的流道形状,以入口和出口的动叶绝对角度,静叶的绝对角度和静叶及每一级的入口和出口的相对气体密度作为设计变量,分析压缩机的每个阶段之间的关系,用数值实例来说明多级压缩机的各种参数对最优性能的影响。
2 基元级的基本方程考虑图1所示由n 级组成的轴流压缩机, 其某一压缩过程焓熵图和中间级的速度三角形见图2和图3,相应的中间级的具体焓熵图如图4,按一维理论作级的性能计算。
按一般情况列出轴流压缩机中气体流动的能量方程和连续方程,工作流体和叶轮的速度。
在不同级的轴向流速不为常数,即考虑i j u u ≠,i j c c ≠ (i j ≠) 时的能量和流量方程。
往复式和离心式压缩机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献离心式和往复式压缩机的工作效率特性往复式压缩机和离心式压缩机具有不同的工作特性,而且关于效率的定义也不同。
本文提供了一个公平的比较准则,得到了对于两种类型机器普遍适用的效率定义。
这个比较基于用户最感兴趣的要求提出的。
此外,对于管道的工作环境影响和在不同负载水平的影响给出了评估。
乍一看,计算任何类型的压缩效率看似是很简单的:比较理想压缩过程和实际压缩过程的工作效率。
难点在于正确定义适当的系统边界,包括与之相关的压缩过程的损失。
除非这些边界是恰好定义的,否则离心式和往复式压缩机的比较就变得有缺陷了。
我们也需要承认,效率的定义,甚至是在评估公平的情况下,仍不能完全回应操作员的主要关心问题:压缩过程所需的驱动力量是什么?要做到这一点,就需要讨论在压缩过程中的机械损失。
随着时间的推移效率趋势也应被考虑,如非设计条件,它们是由专业的流水线规定,或者是受压缩机的工作时间和自身退化的影响。
管道使用的压缩设备涉及到往复式和离心式压缩机。
离心式压缩机用燃气轮机或者是电动马达来驱动。
所用的燃气轮机,总的来说,是两轴发动机,电动马达使用的是变速马达或者变速齿轮箱。
往复压缩机是低速整体单位或者是可分的“高速”单位,其中低速整体单位是燃气发动机和压缩机在一个曲柄套管内。
后者单位的运行在750-1,200rpm 范围内(1,800rpm 是更小的单位)并且通常都是由电动马达或者四冲程燃气发动机来驱动。
效率要确定任何压缩过程的等熵效率,就要基于测量的压缩机吸入和排出的总焓(h),总压力(p),温度(T)和熵(s),于是等熵效率s η变为:)],(),([)],(),([suct suct disch disch suct suct suct disch s T p h T p h T p h s p h --=η (Eq.1)并且加上测量的稳态质量流m ,吸收轴功率为:)],(),([.suct suct disch disch m T p h T p h m p -=η (Eq.2)考虑机械效率m η。
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毕业设计外文资料翻译附件1:外文资料翻译译文一维多级轴流压缩机性能的解析优化摘要 对多级压缩机的优化设计模型,本文假设固定的流道形状以入口和出口的动叶绝对角度,静叶的绝对角度和静叶及每一级的入口和出口的相对气体密度作为设计变量,得到压缩机基元级的基本方程和多级压缩机的解析关系。
用数值实例来说明多级压缩机的各种参数对最优性能的影响。
关键词 轴流压缩机 效率 分析关系 优化1 引言轴流式压缩机的设计是工艺技术的一部分,如果缺乏准确的预测将影响设计过程。
至今还没有公认的方法可使新的设计参数达到一个足够精确的值,通过应用一些已经取得新进展的数值优化技术,以完成单级和多级轴流式压缩机的设计。
计算流体动力学(CFD )和许多更准确的方法特别是发展计算的CFD 技术,已经应用到许多轴流式压缩机的平面和三维优化设计。
它仍然是使用一维流体力学理论用数值实例来计算压缩机的最佳设计。
Boiko 通过以下假设提出了详细的数学模型用以优化设计单级和多级轴流涡轮:(1)固定的轴向均匀速度分布(2)固定流动路径的形状分布,并获得了理想的优化结果。
陈林根等人也采用了类似的想法,通过假设一个固定的轴向速度分布的优化设计提出了设计单级轴流式压缩机一种数学模型。
在本文中为优化设计多级轴流压缩机的模型,提出了假设一个固定的流道形状,以入口和出口的动叶绝对角度,静叶的绝对角度和静叶及每一级的入口和出口的相对气体密度作为设计变量,分析压缩机的每个阶段之间的关系,用数值实例来说明多级压缩机的各种参数对最优性能的影响。
2 基元级的基本方程考虑图1所示由n 级组成的轴流压缩机, 其某一压缩过程焓熵图和中间级的速度三角形见图2和图3,相应的中间级的具体焓熵图如图4,按一维理论作级的性能计算。
按一般情况列出轴流压缩机中气体流动的能量方程和连续方程,工作流体和叶轮的速度。
