本地化翻译(Localization)：咬文嚼字(简体中文易混淆词汇)
passolo 词汇表
passolo 词汇表全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Passolo是一种专业的软件本地化工具，广泛应用于软件开发领域和国际化市场中。
通过Passolo，开发人员可以轻松地将软件本地化为不同语言版本，以满足全球用户的需求。
在使用Passolo时，我们需要了解一些关键词汇，以便更好地理解其功能和操作流程。
下面是关于Passolo词汇表的详细介绍。
1. 本地化（Localization）：指将软件或产品根据不同的国家或地区的语言、文化和法律要求做出相应的调整，以满足当地用户的需求。
2. 国际化（Internationalization）：指设计和开发软件或产品时考虑到不同语言和文化的差异，使其具有较强的适应性和兼容性，方便未来的本地化工作。
3. 项目（Project）：在Passolo中，项目是指需要进行本地化处理的软件或产品。
每个项目都包含了一系列要翻译和本地化的资源文件。
4. 资源文件（Resource file）：这是软件开发过程中使用的文件，包括界面文本、图标、对话框等。
Passolo可以直接处理这些资源文件，进行本地化工作。
5. 界面文本（UI text）：指软件界面上显示的文字内容，通常包括菜单、按钮、标签等。
6. 翻译（Translation）：将源语言的文字内容翻译成目标语言的过程。
Passolo提供了翻译工具和功能，方便用户进行翻译工作。
7. 本地化工程师（Localization Engineer）：负责软件本地化工作的专业人员，具有一定的语言能力和技术知识，能够处理各种本地化工作。
8. 术语库（Termbase）：存储软件本地化过程中的专业术语和翻译对应关系的数据库，用于保证翻译的一致性和准确性。
10. 术语一致性（Terminology consistency）：指在软件本地化过程中，术语和翻译之间保持一致，避免出现矛盾或混淆的情况。
11. 导入（Import）：将源语言的资源文件导入Passolo中进行本地化处理的操作。
Localization——本地化
• GALA(Globalization and Localization Association) ，即国际化与本地化协会，是翻译、 国际化、本地化和全球化行业的一个具有全面代 表性的非盈利的国际行业组织，于2002年4月15日 由来自四大洲 12 个国家的 15 个本地化社团创建， 总部设在美国，大约有200个团体会员，属于首要 国际协会之列。
本地化与国际化
•国际化 ( 全球化 ) 是指开发的产品能适应不同市场的需求。本地化是 指将国际化的产品投入某一特定的目标市场。以适应特定地区、国 家的文化，满足特定人群的需求(这时翻译只是本地化的一部分)。 •Internationalization, encompasses the planning and preparation stages for a product that is built by design to support global markets. This process removes all cultural assumptions and any country- or language-specific content is stored so that it can be easily adapted. If this content is not separated during this phase, it must be fixed during localization, adding time and expense to the project. In extreme cases, products that were not internationalized may not be localizable.
本地化翻译
口译中常用高频词汇(英汉对照)
口译中常用高频词汇(英汉对照)口译中常用的高频词汇(英汉对照)A level playing field 公平竞争环境Accommodation 迁就型(处理冲突时) Accountability 问责性Adequate 足够Agriculture / Agricultural (adj.) 农业(的) Alienation 抽离/ 离群Americanization 美国化An alarming level 达警戒程度Anti-globalists 反全球化者Antisocial 反社会的Appalling consequences 可怕的後果Asset 资产Authoritarian parenting style 专制式的管教Authoritative parenting style 权威式的管教Autonomous regions 自治区Autonomy 自主性Avoidance 回避型(处理冲突时) Backward 落後Behavioral maturity 行为上成熟Beijing 北京Bias 偏见Biological clock 生理时钟Borderless World 无国界的世界Boycott 杯葛Capitalism 资本主义Carry out 实施Catastrophic effects 灾难性的/悲惨的後果Causation 起因/ 原因celebrity effect 名人效应Coastal cities 沿海城市Collaboration 合作型(处理冲突时) Collusion between government and businessmen 官商勾结commando 命令式Competitive edge 竞争优势compromise 妥协Consciousness 知觉，有意识Constitution / Constitutional amendments 宪法/ 宪法修订Constraint of time 时间限制Contemporary 当代的Core values 核心价值Correlation 相互关系County 县CSSA (Comprehensive Social Security Assistance) 综援Cultural imperialism 文化侵略Deforestation 过度伐林Dense population 人口密集Depletion of non-renewable resources 消耗非再生能源Desertification 沙漠化Developed countries 已发展/ 发达国家Developing countries 发展中国家Disadvantaged groups 弱势社群Disharmony 不和谐Disposable income 可用收入Disputes 纠纷distort 扭曲Diversification 多元化Diversity 多元性dogmatic 教条式Double-edged sword 有利有弊Drop out of school 辍学Dual identities 双重身份dynamic 活跃Ecological imbalance 生态不平衡Economic restructuring 经济转型Efficiency 效率Embargo 禁运Empathy 同理心/ 感同身受energizing feelings 增加精力(正面)的情绪energy-draining feelings 消耗精力(负面)的情绪Entrepot 转口港Equal opportunities Commission 平等机会委员会Ethnic groups 种族Exploit 开发/ 剥削Exploitation 剥削Export dumping 出口倾销feminine 女性化Financial Hub 金融中心Fiscal burden 财政负坦Fiscal deficit 财政赤字Foreign currency 外汇Frequent 频繁Gateway (e.g. HK is a gateway to China.) 大门口Geographical / functional constituencies 地区/功能议席Geographical boundaries 地域界限Gini Coefficient 坚尼系数Global icons 全球化的符号/象徵Global poverty 全球贫穷问题Global village 地球村Glocalization 全球在地化grandiose 夸张式Grassroots 草根阶层Green consumption / Green tax / Green products / Green groups 环保的Grievances 不满/ 怨言Harmonious society 和谐社会Hegemony 霸权High degree of autonomy 高度自主Highly adaptable 十分有适应力Homogeneous 同一的/ 相同的Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong 港人自港Human capital 人力资源impulsive 冲动Incentive (n.) 动机/ 奖励Indispensable 不可缺少Individuality 独特性Inflation /deflation 通胀/ 通缩Infrastructure 基建inner beauty 内在美inner conflicts / interpersonal conflicts 内心冲突/ 人际冲突Innovation / innovative 创意/ 有创造力Integrity 操守/ 品格Interdependence 互相依赖International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金Johari Window 心灵之窗Joint venture 合资企业Knowledge–based economy 知识型经济labeling effect 标签效应Laid-off workers 下岗工人Laissez-faire policy 不干预政策Land seizure / Expropriate farmland from farmers 徵收农地Law and order 法律治安Legco / Legislative council 立法会Legitimate status 合法地位Liberty 自由life span 寿命Local identity 本地身份Localization 本地化Marginal youth 边缘青年Marginalize 边缘化market orientation 市场导向masculine 男性化Massive migration 大量移民Materialism 物质主义mediator 中介者/ 调停者Medium to small sized enterprises 中小型企业Mindset 思想模式Minimum wage 最低工资Mismatches of jobs 工作错配Mood disruptions 情绪困扰moral values 道德价值Municipalities 直辖市National anthem 国歌National People’s Congress 人民代表大会neglecting parenting style 忽略式的管教Newly-arrived migrants 新移民Ombudsman 申诉专员On the verge of 差不多/ 濒临One country, two systems 一国两制Opening-up policy 开放政策Openness 思想/态度开放Outsourcing jobs 将工作外判overgeneralization 过份笼统/ 概括Overheating (经济)过热Ownership 拥有权Patriotic / Patriotism 爱国的/ 爱国主义Peasants 农民People’s commune 人民公社People-centered policy 以人为本的政策Per capita annual income 人均每年收入permissive parenting style 放纵式的管教Pluralistic / Plurality 多元性Polarization 两极化Political participation 政治参与Positive non-interventionist policy 积极不干预Power decentralization 下放权力Premier 国家总理President 国家主席Privatization 私有化privileges 特权/ 权利Profit-oriented 利润导向Prosperity 繁荣Protectionism 保护主义Provinces 省puberty 青春期Public interest 公众利益Quality Migrant Scheme 输入优才计画rationalization 合理化rebellious 反叛Restrictions 限制Re-training 再培训Revenue 利润Rule of law 法治精神Satellite TV 卫星电视self-awareness 自觉self-concept 自我形象self-deception 自欺self-defense mechanism 自我防卫机制self-doubt 自我怀疑self-esteem 自尊self-fulfilling prophecy 自我实现预言self-respect 自敬/ 自重Sense of belonging 归属感Shortage of necessities 物资短缺Shrinking globe 缩小的地球Sino- 中国的Skilled labour 技术劳工Sluggish development 停滞不前的发展Social conscience 社会良心Social justice 社会公义Socialist Market Economy 社会主义市场经济Special economic zones 经济特区Speeding up 加速Starvation 饥饿stereotype 典型Strategy 策略Strike a balance 寻求平衡Subsidies (n.) / Subsidize (v.) 资助/ 补贴Subsidies (n.) subsidize (v.) 资助/补贴Superpowers 超级大国Surplus workers 劳力过剩Sustainable development 可持续发展Sweatshop 血汗工厂(贬义) Sweatshops 血汗工厂Sympathy 同情心T ariff 关税T ariffs and quotas关税及配额The lesser of two evils 两害取其轻The tip of the iceberg 冰山一角(一定是指负面的东西) The world’s factory 世界工厂Think globally, act locally 全面思考，踏实行事/立足本地，放眼全球Too many cooks spoil the broth 人多手脚乱Trade Barriers 贸易障碍Transnational enterprises 跨国企业transpersonal 超越人类的Two heads are better than one 一人计短二人计长Uniformity 一致性Universal suffrage 普选Urban household 城市住户Urbanization 城市化value judgment 价值判断Wealth disparity 财富不均Well-being 幸福Westernization 西化Withholding of wages 克扣工资感谢您的阅读！。
本地化翻译过程
Demystifying the Costs of Localization andTranslation (1)∙I already understand localization. Or do I?∙What do translators really do with my product?∙Why is localization so expensive?Introduction―Why is localization so expensive?!‖We hear this question a lot from our clients, and at one time we had a short answer for it:Words.Our clients usually just scowled at us when we gave that answer, and so we elaborated a bit:The expense-perspective: You paid to create yourEnglish-language product, but because your engineers andwriters use English words, it looked to you as though you didn’tpay anything to create it. Now you need to write a fat check tosomebody in order to create other versions, and you’re annoyedbecause ―all they’re doing is translating,‖ which feels like child’splay compared to the work you’ve done.The revenue-perspective: Your investment in theEnglish-language product will be returned by lots and lots ofEnglish-speaking people who will give you money because yousolved their problems. Similarly, localization is an investment in a[German/Japanese/Korean/Russian/ French/...] product, and thisinvestment will be returned by lots and lots ofnon-English-speaking people who will give you money for solvingtheir problems.In other words, there is an expense-side and a revenue-side to the coin of localization.We also hear that many people in technology consider the process of delivering international products a ―black box‖. Accordingly, Part I of this paper explains the terms and steps in ―Internationalization‖ and ―Localization,‖ with a few grisly details that are second nature to translation professionals, but which look like a black box to most of their clients. In Part II we describe where high localization costs come from, and what organizations can do about the side of the black box over which they do have some control. (When all is said and done, it still comes down to the first answer: Words.)Background: InternationalizationIt is best in the long run to first internationalize the software, as in the Portuguese example in Figure 1, so that no matter how it changes for user interface or business logic, the code base at the core of the product is always the same (sometimes called a single worldwide binary). To externalize those features and characteristics that can change from one region (or locale) to another—e.g., language, color scheme and accounting standards in software, or narrative examples, conditional text and legal text in documentation—is to place them in separate resource files that vary from locale to locale, then call them from a single, common code base.Figure 1This process of internationalization (or I18n, because there are 18 letters between the ―I‖ and the ―n‖) makes life easier for a number of people along the value chain.character set enabling, overall software architecture – but ultimately, companies internationalize their products not only because it’s better engineering, but also because they can reduce time to market and make/save more money in all regions.Of course, it’s nearly impossible to get I18n right the first time, and it usually requires multiple product cycles to refine the process, so the enlightened organization takes a long, patient view. Impatient organizations may leave locale-specific elements, such as strings or error messages, inside the code base, usually to get the English-language product to market in a hurry. This is not evil, but there are costs associated with it later in the process. Companies which outsource I18n effectively leave much of the process inside the black box. For those companies whose own engineers and writers internationalize their products, I18n is not so mysterious.Background: LocalizationFew companies, however, localize their products themselves, because few companies can justify the cost of keeping translators and localization engineers on staff. Localization (or L10n) is the process of delivering a product that meets the needs of users in a specific locale, and because most companies outsource this function, it usually lands squarely in the black box. The L10n process is not completely different from or contrary to the process of creating most technology deliverables. When the product has been properly internationalized, L10n is a parallel function that takes a copy of the resources from their normal flow in development, modifies the copy for the needs of a specific locale, and joins the original further downstream in the development flow (Figure 2).Figure 2There are a few localization concepts, however, which are alien to most people who build technology products, and these concepts are inside the black box. Key ConceptsGlossary (Terminology List)To ensure uniformity of translation throughout the product (and, as the international effort grows, throughout the company), it is a good practice to put in place a glossary, which contains approved translations of key words andphrases. A translation glossary gives the equivalent of the key terms in the target language.Figure 3The Explanation column in Figure 3 is very important for preserving contextual information for the benefit of the translators. Note also that the glossary plays the important role of dictating what should not be translated.Here are some key moments in the life of a glossary:1. Client hands off early version of product to localization vendor forcreation of glossary.2. Localization vendor compiles list of key terms, with contextualcomments.3. Client conducts training session for translators and editors (optional,and too often overlooked)4. Translator translates (or, in some cases, doesn’t translate) intotarget-language equivalents.5. Vendor returns glossary draft to client.6. Client sends glossary out for review by stakeholders most likely tocomplain about undesirable translations, in order to avoid thesecomplaints once the product has been released. (This is extremelyimportant, and should be performed by in-country partners andco-workers whose livelihood depends on the quality of the translation.)7. Client returns glossary comments to vendor, who incorporates them.8. Once approved, the glossary goes to translators, reviewers, editors andclient for continued reference.A typical glossary will contain a few dozen up to a few hundred terms.Simultaneous shipment (Sim-ship)Handing off resources for translation early in development allows the localization process to begin sooner, but the original resources are more likely to change and grow, requiring additional handoffs before release of the original. On the other hand, handing off the resources after the release of the original ensures that they are frozen, but delays the launch into the regional markets (see Figure 2).Simultaneous shipment in multiple languages is attainable, but it usually takes several localization cycles, as well as ironclad buy-in from upper management. The localization process needs to be an integral part of mainstream development so that changes to the original move quickly into the localized versions.Machine Translation (MT)The urge to automate as much of human effort as possible has also touched the specialty of translation. Since the 1950’s, the field of computational linguistics has contributed a great deal to the technology behind computerized translation, and the road ahead is filled with promise.In MT, the computer applies rules and algorithms for syntax, morphology, semantics and other rules to translate text into a destination language. Another approach uses statistical models to arrive at the most likely translation for the input text. Depending on the source-destination language-pair (some are better matched than others), the unedited result will almost always preserve meaning, but it will rarely be as natural as if translated by a human native speaker.Some localization vendors use MT as adjunct technology in their translation workflow. It can save money and time as an interim step to a post-translation editing pass, but by and large, human language is too old and MT not (yet) old enough for most clients to entrust completely the localization of, say, technical documentation entirely to a computer.Translation Memory (TM) and Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) Tools While also computer-based, these tools differ from Machine Translation. The goal of MT is for the computer to bear the brunt of the translation work, whereas TM and CAT tools help the translator do his/her own translating better, more accurately and faster. Localization vendors in the 21st century must use these tools not only to compete on price, but also to meet market expectations of consistency and quality of translation. Currently prominent products in theTM/CAT category include Catalyst, Déjà Vu, Passolo, SDLX and Trados, among many others.TM expands on the idea of the glossary. Beyond correlating a few dozen or hundred key terms, TM creates a one-to-one correlation between all of the source text and all of the destination text in the entire product and places these correlated pairs into a scalable database. Figure 4 shows source text on the left and destination text on the right.Figure 4The database may contain text from software resources, documentation, Web pages and marketing collateral, making all of it available as reference material to any translator working on any of these projects. In addition, fuzzy-matching algorithms rate approximate matches, so if the TM software finds similarity between a new sentence and another sentence already translated in thedatabase, it will suggest it to the translator with a percentage-rating of closeness.Benefits of TMSeveral compelling benefits can accrue to the organization with all (or even most) of its translation memory in a database.Analysis and cost estimates are more accurateAs observed somewhat ironically on page 2, the key metric in the cost of a localization project is Words. Before TM, it sufficed to estimate the wordcount of the entire project and multiply it by a price per word, but why pay tore-translate text that has already been translated, or which appears identically in many different places? With TM, it is possible to determine the wordcount of phrases and sentences that have already been translated, and thereby arrive at a more accurate cost estimate.Figure 5shows the analysis on a batch of ten new files submitted to a vendor for translation.• 38,891 words are in 4,130 repeated segments 1, or segments whichexactly match another segment in the ten files. The translator can translate the first occurrence of these segments and the TM software will propagate themthroughout the project. In addition, 4,674 words are ―placeable‖ (numbers, tags, symbols) and do not require translation.• In descending buckets from 100% down to 50%, there are a few hundred words in segments which have been translated before. These bucketsrepresent descending degrees of fuzzy match.• The software finds no match for segments containing 104,661 wo rds, so these must be translated from scratch. The 4,951 placeable words donot require translation.Many vendors offer discounts based on this analysis: The higher the percentage match bucket, the greater the discount on words in that bucket.• A 100% match means, of course, that no translation work is required, but the words in the 100% segments must still be ―touched‖ (engineering,desktop publishing, translation memory work, final review, QA), so fewvendors discount them entirely.• A 95-99% match often means that punctuation or the spelling of a single word has changed, or a word has been added or deleted, so a translator must do some light work on the segment and the vendor will discountthe segment slightly less.• Below 75% matches, however, discounts are less common because, by the time the translator has found and dealt with the differences between the old and the new text, s/he may as well translate it from scratch. The vendor can pre-translate new versionsBefore the new file has made it as far as the translator, the TM software will have pre-translated as many 100% matches as possible. For any segment that already has a match in the TM database, the software will retrieve and place the corresponding translation. This greatly reduces the translator’s work and shortens the time to deliver the completed product.In Figure 6, the Chinese segments marked with gold (lines 164-171 in the right-hand column) are 100% matches for