经济管理类毕业论文外文文献.doc
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
经济类外文文献
外文文献原文Improve the concept of financial supervision in rural areas Farmers in China's vast population,has some large-scale production of the farmers,but also survival-oriented farmers,huge differences between the financial needs of rural finance inter mediation makes complex,together with agriculture itself is the profit low,natural and market risks high risk decision to weak agricultural industry characteristics,resulting in the cost of r ural financial transactions is far higher than the city,also decided to organize the rural financi al system in terms of operation or in the market has its own special characteristics.20years of financial refor,financial development while the Chinese city made impressive achieveme-nts, but the rural finance is the entire financial system is still the weakest link.Insufficient supply of rural finance,competition is not sufficient,farmers and agricultural enterprises in getting loa ns and other issues is alsovery prominent,backward rural financial system can no longer effec tively support the development of modern agriculture or the transformation of traditional agri culture and the building of new socialist countryside,which to improve the rural financial supe rvision new topic.China's rural financial regulatory problems(A)the formation of China's financial regulatory system had"a line three commission" (People's Bank,the Securities Regulatory Commission,Insurance Regulatory Commissio n and the Banking Regulatory Commission)financial regulatory structure.Bank These stringent requirements,different management and diversification of monitoring has its positive role,but it also had some negative effects.First,inefficient supervision,supervisi on of internal consumption of high costs,limited financial industry business development and innovation space.Second,the regulatory agencies,regulatory bodies and the information asym metry between central banks,banking,securities,and insurance mechanisms of coordination b etween regulatory bodies are not rmation between central banks and regulatory ag encies is difficult to share,is difficult to create effective monitoring forc.Basically between th e various regulators in their respective state regulators,regulatory policies and measures to ove rlapping or conflicting phenomena have occurred,unable to cope with China's current rural fin ancial market complexity and diversity and so on.Third,financial institutions have liquidity ris k or out of the market and so on,may be excessive because the central bank assistance,financi al institutions and financial institutions led to the person in charge"capacity risk"and"moralhazard",or for financial institutions regulatory arbitrage possibilities;addition,since the lack of recourse,may adversely affect the financial stability.(B)rural financial ecological environment is not in-depthThe current financial environment in rural county building still remains in the letter the use rvillage,township,community development credit level,"government-led,human-propelled,de partmental interaction"and create a mechanism for financial ecological environment in rural a reas lack.Local governments and authorities the importance of financial knowledge of the eco logical environment is not deep,implementation and functions of individual local protectionis m and heavy,there is interference with the financial sector credit and other daily business situa tion.Rural credit system lag,lack of bad credit punishment mechanism,rural businesses and re sidents in the overall credit awareness is not high,rural finance development and expansion of social services and social protection of the environment has not yet formed.(C)China's existing legal system of financial supervision and a number of shortcomings, can not guarantee that financial regulation is reasonable,effective,standardized implem entation.First,regulatory lag,supporting regulations are incomplete,the content is too rough,too simpl e,the banking,securities and insurance supervision laws and regulations more old,a general lac k of quantitative science.Supervisory regulations and standards,regulatory methods and techn ical means not meet regulatory requirements in the market.Staff in the actual implementation, not easy to grasp the scale,may of operation.Second,the Chinese regulators and the regulate d objects exist some interest,and the existing regulations,lack of supervision and regulatory enforcement are to ensure that financial regulation can not be just and reasonable.Finally,Chi na's financial supervision is still difficult to shake off the inertia of the executive-style regulat ory impact.(D)of the Rural Financing drifting outside the existing financial regulatoryAccording to IFAD study,Chinese farmers from the informal financial institutions,loans fr om official credit institutions about4times.For farmers,the importance of informal financial markets over the formal financial market.China's mainly rural folk form of finance rural credi t cooperatives,Cooperation,private lending,private banks,private funds,microfinance,etc., of which only rural credit cooperatives and microfinance in China's financial supervision und er the rest of the financial forms the lack of appropriate supervision.The general lack of ruralfinancial organizations of civil norms,there is a big risk,China's existing laws and regulations on private financial institutions in rural areas is one of"isolation"policy,making a lot of mon ey from the dark into the rural financial market and greater regulation of financial difficulty,o n rural financial security is a potential threat.learn from the developed countries(A)improve coordination of rural finance mechanisms for external supervision1.The United States"multiple composite"of the coordination mechanism.U.S.financial c ooperation system in rural areas by the federal mid-term credit banks,cooperative banks,fede ral land banks and federal land bank system composed of three Cooperatives,the Farm Credit Administration(NCUA)leadership,and with the Council under the leadership of the private banks in rural commercial credit,National Rural Credit Bank policy of the United States shar ed the task of rural financial intermediation.The organizational model is a typical multi-mode hybrid system,three systems have an independent management system,with clear terms of re ference.To ensure the healthy development of rural financial institutions,commercial banks i n the United States adopted a different regulatory models,specifically setting up a relatively s ound financial regulatory system in rural areas,including regulators,industry self-regulation a ssociations,financial intermediation and mutual insurance group clearing center,the four kind of independent agencies and their subsidiary bodies,the functions of different,but share the s ame objectives as a common rural cooperative financial institutions to serve the regulatory sys tem.2.Germany's"comprehensive regulatory model"of coordination mechanisms.Low concen tration of the German banking system,in the very important parts of the bank,the representati ve of the financial mixed monwealth Bank and the Federal Financial Supervis ory Authority the power to regulate the two main regulators of the banking sector there is a cl ear division of labor,but also close monwealth Bank in Germany,nine state s have branch offices,using their own network advantages to the Federal Financial Supervisor y Authority is responsible for daily transmission of data banks focus for the Federal Financial Authority to provide a better basis for the exercise of regulatory functions,but it is not directl y involved in the regulation work,nor has the administrative punishment.The Federal Financi al Supervisory Authority did not have branches in the states,it is difficult to carry out regular supervision,need to cooperate with the Commonwealth Bank to perform its regulatory functions.Germany's main central banks and industry rely on the federal audit of the regulatory syst em and risk prevention and protection system to ensure rural finance in the specification on the basis of continuous development.3.Japan's"complement each other-type"coordination mechanism.In Japan,the dual super vision of the implementation of rural finance:first,the Office of Government financial regulat ion,supervision on the implementation of various financial institutions,to achieve the overall risk control;Second,national and local Forestry and Fisheries Department with the Office of Financial Regulation on the implementation of rural financial institutions supervision,includi ng the Ministry of Agriculture consists of the branch on Norinchukin supervision,Forestry an d Fisheries set up in six major areas of agricultural area in County Council on joint supervisio n of the letter,and all,Road House,County Farmer of the Ministry of Agriculture within its ju risdiction Association for Cooperative Finance Supervision Department(B)the establishment of deposit insurance and emergency rescue system to form a three-tier safety netDeveloped financial system generally established strict internal management system,depos it insurance system and the system of three emergency safety net.As a second-class safety net of deposit insurance system has been very satisfactory.The federal government on rural finan ce unified compulsory deposit insurance,the specific business operation by the Federal Depos it Insurance Corporation's SavingsAssociation