英国大学作品集特殊提交方式
英国艺术留学对于作品集有哪些要求
英国艺术留学对于作品集有哪些要求1.作品数量本科生30至60张作品，一定要体现出申请人的想法和潜力。
研究生要求更加严格，重视细节和发展过程，大致需要5至6个主题系列，50张以上作品，也有部分院校专业比如谢菲尔德大学的建筑学专业只要求10-20张。
2.涉及内容3.素描簿要求可以是项目思考过程和制作过程的细节图、步骤图，或者创意素描、速写、色彩，总之是能充分展现绘画基础、独特创意和前卫艺术概念的作品。
学校尤其想看到学生是如何在将想法付诸实践的过程中克服困难、最终成功的过程。
由于材料审核的老师时间有限，不要有视频或者互动作品（网站），电子版保存成pdf格式，文件不要过大，一般20mb左右，根据学校具体要求调整。
作品集包括素描簿在内，一般使用白纸装订，不要使用过重的卡纸。
4.作品集提交英国作品集提交有几种不同的方式，申请本科主要通过UCAS提交，或者直接邮寄给学校；研究生则是通过学校申请网站提交。
邮寄的时候刻录成CD/DVD或者U 盘，一般附加一张作品说明写清楚申请者姓名和申请号码，不要直接粘在光盘上。
1.艺术氛围浓厚：英国是一个艺术发达的国家，众多的艺术学院、博物馆、画廊和剧院，为艺术留学生提供了良好的学习和展示平台。
2.教育质量高：英国艺术学院在国际上非常有名，拥有优秀的师资力量和先进的教育设备，可以给留学生提供良好的学习环境和教学资源。
3.学习方式多元化：英国艺术留学可以选择不同的学习方式，如传统的课堂教学、实习、实践、参观等方式，培养艺术留学生的多元化能力。
1.高昂的生活费用：英国的生活费用非常高，包括食宿、交通等方面，对于留学生来说是一个不小的负担。
2.竞争激烈：英国艺术留学的竞争非常激烈，艺术类学科需要通过高端的作品集才能获得入学机会，这对于一些准备不充分的留学生是一大挑战。
3.学术压力大：英国的教育体制要求学生要独立思考和自主学习，因此，留学生需要面对很大的学术压力，需要在有限的时间内完成大量的学习任务。
VW80972_EN_2009-11-01
Infotainment SystemsGeneral Functional RequirementsPrefaceToday, specific performance specifications are available for all new infotainment projects, defining requirements on a project-specific basis. In order to avoid confusion and ambiguity, these require‐ments will be removed from this standard (in compliance with the CC Radio/Tuner decision of January 14, 2008) which will be limited to more general issues. Only the methods and measurement proce‐dures used to determine the characteristic values of the specific requirements will be described.Previous issuesTL 972: 1995-07; VW 80972: 2000-07, 2001-10, 2006-09ChangesThe following changes have been made as compared to VW 80972: 2006-09:–Title changed–Scope: extended to include all infotainment systems–Release testing: extended and divided into field testing and laboratory testing with references tospecific performance specifications –Definitions: supplemented–Editorial: Replacement of term LF (low frequency) by audio operating modes and descriptionaccording to definiton in VW 80101–Environmental requirements supplemented–Preferred measurement frequency: AM harmonized for NAR and EU–Temperature requirements: Section 8.2.1.1 Audio continuous power, system cooling divided into5.2.3.1 System cooling and 8.2.1.1 Audio continuous power; further installation locations andcontrol elements added and temperature stages test addedGroup StandardVW 80972Issue 2009-11Class. No.:8FL40Descriptors:car radio, radio, radio navigation systems, infotainment modules, infotainment, audio systems, mediaCheck standard for current issue prior to usage.This electronically generated standard is authentic and valid without signature.The English translation is believed to be accurate. In case of discrepancies the German version shall govern.Numerical notation acc. to ISO practice.Page 1 of 39Technical responsibility Standards Department EEFI/3Detlev BeyerTel.: +49-5361-9-23881EKDV/4 Dirk Beinker EKDVTel.: +49-5361-9-32438Manfred TerlindenConfidential. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be transmitted or reproduced without prior permission of a Standards Department of the Volkswagen Group.Parties to a contract can only obtain this standard via the B2B supplier platform .© Volkswagen AktiengesellschaftVWNORM-2008-12hPage 2VW 80972: 2009-11–EMC approval: Individual standards removed and reference to Volkswagen Component Perfor‐mance Specifications Template for EMC module added–Illumination: Reference to Performance Specifications on Illumination (of Display and Control Elements in the Passenger Compartment) added–Antenna remote supply: AM/FM harmonized with DAB, SDARS complemented–Operating temperatures: CompactCassette (CC) and MiniDisk (MD) withdrawn–Operating noise: CC and MD withdrawn, DVD added–Test sequence: Table 3 updated–Mechanics requirements: Reference to …MIB_Device_Mechanics_Main_Unit“, Chapter 4 "Tech‐nical Requirements"; load cycle quantity deleted–Actuation forces: keys, values revised–Endurance test: Output power increased and radio extended to 1000 h–Voltages: Functional states, editorial revision, supplements and revision of "after end of functional state D"–Voltage dip: requirements complemented–Interruption: conditions after functional state added–Interference immunity: operating voltages quickly changing in time added–Switching behavior, ON/OFF: reference to MIB power management performance specifications added–Control input/output: MOST reference added to CAN performance specifications–Audio requirements: Reference to performance specifications …MIB_RQ_List_Sound“ added and note on common mode rejection for voltage changes added–Audio phase position AM/FM new–Common mode rejection: values revised–Audio source level plan: generalized, only refers to basic sources–BOSE®: deleted–Other sound systems: new description: sound systems, "branded"–Audio outputs: Values adapted–Frequency responses: Measurement conditions for different sources combined and reference to performance specifications "MIB_RQ_List_Sound" added–Control capacity of ...: merged and reference to performance specifications "MIB_RQ_List_Sound" added–Audio inputs: values adapted–CC drive requirements: removed–MD drive requirements: removed–CD, DVD audio,...: combined in the media Section and reference to performance specifications added–CD, DVD, HDD drive requirements revised with regard to mechanics and performance require‐ments described in VDA guideline 240-300 and in the "Test Case Book for Automotive Drives".