City Development Strategies (CDS) and Sustainable
城市规划名词外文翻译
history of cities settlement market city wall capital city imperial palace outer city imperial city neighborhood street lane hutong, alley outskirt city moat, city trench castle polis city township, town city proper suburb city classification industrial city mining city port city commercial city campus city science city scenic-tourist city resort city small city medium-sized city large city urbanization urbanization level conglomeration, agglomeration counterurbanization, deurbanization suburbanization city agglomeration megalopolis metropolitan area, conurbation city group, city cluster urban conservation historical building historical site
城市史 居民点 市[场] 城[墙] 都城 宫城 外城 皇城 里 街 巷 胡同 关厢 城濠 城堡 城邦 城市 镇 市区 郊区 城市分类 工业城市 矿业城市 港口城市 商业城市 大学城 科学城 风景旅游城市 休养城市 小城市 中等城市 大城市 城市化 城市化水平 集聚 逆城市化 郊区城市化 城市群 大城市连绵区 大城市地区 城市组团 城市历史保护 历史建筑 历史地段
城市群文献综述
城市群文献综述一、国外城市群研究阶段的主要成果与观点（一）国外城市群研究启蒙发展阶段(1915～1945)的主要成果与观点：英国学者霍华德(E.Howard,1898)最先从城市群体(Town)的角度来研究城市，《明日的田园城市》(GardencitiesoTo-morrow)中的“田园城市”正是通过“组合群体”来协调和发展的。
20世纪初，英国的格迪斯(P.Geddes,1915)在《进化中的城市》(Cities in Evolution)中运用区域综合规划的方法，提出城市演化的形态：城市地区(City Region)、集合城市(Conurbation)以及世界城市(Word city),其中集合城市被看作是拥有卫星城的大城市。
之后的恩文(R.Unwin,1922)发展为“卫星城”理论应用于大城市如伦敦的建设与调整。
芬兰沙里宁(E.Saarinen,1918)的《城市:它的发展、衰败和未来》强调城市是有机的生命体,城市群体发展应当从无序的集中变为有序的疏散。
在这种“有机疏散”理论指导下他制定了大赫尔辛基规划方案。
德国地理学者克里斯泰勒(W.Christaller,1933)首次将区域内的城市群体系统化,其著名的城市群体组织结构模式，被广泛采用。
他的中心地理论更是城市群研究的基础理论之一。
杰弗逊(M.Jefferson,1939)和哲夫(G.K.Zipf,1942)分别对城市群体的规模分布展开理论探讨，并且后者首次将万有引力定律引入城市群的空间分析。
（二）国外城市群研究丰富深化阶段(1945～)的主要成果与观点：二战后社会经济的飞速发展，国外城市群的研究在多学科交叉作用下，加上新科学方法与技术手段的运用，在理论和实践方面都获得突破与丰富。
维宁(R.Vining,1942)从理论上进一步阐明城市群存在的合理性与客观性。
邓肯(O.Duncan,1950)在《大都市与区域》中首次引入“城市体系”(UrbanSystem)的观点[1]。
城乡规划专业外语
居民点settlement城市city市municipality城镇town市域administrative region of a city城市化urbanization城市化水平urbanization level城市群agglomeration城镇体系urban system卫星城satellite城镇体系规划urban system plan城市规划urban plan城市设计urban design城市总体规划纲要master plan outline城市规划区urban plan area城市建成区urban built-up area开发区development area旧城改建urban redevelopment城市基础设施urban infrastructure城市总体规划master plan分区规划district plan近期规划immediate plan详细规划detail plan控制性详细规划regulatory plan修建性详细规划site plan城市管理urban plan administration城市发展战略strategy for urban development城市职能urban function城市性质designated function of city城市规模city size城市发展方向direction for urban development城市发展目标goal for urban development 城市人口结构urban population structure城市人口年龄构成age composition of urban population城市人口增长urban population growth城市人口机械增长nature growth rate of urban population城市人口自然增长mechanical growth rate of urban population城市人口预测urban population forecast城市用地urban land居住用地residential land商业用地business facilities land绿地＆广场用地green space and square space仓储营地warehouse space 道路与交通设施用地street andtransportation space公共设施用地municipal utilities space公共管理与公用服务用地administrationand pubic services space工业用地manufacturing land特殊用地specially-designed land水域＆其他用地water and miscellaneousland保留用地reserved land城市用地评价urban land use evolution城市用地平衡urban land use balance城市结构urban structure城市布局urban layout城市形态urban morphology城市功能分区functional districts of city工业区industrial districts居住区residential districts商业区commercial districts文教区institutes and colleges districts中心商业区central business districts仓储区warehouse districts综合区mixed-use districts风景区scenic zone市中心civic center副中心sub-civic center居住区规划residential district planning居住小区residential quarter组团housing cluster城市交通urban transportation城市对外交通intercity transportation城市交通预测urban transportationforecast城市道路系统urban road system城市道路网络urban road network快速路express way城市道路网密度density of urban roadnetwork大运量快速交通mass rapid transit步行街pedestrian street城市给水water supply城市用水water consumption城市给水工程water supply engineering给水水源water sources水源选择water sources selection水源保护protection of water sources城市给水系统water supply system排水sewerage污水sewage生活污水domestic sewage工业废水industrial waste water生产污水polluted industrial waste water城市排水系统sewage system分流制separate system合流制combined system城市排水工程sewerage engineering污水治理sewage treatment电源power source城市用电负荷electrical load高压走廊high tension corridor通信communication通信系统communication system城市供电系统power supply system城市集中供热district heating system城市燃气gas城市燃气系统gas supply system城市绿化urban afforestation城市绿化系统urban green space system公共绿地public green space公园park绿地green belt专用绿地specified green space防护绿地green buffer城市生态系统city ecosystem城市生态系统平衡balance of city ecosystem城市环境污染city environmental pollution城市环境质量city environmental quality城市环境质量评价city environmental qualityassessment城市环境保护city environmental protection历史文化名城history city历史地段history site历史地段保护conservation of history sites历史地段保护规划conservation plan ofhistory sites城市防灾urban disaster prevention城市防洪urban flood control城市防洪标准flood control standard防洪工程flood control work城市防震earthquake hazard protection城市消防urban fire control城市防空urban air defense容积率plot ratio道路红线boundary line of roads建筑间距building interval日照标准insolation standard绿地率greening rate。
Multiple Choice
Multiple Choice1) Which of the following statements about marketing is true?A) It is of little importance when products are standardized.B) It can help create jobs in the economy by increasing demand for goods and services.C) It helps to build a loyal customer base but has no impact on a firm's intangible assets.D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones.E) It is seldom used by nonprofit organizations.Answer: B2) A social definition of marketing says ________.A) effective marketing requires companies to remove intermediaries to achieve a closer connection with direct consumersB) a company should focus exclusively on achieving high production efficiency, low costs, and mass distributionto facilitate the broadest possible access to the company's productsC) marketing is the process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with othersD) marketing is the process of extracting the maximum value from consumers to facilitate corporate growthE) marketing is the process of aggressive selling and promotion to encourage the purchase of products that might otherwise be unsought by the consumerAnswer: C3) The Soccer World Cup is promoted aggressively to both companies and fans. This is an example of marketinga(n) ________.A) ideaB) placeC) luxury itemD) eventE) serviceAnswer: D4) Which customer question is answered by a company's value proposition?A) "Why should I buy your brand rather than a competitor's?"B) "How does your brand benefit me and society?"C) "What are the costs and benefits of your brand?"D) "What kind of experience will I have with products and services associated with this brand?"E) "What are the benefits of being a loyal consumer of your brand?"Answer: A5) ________ are basic human requirements, while ________ are the ways in which those requirements are satisfied.A) Wants; needsB) Demands; wantsC) Needs; wantsD) Needs; demandsE) Demands; needsAnswer: C6) The value of an offering is described as ________.A) the price consumers are charged for a productB) the cost of manufacturing a productC) the degree to which consumer demand for a product is positiveD) the sum of the tangible and intangible benefits and costs to customersE) the intangible benefits gained from a productAnswer: D7) Managers of ________ businesses concentrate on achieving high manufacturing efficiency, low costs, and mass distribution.A) selling-orientedB) product-orientedC) production-orientedD) marketing-orientedE) consumer-orientedAnswer: C8) Which of the following is NOT a market-oriented business definition?A) "to make the Internet buying experience fast, easy, and enjoyable"B) "to