Insurance Fund,and to assume supervision of t he insured financial institutions;the German government on the implementation of the volunt ary deposit of credit co-insurance,not mandatory insurance,its insurance sector is the industr y organization;Japan's credit co-national compulsory deposit insurance,the insurance agency is a joint venture between Government and the people,by the Government,Norinchukin Bank ,Japan Bank,Credit Union and a coalition of agricultural water fishery credit cooperatives In dustry Insurance Agency.As a third-class safety net for emergency rescue system,specific me asures for implementation in different countries,bank deposits for the brink of bankruptcy,in some countries directly by the central bank to offer special low-interest loans(such as the U.S .and Italy),in some countries by the bank regulatory authorities and other Commercial Bank for the establishment of special institutions to finance the rescue(such as France and Belgium ),a number of countries came forward by the deposit insurance agency to provide funds(such as Japan),more by one or a few large banks in support of official support.(C)rural finance within the industry associations to play a regulatory role1.U.S.Rural Cooperative Finance Association of self-management.In the United States,v arious credit associations or co-finance up to several dozen,including a long history,nationall y renowned for the National Association of Credit(CUNA),a specialized credit services for t he Federal Register Association(NAFCU),there are also special school credit for community service credit unions and associations(CCUC),etc..While the states also have their own Cre dit Union Association.The trade association is one of the major work to develop a code of co nduct,self-regulation management.2.German credit cooperation and other cooperative system of industry self-regulation of m utual integration.German cooperation in the National Credit Union(BVR)is a cooperative ba nk industry self-regulatory organizations,grass-roots local cooperative banks,cooperative ban ks and district central cooperative banks,as well as professional co-finance companies,coope rative credit union is a member.Germany11contributions from the various types of cooperati ves set up jointly organized a regional cooperative audit association,responsible for annual au dit of the specialized agencies of the various types of cooperatives,which are also common ty pes of cooperatives at the district level,the industry watchdog,plays an important industry su pervisory role.3.Set supervision and service in one of the Japanese Agricultural Association.Japanese go vernment in1947promulgated the"Agricultural Cooperative Law,"agricultural association p rovides services for members of cooperative organizations,its not for profit,adhere to the rura l communities and members for the service centers,institutional system based on grass-roots l evel according to facilitate farmers,established the principle manageable.The main source of funding is to absorb the rural deposits,in principle,limited to serving as a member of the far mers and agricultural groups.To ensure financial security cooperation,and healthy run,set up a rural credit insurance,temporary transfers of funds mutual aid system and credit cooperativ e organizations,and government co-funded deposit insurance system,agricultural disaster co mpensation system and the agricultural credit guarantee system for the insurance system meas ures.improve the financial supervision of the concept of rural China(A)improve and perfect the legal system of rural financial regulation,supervision accor ding to lawFinance as the core of the economy,the continued growth of rural finance is more in need o f legal regulation and a sound legal environment,accelerate the development of rural finance l aws,no legal basis to change the situation,has become the strong demand of rural financial d evelopment.Since the reform and opening up,no one for rural finance,rural financial regulati on can serve as a basis for law.To achieve effective supervision,the need for additional profe ssional laws,regulations,and specific regulatory measures,regulations and implementation d etails,so as to achieve from the general administrative supervision to improve the legal syste m,efforts to establish changed the credit system,and ultimately control law.While in strength ening the legal system,adopt effective measures to strengthen the integrity of the whole com munity education and step up publicity to raise awareness of the general financial and legal re sidents,to actively support the work of the national collective finance;education of the popul ation according to lending,and actively with the illegal lending practices fight,really create a sound legal basis,that the law according to the credit environment and legal environment. (B)give full play to grassroots government,professional regulatory function Actively co operate with local governments at all levels and support the financial To actively coordinate local government and non-basic level target consistency,to avoid th e expense of national interests and local interests of the occurrence.The Chinese government should establish a tax system is different from commercial banks,a low tax or tax-free policy, by policy banks to provide low-interest or interest-free loans of rural finance,rural finance to increase subsidies and assistance.Those relatively large amount of private credit,shall be app roved by local authorities just to strengthen the audit checks to the legitimate rights and intere sts protected.China's rural economy,small and dispersed operations,has not been large-scale establishment of agricultural insurance,in case of force majeure,the rural financial system w ill face great risk.Chinese financial institutions in the internal governance structure and risk management system has been initially established,the basic external financial regulation in pl ace of the case,should refer to the experience of developed countries,commercial banks in th e country to establish a mandatory deposit insurance system and the emergency rescue system ,the formation of three protection network.(C)strictly rural financial institutions,"access and"to improve the professional standar ds of financial supervisionFinancial regulators should be a good loan companies,postal savings banks,rural credit union funds,village banks and other new-type rural financial institutions,market access,ensure t hat the new-type rural financial institutions in corporate governance,capital adequacy ratio to meet the requirements.Kind in the country selected the new rural financial institutions,better internal control system,modified to add a representative of management to form the template to help set up rural financial institutions,covering credit,billing,savings,cash,security and ot her risk point of internal control system.Establish small rural banks and other financial instit utions,guidance system,the financial regulators to conduct the transition of its guidance,to pr omote rural financial institutions to a sound system of internal control as soon as possible,im prove management,risk control and management mechanisms work well.(D)to play the role of industry self-regulatory associations,to promote the vitality and fo rce the formation of the banking sectorWorking Committee,the current to China Banking Regulatory Commission and the provinc ial government regulatory framework based on an industry self-regulatory organization more. Promoting the Development,promoting and developing self-regulatory functions of trade ass ociations,for building a healthy banking system in China is significant.Association to play a functional role to guide the establishment of liaison mechanisms and management of daily wo rk,and improving the industry conventions and regulations,regulators should not control thos e,which were needed in the work of regulatory bodies,as far as possible by the association re sponsible for promoting the formation of the energy and banking efforts to achieve self-mana gement and trade association national regulatory authorities to monitor the combination syste m of regulation.ConclusionIn short,improving financial supervision in terms of its breadth,should be an include gover nment regulation,industry self-regulation,financial institutions,internal control,four levels o f social supervision system;its depth,it should be involved in risk prevention,effective access ,legal norms,the operation simple and efficient aspects of a systems engineering.Only by stri ving to improve the new concept of financial supervision,the introduction of new methods of financial supervision in order to receive financial regulation expected results.Only in this wa y can be established consistent with China's national conditions,but also to adapt to modern r equirements of international financial regulatory system in rural China.外文文献译文发展中国农村金融监管的思考农民在中国人口众多,有一些大型生产的农民,但也自给自足的农民,巨大的金融需求之间的差异使农村金融需求很是复杂,连同农业本身是利润低、自然和市场风险高的风险决策农业产业特性,软弱的农村金融交易的成本远高于城市,也决定组织农村金融体系的运行或市场有其自身的特点。
关于经济的外文文献
关于经济的外文文献1."Capital in the Twenty-First Century" by Thomas Piketty（《21世纪的资本》 - 托马斯·皮凯蒂）2."Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything" by Steven D.Levitt and Stephen J.Dubner （《怪诞经济学：一个叛逆经济学家揭示一切的隐藏面》 - 史蒂文·D·列维特和斯蒂芬·J·邓纳）3."The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith（《国富论》 - 亚当·斯密）4."Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness" by Richard H.Thaler and Cass R.Sunstein （《推动力：关于健康、财富和幸福的决策改进》 - 理查德·H·塞勒和卡斯·R·桑斯坦）5."Thinking, Fast and Slow" by Daniel Kahneman（《思考，快与慢》 - 丹尼尔·卡尼曼）6."The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time" by Karl Polanyi（《伟大转型：我们时代的政治与经济起源》 - 卡尔·波兰尼）7."The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle" by Joseph A.Schumpeter（《经济发展理论：对利润、资本、信用、利息和商业周期的探究》 - 约瑟夫·A·熊彼特）8."The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time" by Jeffrey D.Sachs（《贫困的终结：我们时代的经济可能性》 - 杰弗里·D·萨克斯）9."Development as Freedom" by Amartya Sen（《自由发展》 - 阿马蒂亚·森）。
经济学相关的英文论文
经济学相关的英文论文Economic Growth and Income InequalityIncome inequality has been a topic of great interest and concern among economists and policymakers for many years. The relationship between economic growth and income inequality has been the subject of much debate and research, with many different theories and viewpoints on the issue.One theory posits that economic growth leads to increased income inequality, as the benefits of growth are disproportionately enjoyed by the wealthy while the poor see little improvement in their economic situation. This theory suggests that as the economy grows, the gap between the rich and the poor widens, leading to greater income inequality.On the other hand, some economists argue that economic growth can actually reduce income inequality. They argue that as the economy grows, more opportunities are created for people to improve their economic situation, leading to greater upward mobility and a reduction in income inequality.Empirical evidence on the relationship between economic growth and income inequality is mixed, with some studies finding a positive relationship between the two and others finding no significant relationship. This suggests that the relationship between economic growth and income inequality is complex and influenced by many different factors.Policies aimed at reducing income inequality often focus onredistributive measures, such as progressive taxation and social welfare programs. However, the effectiveness of these policies in reducing income inequality is also a topic of debate among economists.In conclusion, the relationship between economic growth and income inequality is complex and multifaceted. While some theories suggest that economic growth exacerbates income inequality, others argue that it can actually reduce it. The effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing income inequality isalso a topic of debate. More research is needed to fully understand the relationship between economic growth and income inequality and to develop effective policies to address this issue.另一种看待经济增长和收入不平等之间关系的观点是，收入不平等可能对经济增长产生负面影响。
经管类经典英文文献
经管类经典英文文献There are many classic English literature works in the field of economics and management. Some of the most well-known and influential ones include:1. "The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith - This book, published in 1776, is considered the foundation of modern economics. It explores the basics of free markets, division of labor, and the invisible hand theory.2. "Principles of Economics" by Alfred Marshall - First published in 1890, this book introduced the concepts of supply and demand, marginal utility, and elasticity. It became the standard textbook for many years.3. "The Theory of Economic Development" by Joseph Schumpeter - Published in 1911, this book introduced the idea of entrepreneurship and innovation as the driving force behind economic development.4. "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" by John Maynard Keynes - Published in 1936, this book revolutionized macroeconomic theory by advocating for government intervention during economic downturns.5. "The Practice of Management" by Peter Drucker - First published in 1954, this book provides a comprehensive guide to the principles and practices of effective management.6. "Competitive Strategy" by Michael Porter - Published in 1980, this book is a seminal work in the field of strategic management. It introduced the concept of competitive advantage and the five forces framework.7. "The Innovator's Dilemma" by Clayton M. Christensen - Published in 1997, this book explores how successful companies can fail if they don't adapt to disruptive technologies. It has greatly influenced the field of innovation and entrepreneurship.These are just a few examples of classic English literature in the field of economics and management. There are many other important and influential works out there that have shaped the discipline.。
经济管理类英文文章1000字
经济管理类英文文章1000字Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels.In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries.Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments.Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior.Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout thedeveloped world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist .One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function). Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980.Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models werequestionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic models. However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically useful. An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is false. Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved wrong.The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions. Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research. The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be accurate. It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy. They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle. As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis.The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation.• Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies.• Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for money. It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at all. Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other reference. The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthygovernment investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic trade. It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money.• Monetarism, led by Milton Friedman, which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private sector. Further, it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics, but by means of monetary policy rules, such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over time.• New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand management.• Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of macroeconomics. It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of interest.• Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics, emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in macroeconomics.• New classical economics. The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- i.e. its assertions are not founded in basic economic theory. This school emerged during the 1970s. This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be"out-of-equilibrium". Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuouslyre-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is revealed. Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations, but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at equilibrium.。
经济学相关论文英文
经济学相关论文英文Over the past few decades, the global economy has undergone substantial changes driven by technological advancements and globalization. These changes have led to both benefits and challenges for economies around the world. In this paper, we will examine some of the key economic trends shaping the global economy today.One of the most significant trends in the global economy is the rise of the digital economy. The proliferation of digital technologies has transformed the way businesses operate, creating new opportunities for growth and innovation. E-commerce, digital payments, and online platforms have become increasingly important drivers of economic activity, providing new channels for businesses to reach customers and increasing efficiency in various economic sectors.Another key trend in the global economy is the increasing importance of services as a driver of economic growth. In many advanced economies, services have overtaken manufacturing as the primary source of economic activity. This shift has been driven by changes in consumer preferences, technological advancements, and the rise of the knowledge-based economy. Services such as finance, healthcare, and technology have become critical drivers of economic growth and productivity.Globalization has also played a significant role in shaping the global economy. The increased interconnectedness of economies around the world has led to greater trade, investment, and mobility of goods, services, and capital. While globalization has broughtmany benefits, such as increased economic growth and job creation, it has also created challenges, including rising income inequality, job displacement, and environmental degradation.In conclusion, the global economy is undergoing significant changes driven by technological advancements, globalization, and shifting consumer preferences. These trends have reshaped the economic landscape, creating new opportunities and challenges for economies worldwide. Policymakers, businesses, and individuals must adapt to these changes to ensure sustainable and inclusive economic growth in the years to come.。
英文写的经济学论文
英文写的经济学论文In recent years, the global economy has experienced significant challenges with regard to trade, investment, and economic growth. One of the major issues facing the global economy is the rise of protectionist policies and trade barriers imposed by various countries. Such policies have led to increased tensions and disruptions in international trade, leading to concerns about the future of the global economy.Protectionist policies, such as tariffs and quotas, are often implemented by countries in an attempt to protect domestic industries and jobs. However, these policies can have detrimental effects on the global economy by reducing trade and investment opportunities, increasing consumer prices, and hindering economic growth. Furthermore, protectionism can lead to retaliatory measures from other countries, further exacerbating tensions and uncertainties in the global economy.Another significant challenge facing the global economy is the issue of inequality. Economic inequality has been on the rise in many countries, leading to social unrest and political instability. In addition, inequality can have negative repercussions for economic growth, as it can limit opportunities for human capital development and lead to a less efficient allocation of resources.The global economy also faces challenges related to technological advancement and automation. While technological advancements have the potential to boost productivity and economic growth, they also pose risks of job displacement and income inequality. As automation continues to advance, many workers may findthemselves without the skills necessary to secure well-paying jobs, leading to further economic disparities.In order to address these challenges, it is essential for policymakers to work together to promote free and fair trade, reduce economic inequality, and support workers in adapting to technological changes. Additionally, there is a need for increased cooperation and coordination among countries to address the underlying causes of these economic challenges and to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth.In conclusion, the global economy is facing significant challenges with regard to trade, inequality, and technological advancement. These challenges require coordinated efforts from policymakers and international organizations to promote economic stability and inclusive growth. By addressing these issues, the global economy can overcome the current challenges and pave the way for a more prosperous and sustainable future.In response to the challenges facing the global economy, various strategies can be implemented to promote economic stability and inclusivity. First and foremost, efforts to reduce trade barriers and promote fair trade practices are crucial. This can be achieved through bilateral and multilateral trade agreements that aim to lower tariffs, eliminate non-tariff barriers, and establish transparent and predictable trading rules. Additionally, international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), can play a significant role in mediating trade disputes and promoting a rules-based global trading system. Addressing economic inequality is another critical aspect of fostering a sustainable global economy. Governments andinternational organizations can consider implementing policies aimed at redistributing wealth, such as progressive taxation, social safety nets, and investments in education and healthcare. Additionally, promoting inclusive economic policies that provide opportunities for marginalized groups, such as women and minority communities, can contribute to a more equitable distribution of economic benefits.Furthermore, addressing the potential job displacements resulting from technological advancements is essential. Governments and businesses can invest in retraining and upskilling programs to equip workers with the necessary skills for the evolving job market. Additionally, fostering entrepreneurship and innovation can create new economic opportunities and mitigate the adverse effects of automation on the labor force.Another crucial aspect of addressing global economic challenges is enhancing international cooperation and coordination. Countries can work together to address common concerns, such as climate change, sustainable development, and the regulation of global financial systems. Additionally, collaborative efforts to address geopolitical tensions and conflicts can contribute to a more stable and predictable global economic environment.In conclusion, the challenges facing the global economy require a comprehensive and coordinated approach involving trade policy reforms, measures to address economic inequality, strategies to adapt to technological changes, and enhanced international cooperation. By working together to address these challenges, theglobal economy can move towards a more sustainable, inclusive, and prosperous future.。
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（外文文献翻译部分）文献题目： Economy Hotel Development Trends in Mainland China经济型酒店在中国的发展趋势姓名:学号:专业:学院:指导教师:经济型酒店在中国内地的发展趋势中国内地经济需求的酒店中国已成为亚洲重要的旅游目的地，在世界上（在国际游客的人数来衡量）第五大旅游国。
[1]外国游客流入旁边的国内游客，其人数在2006年已高达14亿美元。
2006年，仅仅是国内旅游就已经达到781.90亿美元，其收接近2000年的2.5倍。
我国工人的个人收入稳步增长为休闲旅游与中国旅游业发展提供了有力的资源资源。
时间是另一个重要资源，随着1900年提出的假日长假期计划后，1995年提出的每周五天的工作计划，使游客的能有更多的休息时间可以远行旅游，在酒店度过。
国际旅游业的发展，中国已随着国家的经济发展有了显著的增加，而且越来越明显。
中国的经济充满活力，其国内生产总值， 2006美元10210000000000在[2]也刺激了更多的业务（以下简称“商业”）的旅行。
新的和改善的基础设施--公路，铁路，航空公司，更名副其实为旅费增加，政府和对中国经济继续成为可能由社会科学（中国社会科学院）旅游研究中心中国科学院进行的一项研究显示，经济型酒店的客人有90%是国内游客和10％的访港旅客。
这项研究还报告说，商务旅客的需求为经济型酒店的主要发电机，约占2006年经济型酒店市场的65%。
会议和组队伍组成的9％，并且产生休闲需求，其余26％。
资料来源：2007年中国经济研究中心酒店由中国社会科学院旅游发展报告商业及休闲旅客的数量加倍是在中国大规模经济酒店发展的首要原因。
经济型酒店，如我们这里所定义的，和中国大多数情况下，它能够与高档酒店竞争的基础：干净舒适的客房，免费早餐和上网。
在经济与豪华酒店的的相比较之下，它有更多的价格优势，可以吸引更多的中外游客入住。
较低的资本和高投资回报是另一个重要的经济型酒店发展的原因。
据中国内地经济型酒店调查，在2006年的经济型酒店的平均资本投资约为100万美元（约7,500美元间客房），也就是说充分的回报，在约三至五年就可以收回所有的投入。
2006年，其每平方米营业收入利润总额为44.47％，绩效衡量的平均入住率和盈利水平的驱动这方面：由德勤开发有限责任公司2004年的一个报告显示，“超过50％的中国市场监测高于亚太地区总的，和每一个中国市场外执行欧洲平均水平。
“ [3]第三个支持中国的经济型酒店业的崛起来自我国政府。
通过放宽旅行限制，并提供延长休假时间，政府已帮助挑起对中国酒店业的顾客转换。
对中国教育改革的假期和休假的政策，于2007年11月颁布，1008年1月1日起开始执行。
这些改革大大提升休假时间，如清明节传统的农历节日，端午节，和中秋节。
由于旅游业的蓬勃发展预期，政府最近发起了一系列政策，直接支持全国的经济型酒店的发展。
特许经营是一个重要的发展模式。
在报告时上述德勤，品牌酒店占大约10％的库存在中国，2005年上升到30%，到2006年仍然保持着31%的态势。
[4]一向题为“中国商业特许经营条例的“的立法在2007年5月1日起开始实行。
这项新法律将规范特许经营在中国的许多活动。
此外，经济酒店经营准则即将出版，目前中国的行业准则第一套规范，并帮助规范经济型酒店的服务。
经济型酒店市场概况中国首个经济型酒店，锦江酒店，于1997年在上海成立。
自那时以来，经济型酒店已在全国各地纷纷崛起。
在此后的三年里发生了戏剧性的传播速度，从2004年的166家，到2007年12月就已上升到了1698家[5]下面的图表显示了上升的速度：入住率从2005年的82.4％，到2006年实现89.0％，[6]入住率一直高于80％，证明了市场力量的。
但需要注意的是，其发展却伴随着酒店不合理现象（在许多情况下，经济型酒店对服务和设施不符合标准）;经济型酒店轴承强大的品牌和服务为主导的市场信誉在入住率。
我们可以听到这样一个优胜劣汰“情景”生存的预兆：对资源的竞争（即客人），当新的供应者进入市场后会更加激烈，导致的恶略后果是无法适应残酷的市场。
因此，180像雅高酒店这样的品牌计划2010年在中国的采取一星级宜必思的运行方式。
[7]宜必思酒店提供全日24小时接待和服务，自助早餐，及其他已经提高了经济型酒店的酒吧，并寻找更多能适应挑剔的中国旅客的设施。
中国的经济型酒店大多坐落在上海，北京和江苏省。
中国国内的经济连锁酒店，如家快捷酒店，锦江饭店，和莫泰168，得到了迅速发展，结合外国经济型酒店，如速8和格林豪泰酒店品牌。
下表列出了中国十大经济型酒店在2006年组：领先的酒店集团在2006年经济[8]顶竞争者外国品牌的崛起的同事，中国的国内品牌国内经济型酒店市场的主导地位，其中的两大品牌--锦江之星旅馆和家庭旅店，显示了强大的市场地位和发展趋势。
锦江之星主场迎战如家锦江之星酒店管理公司锦江酒店是上海锦江国际酒店（集团）有限公司（“附属公司锦江酒店”），中国最大的酒店集团。
从公司的产品范围从经济型酒店到五星级酒店。
酒店杂志上，锦江酒店被评为2005年世界酒店的房间条件的总数的第22位。
[9]据报道，2006年，12月31日，锦江之星旅馆整体入住率74％，平均值为24.33万美元[10]该公司2007年中期报告称230经济型酒店的建议或行动以及营收35.02万美元（RMB279.2万美元）。
12月15日，2006年，锦江酒店首次在香港证券交易所公开发行就达24亿美元。
该公司计划利用这笔资金，在上海以外的地方增加大量的二级到五星级酒店。
并为2008年北京奥运会和2010年世博会的到来做好更新设备的准备。
如家快捷酒店管理公司如家快捷酒店管理公司，总部设在上海，从2002年成立开始就在全国范围内大幅度地夸张经济型酒店的网络。
截至2007年10月1日，如家连锁酒店已高达200个分支。
[11]10月26日，2006年，如家宣布在纳斯达克首次公开发行790.0万美国存托股份（美国存托凭证美国每13.80美元）分全球市场，成为如家酒店在中国大陆首家在纳斯达克上市的公司。
在2007年10月，如家以4 560万美元（RMB340万元）的交易成功收购了美国热门星。
上星，成立于2005年，一个在国内商业和休闲旅行者中非常流行的中国经济型酒店品牌，在全国18个城市的26家经济型酒店中拥有约4200间客房。
此外，这些特性允许如家，以进一步扩大其投资组合，在全国80多个城市拥有超过320酒店，并利用如家和Top Star双方的客户基础。
如家计划继续扩大和增加，在未来3至5年的的时间将其物业数目达到1000家。
速8酒店（中国）有限公司速8，是中国经营温德姆集团与天瑞酒店投资公司的许可协议下的一家酒店， 2004年6月开业在北京王府井成立第一家分店，是最早进入市场的对外经济连锁酒店。
该品牌已经扩展，如北京至一线城市，重庆，广州，上海，以及二线城市，如大连，辽宁，四川成都，杭州，哈尔滨，黑龙江，厦门和福建。
速8中国计划继续扩大到小城市和主要公路的位置。
截至2007年2月，速8在有110家在全国的58个城市开业。
速8作为外国经济型酒店品牌有着5方面的的优势。
包括适度的价格，高标准，并建立了品牌声誉。
速8的目标客户是那些注重价值和良好的质量和服务的国际水平的中产阶层的商务和休闲旅客。
尽管在地区差异，如房间大小和停车场空间有着较大的差别，谁速8在中国仍然保持着其在北美的国际标准。
2007年8月27日，温德姆酒店集团宣布，阿埃托斯资本唱片致力于向美国投资高达5000万美元的超级8中国的母公司--天瑞酒店投资公司，以加速其酒店发展。
其现在目标是到2008年奥运会时在全国达到的300家速8品牌间。
其他品牌对外经济，如戴斯酒店（温）品牌，宜必思（雅）和快捷假日酒店（洲际）也存在中国大陆。
外商与国内的连锁酒店的优势是最具竞争力的管理经验和技术。
这尤其适用于中央预订系统由外国酒店提供的，这有助于宣传和简化进入国际游客的酒店。
与此同时，国内经济连锁酒店取代本地业务的知识优势，并正在取得进展的适应国外的连锁酒店的经营模式。
经济型酒店的发展趋势，融资和管理目前，经济型酒店代表在中国的整体酒店业来讲只占了10%左右的份额，但它具有很大的市场潜力。
休闲需求和商业部门预计将增加与中国的经济持续发展和法律法规，将积极地影响旅行。
据中国社会科学院旅游研究中心一向调查表明，2008年北京奥运会和2010年上海世博会为经济型酒店发展提供的驱动力大无比。
政府也支持这一发展，以满足游客巨大的住宿需求。
经济型酒店在中国最密集的东部，北部和南部地区如雨后春笋般崛起。
2006年，46％的经济型酒店主要分布在中国东部，中国北部19％，16％在中国南部。
最快的增长一直在一线城市如上海和北京郊区，如成都，重庆，如上海浦东新区和天津高新技术产业园区商务中心，作为旅游目的地的二线城市，例如三亚和青岛。
新的竞争热点将出现在区域市场，例如中国中部地区。
此外，空置的土地为新的经济型酒店发展的肥沃土壤，而且许多都是从现有的酒店，与现代化的住宿日期转换的时机已经成熟。
兼并和收购将成为未来大规模发展的趋势。
这一趋势始于顶之星上述2007年10月的收购竞争对手的行动。
预测，许多小规模的品牌和酒店业很可能是由大品牌归入独立性质的命运。
资本运营已成为品牌在中国的酒店业竞争的最重要手段。
在当前的市场环境下，经济型酒店是通过各种渠道从事对外融资。
2006年10月，如家成为第一个在纳斯达克上市的中国酒店，上海锦江国际酒店管理有限公司在香港联合交易所上市。
广州的连锁酒店7天连锁酒店获得了美国在2006年10月1000万美元的投资从华平，上海汽车旅馆管理，经营莫泰168，获得了美国在2007年初2000万美元来自摩根士丹利的投资。
各类投资者，包括国内酒店老元老，国外著名品牌，和风险投资基金，都汇聚在中国酒店市场的高利润（约达20％的承诺）和相对快速的回报。
酒店房地产投资信托（REITs）代表资本投资的另一个途径，富豪产业信托在香港初次公开发行于2007年3月20日率先推出。
酒店房地产投资信托基金仍然是中国大陆新兴的，但考虑到住宿业的快速增长，酒店房地产投资信托基金的运作是一个方向，市场可能头部，尤其是关于经济型酒店的发展和交易。
经济型酒店业务不断演变，以保持竞争，促使经济型酒店提供一致的产品，优质的服务，有竞争力的价格，方便的预订系统，高效的电流检测，否则就可能被淘汰。
特许经营的发展提出了许多强制性的标准和服务。
不断发展的经济性能标准要求有策划经验丰富的管理酒店的经营能力。
不断上升的经营成本也促使连锁酒店，寻找有经验的管理团队。
2006年， 86％的中国经济型酒店租赁经营与地面，使地面租赁费增加了3至5倍，在中国的上海和北京的40％左右。