the corresponding English segments on the left, which have been retrieved from TM and dropped into the translator’s work file in advance.Figure 6Translations enjoy leverage from one version to the nextSimilarly, the software identifies fuzzy matches and places them. The translator modifies the existing translation in light of how the source text has changed and adds the new segment to the TM database. This helps the translator spot English segments that have changed since the last time the product was translated.Figure 7In Figure 7, segment 174 reads ―You will be charged for this application.‖ The software found the closest fuzzy match (84%) and pre-translated it, tagging it green to call the translator’s attention to it. The TM Difference View window shows the very important change made to the English sentence since the last round of translation: The sentence now reads ―You will not be charged for this application.‖ The software provides enough of the original translation so that the translator does not need to start from scratch.The leverage from one version of the localized product to the next is a tremendous advantage of TM software. While it does not lower the overall wordcount of a product, it eliminates needless work for the translators and shortens time to market for the localized versions.All terms are available for lookup and concordance searchThe combination of the TM database and fuzzy matching also allows for concordance searches on specific text for similar, but not necessarily identical, occurrences.Figure 8In Figure 8 the translator has looked up ―Please try again later‖ in the TM database to see in how many different ways similar text has been translated in the past. This functionality goes deeper than that of a translation glossary because it broadens the subject of the lookup from key terms to common phrases, and the domain of lookup from the few hundred glossary terms to the entire TM database.Clients preserve history from one vendor to the nextFinally, the TM database represents a valuable asset if/when the time comes to change localization vendors. With TM, if a vendor goes out of business or is unable to scale to meet a client’s localization needs, the client can forward the TM database to the new vendor, who can then exploit the translation history with less delay.There may be technical limitations (different TM database formats) and legal issues (ownership of the TM database itself), but the larger the translation history, the smaller these issues look by comparison.A few more notes on TM• The real value in TM lies in its continued use over time. A sustainedinternational effort to deliver future versions of localized products willbenefit handsomely from TM. The organization interested in a one-time, quick-and-dirty translation will enjoy far fewer benefits.• Although TM saves a lot of work, it als o involves a lot of work for vendors.Some vendors bill for it directly and conspicuously, while others bill for it under general engineering costs. On balance, though, its benefitsoutweigh its costs, and there is almost no point in trying to save moneyby instructing the vendor not to use TM tools.• The client must bear in mind that translation memory tools are notmachine translation tools. As described above, MT tries to calculatetranslations of new text using rules and existing translations, whereasTM accumulates segment-by-segment history and assists humantranslators. While hybrid TM-MT solutions are becoming more popular,the industry is still a long way from reducing translation to a pure matter of software and hardware.• The client must b ear in mind the concept of the segment. TM looks forand matches text in entire segments because this is the lowest level ofgranularity which the software can use. For this same reason,wordcounts are a function of words in segments, as described in Figure5.Clients who do not understand the concept of the segment ask a verycommon question: ―My company and product name, Crunchware,appear 900 times in the product, and I want them preserved as―Crunchware‖ in all languages. Do I have to pay for that?‖ The answer is ―Sometimes.‖ If ―Crunchware‖ occurs as a segment all by itself in the TM database – and it probably does – then at all occurrences of thatsame segment there is no work for the translator to do, and the clientwill likely receive a steep discount for that 100% matched segment inevery place that ―Crunchware‖ appears alone. However, if―Crunchware‖ appears in a completely new sentence with 44 otherwords – like this sentence, for instance – then the software will report a 45-word segment with no match in TM, and the vendor will likely charge for 45 words at the full rate per word.SummaryA properly internationalized product is a delight to localize, because it involves no wasted effort in handoff, cost estimation, scheduling, translation, rebuilding, testing, release or support. It meets the needs of users in other regions with no changes to its core functionality, no patches, no bug lists, and no excuses. Enlightened organizations manage their own internationalization (I18n), which keeps it out of the black box.The black box looks black mostly because localization (L10n) takes place outside of the client’s organization and involves tools and skills rarely found inside the organization. The black box is not so much product development as product transformation, in which a familiar, English-original product becomes a French/Korean/Russian/Hebrew/... copy. Translation memory (TM) tools are at the heart of the transformation, keeping costs as low as possible and accelerating the work of translators.Although the L10n process seems trivial to many technology clients, there really is a great deal more to it than simply translating words from one language to another. Honest.。
Android应用资源---本地化(Localization
Android会运行在许多地区的许多设备上。
为满足大多数用户的需要，应用程序应该使用与应用所在地区相适应的文本、音频文件、数字、货币符号、以及图形等。
本文档介绍Android应用程序本地化的最佳实践。
这个原则适用于你正在使用的任何IDE 开发工具，如带有ADT的Eclipse、基于Ant的工具等。
首先要掌握Java的编程知识，并且熟悉Android的资源加载过程，以及XML中用户界面元素的声明方法。
在开发方面要掌握Activity的生存周期以及国际化和本地化的一般原则。
使用Android资源框架把应用程序本地化的外观尽可能的与核心Java功能分离，是一个良好的实践。
1.可以把大多数或所有的应用程序的用户界面的内容放到资源文件中；2.用户界面的行为，以及其他处理，是通过Java代码来驱动的。
如，如果用户输入的数据需要依赖不同的地区来格式化或排序，那么就要使用Java代码来编程处理这些数据。
概要：Android中的资源切换资源是文本字符串、布局、声音、图形以及Android应用程序中需要的其他静态数据。
一个应用程序能够包含多个资源集，每个都是针对不同的设备配置来定制的。
当用户运行应用程序时，Android会自动的选择并加载跟设备最匹配的资源。
当编写应用程序时，需要创建一组默认的资源，外加用于不同地区的可选资源。
当用户运行应用程序时，Android系统会基于地区来选择加载合适的资源。
在编写应用程序时，要给应用程序创建默认和可选资源。
对于这些创建的资源，要把它们放到res/目录下，特定命名的子目录中的文件中。
为什么默认资源是重要的？当应用程序运行在一个没有提供特定语言文本的语言环境中时，Android会从res/values/strings.xml中加载默认的字符串。
如果默认的文件不存在，或者是缺少应用程序需要的字符串，那么应用程序就不会运行，并且会显示一个错误。
下面的示例演示了当默认文本文件不完整时所发生的问题：应用程序的Java代码只引用了两个字符串，text_a和text_b。
本土化翻译
本土化翻译一、本土化翻译的定义与重要性本土化翻译，指的是在翻译过程中，不仅要准确传达原文的信息和意义，还要使译文在目标语言文化中得以自然、顺畅地传播和接受。
它强调在翻译过程中，充分考虑目标语言读者的文化背景、语言习惯和接受能力，使译文符合当地的风俗习惯和审美标准。
本土化翻译的重要性不言而喻，它能够有效提升译文在目标市场的接受度，扩大产品或服务在国际市场的竞争力。
二、本土化翻译的策略与方法1.文化适应：在翻译过程中，对原文进行适当的调整和修改，使之符合目标语言的文化特点。
例如，一些具有浓厚文化背景的词汇、成语和谚语，需要在翻译时加以解释或寻找与之对应的目标语言表达。
2.语言习惯调整：在保证译文准确性的基础上，尽量使译文符合目标语言的语法结构、词汇搭配和表达方式。
例如，英语和汉语在表达方式上存在很大差异，翻译时要注意调整句子结构和语序，使译文更自然。
3.信息增删：在保证原文信息传递的前提下，根据目标语言的表达习惯，对原文进行适当的增删。
例如，一些在我国特有的政策、制度或术语，在翻译时可以进行简化或概括，以便目标语言读者理解。
三、我国本土化翻译的现状与发展随着我国国际地位的不断提升，国内外交流日益频繁，本土化翻译在我国也得到了广泛关注和发展。
目前，我国本土化翻译已涉及到多个领域，如文学、影视、广告、企业文档等。
然而，与西方发达国家相比，我国本土化翻译在理论研究、技术应用和实践经验方面仍有较大差距。
因此，本土化翻译在我国仍有很大的发展空间。
四、本土化翻译案例分析以我国电影《哪吒之魔童降世》为例，其在国外的推广和传播过程中，进行了充分的本土化翻译。
不仅在剧情、人物设定等方面进行了文化适应，还将中国特色的元素如神话传说、传统服饰等进行了恰当的呈现。
此外，该片在台词和歌词翻译上，也尽量保持了原文的风趣幽默，使国外观众能够更好地感受到中国电影的魅力。
五、提升本土化翻译能力的建议1.加强本土化翻译理论研究：深入探讨本土化翻译的原理、方法和技巧，为实践提供理论支持。
catlcs练习题答案
catlcs练习题答案1. 翻译以下句子，并解释其在目标语言中的文化含义。
- 原句：“The early bird catches the worm.”- 目标语言：中文2. 将下列技术术语从英文翻译成目标语言，并确保其准确性。