sell tools and home repair and improvement items"C) "to deliver low prices every day"D) "to be the guardian of our customers' financial dreams"E) "to bring aspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world"Answer: B9) The marketing concept holds that ________.A) a firm should find the right products for its customers, and not the right customers for its productsB) customers who are coaxed into buying a product will most likely buy it againC) a new product will not be successful unless it is priced, distributed, and sold properlyD) consumers and businesses, if left alone, won't buy enough of the organization's productsE) a better product will by itself lead people to buy it without much effort from the sellersAnswer: A10) Which of the following is best described as a market-oriented business definition?A) Missouri-Pacific Railroad: We run a railroad.B) Xerox: We make copying equipment.C) Standard Oil: We sell gasoline.D) Encyclopedia Britannica: We distribute information.E) Columbia Pictures: We make movies.Answer: D11) Market-penetration, product-development, and market-development strategies would all be examples of________ strategies.A) concentric growthB) conglomerateC) horizontalD) intensive growthE) integrative growthAnswer: D12) Starbucks has introduced a debit card that lets customers prepay for coffee and snacks. This effort by Starbucks management is an example of ________.A) market developmentB) product developmentC) diversificationD) market penetration(渗透)E) product adaptation 产品适应Answer: D13) Which of the following is an example of growth by diversification多样化?A) a company introducing its existing products in a new marketB) a company introducing new product category in a new marketC) a company increases its product line in an existing marketD) a company introducing a new product category in an existing marketE) a company integrates一体化 backward to cut costsAnswer: B14) If you were the CEO of a company that was looking to implement strategies实施战略 to fill a perceived strategic-planning gap, you would most likely explore ________ strategy first because it is easier to improve an existing business than to build a new one.A) market-penetration 渗透B) market-developmentC) diversificationD) product-developmentE) exclusiveAnswer: A15) Once Starbucks had established its presence in thousands of cities internationally, the company sought to increase the number of purchases by existing customers with a ________ strategy that led to new in-store merchandise, including compilation CDs and high-speed wireless access.A) product-developmentB) market-penetrationC) diversificationD) market-developmentE) conglomerateAnswer: A16) In SWOT analysis, which of the following would be considered a strength?A) internal limitationsB) trends in the marketC) favorable factors in the environmentD) factors that challenge the company's performanceE) internal resourcesAnswer: E17) Qantas, the Australian national carrier, introduces flights to the Middle East. This is an example of ________.A) product developmentB) diversificationC) market developmentD) market penetrationE) differentiationAnswer: D18) Which of the following economies provide limited opportunities to international marketers to develop product sales?A) capitalist economiesB) subsistence economiesC) raw-materials-exporting economiesD) industrializing economiesE) industrialized economiesAnswer: B19) A company would like to study the impact of advertising expenditure on sales and sales revenue. This is an example of ________ research.A) prescriptiveB) causalC) secondaryD) exploratoryE) qualitativeAnswer: B20) Percy Original caters to a market of individuals and households that buys goods and services for personal consumption. Percy Original caters to a ________ market.A) businessB) resellerC) governmentD) consumerE) marketing intermediaryAnswer: D21) Primary data can be collected in several ways. Installing CCTV cameras in a retail store whereby consumers' actions can be recorded is an example of ________.A) focus group researchB) survey researchC) observational researchD) behavioral researchE) experimental researchAnswer: C22) When a consumer considers a product or service, he or she will choose whichever product or service delivers the highest ________.A) customer-perceived valueB) customer-perceived costC) customer profitability analysisD) customer equityE) customer lifetime valueAnswer: A23) Total customer satisfaction is measured based on the relationship of ________.A) expected value and total customer benefitB) perceived performance and expectationC) advertised outcomes and real outcomesD) past experience and present experienceE) customer attitude and salesperson's attitudeAnswer: B24) Which method could a marketing researcher use to obtain information that people are unwilling or unable to provide?A) observationalB) surveyC) questionnaireD) focus groupsE) personal interviewsAnswer: A25) The Marlboro Man was depicted in the advertisements of Marlboro cigarettes as a rugged outdoor, tough cowboy type. This was done to establish what is called ________.A) trademarkingB) a brand nameC) a brand personalityD) co-brandingE) a brand referenceAnswer: C26) The starting point for understanding consumer behavior is the ________ model in which marketing and environmental stimuli enter the consumer's consciousness, and a set of psychological processes combine with certain consumer characteristics to result in decision processes and purchase decisions.A) self-relianceB) self-perceptionC) psychogenicD) stimulus-responseE) projectiveAnswer: D27) Which of the following best explains why a rush of marketers now participate in established online social networks?A) Social networking has been proven to be more effective than traditional marketing.B) Social networks allow companies to have greater control over brand-related content than other media do.C) Members of social networking sites are unlikely to tune out personalized advertising messages.D) Companies have found their own social networks to be unsuccessful.E) Consumers are more likely to view to peer-to-peer communication as credible.Answer: E28) Which of the following theories developed by Frederick Herzberg distinguishes dissatisfiers from satisfiers?A) trait-role theoryB) psychological constraint theoryC) probability theoryD) leadership modelE) two-factor theoryAnswer: E29) ________ can work to the advantage of marketers with strong brands when consumers make neutral or ambiguous brand information more positive.A) Selective attentionB) Selective distortionC) Selective retentionD) Selective choiceE) Selective embellishmentAnswer: B30) With respect to consumer decision making, the ________ is the set of strong contenders from which one will be chosen as a supplier of a good or service.A) total setB) awareness setC) consideration setD) choice setE) decision setAnswer: D31) Which of the following statements about market segmentation is true?A) It involves changing the identity of a product, relative to the identity of competing products, in the collective minds of the target market.B) It is a process of evaluating each segment's attractiveness and selecting one or more to enter.C) It is a process of creating an image or identity of the product in the minds of the target market.D) It is a process of identifying and profiling distinct groups of buyers who differ in their needs and wants.E) It is the quality of how marketers go to market with the goal of optimizing their spending to achieve good results.Answer: D32) Which type