英译汉-文体翻译(2)法律
法律英语翻译中情态动词的用法
法律英语翻译中情态动词的用法法律英语翻译情态动词用法shall和shouldshall在合同文件中是使用频率最高的词，在合同文件中shall表示强制性承担法律或合同所规定的义务，在表达＂应该＂或＂必须＂做某事时，应用＂shall＂而不能用＂ must＂或＂should＂，但有时可用＂will＂，力度比shall 弱。
Should在法律文件中往往作＂if＂解，只表示＂如果＂之意。
如：The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting.文中：两个shall，都表示有责任做，应该做之意。
Should: If 表示如果。
board meeting：董事会会议。
preside over：主持。
原文可译为：董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持；如董事长缺席，原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。
shall, may和must的否定句Shall在法律条文、合同条款处在两种情况下可以不译外，主要可以被译成＂须＂、＂应＂和＂应当＂等。
但shall与not或其他否定形式（如用否定词No/neigher开头的句子）连用时，一般不能顺其自然，译成＂不须＂、＂不应＂或＂不要＂、＂不可＂、＂不应当＂，因为这几个词的意思在汉语里主要表示＂建议＂或＂忠告＂；在语用上，口语色彩较重，表示＂禁止＂的语气不够强烈；大量既定的权威性文献表明：shall not及类似否定式短句的最通常、最恰当的译法是＂不得＂，因为＂不得＂在汉语里与＂禁止＂一词同义，与法律英语中含shall的否定句所要表达的意思相同。
试看以下各例：1．The rights and freedoms enjoyed by Hong Kong residents shall not be restricted unless as prescribed by law. Such restrictions shall not contravene the provisions of the preceding paragraph of this Article.香港居民享有的权利和自由，除依法规定外不得限制，此种限制不得与本条第一款规定抵触。
法律英语翻译介绍
Existing problems
滥用 “shall”
1. 如乙方有违反本合同的行为，…… 译一：If Party B shall commit any material breach of this Contract, … 译二： If Party B commits any breach of this contract, …
Infant：在法律上是指21岁或18岁以下的人 Demise：在日常英语中有许多意思，如死亡、终止、失败、
职位的丧失等 在法律上，它专指财产的转让，或称让渡，或遗赠， 如指死亡亦是专指引起财产或权力转让的死亡
每一个法律术语只能表达一个特定的 法律概念。法律术语的词义必须单一而固 定。任何人在任何情况下必须对其有同一 的解释。不仅法律专门术语要求词义单一， 由民族共同语转化而来的法律词汇也必须 表达单一的法律概念。有些民族共同语属 于多义词，但是其中一个义项在法律语境 中有特定的法律含义，这种法律词汇也被 称为人工法律术语。例如“ assignment” 在 法律语境下表示“权利或财产的转让”， 而不表示在日常用语中的“任务”的含义， “ deed” 不是日常所说的“行为”而是指法 律中的“契约”。
• shall的使用
在法律文体中，shall具有特殊含义，表示 “应当承担的责任和义务”, 带有指令性和强制性， 充分体现了法律文件的权威性和约束性。可以 用于各种时态。Should在法律问题中，不表示 法律义务，只表示一般义务或道义上的义务， 一般译为应该或应当，
Examples
2. 如在解释上遇到分歧，应以英文本为准。 如在解释上遇在分歧，应以英文本为准。
Existing problems
滥用 “shall”
“shall” can be used to indicate that something is to be done if or when something else “shall” happen in the future. In drafting legal documents the use of “shall” in this way should be avoided.
英汉翻译第2章(翻 译 概 论)
Regardless of appearance, Jack is innocent. 原译： 不管迈克的相貌如何， 他都是无辜的。 改译： 不管迈克的外表如何，
二、漏译
群众是复杂的， 工作又很多。 原译：the masses of people are complex. Especially in the present masses ,there are extremely complex elements. 改译： And we have a lot of work to do.
