反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等(中英文对照)
欧盟反倾销总结英文(热门3篇)
欧盟反倾销总结英文第1篇中国作为“世界工厂”的崛起，对其它国家地区，尤其是发到国家的就业、工资和企业产生了显著的负面影响。
近年来，中国受到反倾销（anti-dumping，AD）和反补贴（anti-subsidy，AS）反制次数上升，1995年至2008年，中国占全球AD和AS反制的25%，但到了2008年至2014年，这一比例上升至40%，大部分来自美国和欧盟。
虽然国际贸易政策旨在保护国内产业，但同时也造成了损失，例如消费者面临的商品价格提高，进口企业的中间投入品成本上升。
本文使用PSM-DID方法，研究了1999年至2007年，欧盟对中国AD政策，对欧盟企业的影响（这里选择了法国作为欧盟代表国家）。
在欧盟的政治语境下，好企业是那些在确定的AD政策的4位代码行业内受保护的法国企业，坏企业是于确定的AD政策的4位代码行业上出口的中国企业，丑陋企业是于确定的AD政策的4位代码行业上进口中国产品的法国企业。
研究结果表明，一方面，AD政策使得好企业的生产率和就业上升，但这只局限于那些生产率水平较低的企业；另一方面，AD政策对丑陋企业的生产率和就业产生了负面影响，那些高生产率水平企业尤为突出，且不局限于进口中国产品的企业。
AD政策虽然迫使一部分坏企业，即中国出口商退出市场，但存活的坏企业似乎通过增加R&D，提高生产率水平，经营表现变得更好了。
本文认为，AD政策作为一种贸易政策是无效率的，短期内虽然可以保护好企业，但长期反而使得存活的坏企业的竞争力更强了。
此外，应当警惕保护主义，发达国家政府需谨慎使用AD政策，因为丑陋企业通过进口“物有所值”的中间品，提高附加值和本地就业。
欧盟反倾销总结英文第2篇AD政策数据，来自世界银行的Global Anti-dumpingDatabase（GAD），该数据库提供了全球自1980年以来详细的AD措施数据，例如HS8位信息。
双边贸易流量数据来自法国海关，企业数据来自Annual French Business Survey（ABS）数据库。
反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的区别
反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的区别
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反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的区别
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反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的区别
反倾销措施
实施的条件：以低价倾销，对进口国造成了实质性的损害。
适用对象：不公平贸易或不公平竞争。
具体实施形式：现金保证金、价格承诺、保函、以及最终加征相应的税赋。
实施期限：不超过4个月，特殊情况可延长至9个月。
反补贴措施
实施的条件：因政府补贴而具有价格竞争优势，对进口国造成了实质性损害。
适用对象：不公平贸易或不公平竞争。
具体实施形式：现金保证金、价格承诺、保函、以及最终加征相应的税赋。
实施期限：不超过4个月(不能延长)。
保障措施
实施的条件：进口产品的数量激增而挤占进口国的市场份额，并对进口国造成实质性的危害。
适用对象：公平条件下数量猛增。
具体实施形式：加征关税、实施配额数量限制或者最终加征关税或实行关税配额。
实施期限：临时保障措施不超过200天，一般不超过4年，最长可延至10年。
关税与贸易总协定概况及全文 中英文对照
关税与贸易总协定概况及全文中英文对照关税与贸易总协定是一个旨在促进全球贸易自由化的国际条约。
该协定于1947年缔结，目前有164个缔约方，协定包括了多个领域，如农业、服务业、智力财产权等，并规定了各个国家之间的贸易原则以及贸易争端的解决机制。
此外，协定还规定了各国应该如何对待外国投资和知识产权等问题。
全文可在世界贸易组织的官网上找到，包括了英文和法文两个版本。
以下是部分关键条款的中英文对照：1. 关税总和(Tariff bindings)中文：缔约方对某个产品的关税设有一个上限，即关税总和。
英文：Each contracting party shall accord to the commerce of the other contracting parties treatment no less favourable than that provided for in the appropriate Part of the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement.2. 最惠国待遇(Most-favoured-nation treatment)中文：每个缔约方都应当将其所有的贸易伙伴视为最惠国待遇。
英文：With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation.3. 国内支持措施(Domestic support measures)中文：缔约方不得采取扭曲市场的国内支持措施。
WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释
From Enbo edu由hediblue整理WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释（自己整理的，供参考）1、“绿箱”措施、“黄箱”措施和“蓝箱”《农业协议》（Green Box measures/Amber Box measures /Balance-of-payments Provisions）Agreement on Agriculture, URAA“绿箱”措施是指由政府提供的、其费用不转嫁给消费者，且对生产者不具有价格支持作用的政府服务计划。
这些措施对农产品贸易和农业生产不会产生或仅有微小的扭曲影响，成员方无须承担约束和削减义务。
“绿箱”措施主要包括：一般农业服务支出，如农业科研、病虫害控制、培训、推广和咨询服务、检验服务、农产品市场促销服务、农业基础设施建设等；粮食安全储备补贴；粮食援助补贴；与生产不挂钩的收入补贴；收入保险计划；自然灾害救济补贴；农业生产者退休或转业补贴；农业资源储备补贴；农业结构调整投资补贴；农业环境保护补贴；落后地区援助补贴等。
“黄箱”措施是指，政府对农产品的直接干预和补贴，包括对种子、肥料、灌溉等农业投入品的补贴，对农产品营销贷款的补贴等。
这些措施对农产品贸易产生扭曲，成员方须承担约束和削减义务。
通常用综合支持量来衡量“黄箱”补贴的大小。
综合支持量是指，为支持农产品生产者而提供给某种农产品，或为支持广大农业生产者而提供给非特定产品的年支持水平，一般用货币单位表示。
《农业协议》规定，自1995年开始，以1986-1988年为基准期，发达成员在6年内逐步将综合支持量削减20%，发展中成员在10年内逐步削减13%。
对于发展中成员，一些“黄箱”措施被列入免予削减的范围。
主要包括农业投资补贴，对低收入或资源贫乏地区生产者提供的农业投入品补贴，为鼓励生产者不生产违禁麻醉作物而提供的支持等。
“蓝箱”措施是指，按固定面积和产量给予的补贴（如休耕补贴），按基期生产水平的85%或85%以下给予的补贴，按固定牲畜头数给予的补贴。
反倾销、反补贴和保障措施
反倾销、反补贴和保障措施作者：李金艳来源：《卷宗》2019年第05期摘要：随着经济迅猛发展，中国产品出口快速增长，贸易摩擦频繁发生，一些发达国家利以各种形式的借口对国外进口产品设置障碍，贸易保护措施俨然成为手段之一。
被世贸组织所允许使用的贸易救济措施包括：保障措施、反倾销和反补贴。
虽然这三项措施同为贸易保护措施，在实际操作方式有很多相似之处，在某些方面它们是相互作用的。
然而，这三种措施之间仍有许多不同之处。
本文对三大贸易救济措施的实施条件、性质、使用频率和遭受调查的国家（地区）等方面进行了比较分析，进而分别从联动角度、进口方角度和出口方角度提出了几点参考意见。
关键词：反倾销；反补贴；保障措施；贸易救济1 引言由于时间的不断推移，世界各国的经济水平也在随之提高，金融的国际化程度也是飞速提升，传统意义上的关税和贸易壁垒正在逐步消失，WTO政策的保护，世界各国对贸易保护政策的重视程度也不断加深，特别是反倾销与反补贴政策。
虽然我国的贸易大国地位得到了认可，但我国企业的生存环境却越来越不容乐观。
由于全球整体经济环境不好，市场发展水平不高，有限的市场成为了各国争夺的对象，外国对我国实施歧视性的贸易救济措施的频率和意愿也会更加强烈，这对我国企业出口来说将是一个严重的问题。
在这样的背景下，我国的进出口公司要熟悉贸易救护政策三者之间的差异，明确WTO的规章制度，把握WTO争端解决措施，这样就有助于减少其余国家随意使用贸易救济制度的可能。
2 WTO框架下的国际贸易救济体系2.1 反倾销的含义及实施条件1）含义。
按《反倾销协议》规定，“倾销”指对外国商品以低于该商品在本国市场上的正常价格在本国市场上销售的行为，“反倾销”是针对这一现象采取的抵制措施，该种抵制措施一般指附加税。
除了一般进口税的缴纳之外，还向对本国市场进行商品倾销的进口商品进行其他税收的征收，这就是附加税。
其目的在于提高倾销商品的价格，让其不能以较低价格销售。
中华人民共和国进出口关税条例中英对照
中华人民共和国进出口关税条例中英对照中华人民共和国进出口关税条例Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Import and Export Duties第一章总则Chapter I General Provisions第一条为了贯彻对外开放政策，促进对外经济贸易和国民经济的发展，根据《中华人民共和国海关法》（以下简称《海关法》）的有关规定，制定本条例。
Article 1. This set of regulations is formulated in line with the related provisions of the Customs Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Customs Law) to implement the policy of opening up and promote the development of the country's foreign economy and trade and national economy.第二条中华人民共和国准许进出口的货物、进境物品，除法律、行政法规另有规定外，海关依照本条例规定征收进出口关税。
Article 2. The Customs shall levy import and export duties in accordance with the provisions of this set of regulations on goods that are allowed to be imported into or exported from the People's Republic of China and on articles entering into China, unless otherwise specified in laws and administrative regulations.第三条国务院制定《中华人民共和国进出口税则》（以下简称《税则》）、《中华人民共和国进境物品进口税税率表》（以下简称《进境物品进口税税率表》），规定关税的税目、税则号列和税率，作为本条例的组成部分。
反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等(中英文对照)
反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等（中英文对照）Anti-dumping, Subsidies, Safeguards,Contingencies, etc反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等英文来源：/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htmBinding tariffs, and applying them equally to all trading partners (most-favoured-nation treatment, or MFN) are key to the smooth flow of trade in goods.约束关税及将其在全体贸易成员国之间平等地适用（即最惠国待遇，简称MFN）是保证商品交易过程畅通的关键。
The WTO agreementsuphold the principles, but they also allow exceptions — in some circumstances. Three of these issues are:世贸协议秉持着这些原则，但有时也有例外。
例如以下三种情况：actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price)1.反倾销（以不公平的低价出售商品的行为）措施；subsidies and special “countervailing” duties to offset the subsidies1.贸易补贴以及为抵消贸易补贴而征收的“反补贴”关税；emergency measures to limit imports temporarily, d esigned to “safeguard”domestic industries.1.为暂时限制进口以“保护”国内产业而采取的紧急应对措施。
Anti-dumping actions反倾销措施If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product.如果某一公司以低于其在国内市场正常出售的价格出口某一产品，我们就称其“倾销”该产品。
倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译(可编辑)
倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译（可编辑）倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译外文翻译原文Dumping and Anti-dumping MeasuresMaterial Source: international economics,July1984 Author: RichardSenti ZurichIn recent times, the number of dumping actions has shown a striking correlation with the respective level of economic activity, Thefollowing observations convey an overall picture of the dumping actions currently pending and the anti-dumping measures implemented, and lookinto the current problems faced by the international anti-dumping system.For years, dumping actions have been at the centre of discussions in the trade negotiations between the US, Canada, Japan and the member countries of the EC. At the end of 1977, there were twenty dumpingactions in progress in the USA. Tension eased in 1978 following the introduction of the trigger price system to regulate steel imports On confirmation of the modified cost criterion in the US Trade Act of 1979, the US steel firms once again took action against the EC steel producers. In 1980, the trigger price system briefly became temporarily inoperative but was applied again the same year with added force. Nevertheless, more dumpingactions followed,particularly in the years 1981 and 1982 At the beginning of 1983, the GATT Committee on Anti-Dumping Questions published a summary of theanti-dumping proceedings instituted during recent years in the USA, EC, Finland, Canada, Austria and Sweden,the provisional and definitive counter-measures