of segmentation centers on the use of the word when, such as when consumers get the idea to buy, when they actually make their purchase, or when they use the purchased item?A) behavioralB) psychographicC) occasionD) impulseE) emergencyAnswer: C33) If a marketer decides to segment a market based on neighborhoods, the marketer will have chosen the________ method of segmentation.A) demographicB) psychographicC) geographicD) culturalE) behavioralAnswer: C34) If married and unmarried women respond similarly to a sale on perfume, these hypothetical segments fail the ________ criterion for useful market segments.A) measurableB) substantialC) accessibleD) differentiableE) actionableAnswer: D35) According to the brand asset valuator model, strong new brands show ________.A) higher levels of esteem and knowledge than relevance, whereas both differentiation and energy are lower stillB) higher levels of differentiation and energy than relevance, whereas both esteem and knowledge are lower stillC) high knowledge—evidence of past performance—a lower level of esteem, and even lower relevance, energy, and differentiationD) high levels on energy, differentiation, relevance, knowledge, and esteemE) low levels on energy, differentiation, relevance, knowledge, and esteemAnswer: B36) Which of the listed choices is NOT a positioning task?A) identifying a set of possible competitive advantages upon which to build a positionB) surveying frequent users of the productC) selecting an overall positioning strategyD) effectively communicating and delivering the chosen position to the marketE) selecting the right competitive advantagesAnswer: B37) The goal of positioning is ________.A) to locate the brand in the minds of consumers to maximize the potential benefit to the firmB) to discover the different needs and groups existing in the marketplaceC) to target those customers marketers can satisfy in a superior wayD) to collect information about competitors that will directly influence the firms' strategyE) to help the firm anticipate what the actions of its competitors will beAnswer: A38) ________ are associations designed to overcome perceived weaknesses of the brand.A) Conceptual points-of-parityB) Category points-of-differenceC) Competitive points-of-parityD) Competitive points-of-differenceE) Category points-of-parityAnswer: C39) One common difficulty in creating a strong, competitive brand positioning is that many of the attributes or benefits that make up the points-of-parity and points-of-difference are ________.A) negatively correlatedB) always correlatedC) directly proportionalD) never correlatedE) positively correlatedAnswer: A40) Manor Plaza Barber's customers have noticed that the quality of a haircut depends on who provides it as well as when, where, and how it is provided. What have the customers noticed?A) service intangibilityB) service inseparabilityC) service variabilityD) service perishabilityE) service distinctionAnswer: CPart 2 True or False1) Advertising is the most important element in business marketing.Answer: FALSE2) Wants are basic human requirements, such as food and shelter.Answer: FALSE3) In a service business, the customer and front-line service employee interact to create the service. Answer: TRUE4) Contrary to popular belief, marketers do not create needs.Answer: TRUE5) The selling concep t holds that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features.Answer: FALSE6) Sequential product development has the advantage of not only being a team-oriented approach, but it is also faster in bringing products to market.Answer: FALSE7) Another name f or a company's value delivery network is "distribution chain."Answer: FALSE8) If Xerox Corporation defined its scope of business as "making copying equipment", it can be classified as a marketing definition.Answer: FALSE9) Using value-based pricing, a marketer would not design a product and marketing program before setting the price.Answer: TRUE10) I f a company sought to grow b y starting new businesses that h ave no relation to its current technology, products, or markets, the company would be using a market penetration strategy.Answer: FALSE11) Many firms u se the Internet and extranets to improve the speed, accuracy, and efficiency of the order-to-payment cycle.Answer: TRUE12) Market-skimming is a more popular strateg y for pricing new products, while market-penetration is a more popular strategy for pricing products that are more advanced in the product life cycle.Answer: FALSE13) A good example of collecting behavioral data would be when a st ore uses scanners to read bar codes on products selected by consumers.Answer: TRUE14) A company should try to retain the customer only as long as the cost to discourage defection is lower than the lost profit.Answer: TRUE15) Frequency programs are designed to reward customer s who buy frequently and in substantial amounts. Answer: TRUE16) A major role played by intermediaries i s to buy large quantities of products from many producers and break them down into the smaller quantities and broader assortments wanted by consumers.Answer: TRUE17) A person's position in a group is defined in terms of role and status.Answer: TRUE18) A discount store buys at l ess-than-regular wholesale prices and charges consumers less than retail. Answer: FALSE19) The behavior people exhibit as they pass through certain life-cycle stages, such as becoming a parent, is largely fixed and does not change over time.Answer: FALSE20) Companies in the "middle market" should n ever attempt to stretch their line in both directions.Answer: FALSE21) Pure bundling occurs when a firm offers goods both individually and in bundles.Answer: FALSE22) Interactive marketing互动营销 describes the employees' skill in serving the client.Answer: TRUE23) Companies prefer customers who are less price sensitive.Answer: TRUE24) Conflicts between various franchisees of a company are an example of vertical channel conflict.Answer: FALSE25) Vertical marketing systems a chieve economies through size, bargaining power, and elimination of duplicated services.Answer: TRUE26) Advertising allows the buyer to receive and compare the messages of various competitors.Answer: TRUE。
城市规划书英文报告
Title: Urban Planning ReportUrban planning plays a pivotal role in shaping the development and sustainability of cities, ensuring they meet the needs of residents while enhancing environmental quality and economic vitality. This report provides an overview of key considerations, strategies, and challenges in urban planning.1.Introduction to Urban Planning:2.Urban planning is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns, and communities. Itencompasses land use, transportation, infrastructure, housing, and environmental sustainability to create functional and livable urban spaces.3.Key Considerations in Urban Planning:o Land Use: Efficient allocation of land for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes.o Transportation: Designing accessible and sustainable transportation networks, including roads, public transit, and pedestrian infrastructure.o Infrastructure: Planning for essential services such as water supply, sanitation, energy, and telecommunications.o Environmental Sustainability: Incorporating green spaces, energy-efficient buildings, waste management systems, and strategies to mitigate climate change impacts.o Community Engagement: Involving residents, stakeholders, and businesses in the planning process to ensure inclusivity and address local needs.1.Strategies for Effective