英语语言学教程Chapter 2 精品PPT课件
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语言学教程02Chapter 2_sound(2)
If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音. If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation后滞协同 发音, as is the case of map.
In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the „broad‟ transcriptions.
3.3 Allophones 音位变体
Allophones---- the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.
Velarization: clear l and dark l // [] / _____ V [] / V _____
Think about tell and telling!
Phonetic similarity发音近似性: the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.
The word „phoneme‟音位 simply refers to a „unit of explicit sound contrast‟: the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
《语言学教程》第 2 章 语音学与音位学1(课堂PPT)
语音学研究的是语音，即语音如何发出、传递和 感知，以及对语音、词语和连续性口语等的（语 音学性质的）描写和分类。
7
Phonetics studies speech sounds,
made,
how speech sounds transmitted are actually
that
and received,
is,
speech sounds,
the description and classification of
words
and connected speech，
etc.
8
语音学研究的是语音，
发出、
传递 语音如何
和感知
即
语音
以及对
词 连续性语音
的描写 和分类。
9
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
的规则。
以及 音节的形式 音位学以音位为起点来研究语言的语音系统。
13
音位学的定义
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.” （Crystal, 1997: 162）
第 1 学期 第6 讲 第 2 章 语音学与音位学（1）
7
Phonetics studies speech sounds,
made,
how speech sounds transmitted are actually
that
and received,
is,
speech sounds,
the description and classification of
words
and connected speech，
etc.
8
语音学研究的是语音，
发出、
传递 语音如何
和感知
即
语音
以及对
词 连续性语音
的描写 和分类。
9
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
的规则。
以及 音节的形式 音位学以音位为起点来研究语言的语音系统。
13
音位学的定义
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.” （Crystal, 1997: 162）
第 1 学期 第6 讲 第 2 章 语音学与音位学（1）
英语二学历 语言学的课件02 Language
Shakespeare); Onomatopoeic words seem to be exceptions, but not really. 音义结合的任意性
2019/1/4 张旭红
rose By any other name would smell as sweet. (From Romeo and Juliet by
Language
--- Chapter Two
2019/1/4
张旭红
1
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Contents
I. Definition of Language; II. Defining Features of Language;
III. Language: Unique to Humans;
IV. Two Languages in One Brain; V. Language Acquisition: VI. Functions of Language; VII. Origin of Language;
Also called speech error, it is an involuntary and inadvertent deviation from an intended utterance that often results in ungrammaticality, nonsense words, or anomaly, etc.张旭红 （口误） 2019/1/4 7
2019/1/4 张旭红 8
Term citations
Langue Vs. Parole F. De. Saussure (1916) “Course in General Linguistics” “Research of speech activity includes two parts, one is
语言学教程 第三版 Chapter 2-Speech Soundppt课件
■We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
■Phonetics studuced, transmitted, and perceived.
Chapter 2
Speech Sounds
主讲人 史宝辉
.
2.0 Brief introduction 2.1 How speech sounds are made?
2.1.1 Speech organs 2.1.2 The IPA 2.2 Consonants and vowels 2.2.1 Consonants 2.2.2 Vowels 2.2.3 The sounds of English 2.3 From phonetics to phonology 2.3.1 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription 2.3.2 Phonemes 2.3.3 Allophones 2.4 Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features 2.4.1 Assimilation 2.4.2 Epenthesis, rule ordering and the Elsewhere Condition 2.4.3 Distinctive features 2.5 Suprasegmentals 2.5.1 The syllable structure 2.5.2 Stress 2.5.3 Intonation 2.5.4 Tone
.
英语专业考研真题精选
■Phonetics studuced, transmitted, and perceived.
Chapter 2
Speech Sounds
主讲人 史宝辉
.
2.0 Brief introduction 2.1 How speech sounds are made?
2.1.1 Speech organs 2.1.2 The IPA 2.2 Consonants and vowels 2.2.1 Consonants 2.2.2 Vowels 2.2.3 The sounds of English 2.3 From phonetics to phonology 2.3.1 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription 2.3.2 Phonemes 2.3.3 Allophones 2.4 Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features 2.4.1 Assimilation 2.4.2 Epenthesis, rule ordering and the Elsewhere Condition 2.4.3 Distinctive features 2.5 Suprasegmentals 2.5.1 The syllable structure 2.5.2 Stress 2.5.3 Intonation 2.5.4 Tone
.
英语专业考研真题精选
Chapter 2.The sound of language 英语专业语言学PPT
2020/7/3
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
2020/7/3
Some Natural Classes
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
2020/7/3
Some Natural Classes
语言学教程课件2 Speech sounds
A vowel is produced without such ‘stricture’ so that ‘air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose’.