–Video requirements: new–Navigation requirements new–Road test: text on assessment revised–Table 1: deleted, integrated in radio sections–Laboratory testing: operating noise and rattling added– 5.1.2 Operating temperatures: text complemented– 5.3.4 System temperature management : Text complemented– 5.5 Illumination: only reference to: display illumination performance specifications– 5.7 Chemical requirements: listing of individual substances omitted, only reference to VW 80101,a), o) and q) deleted– 5.11 Operating noise: details complemented– 6. Mechanical Requirements: All individual points deleted, only reference to performance spe‐cifications, VW80101 and performance specifications module "Testing"– 5. General requirements: Reference to other requirement areas according to VW 80101– 5.1.2 Temperature requirements complemented– 5.7 Resistance to light complemented, distinction of materials– 5.8 Test sequence: table removed, reference to MQB test performance specifications– 5.10 Operating noise: reference to VW 82469, "Accessory Equipment; Acoustic Requirements"–7.1 Adjustable frequency ranges: table removed and references created –7.2 Voltages: adapted to new values from AK 4.14–7.8 Irritating noise: control elements reintegrated and headline errors revised –12. Telephone requirements: reference to performance specifications–13. Radio requirements: reference to performance specifications and radio sections of this stan‐dard–New limit values more suitable for practical use for: 8.2.6 THD against power; 8.7 Audio inputs S/N; 9.3.1.3 Channel separation –EMC references revised–Audio requirements: changed name of performance specifications adopted –7.4.2.3 Antenna supply: current limitation added–8.5 Reception-quality-dependent sound influence: deleted, reference to "MIB_RQ_Radio_AM-FM-IBOC"ContentsPageScope .............................................................................................................................5Terms .............................................................................................................................6General descriptions: .....................................................................................................6Broadcasting terms for radio wave ranges depending on wave length .........................6Higher-level regulations and guidelines .........................................................................7Regulations ....................................................................................................................7Applicable laws and regulations .....................................................................................7EMC approval ................................................................................................................8Environmental requirements ..........................................................................................8General test conditions ..................................................................................................8Voltage source ...............................................................................................................8Test temperature ............................................................................................................9Preferred measurement frequencies .............................................................................9Modulation .....................................................................................................................9Note .............................................................................................................................10Identification of devices ................................................................................................10Test frames (schematic description) . (10)122.12.233.13.23.33.444.14.24.34.44.54.64.7Page 3VW 80972: 2009-11Operating modes (extract from VW 80101, Operating modes) ....................................10General requirements ..................................................................................................11Release testing ............................................................................................................11Road test ......................................................................................................................11Laboratory testing ........................................................................................................12Temperature requirements ..........................................................................................12Operating temperatures ...............................................................................................13Multi-stage temperature test ........................................................................................13Temperature resistance ..............................................................................................13Conditioning (forced-air aging, without load) ...............................................................13Temperature cycle (no load) ........................................................................................14Rapid temperature cycle with specified transfer duration (thermal shock test) ............14System temperature management ...............................................................................14Resistance to humid/warm environments (cyclic) ........................................................15Illumination/nighttime design ........................................................................................16Control elements (buttons and trim) .............................................................................16Chemical requirements (resistance to chemical agents) .............................................16Lightfastness ................................................................................................................16Test sequence .............................................................................................................16Flammability .................................................................................................................16Operating noise ............................................................................................................16Noise limit values during excitation (rattling and squeaking) .......................................17Mechanical requirements .............................................................................................17Requirements for electric system .................................................................................17Frequency ranges that can be selected .......................................................................17Voltages .......................................................................................................................18Overvoltage strength ....................................................................................................19Testing at 10,8 V ..........................................................................................................19Voltage dip, brief period (starting pulse) ......................................................................19Interruption ...................................................................................................................19Reverse polarity protection ..........................................................................................20Current .........................................................................................................................20Maximum permissible closed-circuit current/power consumption ................................20Control lines (capacity) ................................................................................................20Overcurrent strength ....................................................................................................22Switching behavior, ON/OFF .......................................................................................22Control inputs ...............................................................................................................22PHONE (analog input) .................................................................................................22S contact (analog input) ...............................................................................................22Illumination ...................................................................................................................23Speed-dependent volume control ................................................................................23Frequency constancy ...................................................................................................23Station frequency repeatability .....................................................................................23Frequency drift upon change in ambient temperature .................................................23Frequency drift upon changes in operating voltage .....................................................24Interferences ................................................................................................................24Interferences caused by control elements ...................................................................24Interference caused by internally generated auxiliary operating frequencies orcheck routines ..............................................................................................................24Interference due to internal drives (CD, DVD, SD and HDD) ......................................25Interference immunity ..................................................................................................25Ignition interference .. (25)4.855.15.1.15.1.25.25.2.15.2.25.35.3.15.3.25.3.35.3.45.45.55.65.75.85.95.105.115.12677.17.27.37.3.17.3.27.3.37.3.47.47.4.17.4.27.4.37.57.67.6.17.6.27.6.37.6.47.77.7.17.7.27.7.37.87.8.17.8.27.8.37.97.9.1Page 4VW 80972: 2009-11Electric system interference .........................................................................................25Interference caused by alternator ................................................................................25Electrostatic charging protection ..................................................................................26Audio requirements ......................................................................................................26Audio source level plan (objective: lowest possible subjective volume difference)......................................................................................................................................26Audio outputs ...............................................................................................................27Audio outputs for passive speaker systems .................................................................27Audio outputs for sound systems (line/AUX out, rear seat entertainment) ..................28Audio outputs for sound systems with full level input ...................................................29Audio background noise ..............................................................................................29Clipping ........................................................................................................................29THD against power ......................................................................................................29Volume range ...............................................................................................................30Audio phase position at FM and AM ............................................................................30Audio frequency response ..........................................................................................30Loudness .....................................................................................................................31Vehicle-specific sound curve, frequency response for traffic audio memory ...............31Control capacity of the volume, geometry and bass/treble controls ............................31Reception-quality-dependent sound influence for FM .................................................31Speed-dependent corrections of the audio signal ........................................................31Audio inputs .................................................................................................................31Stereo input for external media ....................................................................................31Stereo input for external media (AUX) .........................................................................32Audio input for telephone .............................................................................................32Media AUDIO requirements .........................................................................................32Cassette operation, cassette drive requirements .........................................................32MiniDisc operation (MD requirements) ........................................................................32CD, DVD, HDD and SD operation ...............................................................................32CD playback requirements ...........................................................................................33Memory cards ..............................................................................................................34Hard disk drives (HDD) as audio source ......................................................................36Video requirements ......................................................................................................37TV requirements ..........................................................................................................37Navigation requirements ..............................................................................................37Telephone requirements ..............................................................................................37Radio requirements ......................................................................................................37Radio requirements EUROPA, CHINA and ROW .......................................................38Radio requirements, JAPAN ........................................................................................38Radio requirements North America / Latin America .....................................................38Referenced documents ................................................................................................38Bibliography .................................................................................................................397.9.27.9.37.1088.18.28.2.18.2.28.2.38.2.48.2.58.2.68.2.78.2.88.38.3.18.3.28.48.58.68.78.7.18.7.28.7.399.19.29.39.3.19.3.29.3.31010.111121313.113.213.31415ScopeThis standard specifies requirements and tests for all infotainment systems implemented within the Volkswagen Group and associated components (radios, navigation systems, media player, audio amplifiers,...).The relevant version valid at the time the order is placed applies to corresponding standards and regulations.1Page 5VW 80972: 2009-11The performance specifications (German abbreviation LAH) specified in this standard are exemplary and must be specifically adapted for other projects. The compliance with the respective component performance specifications (German abbreviation BT-LAH) and with this standard are prerequisites for technical engineering approval (BMG) and the resulting component release.TermsGeneral descriptions:AU-S Function description AU dio S ound OMO perating M odeControl elementsAll elements (keys, knobs, display and media) which must be used for oper‐ation, use or control of the systemUser-accessible areas All areas that can be touched voluntarily or involuntarily by the user withoutremoving installation, add-on, trim or protection elementsBMG Technical Engineering Approval (German abbreviation)BT-LAH Component Performance Specifications (German abbreviation)CRIN Description in ISO for C ar R adio I dentification N umber HW H ard W are LCD L iquid C rystal D isplay (display type)LSM L ast S ituation M emory ROW "R est o f W orld", applies to requirements not assigned to specific regions RT R oom T emperature SW S oft W are TFT T hin F ilm T ransistor (display type)Calibration value Measured value in as-delivered condition before carrying out any test thatmay have an influenceHead impact Simulation of a collision in which the front seat passengers' heads hit thedashboard.KAF Volkswagen group acceptance test drive (German abbreviation)Functional statuses See VW 80101, Section on functional states Broadcasting terms for radio wave ranges depending on wave lengthAMA mplitude M odulation, also MFLimitation Compensation of audio level fluctuations depending on the reception level DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting (digital radio)dB Unit of measure for the logarithmic relationship of levels dBµV Logarithmic level relationship with the reference value 1µVE´RF level at antenna input downstream of the antenna simulation E´R RF level for noise-limited sensitivity f N Frequency of the desired station f S Frequency of the interfering stationf nnth transmitter in multiple-transmitter measuring methods2 2.12.2 Page 6VW 80972: 2009-11FM F requency M odulation, also VHF VHF V ery H igh F requency, also FMFS "F ull S cale" reference full level CD 0 dB (full modulation amplitude)RF R adio F requency, frequencies > 100 kHz k maxMaximum nonlinear distortion factorNonlinear distortion factor Degree of nonlinear audio distortions, indicated in %SW S hort W aveL Left stereo channel LW L ong W avem Modulation level for AM modulations in %MW M edium W ave, also AMLFL ow F requency, audio frequency range, 20 Hz to 20 kHz Desired station Station tuned in to listen to P LFAudio output powerRRight stereo channelStereo2-channel