Urban Planning:o Compact Development: Promoting mixed-use developments to reduce urban sprawl and promote efficient land use.o Smart Growth: Emphasizing sustainable practices that balance economic growth with environmental stewardship.o Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Designing communities around public transportation hubs to reduce car dependency.o Green Infrastructure: Incorporating parks, green roofs, and urban forests to improve air quality, reduce heat islands, and enhance biodiversity.o Resilience Planning: Preparing cities to withstand and recover from natural disasters and climate change impacts.1.Challenges in Urban Planning:o Infrastructure Deficits: Addressing aging infrastructure and expanding services to meet growing urban populations.o Housing Affordability: Ensuring housing options are accessible to diverse income groups amid rising real estate costs.o Traffic Congestion: Managing traffic flow and reducing reliance on private vehicles through better public transit and active transportation options.o Environmental Degradation: Mitigating pollution, preserving green spaces, and promoting sustainable resource management.o Social Equity: Addressing disparities in access to services, amenities, and economic opportunities across neighborhoods.1.Case Studies and Best Practices:o Highlighting successful urban planning projects that have revitalized neighborhoods, improved public spaces, and fostered economic development.o Learning from cities that have implemented innovative solutions in transportation, housing, and environmental sustainability.1.Future Directions and Recommendations:o Emphasizing the importance of integrated planning approaches that consider social, economic, and environmental factors.o Encouraging collaboration between government agencies, private sectors, and communities to achieve sustainable urban development goals.o Investing in research and technology to advance smart city initiatives, data-driven decision-making, and resilience planning.In conclusion, effective urban planning is essential for creating vibrant, inclusive, and sustainable cities that enhance quality of life for residents while safeguarding the environment for future generations. By addressing current challenges and embracing innovative strategies, cities can become resilient hubs of opportunity and creativity in the face of global urbanization trends.。
政府干预下的德国收缩城市更新机制研究——以图林根州哥达市为例
112022.07 / Urban Renewal 城市更新老龄化等都造成了城市人口的减少。
在将制造业作为经济支柱产业之一的德国，受国际性经济结构调整与国内政治经济背景的综合影响，城市收缩现象集中出现于新联邦州（原民主德国所辖地区）。
20世纪90年代，东欧发生社会主义变革，作为该变革的一部分，1990年前民主德国与联邦德国合二为一，前民主德国人口开始大量迁入西德各州。
统一后仅五年时间（1990—1995年），就有近160万居民从当地迁出，是同时期来自西德地区外迁居民数量的3倍以上。
大量青壮年劳动力和管理技术人员的流失对当地工商业发展产生了极为不利的影响，导致新联邦州地区的城市产业功能全面收缩。
人口流失、出生率持续降低与老龄化加剧也在不同程度上削减了城市活力。
哥达市作为东德的典型城市也面临后工业社会转型的各种问题，中心城区人口由1990年的5.4万下降至2019年的4.6万，还伴随着中心城区的衰退与人口的老龄化问题。
随着1990年联邦德国“谨慎的城市更新”体系的沿用，新联邦州地区开始探索符合当地实际的城市更新手段。
在后福特主义城市更新的背景下，对包括图林根州哥达市在内的收缩城市进行了公共资金、住宅建设与改造、交通规划调整、景观及开放空间规划等方面的城市改造实践，为未来国内城市发展与更新的管理和引导提供具有参考价值的经验。
1德国收缩城市的分布及其地域特征一般意义上的收缩城市（shrinking city）是指人口减少显著的城市。
人口外迁是城市收缩中一种常见的原因，逆城市化也是城市收缩中的一种常见形式。
德国联邦建筑、城市和空间规划研究院（BBSR）认为，衡量城市收缩不应仅以人口损失与城市经济总量为指标，而应采取更加全面的方法。
2016年，德国联邦建筑、城市和空间规划研究院对收缩城市的考量指标体系调整为：过去五年的人口变化（%），过去三年平均每千人的人口净摘要 两德统一后，原东德城市出现了人口减少与经济衰退的收缩现象，而后大量空置建筑的出现使得城市空间肌理遭到了严重的破坏。
北京师范大学附属中学2021-2022学年八年级上学期期中考试英语试卷(Word版含答案)
2021-2022学年八年级（上）期中英语试卷一、单选。
（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。
）1．（1分）_____________ is the population of China？（）A．What B．How many C．How much D．How2．（1分）Which sport are you _____________，hockey or judo？（）A．good in B．better at C．well in D．well at3．（1分）Beijing is one of _______ in China．（）A．larger city B．larger citiesC．the largest city D．the largest cities4．（1分）My grandfather wants _______ around the world because he looks forward to _______ new places．（）A．travelling；seeing B．to travel；to seeC．to travel；seeing D．travelling；to see5．（1分）The funny look made Lucy all the time．（）A．laugh B．laughing C．to laugh D．laughed6．（1分）—Who tidied the room？—_____________.I went to the kitchen just now.（）A．That's right B．That's greatC．No idea D．No problem7．（1分）Why not _____________ a picnic this weekend？（）A．having B．have C．to have D．had8．（1分）—Tony isn't as _____________ as Peter.He always leaves his homework at home.—I can't agree more.Peter is much _____________ than Tony.（）A．carelessly；more carefullyB．carefully；carelessC．careless；more carefullyD．careful；more careful9．（1分）—_____________ do you go to school？—I go by bus.（）A．What B．When C．How D．Where10．（1分）—It is difficult _____________ new faces in the new term.—That's why I suggest you let each student prepare a name card on the table.It's the best way to help.（）A．for me to remember B．of me to rememberC．for me remembering D．of me remembering二、完形填空。
中国经济发展战略
经济发展战略（strategy for economic development）经济发展战略是发展中国家为使经济由落后变为先进所拟定的长期性、全局性、根本性的目标和对策。
它一般含有社会发展的某些内容，又常称为“经济社会发展战略”。
经济发展战略的一般内容经济发展战略通常包括三个基本组成部分：①制定战略的实际依据和理论依据。
要考虑本国的经济、社会、科学技术、教育、文化等的历史和现状，并明确所遵循的基本指导思想和重要指导原则。
②提出在一定时期内拟实现的综合的、概括的总体目标和在某些方面比较具体的目标。
③提出实现战略目标的途径和手段。
包括战略重点、实施步骤、力量部署、重大的政策措施等。
经济发展战略有不同层次和不同范围，一个国家、一个部门、一个地区、一个企业，都可有自己的经济发展战略。
下一层次或较小范围的经济发展战略，是上一层次或较大范围的经济发展战略的组成部分。
其中，最重要的是全国性的宏观经济发展战略。
制定经济发展战略的依据制定经济发展战略必须有科学的依据，一般地说，主要有以下几个方面：1、基本国情。
制定经济发展战略必须从本国与经济社会密切相关的各种基本情况出发，使战略目标的确定，发展途径的选择符合客观条件、立足本国实际。
国情的具体内容包括：（1）自然资源条件。
主要有土地、水资源、生物资源和矿物资源以及地理位置、气候等条件。
（2）人口状况。
人口状况包括人口数量、素质、构成、就业等方面。
人既是生产者，又是消费者，在具体制定经济发展战略时，要充分考虑人口价值具有两重性，在决策时，要把人口现状与发展国家经济、社会等方面状况结合起来统筹考虑。
（3）经济条件。
主要有生产力发展水平、产业结构、基础设施、居民收入及消费水平、科技教育等情况。
这是一个国家经济实力大小的重要表现，也是制定经济发展战略的基础。
（4）经济社会结构。
主要有社会经济成分、管理体制、政治制度等状况。
这些因素中，有的规定着经济发展的情况和方向，有些影响经济发展的动力和途径，有的起制约作用等。
英国城市规划编制体系和编制方法
英国城市规划编制体系和编制方法2013年05月09日15:16 来源：《促进城镇化健康发展的规划研究》[打印本稿][字号大中小]法定的发展规划实行二级体系，分别是结构规划（structure plan）和地方规划（local plan）。
结构规划由郡政府的规划部门编制，上报环境部审批；地方规划由区政府的规划部门编制和不需上报环境部审批，但地方规划必须与结构规划的发展政策相符合。
在大伦敦地区和其它大都会地区，由于郡议会已被解散，采取了单一发展规划（unitary development plan）,包括结构规划和地方规划二个部分，都由区政府的规划部门编制，第一部分的战略规划上报环境部审批。
开发控制是区政府的规划部门的职能，但环境部可以通过二种方式进行干预。
第一，如果开发商对地方规划部门的开发控制决策表示不满，可以向环境大臣提出上诉。
环境大臣根据具体情况，支持或者否决地方政府的决策；在后一种情况下，环境大臣可以直接签发规划许可。
第二，环境大臣有权“抽查”（call-in）任何规划申请，并且取代地方规划部门，直接作出开发控制的决策。
从1990年代开始，英国的政府体系经历了一系列改革，这一改革在整体上更加强调服务导向和对客户负责。
2001年运输、地方政府和区域部（DTLR）发布的绿皮书首先提出了具体的改革方案。
根据该方案，新的城市规划体系不应该有过于详尽的结构，它最好由不是太综合性的、较少数量的文件构成。
结构规划（由郡政府制定），地方规划（由区政府制定）和单一发展规划（由单一政府机构制定）将被取消，它们将由“地方发展框架”（Local Development Framework）所取代，该框架包括一个对战略和长期规划目标的简短陈述，更为详细的具体场址和专题的“行动规划”（Action Plan）。
这些行动规划将处理行政区范围内的专题（如绿带或设计等方面的内容）或者特定区域（如主要的开发或更新的地区）。
（作者系发改委城市和小城镇改革发展中心课题组）（本文摘自《促进城镇化健康发展的规划研究》中的《国外城市规划体制的初步研究》一文）注重通过规划立法，规范引导城镇化发展的方向据统计，自1909年以来，英国先后颁布40余部关于城市的法规。
城市规划基本术语