在不同级的轴向流速不为常数,即考虑i j u u ≠,i j c c ≠ (i j ≠) 时的能量和流量方程。
在下列假定下分析轴流压缩机的工作:·相对于稳定回转的动叶、静叶和导向叶片机构, 气体流动是稳定的; ·流体是可压缩、无黏性和不导热的; ·通过级的流体质量流量为定值;·在实际工质的情况下, 压缩过程是均匀的; ·本级出口绝对气流角为下一级进口角绝对气流角; ·忽略进出口管道的影响。
在每一级的具体焓如下:j*22j i 2j i=1/2i i h c =+-∑ (1)j*22j+11i 2j+1i 1/2i i h c ==+-∑ (2)第j 阶段的动叶和静叶的焓值损失总额计算如下:()(){222rj rj 2j-12j-12j 12j-12j-12j-12j-1rj/2/2//h wG F u Gctg F ωραρω-⎫⎡⎤⎡⎤∆==+-⎬⎣⎦⎣⎦⎭(3) ()()222rj sj 2j 2j 2j 2j sj /2/1/2h c G F ctg ωραω⎡⎤∆==+⎢⎥⎣⎦(4) 其中ri ω是第j 阶段动叶叶片轮廓总损失系数,sj ω是第j 阶段静叶叶片轮廓总损 失的系数。
图1 n 级轴流式压缩机的流量路径。
叶片轮廓损失系数ri ω和sj ω是工作流体和叶片的几何功能参数。
它们可以使用各种方法及视作常量来计算。
当ri ω和sj ω看做工作流体和叶片的几何功能参数时,可以使用Ref 迭代的方法来计算损失系数。
使用迭代方法解决计算损失系数: (1)选择ri ω和sj ω初始值,然后计算各级的参数。
(2)计算的ri ω,sj ω值,重复第一步,直到计算值和原值之间的差异足够小。
第j 阶段理论所需计算得:j 2j u,2j 2j-1u,2j-12j 2j 2j-12j-12j 2j 2j-12j-1G Gh u c u c u ctg u ctg F F ααρρ=-=- (5) 第j 阶段实际所需计算得:图2 n 级压缩机的焓熵图图3 中间级的速度三角形图4 中间级的焓熵图22222j-12j2j 2j-1rj 22w w u u h --=+(6)基元级反应度定义为rj j /h h Ω=。
因此有:()()()u,2j 222a,2j 2j 2j-1j a,2j 2j 2j-11112k ctg ctg k k ctg ctg ϕαααα⎡⎤+-+⎣⎦Ω=-- (7)在这里u,i k ,()a,i 12k i n =→视作速度系数,它们的计算为:a,i a,i a,111i i //k c c F F ρρ==和u,i i 1/k u u =()()j2*22j-112j i 2j 2j 2j i=1/1/20A i i h G F ctg ρα⎡⎤≡-+-+=⎣⎦∑ (8) ()()j2*22j 12j+1i 2j+12j 12j+1i 1/1/20A i i h G F ctg ρα+=⎡⎤≡-+-+=⎣⎦∑ (9) 3 级组的数学模型压缩机各级的比压缩功为()j 1h j n =→则总的比耗功为nc j j=1h h =∑, 各级的滞止等熵能量头为*s,j h ,则级组各级滞止等熵比压缩功总和为n*s,j j=1h ∑,级组等熵比压缩功为*sc h , 则n**s,j z sc j=1(1)h h α=+∑为压缩机的重热系数。
根据定义,多级压缩机通流部分滞止等熵效率为:n***scscc sci i=1//h h h h η==∑求解确定各级能量头的分配:()nnn*2n+1j Z scjr sj j=1j 1j 110A h h h h α==≡-+-∆-∆=∑∑∑ (11)方程式(11)同样可以写作:()1221:,0j A ctg ρα==()22323,,,0A ctg ctg ρραα=….()2j-122j 22j ...,...0A ctg ctg ρραα=()2j 22j 122j 1...,...0A ctg ctg ρραα++= (12)()2n 22n 122n 1:...,...0j n A ctg ctg ρραα++==()*2n 122n 122n+1sc ...,...,0A ctg ctg h ρραα++=出于方便,一些参数简化约束计算做了如下定义:()()()()()()2*22222j 111j j j 1/211/1c i ctg y f ctg τλελαα=-++⎡⎤⎣⎦ (13) ()()()*2uj 111uj j j j 1/21/1j u c i k ctg y f ctg τλελαϕα⎡⎤=-+⎡⎤⎣⎦⎣⎦ (14) ()()()2*222j 11uj 1/21/1u i k ctg τλϕα⎡⎤=-+⎡⎤⎣⎦⎣⎦ (15)()()()2*2**2*j 1j 1j uj 1j 1/2/2//2w i c i u c i u i =-+ (16)这里1()τλ 1()ελ是气动力函数,*11/c a λ=在这里的*a 是滞止声速相对应的*2*12(1)/(1)a i k k =-+,且j j 11uj j //()f F F l k l == 是相对面积,*j j 1/y ρρ=是相对密度,l 是叶片高a,11/c u ϕ= 是流量系数。