and the price agreements reached cf. Table 1.The majority of actions are directed at the industrialised nations and only a few against the developing countries. Neither withdrawn actions nor those which resulted in a negative decision are included in these figures.Table 2 shows between which trade partners dumping negotiations took place during the years 1981/82, i.e. which countries instituted proceedings and which were sitting in the dock as far as was reported to GATT.US Anti-Dumping Legislation as a BasisIn 1945, immediately after the end of the war, the US State Department published the first proposals for a newworld trade order. According to these proposals, the members of an international trade organisation still to be created should, among other things,undertake "to 188 subscribe to a general definition of the circumstances under which anti-dumping and countervailing duties may properly be applied to products imported from other members".Only a year later, the Americans submitted the Charter for the Creation of an International Trade Organisation containing concretesuggestions on the anti-dumping settlement s which were later adopted by the Havana Charter s and GATT without undergoing significant alterations. Both the basic concept and many individual provisions are in line with the American antidumping legislation of that time.The first US anti-dumping provisions are to be found in the Revenue Act of 1916. 7 According to this law, the Americans imposed something akin to a fine 8 if 1 imports were offered in the USA at a lower price than in the country of origin and 2 as a result American industry was exposed to serious danger intent to destroy or injure. The two criteria "underpricing" and "infliction of damage" were later adopted by the actual anti-dumping laws of 1921 and 19309 and still apply todayfollowing the supplements and refinements made in 1974 and 1979.According to American Law of 1921 and 1930, dumping has occurred if the goods are offered more cheaply in the USA than on the home market price criterion. - Or, where there are no sales on the home market, if the goods are offered more cheaply in the USA than in a third country modified price criterion. - In case no sales are offered outside the country of destination, if the goods are exported below the costs of manufacture in the producing country cost criterion.The legal amendments of 1974 and 1979 brought with them an extension of the cost criterion to cover cases in which the domestic sales prices in the country of origin no longer cover the costs of productionOrigin of GATT Provisions and Anti-Dumping ConventionIn discussions surrounding the reshaping of the world trading system, 12 several delegates demanded going beyond the US regulation of price dumping of that time and incorporating service, exchange-rate and social dumping. Service dumping revolves around freight costs, i.e. the cheapening of exports by way of dumped transport services. Exchange-rate dumping is the cheapening of exports in the form of parity guaranteesand foreign exchange allowances. 13 Social dumping is constituted in cases where products from prison camps or prisons find their way ontothe world market at prices with which private entrepreneurs cannot compete. The negotiating delegations finally agreed on the price dumping in line with the US proposal.There were initial differences of opinion regarding the extent ofthe damage necessary for counter-measures to be taken. Must serious, material or indeterminate injury occur before counter-measures can be taken? Does the difference between domestic price and export price have to reach certain dimensions e.g. at least 5 % of the domestic price before counter-measures can be justified? Can serious injury caused be responded to with something like a punitive measure? Must the approvalof the ITO or of the contracting parties to GATT be obtained before counter-measuresare taken? The formulation finally agreed upon states thatcountermeasures may only be taken if the contracting partyestablishes "that the effect of the dumping.., is such as to cause orthreaten material injury to an established domestic industry, or is such as to retard materially the establishment of a domestic industry". TM In 1955, Article VI of GATT was supplemented the first and only amendment to the GATT wording on dumping to the effect that in cases where delay might cause "damage that would be difficult to repair", immediate measures are permitted without the need to seek the prior consent of the contracting parties to GATT. 15The dumping question experienced a revival during the Kennedy Round between 1964 and 1967. TheAmericans had tried to include also non-tariff barriers in the trade talks. Subsequently, they realised much to their annoyance that the negotiating parties werespotlighting the verybarriers to trade which applied in the USA, above all the US anti-dumping law. After brief hesitation, the Americans attempted to turn the antidumping controversy in their favour with the help of a detailed regulation. Thus emerged the Anti-Dumping Code of 1967 which, althoughit ties the Americans' hands in many a procedural question, otherwise hitsparticularly hard at Canada and Great Britain.Canada's anti-dumping legislation up to that time did not conform to GATT in that the taking of anti-dumping measures was not bound to the precondition of economic damage. Also in Great Britain - accordingto the American view- anti-dumping measures at that time were being misused for the protection of the domestic economy. From the US perspective, the advantages associated with the Anti-Dumping Codeoutweighed the resultant disadvantages which it was felt had to be accepted.The "Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Anti-Dumping Code" is dated 30th June, 1967.16 During the Tokyo Round, the 1967 Anti-Dumping Code underwent a two-fold amendment: firstly, there was the question of demarcation vis-a-vis the Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties which was in the process of formation; 17 secondly, changes were made to the existing agreement in terms of ascertainment of damage Art. 3: 1-4, theprivileged position of the developing countries Art. 13 and consultations, arbitration and settlement of disputes Art. 15. 18 The currently valid agreement on anti-dumping was reached on 12th April 1979 in Geneva. ~9 Wherever the antidumping agreement is mentioned in the following, reference is being made to the currently valid version of 1979.Definition of DumpingIn imitation of the American legal system of the 20s and 30s, GATT speaks of dumping when products of the same kind "of one country are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than the normal value of the products". Hence,dumping means that the "normal" domestic value of an article exceeds its export value. How does GATT define the "normal" domestic value? When is a product "of the same kind" when compared with another? How should we interpret export value?The "normal" value of an article is undercut according to Art. VI:Iof GATT "if the price of the product exported from one country toanother a is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in theexporting country, or b in the absence of such domestic price, is less than either i the highest comparable price for the like product forexport to any third country in the ordinary course of trade, or ii the cost of proddction of the product in the country of origin plus a reasonable addition for selling cost and profit".Differences in terms and conditions of sale, varying taxation andother differentials influencing the price are to be given "due" consideration. On the other hand, however, if export prices are lower because of the reimbursement of