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
sounds Speech organs Description of speech sounds Classification of speech sounds
The field of study
Phonetics: the scientific study of speech sounds, concerning with defining and classifying speech sounds.
voiced and voiceless: some consonants and all vowels
Speech organs
Lips Teeth Alveolar ridge: convex pay behind the teeth Hard palate: concave part of the roof of the
Other names
dorsal: the dorsum articulates with the roof of the mouth. 舌面音
coronal: the crown may articulate with the teeth, the alveolar ridge, or the forward part of the hard palate immediately behind the alveolar ridge.冠状音
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
sounds Speech organs Description of speech sounds Classification of speech sounds
The field of study
Phonetics: the scientific study of speech sounds, concerning with defining and classifying speech sounds.
voiced and voiceless: some consonants and all vowels
Speech organs
Lips Teeth Alveolar ridge: convex pay behind the teeth Hard palate: concave part of the roof of the
Other names
dorsal: the dorsum articulates with the roof of the mouth. 舌面音
coronal: the crown may articulate with the teeth, the alveolar ridge, or the forward part of the hard palate immediately behind the alveolar ridge.冠状音
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件_期末考试必备语言学Chapter_2_sound(1)
Position of the vocal folds: voiceless
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aparting)
Voiced Sounds
Voiceless Sounds
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Its main principles of IPA:
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
Chapter Two
Speech Sounds
Phonetics
Study of Speech Sound Phonology
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
语言学教程第二章ppt课件
and the alveolar ridge.
The categories of consonant, therefore, are
established on the basis of several factors.
.
a. the actual relationship between the
tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture
and then striking the roof of the mouth in the
post-alveolar region as it returns to its position
behind the lower front teeth. In some forms of
humans, meaningful in human
communication and with which linguists
are concerned.
.
.
Phonetics and ittics is the science
which studies the characteristics of
vocal organs(发音器官).
The articulatory apparatus of a
human being are contained in
three important areas: (1) the
pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) – the
throat
(2) the oral cavity(口腔) – the
through easily and the sound produced
The categories of consonant, therefore, are
established on the basis of several factors.
.
a. the actual relationship between the
tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture
and then striking the roof of the mouth in the
post-alveolar region as it returns to its position
behind the lower front teeth. In some forms of
humans, meaningful in human
communication and with which linguists
are concerned.
.
.
Phonetics and ittics is the science
which studies the characteristics of
vocal organs(发音器官).
The articulatory apparatus of a
human being are contained in
three important areas: (1) the
pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) – the
throat
(2) the oral cavity(口腔) – the
through easily and the sound produced
语言学-二语习得课件PPT
1. What is language acquisition?
the learning and the development of a person’s language.
It is studied by linguists, psycholinguists and applied linguists to enable them to understand the processes used in learning a language, help identify stages in the developmental process, and to give a better understanding of the nature of language. It focuses on the study of the development of phonology, grammar, vocabulary and communicative competence.
2. Contrastive analysis / CA
a procedure designed to find out the differences and similarities between languages in order to help teachers and learners, and not produce errors at all. It was developed and practiced in the 1950s and 1960s. It was more successful in phonology than in other areas of language, and declined in the 1970s as interference was replaced by other explanations of learning difficulties.
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Its main principles were that
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and
that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
Questions for the students:
Do you know that human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system?
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Teaching aims: Let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.
Teaching difficulties: Manner of articulation ; (发音方法） Place of articulation ; （发音部位） The criteria of vowel description （元音的描述 ）; Broad and narrow transcription （宽式 / ; 窄式标音） allophone（音位变体）; minimal pairs（最小对立位）; assimilation（同化）
Do you know the number of vowels and consonants in English?
On Page 24: Speech Production ---------------------→Speech Perception
Speech Transmission (Sound Waves)
It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897.
One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
Speech production and perception (P.24)
In a conversation:
Topic
Speaker A Speaker B
Hale Waihona Puke Speaker CA speaker can articulate the speech sounds. The speech sounds can be transmitted and received by the listener.
The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and
the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888.
Phonetic transcription
Why do people need phonetic transcription? 1. There are many accents of English used by people from
different regions. 2. The divergence between spelling and pronunciation becomes
2.1 Speech Organs (P. 25-26)
Speech Organs (Chinese version)
The following organs are involved in speech production:
Mouth, Trachea [trә’ki:ә], Throat, Nose, lungs
greater. What is the definition?
Phonetic transcription is a set of symbols people use to record the sounds of the writing system of the language.
（肺，气管，喉，鼻，口）
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
(p. 27-28)
1.2 The IPA
In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers’ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods.