allusion 修辞.ppt
allusion 修辞.ppt
• Mrs. Green is reluctant to talk about her past with anyone. I guess she must have a couple of skeletons in her cupboard.
pHale Waihona Puke oenix• A childlike phoenix with the strength of an ox and an evil temper to match it
Cat’s paw- Aesop’s Fables
The Monkey and the Cat • A cat and a monkey live in the same house. They are good friends. • One day, they sit by the fire.1 They are watching some chestnuts on
allusion
• An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, people, places, events, literary work, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication. M. H. Abrams defined allusion as "a brief reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place or event, or to another literary work or passage".[1] It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection (Fowler); where the connection is detailed in depth by the author, it is preferable to call it "a reference".
Allusion
现代汉语词典》将典故定义为“ 现代汉语词典》将典故定义为“诗文里 引用的古书中的故事或词句”。《辞海 辞海》 引用的古书中的故事或词句”。《辞海》 将典故定义为“ 将典故定义为“诗文中引用的古代故事 和有来历出处的词语” 和有来历出处的词语”。
典故多涉及古代故事或古人的诗词歌赋与其 他作品中的词句，但也不尽然。例如，人们 常用的华威先生、国外常用的某某门涉及的 都是现代与当代事件。因此，我们可以概而 言之，典故多源于历史、寓言、神话、传说 和事件，多见于历史记载、文学作品和报刊 杂志。例如，焚书坑儒源于历史事件，买椟 还珠源于寓言，精卫填海源于神话，伊朗门 源于当代事件等。这些典故，有的见于历史 记载，有的见于诸子百家，有的见于现代报 刊。
B) If Lucent is the top dog in telephone network equipment in the U.S., handily beating its nearest rival, Northern Telecom, Cisco is the Godzilla of datacom, towering over rivals like Bay Network and 3Com.
意义赋值
典故的使用过程就是主体的人对理解对象的 客体进行意义赋值的过程 Eg. For want might be a temptation to them to disagree,
or not to think themselves delivered, otherwise than out of one difficulty into another. “You know,” says he, “the children of Israel, though they rejoiced at first for being delivered out of Egypt, yet rebelled even against God Himself that delivered them, when they came to want bread in the wilderness
英语主要修辞手法PPT课件
.
18
Metonymy (转喻/借代）
e.g. The pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces/war). Beware of bottle. (谨防喝醉酒) The red eyes walked into the classroom. He has a good ear for music. 他善于欣 赏音乐。 He has a sharp tongue.他言语尖刻。
.
12
Hyperbole: (夸张）
e.g. He almost died laughing. Hamlet: I love Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum. His eloquence would split rocks. My legs weigh three tons.
.
3
Simile：(明喻）
It is an expressed likeness, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
.
19
Synecdoche (提喻）
allusion名词解释
allusion名词解释
“allusion”是一个名词，指的是在文学、艺术或日常交流中，通过暗示或间接提及某个人、地点、事件或文学作品等的表达方式。
这种表达常常依赖于读者或听众对所提及的事物有一定的背景知识，以便理解作者或说话人的意图。
通过使用典故、历史事件或其他文
学作品等的引用，作者或说话人可以丰富表达的内涵，增加作品的
深度和魅力。
在文学作品中，allusion常常被用来与其他作品进行
对话或呼应，以展现作者的博学和创造力。
在日常交流中，
allusion也被用来传达某种观点或情感，以便与他人建立共鸣或引
发共鸣。
总之，allusion是一种有意识地通过暗示或间接提及来传
达信息的修辞手法，常常用于丰富表达的内涵和意义。
现代大学英语精读5修辞
● 1. Alliteration 头韵● 2. Allusion 引喻● 3. Anaphora 首语重复法● 4. antithesis对偶● 5. Antonomasia 换称，代称● 6. Chiasmus 交错法●7. Hyperbole 夸张●8. Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻●9. metonymy借喻,转喻●10. oxymoron 反意法,逆喻●11. Repetition 重复，反复●12. Paradox 隽语●13. Parallelism 排比, 平行●14. Pun 双关●15. Simile 明喻●16. Syllepsis 一语双叙法，兼用法●17. Synecdoche 提喻●18. transferred epithet移就●19. Irony反语Where do we go from hereAntithesis●Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should bereconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority. (para4)●As long as the mind is enslaved, the body can never be free. (para5)●Psychological freedom ......physical slavery (para5)●And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and powerhave usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposites--so that love isidentified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. (para7) ●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder.(para19) ●The dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into brighttomorrows of quality, integrated education. (para. 25)●There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed intothe fatigue of despair.(para26)●......and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. (para. 27)Metaphor●To upset this cultural homicide, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of hisown Olympian manhood.(para5)●Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weaponagainst the long night of physical slavery.(para5)●The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his ownbeing and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation.(para5)●Negroes who have a double disability will have a greater effect on discriminationwhen they have the additional weapon of cash to use in their struggle. (para13) Personal conflicts among husbands, wives and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated .(para14)●He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocksthe door to the meaning of ultimate reality. (para20)●We are called upon to help the discouraged beggars in life's market place.(para21) ●America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia ofdeeds. (para. 25)●Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that ……(para. 25)●……shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. (para. 25)●……slums are cast into the junk heaps of history. (para. 25)●There will still be rocky places of frustration and meandering points ofbewilderment.(para26)●When our days become dreary with low-hovering clouds of despair, ...... (para.27)●......working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil (para. 27) Chiasmas●What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive,and love without power is sentimental and anemic. Power at its best is loveimplementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love.(para8)It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times.(para9)Simile●It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remainsecurely incarcerated behind bars.(para17)●......justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.(para. 25)Parallel struture●Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answersthat don't answer and explanations that don't explain. (para18)●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder.(para19) ●And I have seen too much hate. I've seen too much hate on the faces of sheriffs inthe South. I've seen hate on the faces of too many Klansmen and too many White Citizens Councilors in the South to want to hate myself, because every time I see it, I know that it does something to their faces and their personalities and I say to myself that hate is too great a burden to bear.(para20)Paradox●Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answersthat don't answer and explanations that don't explain. (para18)●......a power that is able to make a way out of no way. (para 27)Anaphora●And the other thing is that I am concerned about a better world. I'm concernedabout justice. I'm concerned about brotherhood. I'm concerned about truth. And when one is concerned about these, he can never advocate violence.(para19)●So, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a"divine dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissatisfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope arebrought into the metropolis of daily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, and every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem but as an opportunity toparticipate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied until men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the content of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin.●Anaphora transferred epithet metaphor●Antithesis allusion metonymy simile●Alliteration●Let us be dissatisfied. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses agovernor who will do justly, who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied.And men will recognize that out of one blood God made all men to dwell upon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when nobody will shout "White Power!" - when nobody will shout "Black Power!" - but everybody will talk about God's power and human power.●Anaphora transferred epithet metaphor●Antithesis allusion metonymy simile●Alliteration allusion●When our days become dreary with low hovering clouds of despair, and when ournights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us remember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform darkyesterdays into bright tomorrows.●Metaphor●paradox●antithesisTwo kinds●Simile1.It was like a stiff embraceless dance between her and the TV set. (para21 )2.So that the fluffy skirt of her white dress cascaded slowly to the floor like the petals of a large carnation. (para24 )3.I would play after him, the simple scale, the simple chord, and then I just played some nonsense that sounded like a cat running up and down on top of garbage cans. (para 38 )4.He marched stiffly to show me how to make each finger dance up and down, staccato like an obedient little soldier. (para 39 )5.I felt the same way, and it seemed as if everybody were now coming up, like gawkers at the scene of an accident. (para 60 )6. It felt like worms and toads and slimy things crawling out of my chest. (para 73)7.Her face went blank, her mouth closed, her arms went slack, and she backed out the room, stunned, as if she were blowing away like a small brown leaf, thin, brittle, lifeless. (para 76)●8. …… as if she were blowing away like a sm all brown leaf, thin, brittle, lifeless.(para 76)Oxymoron1.She was proudly modest like a proper Chinese child. (para 24 )2.I heard a little boy whisper loudly to his mother. (para 53)●Alliteration.Chinatown’s Littlest Chinese Chess Champion. (para 42 )Irony1.You lucky you don’t have this problems, said Auntie Lindo with a sign to my mother. (para 44 )Hyperbole1.And now I realized how many people were in the audience, the whole world it seemed. (para 54)Metaphor1.We could have escaped during intermission. Pride and some strange sense of honor must have anchored my parents to their chairs. (para 55 )Ridicule1.She took me to a beauty training school in the Mission district and put me in the hands of a student who could barely hold the scissors without shaking. (para 6 ) SyllepsisThe lid of piano was closed, shutting out the dust, my misery, and her dreams. (para 81)Allusion●I was like the Christ child lifted out of the straw manger. (para 9)Metaphor●Telegraph, telephone, radio, and television tied together and more intricate knotsbetween …… (para 2)●…. will flatten every cultural crease. (para 4)●Metaphor●Apparently westernization is not a straight road to hell, or to paradise either. (para7)●We borrowed an American box. (para 8)●Earl y on I realized……some type of compass to guide me through the wilds ofglobal culture.Metonymy●……and suggesting that Hollywood be burned. (para 5)●…… to live in a museum while we will have shower that work. (para 