中文英文居民点 settlement城市（城镇） city市 municipality;city镇 town市域 administrative region of a city 城市化 urbanization城市化水平 urbanization level城市群 agglomeration城镇体系 urban system卫星城（卫星城镇） satellite town城镇体系规划 urban system planning城市规划 urban planning城市设计 urban design城市总体规划纲要 master planning outline城市规划区 urban planning area城市建成区 urban built-up area开发区 development area旧城改建 urban redevelopment城市基础设施 urban infrastructure城市总体规划 master plan,comprehensiveplanning分区规划 district planing近期建设规划 immediate plan城市详细规划 detailed plan控制性详细规划 regulatory plan修建性详细规划 site plan城市规划管理 urban planning administration 城市发展战略 strategy for urban developent城市职能 urban function城市性质 designated function of city城市规模 city size城市发展方向 direction for urban development 城市发展目标 goal for urban development城市发展战略 strategy for urban developent 城市职能 urban function城市性质 designated function of city城市规模 city size城市发展方向 direction for urban development 城市发展目标 goal for urban development城市人口结构 urban population structure城市人口年龄构成 age composition城市人口增长 urban population growth城市人口增长率 urban population growth rate 城市人口自然增长率 natural growth rate城市人口机械增长率 mechanical growth rate ofpopulation城市人口预测 urban population forecast城市用地 urban land居住用地 residential land公共设施用地 public facilities工业用地 industrial land仓储用地 warehouse land对外交通用地 intercity transportation land道路广场用地 roads and squares市政公用设施用地 municipal utilities绿地 green space特殊用地 specially-designated land水域和其它用地 waters and miscellaneous保留地 reserved land城市用地评价 urban landuse evaluation城市用地平衡 urban landuse balance城市结构 urban structure城市布局 urban layout城市形态 urban morphology城市功能分区 functional districts工业区 industrial districts居住区 residential district商业区 commrcial文教区 institutes and colleges district 中心商务区 central business district(CBD)仓储区 warehouse district综合区 mixed-use district风景区 scenic zone市中心 civic center副中心 sub-civic center居住区规划 residential district planning 居住小区 residential quarter居住组团 housing cluster城市交通 urban transportation城市对外交通 intercity transportation城市交通预测 urban transportation forecast城市道路系统 urban road system城市道路网 urban road network快速路 express way城市道路网密度 density of urban road network 大运量快速交通 mass rapid transit步行街 pedestrian street城市给水 water supply城市用水 water consumption城市给水工程 water supply engineering给水水源 water sources水源选择 water sources selection水源保护 protection of water sources 城市给水系统 water supply system城市排水 sewerage城市污水 sewage生活污水 domestic sewage生产废水 industrial wastewater生产污水 polluted industrial wastewater 城市排水系统 sewerage system分流制 separate system合流制 combined system城市排水工程 sewerage engineering污水处理 sewage treatment, wastewatertreatment城市供电电源 power source城市用电负荷 electrical load高压线走廊 high tension corridor城市供电系统 power supply system城市通信 communication城市通信系统 communication system城市集中供热 district heating城市供热系统 district heating system城市燃气 gas城市燃气供应系统 gas supply system城市绿化 urban afforestation城市绿地系统 urban green space system公共绿地 public green space公园 park绿带 green belt专用绿地 specified green space防护绿地 green buffer城市生态系统 city ecosystem城市生态平衡 balance of city ecosystem城市环境污染 city environmental pollution 城市环境质量 city environmental quality城市环境质量评价 city environmental qualityassessment城市环境保护 city environmental protection 历史文化名城 historic city历史地段 historic site历史文化保护区 conservation of historic sites 历史地段保护 conservation of historic sites历史文化名城保护规则 conservation plan of historiccities城市防灾 urban disaster prevention城市防洪 urban flood control城市防洪标准 flood control standard城市防洪工程 flood control works城市防震 earthquake hazard protection城市消防 urban fire control城市防空 urban air defense竖向规划 vertical planning城市工程管线综合 integrated design for utilitiespipelines城市规划法规 legislation on urban planning规划审批程序 procedure for approval of urbanplan城市规划用地管理 urban planning land useadministration选址意见书 permission notes for location建设用地规划许可证 land use permit城市规划建设管理 urban planning anddevelopment control建设工程规划许可证 building permit建筑面积密度 total floor space per hectare plot 容积率 plot ratio, floor area ratio建筑密度 building density, buildingcoverage道路红线 boundary lines of roads建筑红线 building ling人口毛密度 residential density人口净密度 net residential density建筑间距 building interval日照标准 insolation standard城市道路面积率 urban road area ratio绿地率 greening rate释义来源人类按照生产和生活需要而形成的集聚定居地点。
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P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 6311877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies(cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.068AcE-Bs 2011 BandungASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies, Savoy Homann BidakaraBandung Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 June 2011City Development Strategies (CDS) and SustainableUrbanization in Developing WorldS. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh *, Nurwati Badarulzaman & Mastura JaafarUniversiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, MalaysiaAbstractA process that balances among economic, environmental and social perspective on urban area is prominently knownas “Sustainable urbanization”. There is an expert system required to create this balance. Alternatively, to balancevarious aspects, urban planning is a conventional tool adapted. To achieve sustainability, urban planning has a keyrole in providing the balance. I n significantly represented portion of developing countries, City DevelopmentStrategies (CDS) is an emerging strategic urban planning approach to maintain sustainability. This achievementvaries at different level based on various definitions of CDS. By choosing some specific definitions of CDS byinternational agencies, this paper studies and compares the accomplishment.© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies (cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, MalaysiaKeywords: City Development Strategies (CDS); sustainable urbanization; developing countries1. IntroductionThe balance between economic, environmental, and social necessities is the aim of sustainableurbanization. Cities should develop their social and economic structure to build the sustainable urbanization, without damaging their natural environment and achieve appropriate equilibrium amidst* Corresponding author. Tel.: +60176617503E-mail address: rasooli1352@Available online at © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V . Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies(cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Open access under CC BY -NC-ND license.Open access under CC BY -NC-ND license.624S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 )623 – 631 humans and the natural resources, upon whom they depend to live. (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008) Attainment of this equilibrium is possible based on system that combines individual opinion provided by participation of citizens with in this process and scientific knowledge that can be provided by scientific analysis. (Jepson, 2001 as cited i n Roy, 2009) In this system, sustainable urban development accounts for “as a new large-scale vision to guide the planning agenda for the twenty-first century”. (Saha & Paterson, 2008, p.22) To make a balance between different aspects, urban planning is a conventional tool used which also can be a significant tool for promoting the interaction among planners and officials and the local community. (Diamantini & Zanon 2000) In making sustainable urban development, urban planning can play an eminent role. In order to make balance between four aspects economic, environmental, social, and governance is the aim of sustainable urban development .This further reaches to livable productive and inclusive cities, towns and villages (UN-HABITAT 2009) especially the methods that render participation of decision-makers and stakeholders and new tools that enable decision-makers to answer sufficiently. (Malkina-Pykh, 2002)To ascertain the social, economic, and environmental impacts of urban policies is where the where guidance provides by City Planning Tool. It enables for a systematic analysis of the relationship between social, economic, and environmental developments, which further helps in describing the reciprocal dependence of city planning and consistent development at the strategic and operational level. (Rotmansa, Asselta & Vellingab, 2000) I n order to find a new role for urban planning in sustainable urban development, the current approaches of planning must change toward strategic planning. The main aim especially for developing world is played by planning area for sustainable urbanization in promotion of future urban and regional sustainability in response to global