通过Boiko 的论文引入等熵线系数,一个是:1i j j j i 1exp s s R σσ=⎛⎫-== ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭∏ (17)这里()()k/k-1i is i /i i σ= (18)因此约束条件也可写作()()()j11u,2i 2i u,2i-12i-1k-11-k 2j-12j2j-12i=12i 2i 2i-12i-112111k ctg k ctg A y y f y f ctg τλελαασϕα-⎡⎤⎛⎫⎣⎦≡-+- ⎪+⎝⎭∑ ()()22j 2112222j 2j 111101ctg y f ctg ατλελα+--=⎡⎤⎣⎦+ (19)()()()j11u,2i 2i u,2i-12i-1k-11-k 2j 2j+12j2i 12i 2i 2i-12i 112111k ctg k ctg A yy f y f ctg τλελαασϕα=--⎡⎤⎛⎫⎣⎦≡-+- ⎪+⎝⎭∑ ()()22j 12112222j+12j+1111101ctg y f ctg ατλελα++--=⎡⎤⎣⎦+ (20) ()()nu,2i 2i u,2i-12i-12n+11z SCi 12i 2i 2i 12i 11k ctg k ctg A y f y f ααελϕαψ=--⎛⎫≡--+ ⎪⎝⎭∑()()1222n12i 1u,2i-1ri 22i 12i-12i-12i-12i-112ctg k y f y f ϕελϕελαω-=⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪-+- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭∑()()122n 22isi22i=12i 2i1102ctg y f ϕελαω-+=∑ (21)在这里多级轴流式压缩机滞止等熵线的效率计算如下:()()()n*scsc 1u,2i2i 2i 2i u,2i-12i 12i 12i 1i=1///k ctg y f k ctg y f ηψελϕαα---⎧⎫⎡⎤=-⎨⎬⎣⎦⎩⎭∑ (22) 这里*2sc sc1/h u ψ=是多级压缩机的等熵工作系数,每一级的等熵工作系数是*2si si 2i-1/h u ψ=。
现在的优化问题是寻找i a 和i y 的最佳值,来找出在方程(19~21)约束下的目标函数*sc η的最大值。
4 结论一旦这些系统和定义的常数按目标实现自己系统功能,在他最理想的环境下达到预计函数最大的程度。
其呈现的并非是一个线性的而是一阶梯函数。
本优化模型是(2n +1)约束功能和一个n 级轴流压缩机(4n + 1)变量的非线性规划程序。
例如改善外部法或SUMT 法,对于这样的问题Powell 采用在无约束极小化技术与一维最小的抛物线插值方法。
人们已经发现是非常有作用的。
表1 各级相对面积级 (i ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7相对面积i f1 0.936 0.886 0.809 0.729 0.7010.647表2 原始数据和设计计划参数 上限 下限 原始数据最佳数据s ψ=0.732 s ψ=0.732 s ψ=0.732 s ψ=0.6ϕ=0.59ϕ=0.59ϕ=0.49ϕ=0.591α()︒ 54 90 80.5891 72.6858 74.9116 66.5570 2α()︒ 35 90 49.50 45.00 45.00 45.00 3α()︒ 54 90 84.1338 76.3431 77.55 68.2003 4α()︒ 35 90 49.50 45.00 45.00 45.00 5α()︒ 54 90 66.411 59.7080 69.0582 55.7046 6α()︒ 35 90 49.5418 45.00 45.00 46.6157 7α()︒549089.9990.0090.9989.61472y 0 3 1.089 1.0459 1.0913 1.093 3y 0 3 1.148 1.1474 1.1549 1.0798 4y 0 3 1.424 1.3970 1.3900 1.2624 5y 0 3 1.424 1.4117 1,。