6)●Antonomasia●……at country clubs in Beverly Hills and in apartments on Manhattan’s UpperWest Side. (para 14)Professions for Women●Synecdoche● 1.I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent,shoes, and stocking, or butcher’s bills. (para 2 )Metonymy● 1.No demand was made upon the family purse. (para 1 )2. I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes, and stocking, or butcher’s bills. (para 2)Metaphor● 1.The image that comes to my mind when I think of this girl is the image of afisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake with a rod held out over the water. (para 5 )2.You have won rooms of you own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men. (para 7 )Lesson Seven Invisible ManMetaphor● 1.It took me……and much painful boomeranging of my expectations to…….(p1)● 2. A sea of faces, some hostile, some amused, ringed around us…… (para 7)● 3. ……I had suddenly found myself in a dark room filled with poisonouscottonmouths. (para 11)Simile●It was as though I had rolled through a bed of hot coals. (para 44)● 1.About eighty-five years……separate like the fingers of the hand.(p1)● 2.The young children……on the wick like the old man’s breathing.(p2)● 3.The hair was yellow like that of a circus kewpie doll.(p7)● 4. ……firm and round as the domes of East Indian temples. (para 7)● 5. ……and beads of pearly perspiration glistening like dew …… (para 7)6. the smoke of a hundred cigar clinging to her like the thinnest of veils. (para 8)●7.In my mind……as bright as flame.(para10)●8.For in those days……like a crisp ginger cookie.(para16)●9. But the blindfold was tight as a thick skin-puckering scab. (para 17)10.My saliva became like hot bitter glue.(p20)●11.The boys groped about like blind, cautious crabs……(p21)●12. ……testing the smoke-filled air like the knobbed feelers of hypersensitivesnails. (para. 21)13. A blow to my head……like a jack-in-the-box……(p27)●14. A hot, violent force……like a wet rat.(p38)●15. some called like a bass-voiced parrot. (para 39)●16. glistening like a ci rcus seal,……(para 40)●17.Suddenly I saw……twitching like the flesh of a horse stung by manyflies.(p40)●18.I was careful……like a cloud of foul air……(p42)●19.Seeing their fingers……as a fumbled football……(p45)●20.I was limp as a dish rag.(p46)●21.But still……a s though deaf with cotton in dirty ears.(p55)●22. The laugher hung smoke……like in the sudden stillness.(p70)● 3. Alliteration● 1. I want you……to death and destruction……(p2)● 2. Some of the other……slipping and sliding……(p9)4.Transferred epithet● 1.We were a small……with anticipatory sweat……(p6)● 2.But now I……of blind terror.(p10)● 3.He kept coming, bring the rank sharp violence of……(p25)5. Irony● 1.What powers of endurance……! What enthusiasm!(p55)Simile● 1. Grasshoppers are everywhere in the tall grass, popping up like corn to sting theflesh. (para.1 line 7)● 2. The land was like iron. (para.8 line 1)● 3. Her long, black hair, always drawn and…, lay upon her shoulders and againsther breast like a shawl. (para. 10 line 10)● 4. Houses are like sentinels in the plain, old keepers of the weather watch.(para.11 line 1)● 5. My line of vision was such that the creature filled the moon like a fossil. (para14)Lesson 9 Metaphor● 1. Winter brings blizzards, hot tornadic winds arise in the spring, and in summerthe prairi e is an anvil’s edge.(para1 line4)● 2. The skyline in all directions is close at hand, the high wall of the woods anddeep cleavages of shade. (para.6 line 3)● 3. Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain.(Para 7 line 1)● 4. The great billowing clouds that sail upon it are shadows that move upon thegrain like water, dividing light. (para.7 line5)● 5. Not yet would they veer southward to the caldron of the land that lay below;● 6. They must wean their blood from……..(para 7 )●Alliteration1. The grass turns brittle and brown.(para.1 line 6)● 2. There are green belts along the rivers and creeks, linear groves of hickory andpecan, willow and witch hazel.(para1.line7)● 3. Great green-and-yellow grasshoppers are everywhere in the ………(p ara1line9)● 4. …but it belongs to the eagle and the elk, the badger and the bear. (para6 line5)● 5. There to beg and barter for an animal from the Goodninght herd.(para 9 line 9)6. So exclusive were they of all mere custom and company. (para10 line 8)●7. But there was something inherently sad in the sound, some merest hesitationupon the syllables of sorrow. (para10 line 14)●8. The aged visitors who came to my grandmother’s home when I was a childwere made of lean and leather. (para.12 line 6)●9. Full of jest and gesture , fright and false alarm. They went abroad in fringedand flowered shawls. ( para 12 4)Pun●It was a long journey toward the dawn. (para 4)●……for indeed they emerged from a sunless world. (para 4)。
英语修辞归纳
一、Figure of Emphasis强调修辞1.Repetition 重复1.1. Immediate Repetition连续重复Scrooge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and thought it over and over, and could make nothing of it.1.2. Intermittent repetition间隔重复When Della had finished crying, she went to the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard.1.2.1.Anaphora 首语重复Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages that mankind shall move forward toward his goal.1.2.2.Epiphora 尾语重复… and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people.1.2.3.Simploce/ Epidiplosis首尾重复( a combination of anaphora and epiphora)Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death1.2.4.Anadiplosis 联珠/顶真/尾首反复运用顶真修辞手法，不但能使句子结构整齐，语气贯通，而且能突出事物之间环环相扣的有机联系。
《英语修辞学》第十一章
11.8 Oxymoron 矛盾法
11.9 Analogy 比拟；类比 11.10 Paradox 矛盾隽语；逆说；悖论
为此，在希腊各城邦英雄的赞助下，调集十万大军和1180条战船，组成了希腊联军，
公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷门农(Agamemnon)为联军统帅，浩浩荡荡，跨海东征，攻打 特洛伊城，企图用武力夺回海轮。双方大战10年，死伤无数，许多英雄战死在沙场。 甚至连奥林匹斯山的众神也分成2个阵营，有些支持希腊人，有些帮助特洛伊人，，
Page 10
An Apple of Discord直译为“纠纷的苹果”，出自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事 传说希腊阿耳戈英雄(Argonaut)珀琉斯(Peleus)和爱琴海海神涅柔斯的女儿西蒂斯(Thetis) 在珀利翁山举行婚礼，大摆宴席。他们邀请了奥林匹斯上(Olympus)的诸神参加喜筵，不
catch 22 进退维谷
Cinderella Complex 灰姑娘情結 -->不切 实际的幻想
务
under the aegis of 保护；支援
Page 9
The Heel of Achilles直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵”，是个在欧洲广泛流行的国际性成语。 它源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。
Page 11
不和女神厄里斯丢下的那个苹果，不仅成了天上3位女神之间不和的根源，而且也成 为了人间2个民族之间战争的起因。因此，在英语中产生了an apple of discord这个成 语，常用来比喻any subject of disagreement and contention;the root of the trouble;dispute等意义 这个成语最初为公元2世纪时的古罗马历史学家马克•朱里•尤斯丁(Marcus Juninus Justinus)所使用，后来广泛的流传到欧洲许多语言中去，成为了一个国际性成语。 Eg: He throwing us an apple of discord,we soon quarrelled again. The dispute about inheriting estate formed an apple of discord between them. This problem seems to be an apple of discord between the Soviet union and the USA.
高级英语第二册修辞汇总PPT课件
within the circle of adults. Grandmother
Koshak 乞im求plored, "Children, let's sing!"
17. A second wall moved, wavered, Charlie
Hill tried to support it, but it toppled on him,
8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart
as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.（Para. 20）simile、personification
9. …and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(Para.28)
conspicuous.(P16)
•
—Synecdoche（提喻）
6、 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward—a long,dusty column,infantry,screw-gun batteries,adnthen more infantry,four or five thousand men in all,winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.(P18)
6. “We can batten down and ride it out,”
he said. 封舱
安然度过
allusion 修辞
• I learned yesterday that their eldest son has been twice sent to prison. I wonder how many other skeletons they’ve got in their cupboard. • Mrs. Green is reluctant to talk about her past with anyone. I guess she must have a couple of skeletons in her cupboard.
phoenix
• A childlike phoenix with the strength of an ox and an evil temper to match it • A symbol of iimmortality • That which rises from the ashes of its predecessor
• chestnut n. / / 栗子
• You have been used as a cat’s paw by that woman; she only wants you to help her get into local society. • It is suspected that the politician made a cat’s paw of some of his followers in the matter of buying votes.
• And so, in the words of an Amercian poet: • If you know of a skeleton hidden away • In a closet and guarded and kept from the day • In the dark; and whose showing,whose sudden display • Would cause grief and sorrow and lifelong dismay • It’s a pretty good plan to forget it.