第三节 翻译的标准 (P8)
翻译的最高标准和最低标准
最高标准是翻译的理想境界，是翻译工 作的努力方向。最低标准是指译文起码 应该达到的水平， 低于这个水平就是不 合格的翻译， 失败的翻译。 不合格的翻译 译文中若出现下列情况，译文读者得不 到与原文读者大致相同的感受，即属于 不合格的翻译。
三、 翻译是两个语言社会（language-community） 之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是促 进本语言社会的政治、经济和（或）文化进 步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑影响映象或艺术映象完好无损地从一 种语言移注到另一种语言中去。
第二节 翻译的分类
一、根据翻译活动形式 （一）口译(oral interpretation) 1. 连续传译（consecutive translation） 同声传译（simultaneous translation） （二）笔译 （ translation） （三）机器翻译 （machine translation) （四）网络翻译（online translation)
English-Chinese Translation （英汉翻译 ）
法律文体的翻译
5. "例外(但书)"的翻译 1)……但《中华人民共和国婚姻法》规定禁止结婚的除 外. …, with the exception of those prohibited from marriage under the provisions of the "Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China". 2) 合营企业也可以按不超过营业额百分之五的比例缴 纳土地使用费,但须经市土地局核定. Joint-ventures may also, subject to approval by the Land Bureau, pay land use fee at a rate of not more than 5 percent of their turnover. 3) 除国家另有规定外,参照本条例执行. Unless otherwise provided for by the People's Republic of China, the present regulations shall apply.
法律文本的翻译要求
1. 用词精当 注意同义词在不同译文中的差别,保持词义在上下 文中的一致,使语句严谨,例如: Unless it is legally or physically impossible, the contractor shall execute and complete the works and remedy the defects therein in strict accordance with the contract to the satisfaction of the engineer. 除法律或外界条件不允许的情况之外,承包商应严 格按合同施工和竣工,并改正工作中的任何缺陷, 达到工程师满意的程度. 分析:"physical"在哲学上与"mental"相对,表示"物质 的","自然的".但如果译为"物质的"容易产 生歧义,可能与具体的物质材料联系起来.这里译 为"外界条件",即人为以外的条件.
7-法律英语翻译汇总
在任一缔约国提出的保护发明的申请都可以 按照本条约规定提出国际申请。 Applications for the protection of inventions in any of the Contracting States may be filed as international applications under this Treaty.
• A：判断语，根据价值或事实所 作出的判断。 • Acquit • Calculate • Describe • Analyze • Estimate • Assess • characterize
• B：裁定语，表示赞成或反对某 事或某过程。 • Order • Command • Direct • Recommend • Appoint • Dismiss • Nominate • Declare • Announce • Warn • proclaim
• Unless otherwise provided for herein, failure or delay on the part of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude further exercise thereof or exercise of any other right, power or privilege.
语言明确，2）条理清晰，3）行文严谨，4）符合规 范格式。
法律英语词汇特点及其翻译
法律英语词汇特点及其翻译法律英语作为实用英语的一种典型文体，在词汇，句法和文体等多个方面都与文学体裁有很大的不同。
其中，法律术语的多样性成为法律语言中一个明显的特征，所以了解法律英语词汇特点对法律翻译有着重要的作用。
本文从法律英语的词汇特点入手，继而以《中华人民共和国专利法》汉译英为例，分析探讨了法律词汇多个方面的翻译。
标签：法律英语；专利法；词汇特点；翻译Abstract: Legal English, as a typical style of practical English, has many differences in comparison with literature translation in terms of lexical, syntactic and stylistic features. Starting on analyzing lexical features in legal English, this article then mainly introduces and comments on some ways in which legal terms are translated based on the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China.Key words: legal English；the Patent Law；lexical feature；translation一引言专业翻译人员了解源语（source language）的各种语言特点对于翻译工作是十分有帮助的。
一方面有助于译者更好地理解原文的意思并且准确地翻译成另外一种语言，同时可以让译者避开许多语言的陷阱，不必把时间浪费在一些徒劳无助的文字游戏上，也不会在翻译的过程中绞尽脑汁去重现原文的不良文风。
（李克兴2007：27）法律英语是一种较高的正式文体（the formal style），其主要特点主要体现在专业性的词汇及用语的使用上。
英汉翻译教程 文体与翻译
例子：Glad to receive your letter of November 18 asking whether we can supply you with Art.No.6120.
很高兴收到你方11月28日来函询问我方可否供应 6120货号商品。
还表现为应用一系列的商业术语： CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) 是价格术语，
第二单元
文体与翻译
中国海洋大学 邓红风
第一节 文体
中国海洋大学 邓红风
文体的概念和分类
文体的概念：文体，是指独立成篇的文本 体栽（或样式、体制），是文本构成的规 格和模式，一种独特的文化现象，是某种 历史内容长期积淀的产物。它反映了文本 从内容到形式的整体特点，属于形式范畴。
中国海洋大学 邓红风
现函复贵方3月25日询价，并报盘如下： In credit operations all parties concerned
deal in documents and not in goods, services and/or other performances to which the documents may relate. 在信用证事务中，各有关方面处理的是单据，而 不是与单据有关的货物、服务或其他行为。
风轻轻的低声吹着，吹过百叶国，吹在窗 上，轻揉的好家羽毛一般；有时候数声叹 息，几乎叫人想起夏季长夜漫漫和风吹动 树叶的声音。
中国海洋大学 邓红风
The meadow mouse has slept in his snug gallery in the sod, the owl has sat in a hollow tree in the depth of the swamp, the rabbit, the squirrel, and the fox have all been housed. The watch-dog has lain quiet on the hearth, and the cattle have stood silent in their stalls.
法律英语的翻译
2. 法律英语典型句型的翻译 2.1 otherwise
1.
2. 3.
Otherwise 在法律英语中的用法： 跟unless引导的句子（让步状语从句）连 用； 置放在连词or之后使用； 与than一起，通常用来否定句子的主语。
例1 In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, "state" means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) 在本条例中﹐除文意另有所指外, “国家” 指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。
这些词用来确指法律文本中的某一方或合同双方，使行文准确，从而 提高法律文书的正式性。
法律英语典型句型的翻译
1. 引言
改革开放以后，尤其是中国加入世贸组织 后，法律翻译成为热点。 一方面是为了让世界了解中国的法律制度 和具体法律法规，需要将大量的中国的法 律文本译成外文。 另一方面，为了学习借鉴国外的先进法制 建设成果，需要将大量的国外的法律法规 法学著作等译成外文。
例 10 Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched.
凡被告人被判处罚款﹐但没有随即缴付 罚款﹐裁判官可命令搜查被告人。
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第六单元文体翻译第二节法律文体⏹法律文体：法律文体包括宪法、法律、行政法规、条例、条约、合同、协议、契约、保证书等等，是最为严谨、精确和正式的文体。
因为法令、契约等文书需要严格规定义务、权利、行为准则的涵义和范围，所以必须词义准确，文意确凿，丝毫不允许语义的模棱两可。
例：The option period shall be the period of 10 days starting from the 30th day after the execution of this Agreement.译：选择期为本合同执行之日30天后的10天。
改译：？一、法律文体的特点1、用词方面⏹专门术语——明晰性，专业性例：shall action serve⏹外来词语——庄重性，权威性例：estoppel alibi affidavit⏹古词旧词例：hereof whereby aforesaid例：1. He was awarded $500 damages for the injury he suffered in the accident.awarded: 判给damages: 损害赔偿2. The testator died with issue.testator: 立遗嘱的人issue: 子女3. Parties must wait for process to issue from the court.process: 传票2、句式方面⏹句子冗长例：Every person who, himself, is exercising ordinary care, has a right to assume that every other person will perform his duty and obey the law; and in the absence of reasonable cause for thinking otherwise, it is not negligence for such a person to fail to anticipate an accident which can be occasioned only by a violation of law or duty by another person.⏹结构复杂例：in accordance withpursuant tosubject to⏹代词很少⏹并列名词例：rules and regulations 规章制度duties and responsibility 职责heirs and devisees 继承人和遗嘱继承人the custody, charge or care 抚养、管教或照看⏹插入状语例：If I shall during the hearing: (a) make default …; or (b) do suffer or omit any act …又如：The Publisher may, if they think fit, decline to publish the Work.⏹被动语态3、格式方面⏹指称间接性⏹专有名词⏹标点符号少4、风格方面⏹严谨缜密⏹正式保守⏹客观冷峻⏹练习：1. The master or the any other person signing this agreement on behalf of the property to be salved is not authorized to make or give and the contractor shall not demand or take, any payment, draft or order for or on account of the remuneration.译文：为待救财产签订本协议，船长或其他人无权签发或给予任何现金、汇票或提款单作为酬金，承包人不得要求或接受上述酬金。
2. Together with the right for the Tenant and the servants friends and visitors of the Tenant in common with the Lessors and Lessors’ other tenants of the said mansion and their servants friends and visitors to use the entrances courtyards passages staircases and lifts of any of the said mansion for the lawful purposes of ingress and egress to and from the demised premises but subject to the stipulations reservations and covenants hereinafter and in the Schedule hereto continued …译文：承租人及其佣仆、朋友、访客与出租人以及该涉约房屋内的其他承租人及其佣仆、朋友、访客共同有权使用该涉约房屋内的任何入口、院落、走道、楼梯及电梯，为法律允许之目的出入往来于让渡房屋之内，但此项权利须服从于本约下文及附件之各项规定、保留及承诺。
二、法律文书的翻译⏹合同⏹工程合同：是关涉技术、经济、保险、法律等各个方面的综合性文件。
英语的工程合同实质上是科技英语和法律文书的结合体，因此具有这两者的特点：句式长，结构和逻辑关系复杂，用语严谨缜密，语调客观冷峻等。
但有时表层含义与深层含义不完全一致，翻译时除了像法律文本一样对待，还要依靠相关的背景知识，认真分析原文的结构、内容和各成分间的制约关系，领悟各章节、条款的潜在内涵，推敲判断字里行间的利害关系。
⏹1、准确理解原文例一、（a）Subject to paragraph (b) below, in cases of each and every occurrence, the Contractor shall repay the actual cost incurred and paid by the Purchaser to other contractors in question, or FF, whichever is lower.注：FF：fixed fee 或fixed fund译文：（a）在遵守下述（b）段规定的前提下，对于每一次事件，承包方都应付还由该事件招致的并已由买方支付给其他有关承包商的实际费用，或者偿还一笔固定金额，二者取其低者。
（b）No liquidated damages shall be due if the additional cost to the Purchaser per occurrence is less than FF.大意：如果那一次事件中买方的额外开支低于固定金额，那就谈不上什么损害赔偿。
2、正确选择词义例二、Subject to the Contractor’s responsibilities and liabilities under the Contract, the Contactor shall bear the amount of the retained liability (excess) stated in Appendix 12 in cases where the Contractor is responsible for the loss, damage or injury.责任？保留责任？损失和人身伤害？译文：在承包方应对设备的丢失、损坏或损伤负责的情况下，承包方应根据本合同规定的承包方应付的责任和赔偿义务负担附件十二中所述的残余赔款额（即超额部分）。
Subject to the Contractor’s responsibilities and liabilities under the Contract, the Contactor shall bear the amount of the retained liability (excess) stated in Appendix 12 in cases where the Contractor is responsible for the loss, damage or injury.3、不得随意省略例三、In the event that the Contractor fails to provide or carry out the Project Services in accordance with the Contract, then without restricting the Purchaser’s right to terminate the Contract, the Purchaser’s sole remedies shall be determined in accordance with the applicable provisions of t his Chapter 9.译一：如果承包方为按合同提供工程服务，购买方将按本第九章适用条款确定补救措施，但是这种补救不限制购买方终止合同的权利。
译二：如果承包方未按合同提供或执行工程服务，买方将可按本第九章有关条款单方面地确定补救措施，而且还有终止合同的权利。
作业：LAW OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINTVENTURESArticle 1 With a view to expanding international economic cooperation and technological exchange, the People’s Republic of China shall permit foreign companies, enterprises, other economic organizations or individuals (hereinafter referred to as “ foreign joint venturers” ) to establish equity joint ventures together with Chinese companies, enterprises or other economic organizations (hereinafter referred to as “ Chinese joint venturers” ) within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, and subject to approval by the ChineseGovernment.Article 2 The Chinese Government shall protect, according to the law, the investment of foreign joint ventures, the profits due them and their other lawful rights and interests in an equity joint venture, pursuant to the agreement, contract and articles of association approved by the Chinese Government.All activities of an equity joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People’s Republic of China.The state shall not nationalize or requisition any equity joint venture. Under special circumstances, when public interest requires, equity joint ventures may be requisitioned by following legal procedures and appropriate compensation shall be made.Article 3 The equity joint venture agreement, contract and articles of association signed by the parties to the venture shall be submitted to the state’s competent department in charge of foreign economic relations and trade (hereinafter referred to as the examination and approval authorities) for examination and approval. The examination and approval authorities shall decide to approve or disapprove the venture within three months. When approved, the equity joint venture shall register with the state’s competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration, acquire a business license and start operations.Article 4 An equity joint venture shall take the form of a limited liability company. The proportion of the foreign joint venturer’s investment in an equity joint venture shall be, in general, not less than 25 percent of its registered capital. The parties to the venture shall share the profits, risks and losses in proportion to their contributions to the registered capital.If any of the joint venturers wishes to assign its registered capital, it must obtain the consent of the other parties to the venture.Article 5 The parties to an equity joint venture may make their investment in cash, in kind or in industrial property rights, etc.The technology and equipment contributed by a foreign joint venturer as its investment must be really advanced technology and equipment that suit China’s needs. In case of losses caused by a foreign joint venturer in its practising deception through the intentional provision of outdated technology and equipment, it shall compensate for the losses. A Chinese joint venturer’s investment may include the right to the use of a site provided for the equity joint venture during the period of its operation.If the right to the use of the site is not taken as a part of the Chinese joint venturer’s investment, the equity joint venture shall pay the Chinese Government for its use. The above-mentioned investments shall be specified in the contract and articles of association of the equity joint venture, and their value (excluding that of the site) shall be assessed by all parties to the venture.。