domestic duties and taxes e.g. by way of the reimbursement of VAT, this does not, according to GATT, constitute dumping which would justify counter-measures. The "normal" domesticvalue is taken to be exclusive of duties and taxes The GATT definitionof dumping applies to all countries which are signatories to GATT -apart from one important exception. The US anti-dumping law contains divergent and partly narrower provisions than GATT in two specific areas: Should the export product come to be sold in the country of origin, GATT says that dumping is to be determined according to the pricecriterion irrespective of the extent of the costs of manufacture. According to American law, however, the costs of manufacture can also be taken into consideration as well as the domestic price. The costcriterion shall apply in cases where there is good reason to supposethat the domestic price remains lower than the costs of manufacture for substantial quantities of merchandise over a relatively long period of time In this way, the Americans succeed in shielding the market from merchandise which has been falsely priced as a result of any production cost contributions, or in taxing them with anti-dumping duties. They refute the GATT contravention of which they are accused with the argument that GATT talks in terms of "normal" domestic prices. Normal prices, however, cannot be lower than costs of manufacture over longer periods. This is why, in the case of price undercutting over longer periods, the cost criterion should be applied In applying the cost criterion, the export prices are, according to GATT, to be compared with the cost of production "plus a reasonable addition for selling cost and profit". The addition for profit "shall not exceed the profit normally realised on sales of products of the same general category in the domestic market of the country of origin". By way of contrast, the US anti-dumping law defines the costs taken as a basis for comparison as follows: 1 material andproduction costs, 2overheads of not less than 10 % of the material and production costs, 3 profit margin of not less than 8 % of the costs mentioned in points 1 and 2, and 4 packing and loading expenses as defined under the f.o.b, price.When are goods described as being of the same kind? The American proposal of 1 946 for the creation of a world trade organisation spokeof the "like" and "similar" products. 26 During the subsequent negotiations it was decided to limit the definition to "like" products, products which are identical, homogeneous In practice, however, this terminology proved to be impracticable. Slight divergences of quality or differing forms or colourings do not rule out competition nor hence the possibility of dumping. To make allowance for this fact, the Anti-dumping Code holds that such goods are also included which "although not alike in all respects, have characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration"译文倾销与反倾销措施资料来源: 国际经济学,1984年7月作者:Richard Senti Zurich在最近的时代,倾销行动的次数已经呈现出与各自的经济活动水平显着相关性,以下意见反映了目前未决诉讼和反倾销措施实施的总体情况,并查看到当前面临的国际反倾销制度问题。
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反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等（中英文对照）发布时间：2011-10-24 11:30:54 翻译：李莉校对：廖纷，陈茜茜复审：薛婷婷Anti-dumping, Subsidies, Safeguards,Contingencies, etc反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等英文来源：/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htmBinding tariffs, and applying them equally to all trading partners (most-favoured-nation treatment, or MFN) are key to the smooth flow of trade in goods.约束关税及将其在全体贸易成员国之间平等地适用（即最惠国待遇，简称MFN）是保证商品交易过程畅通的关键。
The WTO agreementsuphold the principles, but they also allow exceptions — in some circumstances. Three of these issues are:世贸协议秉持着这些原则，但有时也有例外。