有关英语的修辞表达剖析
一.相似或关联修辞格（figures of resemblance or relationship）（一）allegory ['ælɪg(ə)rɪ]（讽喻；寓言）（二）allusion [ə'luːʒ(ə)n; -'ljuː-]（引喻）（三）analogy [ə'nælədʒɪ（类比；比拟）（四）animism ['ænɪmɪz(ə)m]（比拟；卡通法；动画法）（五）antonomasia [,æntənə'meɪzɪə; æn,tɒnə-] （借代；换称）（六）conceit [kən'siːt]（比附比喻）（七）dysphemism ['disfimizəm]（贬损；贬抑）（八）enallage [en'ælədʒɪ]（替换）（九）euphemism ['juːfəmɪz(ə)m]（委婉）（十）fable ['feɪb(ə)l]（寓言）（十一）homericsimile（荷马风格式明喻）（十二）kenning ['kenɪŋ]（迂说）（十三）metalepsis [,metə'lepsɪs]（借代；转义）（十四）metaphor（隐喻）（十五）metaphor（1）deadmetaphor（融合隐喻终休隐喻）（十六）metaphor（2），alivemetaphor（鲜活隐喻）（十七）metaphor（3），extendedmetaphor（延展隐喻）（十八）metaphor（4），mixedmetaphor（矛盾隐喻）（十九）metaphor（5），metaphorofsuccessionwithoutconfusion（协调隐喻）（二十）metaphor（6），personal（anthropomorphic）metaphor（拟人隐喻）（二十一）metaphor（7），submergedmetaphor（潜性隐喻）（二十二）metaphor（8），organicmetaphor（象征隐喻）（二十三）metaphor（9），telescopedmetaphor（联珠隐喻）（二十四）metaphor（10），sustainedmetaphor（强进隐喻）（二十五）metaphor（11），diminishingmetaphor（玄学派隐喻）（二十六）metonymy（借代；换喻）（二十七）parable（比喻；寓言）（二十八）personification（拟人）（二十九）personification（1）prosopopoeia（拟人）（三十）personification（2）patheticfallacy（拟人）（三十一）personification（3），apostrophe（呼语）（三十二）personification（4）invocation（呼求；乞灵；祈求）（三十三）phanopoeia（示现）（三十四）simile（明喻）（三十五）simile（1），epicsimile（史诗明喻）（三十六）simile（2），homericsimile（荷马风格式明喻）（三十七）synecdoche（借代；提喻）（三十八）trope（比喻）强调或含蓄修辞格（figuresofemphasisorunder－statement）（一）adynation（玄乎夸张）（二）asyndeton（连词省略）（三）adversativeasyndeton（反意连词省略）（四）amplification（渲染夸张）（五）anastrophe（倒装）（六）anticlimax（突降）（七）antiphrasis（倒词）（八）antistoichon（对照）（九）antithesis（对照）（十）aphorism（格言；警句）（十一）apophasis（阳舍阴取；欲取姑舍）（十二）apostrophe（呼语）（十三）invocation（呼求；乞灵）（十四）autoclesis（阳舍阴取；欲取姑舍）（十五）auxesis（夸张）（十六）bathos（突降；弄巧成拙）（十七）climax（阶升）（十八）contrast（比较；反衬）（十九）correction（补充）（二十）pairingsynonym（同义词配搭）（二十一）epanorthosis（补充；补证）（二十二）epigram（隽语）（二十三）jeud’esprit（隽语）（二十四）euphuism（尤菲绮斯体；绮丽体）（二十五）exaggeration（夸张）（二十六）exergasia（尤菲绮斯体；绮丽体）（二十七）hyperbaton（倒装）（二十八）hyperbole（夸张）（二十九）innuendo（暗贬；暗讽）（三十）inversion（倒装）（三十一）irony（悖反）（三十二）irony（1），verbalirony（措辞悖反反语）（三十三）irony（2），situationalirony（情况悖反）（三十四）irony（3），dramaticirony（戏剧性悖反）（三十五）irony（4），tragicirony（悲剧性悖反）（三十六）irony（5），comicirony（喜剧性悖反）（三十七）irony（6），cosmicirony（命运悖反）（三十八）irony（7），theironyoffate（命运悖反）（三十九）irony（8），worldirony（命运悖反）（四十）irony（9），philosophicalirony（命运悖反）（四十一）irony（10），romanticirony（浪漫性悖反）（四十二）irony（11）socraticirony（苏格拉底式悖反）（四十三）irony（12），rhetoricalirony（措词悖反；反语）（四十四）irony（13），dialecticalirony（辩证悖反）（四十五）litotes（含蓄肯定；含蓄悖反）（四十六）meiosis（含蓄陈述）（四十七）negation（含蓄肯定）（四十八）oxymoron（矛盾修饰；精警