changes and major trends in the world that affect in cities. In order to evaluate the sustainability of city policies, the strategic urban planning systems evolved over the last decade(s) most of the times comprise of a framework coupled with a set of indicators. ( Rotmansa, Asselta & Vellingab, 2000) So in order to evaluate of sustainability in the process of development, it should compare significant features of sustainable urban development to key features of the process of urban development.Cities Alliance and its member organization such as World Bank, UN-Habitat, Asian Development Bank (ADB) and others basically funded and made prominence of CDS as a strategic urban planning approach. By developing and enhancing of local governance, CDSs try to improve local economics and reduce urban poverty while also contributing towards relationship between sustainable urbanization goals and local objectives and priorities. (ECON & CLG, UTS, 2005) Greater than 200 cities in developing world applied CDS until the year of 2009. However CDSs have many definitions and are different especially in content and themes and do not possess equal proportion of attaining sustainable development and as such study of this achievement is very important. In order to find the relationship between CDS and sustainability in this paper, the definitions of CDS in developing world has been reviewed and compared to aspects of sustainable urbanization.2.City Development Strategies (CDS), Concepts and ContentsIn 1998, the CDSs were started by the experiences in East Asia. The earliest of CDSs were funded by the World Bank and were applied in I ndonesia, Philippine, Thailand, Vietnam and China. I n 1999, poverty reduction became one of the fundamental objectives of CDS after establishing Cities Alliance. Few of the focuses that some cities had were on the local economic growth, enhancement of local governance, sustainable development, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and so on. (ECON & CLG, UTS, 2005) Till date, more than 200 cities mostly in developing countries have adopted and reaped the benefits associated with this approach.625 S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 )623 – 631 “For a nswering to economic realities within a competitive environment, CDS targets on the process change, focuses on urban dynamics and opportunities, and adopts a flexible strategy. It also helps to build stakeholder capacity to manage a city more effectively and to reassure and invite businesses in nationaland global markets. I t does this by encouraging stakeholder participation and empowerment. Thinkingabout the future within a CDS framework often changes the way that a city is managed and planned.” (ADB, 2004, P.5)Developing cities require the effective approaches to use restricted financial and human resources in a competitive and unpredictable economic condition in order to accomplish objectives. The capital flows tocities having good economic situation and an effective CDS can attract both capital and usage in suitable condition. (Cities Alliance, 2006a) Local stakeholder plans a process called CDS to formulate a vision fortheir city through a participatory process. This engages assessment and analysis of the city’s perspectivesfor development, the acceptance of priorities for investment and development, and implementation of thisvision via partnership-based approaches. I t is therefore both a process and a content to promote competitiveness, livelihood, management, and bankability of the respective city (Kyung-Hwan, 2002). To develop a sustainable vision for their cities and a strategy for achieving it The City Development Strategies (CDS) provides a methodology for mayors, private sectors, and citizens. However, comprehensive approaches to connect the environmental sustainability to economic growth, poverty reduction, and the other urban challenges are not yet customary in many CDSs (Cities Alliance, 2006b).Depending on the location, the context, and the involvement of players, CDSs assume different forms.There are a several city objectives and themes. For cities there are wide ranges of objective and themesand the two categories of themes by the World Bank and UN-Habitat has been explained in Table 1 as follows. (ECON & CLG, UTS, 2005) The two international agencies namely the World Bank and UN-Habitat set up and fund some CDSs in developing countries. The World Bank and UN- habitat which focuses on four and five themes respectively have some of them in common.Following five themes for CDS have been presented by cities Alliance (2006b) after having attainedthe experience of preparing 150 CDS around the world and having conducted most important research inEast Asia that have emphasized the importance of infrastructure in pro-poor development and urban competitiveness by ADB & JBIC and the World Bank has presented five themes for CDS.x Livelihood;Livelihood covers three areas: (i) the business climate and capacity for creating small-business, the business climate is very different in cities, but cities try to attract investment in a diversity businessclimate and make a suitable business area to organize small business and business network (ii) urban competitiveness, a CDS should determine a comparative and competitive advantage that and create economic cluster in order to attract investor and achieve economic growth ; and (iii) human resource development, that has key role to prevent or relieve poverty. I t fulfils based on accessing to training,quality of that.x Environmental sustainability;Environmental sustainability in CDS process can be brought out designers in three areas: i) environmental quality such as air & water quality are very important in environmental sustainability; ii)service delivery including geographical coverage, accessibility and affordability should be sustainable especially in developing countries, this concerns is very significant; and iii) energy efficiency that affectin welfare of residents.x Spatial form and its infrastructure;Without required infrastructures, urban economic competitiveness and welfare of a city’s residentscan’t be accomplished. A major role is played by spatial form in urban congestion, energy efficiency accessibility and distribution of services; therefore it can be essential in poverty reduction.626S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 )623 – 631 Table 1: The Themes of CDS defined by the World Bank and UN- Habitat. Source: (ECON & CLG, UTS, 2005)The World Bank UN- HabitatLiveability: the poor achieve a healthy and dignified living standard Shelter: Adequate housing and basic services; security of tenure; access to land and creditCompetitiveness: buoyant, broad-based growth of employment, incomes and investment Social Development & Eradication of Poverty: Equal opportunities for a safe and healthy life; social integration; support for disadvantaged groups; gender equalityGood governance: inclusion and representation of all groups in the urban society; accountability, integrity and transparency of local government Economic Development: Stronger small and micro enterprises; public/private partnerships; access to productive employmentBankability: sound financial management of local government Governance: Participation and civic engagement; transparent, accountable and efficient governance; sound financial management; decentralization and strong local authorities Environmental Management: Balanced settlement structures; water management; reducing pollution; disaster prevention; environmentally sound transport etcx Financial resources;How finance resources need to enforce infrastructures, public facilities etc. can be determined by financial analysis of a city. Financial analysis predicts and provides prior condition to attract private sector funding, issuing bonds, and financial innovation. Revenue diversity and rising them on one hand and the control of expenditures, cash-flow management on the other hand, and in sum financial planning and budgeting are very important in a CDS.x Governance;Due to close proximity between local government and main decision makers, Governance has a main role in CDS playing a critical role of a catalyst between public and private sectors, civil society and labor market decreasing negative effects in low-income and vulnerable people.(Cities Alliance, 2006b) Relating to the objective of the CDS, location, and players involved, the contents and themes of CDSs differ from one city to another. There is a wide range of objectives and themes. To evaluate and compare CDS content with the principle of sustainable development, we need specific definitions of CDS. The three chosen definitions of CDS by international agencies in this paper to assess the commitment of CDS to sustainable development are the World Bank, UN-Habitat, and Cities Alliance.3.The concepts and aspects of Sustainable UrbanizationIn 1972 at the United Nations Conference, the concept sustainable development was brought out on the Human Environment in Stockholm and in 1992 among the United Nation Conference on Environment and Development in Rio De Janeiro approved Agenda 21 in order to promote Sustainable Human Settlement Development and in 1996 in Habitat I I try to present a statement to Localize Agenda 21 (LA21) in urban areas. (Whitehead, 2003) I n response to urban challenges, the concept of sustainable development was stated. Due to some major trends such as globalization, decentralization, and rapid population growth, cities faced some challenges. The problems such as social inequalities, slums and informal settlement, and climate change had the impact in economic, social and environmental condition. In economic, social, environmental and governance aspects the sustainable development was articulated in order to respond to urban conflicts. (Malkina-Pykh, 2002) There are about 200 definitions for sustainable development but the definition of sustainable development is still not clear. (Parkin, 2000, as cited in Keivani, 2010) The review of definitions of sustainable development often presents the problems627 S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 )623 – 631that sustainable development should response those but the endpoint seem so broad and there is not specific point. (Saha & Paterson, 2008)However the urban sustainability can categorize in two major sections; i) Urban sustainability or sustainable city, and ii) sustainable urban development or sustainable urbanization. The terms urban sustainability, and sustainable city apply to the suitable conditions such as the proper use of resources, protection of the natural environment, least possible use of non-renewable resources, economic growthand variety, community self-confidence, individual welfare, and satisfaction of basic human needs. (Shenet al. 2011 & Roy, 2009) According to the United Nations Sustainable Cities Program, development of a sustainable city depends on its continuing natural resources. A sustainable city sustains a stable securityfrom environmental adventures that may threaten development achievements. (Whitehead 2003) According to Whitehead (2003, p.1188), “it is asserted that the sustainable city represents an economicspace within which the social, economic and ecological contradictions of capitalism are being managedand strategically addressed.” whilst sustainable urbanization and sustainable urban development apply toa dynamic process towards the suitable conditions, that in this process is paid attention to environmental, economic, social and governance sustainability as an equal concern. (Shen et al., 2011)n order to balance economic, environmental, and social necessities, sustainable urbanization is needed. Local Agenda 21 (LA21) was proposed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1996 to make the balance. LA21 is “an agenda that sets tasks and a vision inorder to promote sustainable development at the local level and shows the menu of action.” (Nakaguchi,2004, p. 28 as cited in Mori, 2007) According to LA21 sustainability has four dimensions, social, economic, environmental and institutional aspects. (Spangenberg, Pfahl & Deller, 2002)Saha & Paterson’s (2008) stu dy reviewed Protney (2003), Jepson (2004) and Conroy (2006) anddefined four aspects of sustainable urbanization, i) Environmental Protection, ii) Economic Development,iii) Social Justice and Equity, and iv) Administration and Governance that Saha & Paterson emphasize on environmental, economic and equity aspects. (Table 2) The elements of these aspects and the principle of sustainable urban development are presented in this research. To evaluate the commitment of principlesof sustainable urban development on CDS this study is befitting because these activities have been usedto assess local government and urban plan to accomplish sustainability.Table 2: the Aspects of Sustainable Urbanization. Source: (Saha & Paterson, 2008)Environmental protection Economic Development Social Justice and Equity1. Alternative energy offered to consumers2. Energy conservation effort (other than green building requirements)3. Environmental site design regulations4. Green building program5. Renewable energy use by city government6. Curbside recycling program7. Environmental education programs for the community8. Green procurement9. Water quality protection 1. Agricultural protection zoning2. Brownfield reclamation3. Cluster or targeted economicdevelopment4. Eco-industrial park development5. Infill development6. Purchase of Development Rightsand/or Transfer of Development Rights7. Tax incentives for environmentallyfriendly development8. Urban growth boundary and/or urbanservice boundary9. Business retention programs1. Affordable housing provisions2. Daycare services for service sector andlow-income employees3. Homeless prevention and interventionprograms4. Inclusionary and incentive zoning5. Jobs–housing balance6. Living wage ordinance7. Mass transit access with local incomesubsidies8. Neighborhood planning9. Sustainable food systems or foodsecurity programs628 S . Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 6314. Comparison of City Development Strategies and the principle of Sustainable UrbanizationThere has been a comparison between three definitions of CDS by the World Bank, UN-Habitat, and Cities Alliance and a specific definition of sustainable urban development presented by Saha & Paterson (2008) that has been applied by some cities and local government in this section. The three aspects of sustainable development, namely, environmental protection, economic development, and social equity have been compared to the themes and contents of definitions of CDS (Tables 2, 3, and 4).The four major themes i.e. livability, competitiveness, good governance and management, and bankability are included in the definition of CDS by the World Bank. Livability includes poverty reduction, reducing inequality, building a healthy urban environment, increasing personal security, political accountability, and creating recreational facilities available to all. Some parts of environmental protection activities which are found in Table 2 come under the components of this theme (livability) cover, and many activities on social equity which is found in Table 4. However, according to Table 2, the environmental protection dimension is weak in this definition of CDS, because the key attention of the World Bank definition focuses on the economic and social aspects. A competitive city with competitive advantages attracts capital investment and creates a good business climate, promotes city products, provides employment, and increases citizen satisfaction. This theme covers activities on economic development which are found in Table 3, and social equity.Table 3: The Comparison Environmental Aspect of Sustainability with CDS Themes10. Environmentally sensitive area protection 11. Open space preservation program 12. Operation of inner-city public transit(buses and/or trains)13. Transportation demand management14. Ecological footprint analysis10. Empowerment/enterprise zones11. Local business incubator programs 10. Women/minority-oriented business Community Development Corporations(CDCs) and investment programs11. Youth opportunity and anti gang programs Environmental ProtectionCDS Themes Cities Alliance CDS Themes The World Bank CDS Themes UN- Habitat 1. Alternative energy offered to consumers√ √ 2. Energy conservation effort (other than green buildingrequirements)√ √ 3. Environmental site design regulations√ √ √ 4. Green building program5. Renewable energy use by city government6. Curbside recycling program√ 7. Environmental education programs for the community√ 8. Green procurement√ 9. Water quality protection√ √ √ 10. Environmentally sensitive area protection √ √629S . Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 6319 : relevant (Yes) Shelter, Social development, Economic development, Governance, and environmental management are the five themes defined in The UN-Habitat definition. Shelter theme mainly aims at the needs of poor and low- income people by improving their housing .Social development focuses on public health, gender and minority rights, education, crime and so on. Some issues such as access to job, attention to small business, infrastructure, and competitiveness are focused by Economic development. Governance theme includes transparency and accountability, improving local democracy, and stakeholder’s participation. And environmental theme include water and air quality & pollution waste management, public space management, preventing disaster, energy efficiency, and public transport. These themes based on the comparison in Table 2,3, and 4 cover eight activities on environmental aspect, four activities on economic aspect, and eight activities on social equity aspect of sustainable urbanization.The Cities Alliance definition of CDS has five key themes, in which livelihood covers three major areas, namely, i) business climate and the capacity for creating small-businesses (creating suitable jobs, especially for low-income and poor people), ii) urban competitiveness (a CDS should determine a comparative and competitive advantage that creates economic clusters) to attract investors and achieve economic growth, and iii) human resource development, that plays a key role in preventing or reducing poverty. This theme covers economic development and social equity of sustainability in Tables 3, 4. Environmental sustainability and spatial form are two other key themes defined by the Cities Alliance. These include such areas as i) environmental quality, such as air and water quality; ii) service delivery, including geographical coverage, accessibility, and affordability; iii) energy efficiency, which affects the welfare of residents; iv) infrastructure; and v) spatial form, which plays a key role in urban congestion, energy efficiency, accessibility, and distribution of services.Table 4: The Comparison Economic Aspect of Sustainability with CDS Themes11. Open space preservation program√ √ √ 12. Operation of inner-city public transit (buses and/or trains)√ √ √ 13. Transportation demand management√ √ √ 14. Ecological footprint analysis√ √ Economic Development CDS Themes Cities Alliance CDS Themes The World Bank CDS Themes UN- Habitat1. Agricultural protection zoning √2. Brownfield reclamation √3. Cluster or targeted economic development √4. Eco-industrial park development √√ √ 5. Infill development √6. Purchase of Development Rights and/or Transfer of Development Rights √7. Tax incentives for environmentally friendly development √8. Urban growth boundary and/or urban service boundary √√ 9. Business retention programs √√ √ 10. Empowerment/enterprise zones √√ √ 11. Local business incubator programs√ √ √630S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh et al. / P rocedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 )623 – 631 This theme covers many activities on environmental protection in Table2 and some activities on economic development and social equity. Financial resources is another theme defined by Cities Alliance, which is important in the implementation of a sustainable plan, but as mentioned earlier, does not take into account other definitions of sustainability.This analysis and comparison clarify various definitions of CDS, which result in different forms and proportion of sustainability. In other words the focus of CDSs seems to lie solely on one aspect and there is yet to be a comprehensive approach to connect all aspects of sustainability.An appropriate and universally accepted definition of sustainability is very important. Different result comes with different definitions and components of sustainability. Considering this, relationship between CDS and sustainable urban development assessed, it is vital for one to know which type of CDS and definition of sustainable urban development is to be used adequately to measure sustainability.Table 5: The Comparison Social aspect of Sustainability with CDS ThemesSocial Justice and EquityCDS ThemesCities AllianceCDS ThemesThe World BankCDS ThemesUN- Habitat1. Affordable housing provisions √√√2. Daycare services for service sector and low-income employees √√√3. Homeless prevention and intervention programs √√√4. Inclusionary and incentive zoning √√√5. Jobs–housing balance √√√6. Living wage ordinance √√√7. Mass transit access with local income subsidies √√√8. Neighborhood planning √√√9. Sustainable food systems or food security programs √√10. Women/minority-oriented business Community DevelopmentCorporations (CDCs) and investment programs√√11. Youth opportunity and anti gang programs √√9: relevant (Yes)5.ConclusionDue to global changes and changes in urban area the cities face new challenges, and require different approaches in urban planning. The strategic planning can pact with these challenges and attains sustainable urban development. CDS is a strategic planning approach that applies to reduce urban poverty, improve economic growth and achieve sustainable development. However, what need to be resolved is the relationship between CDS and sustainable urbanization. The varied definitions and concepts of CDS and sustainable urbanization were discussed in section 2 and 3. In order to compare the content of CDS and the aspects of sustainable urbanization, three concepts of CDS and one set of elements and activities of sustainable urbanization were picked out. This comparison explained varied definition of CDS result in different proportion and different form of sustainability. So the proportion of。