例如以下三种情况：actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price)1.反倾销（以不公平的低价出售商品的行为）措施；subsidies and special “countervailing” duties to offset the subsidies1.贸易补贴以及为抵消贸易补贴而征收的“反补贴”关税；emergency measures to limit imports temporarily, designed to “safeguard”domestic industries.1.为暂时限制进口以“保护”国内产业而采取的紧急应对措施。
Anti-dumping actions反倾销措施If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home m arket, it is said to be “dumping” the product.如果某一公司以低于其在国内市场正常出售的价格出口某一产品，我们就称其“倾销”该产品。
Is this unfair competition? Opinions differ, but many governments take action against dumping in order to defend their domestic industries.这是否为不公平竞争？各人意见不同。
然而很多成员国政府采取措施抵制倾销以保护他们的国内产业。
The WTO agreement does not pass judgment.世贸组织的协议并未给出明确的判断。
Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping — it disciplinesanti-dumping actions, and it is often called the “Anti-Dumping Agreement”. (This focus only on the reaction to dumping contrasts with the approach of the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement.)协议把重点放在了政府能否对倾销行为予以反击——它规范了反倾销的手段，并被通称为《反倾销协定》（此协定的重点在于对倾销行为的回击，与《补贴与反补贴措施协定》不同）。
The legal definitions are more precise, but broadly speaking the WTO agreement allows governments to act against dumping where there is genuine (“material”) injury to thecompeting domestic industry.正规的定义要更为精确一些，但大体来说世贸组织协定允许各成员国政府在本国国内竞争产业受到真正（实质性物质层面）损害时采取措施反对倾销。
In order to do that the government has to be able to show that dumping is taking place, calculate the extent of dumping (how much lower the export price is compared to the exporter’s home market price), and show that the dumping is causing injury or threatening to do so.为了能够做到这一点，成员国政府必须先证明倾销行为正在进行，并推算倾销的程度（即出口价格相比出口商在其本国国内的市场价低多少），还要证明该倾销行为已造成或有可能造成损害。
GATT (Article 6) allows countries to take action against dumping.《关税与贸易总协定》（第六条）规定，成员国政府可以采取措施应对倾销。
The Anti-Dumping Agreement clarifies and expands Article 6, and the two operate together.《反倾销协定》阐明并延伸了关贸协定第六条规定，且两者可同时适用。
They allow countries to act in a way that would normally break the GATT principles of binding a tariff and not discriminating between trading partners成员国政府可以采取某种在通常情况下可能违反《关贸总协定》关于绑定关税和禁止歧视等原则的反对倾销方式。
— typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular export ing country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value” or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.——反倾销措施无非就是对某一特定国家的某种出口产品征收额外的进口关税以达到使其出口价格更接近其“正常价值”或者消除其对进口国国内产业损害的目的。
There are many different ways of calculating whether a particular product is being dumped heavily or only lightly.推算某种产品倾销程度的大小有很多不同的方式。
The agreement narrows down the range of possible options. It provides three methods to calculate a product’s “normal value”.协定缩小了可供选择途径的范围，并提供了三种方式来估算产品的“正常价值”。
The main one is based on the price in the exporter’s domestic market.主要的一种是依据出口国国内的市场价格。
When this cannot be used, two alternatives are available — the price charged by the exporter in another country, or a calculation based on the combination of the exp orter’s production costs, other expenses and normal profit margins.如果这种方法不适用，还可以有另外两种可供替代的方式——依据该产品在第三国的出口价或者依据出口商的生产成本、其他费用和正常利润额相结合所构成的估算价格。
And the agreement also specifies how a fair comparison can be made between the export price and what would be a normal price.协定还详细说明了如何对进口价和可能的正常价格做公平的比较。
Calculating the extent of dumping on a product is not enough.推算某种产品的倾销程度还远不止如此。
Anti-dumping measures can only be applied if the dumping is hurting the industry in the importing country.反倾销措施只能在倾销行为对进口国国内产业造成了损害的前提下才可以适用。
Therefore, a detailed investigation has to be conducted according to specified rules first.因此，首先必须依照规则进行详细的调查。
The investigation must evaluate all relevant economic factors that have a bearing on the state of the industry in question.该调查必须对与被调查产业有关联的所有相关经济因素进行评估。
If the investigation shows dumping is taking place and domestic industry is being hurt, the exporting company can undertake to raise its price to an agreed level in order to avoidanti-dumping import duty.如果调查显示倾销行为正在进行且被倾销国国内产业受到损害，则出口国可以通过提高价格到一定程度来避免反倾销进口关税。