- 英文术语：Localisation- 目标语言：中文3. 根据以下上下文，选择最合适的翻译策略。
- 上下文：一个软件界面中的“Save”按钮。
- 翻译策略选项：A. 直译B. 意译C. 保留原文D. 功能对等4. 以下是一个多语言网站的截图，请指出其中可能存在的本地化问题。
- 截图内容：[截图描述]5. 解释“伪本地化”（Pseudo-localization）的概念，并给出一个实际应用的例子。
答案1. 翻译及解释：- 翻译：早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
- 解释：这句话在中文中也表达了相似的意思，即早起的人能够抓住机会或获得成功。
2. 术语翻译：- 英文术语：Localisation- 中文翻译：本地化3. 翻译策略选择：- 答案：D. 功能对等- 解释：在软件界面中，“Save”按钮的功能是保存操作，因此应选择功能对等的翻译策略，即使用目标语言中具有相同功能的词汇。
4. 本地化问题：- 问题：截图中可能存在的问题包括日期格式、货币单位、语言不一致等。
5. 伪本地化概念及应用：- 概念：伪本地化是一种测试过程，通过将文本翻译成看起来像是另一种语言但实际上是经过修改的原始语言，以测试软件对不同语言的支持能力。
- 应用例子：将英文“Hello”伪本地化成“He110”，虽然看起来像是另一种语言，但实际上仍然是英文字符的变体。
请注意，以上内容仅为示例，实际的CATLCS练习题和答案可能会根据具体的考试要求和内容而有所不同。
本地化行业(Localization)综合类专业术语
综合 综合
产品本地化实施过程中相互联系、相互作 用的一系列过程。
产品本地化流程中的输入输出的对象。
综合
提供本地化服务的类别。
Common Sense Advisory 评选“世界百强语言供应商”︱专注翻译 恪守精准 2
综合
不需要重新设计或修改代码、将程序的用 户界面翻译成任何目标语言的能力。本地 化能力是表征软件产品实现本地化的难易 程度的指标。
Technology of localization
综合
产品本地化过程中应用的各项技术。
多字节ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ符集
Multi-byte Character Set
质量保证 文件格式 用户界面 服务角色
软件中与用户交互的全部元素的集合，包 括对话框、菜单和屏幕提示信息等。
产品本地化实施过程中承担不同任务的各 种角色。
Common Sense Advisory 评选“世界百强语言供应商”︱专注翻译 恪守精准 1
服务流程 服务要素 服务种类
Process of service Element of service Types of service
中文术语 本地化 国际化 全球化 本地化能力 本地化技术
本地化行业(Localization)综合类专业术语
英文术语 Localization (L10N) Internationalization (I18N) Globalization (G11N)
类别 综合 综合 综合
定义
将一个产品按特定国家/地区或语言市场 的需要进行加工，使之满足特定市场上的 用户对语言和文化的特殊要求的软件生产 活动。
在程序设计和文档开发过程中，使功能和 代码设计能够处理多种语言和文化传统， 从而在创建不同语言版本时，不需要重新 设计源程序代码的软件工程方法。
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咬文嚼字（简体中文易混淆词讨论）
翻译，确实是一项要求综合素质的工作。
不仅要对源语言了如指掌，更要对自己的母语如数家珍。
以下收集了一些在书写中文译文时常常感到无所适从的易混淆词，并在网络上搜索到相关信息进行汇总，供学习参考。
如有不同意见或者要另外补充其他词语，随时欢迎。
1.翻番vs翻倍
“翻番”指数量加倍，某数翻几番，就是某数加倍后再加倍，…共加几次；或用几个2乘某数；或某数乘2的几次方。
例如：100翻5番是：100→200→400→800→1600→3200，即100×2×2×2×2×2＝100×25＝100×32＝3200。
“倍”指与原数相等的数，某数的几倍，就是用几乘某数。
100的5倍是：5×100＝500
同一数只有“增加1倍”和“翻1番”时数值相等。
此外，增加的倍数与翻番数相同时，其数越大，数值结果相差越远。
如100的10倍是100×10＝1000；100翻10番是100×210＝100×1024＝102400。
差别之大，可见一斑，真是混淆不得。
任何文件中出现“翻×番”，都必须认真检验，反复核算，把好数字质量关。
2.帐vs账
古汉语词典上说：
帐：1.帐幕 2.帐薄，户籍薄
账：单指薄籍，薄册
现在汉语词典上说：
当指和钱财相关的记载时，“帐”和“账”是通用的。
所以，“账户”和“帐户”没有区别。
有人说以前的一次汉语语法修订中将“帐户”这个用法给取消了。
事实也是如此，在Word 中输入的“帐户”会被Word的语法检查看作是错别字，而Word也认为“账户”是正确的。
可是Windows中用的全部是“帐户”。
《后汉书》：“帐者，犹中国之户数也。
”（意思是：游牧民族所说的“帐”相当于中原的“户”）。
《辞源》：“账”，古作“帐”，后为避免与“帷帐”混淆，另造“账”字，用于“钱”。
所以这是文字自然流变造成的，历史够悠久了，不是今人之错。
所以，最新版的《现代汉语词典》（它反映国家的语言文字政策）是这样处理的：在“帐”的释义里注明：②同“账”。
但不在“帐”下收列与“账”有关的词。
就是说，你还可以用“帐户”，但推荐使用“账户”。
据国家语委有关资料，由于古人常把账目记于布帛上悬挂起来以利保存，故称日用的账目为“帐”；后来为了与帷帐分开，另造形声字“账”，表示与钱财有关。
教育部、国家语委发布的《第一批异形词整理表》（2002年3月31日试行）的注释中说，“账”、“帐”二字分
工如下：“账”用于货币和货物出入的记载、债务等，如“账本、报账、借账、还账”等；“帐”专表用布、纱、绸子等制成的遮蔽物，如“蚊帐、帐篷、青纱帐（比喻用法）”等。
《现代汉语词典》（2002年增补本）只有“账户”词条，而无“帐户”词条，对“账户”的解释是：会计上指账簿中对各种资金运用、来源和周转过程等设置的分类。
经国家语委等修改而成的《图书编校质量差错认定细则》中的第七条列举了“常见的较难界定的别字”，其中有“欠账（帐）、账（帐）簿”等，并特别说明“括号里的字是错的”。
新华社2002年印发的《新华社采编人员手册》“新闻报道中容易用错的字词”这部分内容中，也明确说明，表示“财物出入的记载”和“债”的义项时，不能写作“帐”。
实际本地化项目中，可以根据客户要求选择使用，或者遵从历史语言资产库中的用法。
另外：
“记账（记帐）”表示记载、登记账目；
“计账（计帐）”表示计算账目，或“账目共计”之意。
3.坐落vs座落
①山川、田地或建筑物等的位置所在：这座庙坐落在半山腰里｜我们学校坐落在鹳山脚下。
②坐到座位上：他走到右边的一把椅子上坐落下来。
在各类宣传广告中，经常有“某某单位(或建筑)座落在某某地方”这样的句子。
由于常见，所以人们也就自以为是了。
其实，“座落”是错误的，“坐落”才是正确的。
“坐”和“座”是一组古今字，“坐”产生在前，“座”产生在后。
坐，是会意字。
古人席地（在地上铺草席）而坐，两膝着地，臀部压在脚跟上（相当于今天的“跪”）。
再如：坐井观天、坐地分赃、坐怀不乱、坐山观虎斗。
“坐”本是动词，后来又引申为名词，表示所坐的地方，即“座位”。
“坐”还引申为不采取行动或不从事劳动。
如：坐以待毙、坐享其成、坐吃山空。
“坐”字由于后来产生了很多意义，所以人们就以“坐”为声符，再加形符“广”，造了“座”字表示“座位”的意义。
“坐”称为“古字”，“座”称为“今字”。
“今字”表示的意义是“古字”多项意义中的一种。
东汉的《说文解字》没有记载“座”字，所以估计“座”字产生于汉代之后。
“座”字是名词，本专指“座位”。
如：座无虚席（座位上没有空余的席子，指人都坐满了），座右铭（写在座位右边的自警的格言）。
在唐代进士对主考称“座主”，所以后来学生对师长、下属对长官也称“座”。
如：称老师为“师座”、称巡抚为“抚座”、称军长为“军座”、称委员长为“委座”。
“坐落”是一个由两个近义的词素构成的并列式合成词。
“坐”是“坐下去”，“落”是“落下去”，词义相近。
组成“坐落”之后，仍然保持动词的词性，表示某建筑或某单位处于什么地理位置。
如：江南名楼滕王阁坐落在南昌市的赣江之滨。
再如：我们的学校坐落在美丽的百花洲畔。
“座谈”是一个偏正式合成词，“座”是对“谈”进行修饰，说明“谈”的方式和状态。
“座谈”是表示人们坐在座位上不拘形式地随意谈论。
“座落”是怎样也解释不通的，如果一
定要强行解释，那就只能理解成“座位安置在某个地方。
综上所述，只有坐落，没有座落。
座落是现代社会衍生出来的新生词，暂时的用法是坐落，以后修订词典或许座落会取代坐落也说不定。