）（四十九）paradox（矛盾隽语；警策）（五十）paraleipsis（假省略真强调）（五十一）paralepsis（假省略真强调）（五十二）paralipsis（假省略真强调）（五十三）preterition（假省略真强调）（五十四）sarcasm（讽刺）（五十五）satire（讽刺；嘲讽）（五十六）satire（1）horatiansatire（贺拉斯式讽刺）（五十七）satire（2）juvenaliansatire（朱维诺尔式讽刺）（五十八）satire（3）indirectsatire（间接讽刺）（五十九）syncrisis（比较；对照）（六十）syneciosis（对照；反衬）（六十一）systrophe（定义堆累）（六十二）tapinosis（明夸暗损）（六十三）understatement（含蓄陈述）（六十四）vision（示现）三.语音修辞格（figuresofsound）（一）alliteration（头韵）（二）assonance（准押韵）（三）consonance（谐音）（四）dissonance（噪音）（五）repetition（重复）（六）repetition（1），anadiplosis（尾首重复；联珠；顶针）（七）repetition（2）anaphora（首语重复）（八）repetition（3），antanaclasis（原词多义）（九）repetition（4），catchwordrepetition（尾首重复；联珠；顶针）（十）repetition（5），chiasmus（颠倒重复）（十一）repetition（6），correction（矫正重复）（十二）repetition（7），cumulation（同意重复）（十三）repetition（8），echo（回声重复）（十四）repetition（9），epanadiplosis（首词尾复）（十五）repetition（10），epanalepsi（嵌插重复）（十六）repetition（11），epanaphora（首语重复）（十七）repetition（12），epanastrophe（尾首重复）（十八）repetition（13），epanodos（逆转重复）（十九）repetition（14），epanorthosis（矫正重复）（二十）repetition（15），epidiplosis（首词尾复）（二十一）repetition（16），epiphora（尾语重复）（二十二）repetition（17），epistrophe（尾语重复）（二十三）repetition（18），epizeuxis（紧接重复）（二十四）repetition（19），gemination（紧接重复）（二十五）repetition（20）gradation（尾首重复；层递重复）（二十六）repetition（21）identicalrhyme（原词押韵）（二十七）repetition（22），incrementalrepetition（歌谣重复；悬念重复）（二十八）repetition（23），ploce（原词多义；同语新义）（二十九）repetition（24），palilogy（紧接重复；嵌插重复）（三十）repetition（25），paregmenon（同源重复）（三十一）repetition（26），regression（逆转重复）（三十二）repetition（27），symploce（首语、尾语合并重复）（三十三）repetition（28），polyoptoton（转化重复）（三十四）repetition（29），tautology（累赘重复）（三十五）repetition（30），refrain（叠句重复）（三十六）onomatopoeia（摹声）（三十七）melopoeia（音响辅义）四.文字游戏修辞格（verbalgame andgymnas－tics ）（一）ambiguity（意中寓意；双关）（二）anagram （拆词命意）（三）antistrophe（同语颠倒重复）（四）doubleentendre（黄色双关）（五）hendiadys（双词单意）（六）hypallage（移就）（七）palindrome（回文）（八）parody（仿拟）（九）paronomasia（双关）（十）portmanteauword（熔合词）（十一）prolepsis（预言示现）（十二）pun（双关）（十三）quibble（双关）（十四）quip（双关）（十五）reverse（易位）（十六）syllepsis（1）（一词多叙）（十七）syllepsis92）（兼顾）（十八）transferredepithet（移就）（十九）zeugma（拈连）五误用收效修辞格（rhetoricalexploitationoferrors）（一）anachronism（超前夸张）（二）bull（言辞矛盾）（三）catachresis（滥用比喻）（四）circumlocution（迂曲）（五）malapropism（误换）（六）metathesis（音位转换）（七）mimesis（模仿）（八）periphrasis（迂曲）（九）spoonerism（字母误换）六.描绘性词语（descriptivewords）（一）bulk（体积描摹）（二）characteristicapposition（特征性同位语）（三）descriptivewords（描写性词语）（四）epexegesis（诠注）（五）epithet（属性词语）（六）homericepithets（荷马式属性词语）英语同源修辞格是一种特殊的重复修辞手法。
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• Phoenix
• Mark Twin is the phoenix of modern literature.
• Shakespeare is known as the phoenix of literature.
• Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology, taken from the myth of Pandora's creation around line 60 of Hesiod's Works and Days. The "box" was actually a large jar (πιθος pithos) given to Pandora (Πανδώρα) ("all-gifted"), which contained all the evils of the world. When Pandora opened the jar, all its contents except for one item were released into the world. The one remaining item was Hope.[1] Today, opening Pandora's box means to create evil that cannot be undone.
• /wiki/Allusion
1. 源自寓言allegory、传说、神话、 圣经
• Allegory • Cry wolf - Aesop’s Fables
On that chilly January day in 1982, her first year within the royal family, she threatened to take her own life. Prince Charles accused her of crying wolf and prepared to go riding. But she was as good as her word. Standing on top of the wooden staircase she hurled herself to the ground, landing in a heap at the bottom. --Her True Story
• Mrs. Green is reluctant to talk about her past with anyone. I guess she must have a couple of skeletons in her cupboard.
phoenix
• A childlike phoenix with the strength of an ox and an evil temper to match it
• Would cause grief and sorrow and lifelong dismay
• It’s a pretty good plan to forget it.
• I learned yesterday that their eldest son has been twice sent to prison. I wonder how many other skeletons they’ve got in their cupboard.• ch源自stnut n. // 栗子
• You have been used as a cat’s paw by that woman; she only wants you to help her get into local society.
• It is suspected that the politician made a cat’s paw of some of his followers in the matter of buying votes.
• A symbol of iimmortality • That which rises from the ashes of its
predecessor
• We all thought the airline was finished when it went bankrupt, but it rose like a Phoenix from the ashes.
• Then a man comes in and finds all the chestnuts are gone. He finds the cat’s paw is injured. So he thinks the cat eats all the chestnuts. He is angry with the cat and drives her away.
• “I am happy to get them,” says the monkey. “But you are much better at such things than I am.2 Take them out and both of us can eat them.”
• The cat is happy with the words. She tries many times and takes all the chestnuts out. But her paw is injured.3 They eat the chestnuts up.
• No body will believe he is in trouble, because he has cried wolf so many times.
• Politicians often cry wolf in order to obscure the real dangers that exist.
Cat’s paw- Aesop’s Fables
The Monkey and the Cat
• A cat and a monkey live in the same house. They are good friends.
• One day, they sit by the fire.1 They are watching some chestnuts on the fire. They want to get them.
• And so, in the words of an Amercian poet:
• If you know of a skeleton hidden away
• In a closet and guarded and kept from the day
• In the dark; and whose showing,whose sudden display
• I also became once more know to his sister, Miss Micawber, in whom, as Mr. Micawber told us, “her mother renewed her youth, like a phoenix. “
• The politician, showing no signs of dispointment at losing the election, promised that his party would quickly rise like a phoenix from the ashes of defeat.
• 新概念英语三 A skeleton in the cupboard[1] •
• Balzac tells us a man who suspected his wife of having a lover. The husband comes home by surprise. But she hears him and quickly hides her in the closet of her bedroom. He enters her room and asked her if she is hiding her lover. He says he will not open the door to the closet if she assures him there is no one there: He will believe her. She answers firmly that she is not hiding anyone in the closet. The husband then begins to build a solid brick wall against the closet. His wife watches, knowing that her lover will never come out alive. But she will not change her story and admit her guilt.
Skeleton in the cupboard
• We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret which has been concealed from strangers for years. The English language possesses a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation. The terrible secret is called 'a skeleton in the cup board '. At some dramatic moment in the story the terrible secret becomes known and a reputation is ruined. The reader's hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine， a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody， had， in her youth， poisoned every one of her five husbands.