sound playbackInterfering station The station influencing the desired station T HS Temperature on heat sinkT CE Temperature of trim/control elementsU B Battery voltage/operating voltage at the control unit's connection block U Ant Antenna operating voltage at the antenna jackU A RF output level at signal generator upstream of antenna simulation Δf Modulation shift for FM modulations in kHzHigher-level regulations and guidelines RegulationsUnless other requirements exist, the standard production devices must comply with the specifications of the respective national governmental approval agency.The manufacturer is responsible for proof of compliance.Applicable laws and regulationsPassenger compartment (interior trim)ECE R21 [1]Passenger compartment (head impact)EC 74/60 EEC [2]Electromagnetic compatibility ECE R101) [3]Electromagnetic compatibilityEC GL 2006/96/EC [4]Presentation for type approval for the passenger compartment specifications to the releasing gov‐ernment authority is carried out and released by the responsible department of the respective cor‐porate brand in the scope of the vehicle type approval process.3 3.13.21)This is covered by the Volkswagen Group in the EMC type approval. For the original equipment, use in the vehicle manufacturing plant,neither an e nor an E nor a CE marking is required.Page 7VW 80972: 2009-11EMC approvalFor original use, an EMC approval is carried out by the Volkswagen AG specialized departments in the scope of the vehicle type approval process.Compliance with the applicable EMC guidelines according to "VW Component Performance Specifi‐cations Template Module for EMC" [5] is absolutely necessary for this.For EMC testing, all sample versions starting from the basic sample must be submitted to the re‐sponsible department including complete documentation and measurement protocols. For EMC re‐lease, three sample devices representing the standard production status have to be presented. After successful release, these devices must be stored as confirmed reference samples, one device at the department carrying out the EMC release, one at the development release department and one at the manufacturer.Environmental requirementsCompliance with the Group requirements for the manufacture of the devices and the choice of the materials must be ensured.–VW 91100 "Environmental Standard for Vehicles; Vehicle Parts, Materials, Operating Fluids;Policy, Specifications"–VW 91101 "Environmental Standard for Vehicles Vehicle Parts, Materials, Operating Fluids Avoidance of Hazardous Substances"–VW 91102 SUPPLEMENT 3 "Environmental Standard for Vehicles;Requirements for a Process‐ing Concept"–VW 91102 "Environmental Standard for Vehicles; Recycling Requirements, Use of Recycled Material, Type Approval with Regard to Recyclability"–VW 91104 "Vehicle Environmental Standard; Basics, Technical Inventory Analysis, Life Cycle Inventory Analysis"–VDA 260 "Motor Vehicle Components; Marking of Materials"Compliance must be documented by the manufacturer by means of a hazardous-substance docu‐mentation list including quantity data for the hazardous substances contained in the product.General test conditionsAll DUTs must comply with the requirements specified in VW 80101. All parts must completely fulfill their specified function both during and after the tests, unless these are destructive tests. The re‐quirements apply to the entire operating voltage and operating temperature ranges.During the tests, the DUTs must be continuously monitored using suitable monitoring devices with test cycles adapted to the requirements and the operating states.For test procedure, number and sequence, see test performance specifications. See also Section 5.9 for further notes.Voltage sourceTest voltage14V ± 0,1 V, terminal voltage at the device Internal resistance< 0,1 ΩReference output power0,5 W at load simulation of 4 Ω3.3 3.444.1Page 8VW 80972: 2009-11Test temperatureAll limits and parameters according to the valid specifications must be adhered to within the test temperature range.Temperature range: -30 °C to +70 °CFurther "special" temperatures are indicated in the relevant Sections and must be taken into consid‐eration.A tolerance of ± 2 °C applies to all temperatures.Measurements for which no temperature is specified are to be performed at RT ≙ 23 °C ± 5 °C according to DIN.Preferred measurement frequenciesThe following measurement frequencies and modulations are given as an orientation and as default settings for the tests and requirements specified in Section 5 onwards. Location-specific changes required due to local transmitters must be documented.Deviating modulation signals for source differentiation when carrying out the reliability tests are per‐mitted.Table 1LW 153183252 kHz AM(MW)54010801440 kHz SW 6,1 MHz FM 89,194,199,1106,1MHz FM 79,582,586,589,5MHz JapanDAB 174,928216,928223,936239,200BAND III EUROPE/CANADA DAB 1452.9601471.7921490.624 L-BAND EUROPE/CHINA DAB 1452.8161472.0001491.184L-BAND CANADA DAB tbdBand III, CHINA SDARSall reception paths (terrestrial and SAT)North AmericaDRM / IBOC analogous to AM and FM ModulationAM:1000 Hz Modulation signal 30 %Degree of modulation FM:1000 HzModulation signal ± 40 kHzFrequency shift Additionally for stereo:19 KHzPilot signal± 7,5 KHzFrequency shift Additionally for RDS:57 KHzPilot signal± 2 KHzFrequency shift4.2 4.34.4 Page 9VW 80972: 2009-11。
英国皇家艺术学院世界排名第几.doc
英国皇家艺术学院世界排名第几英国皇家艺术学院是坐落于伦敦的一所顶尖艺术院校，也是英国艺术院校中唯一一所全研究生大学。
那么，这一院校的世界排名以及专业情况如何呢？我为计划艺术留学的同学们带来了以下内容，一起来看看吧。
一、英国皇家艺术学院世界排名QS 世界大学排名：202X-202X QS 世界大学排名艺术与设计类全球第1名；202X-202X QS 世界大学排名艺术与设计类全球第1名；202X-202X QS 世界大学排名艺术与设计类全球第1名；在202X年公布的QS世界大学排行榜上，英国皇家艺术学院（ Royal College of Art ）连续五年蝉联艺术与设计专业榜首。
这一殊荣与皇家艺术学院一直以来的创新精神密不可分。
学院积极参与构想未来，例如自8月1日起，学院与英国航空公司（British Airways）合作，在伦敦Saatchi画廊展出对于未来100年内飞行器的设想。
二、英国皇家艺术学院专业排名皇家艺术学院插画专业研究生排名第一皇家艺术学院纯艺术专业研究生排名第一皇家艺术学院雕塑专业研究生排名第一皇家艺术学院平面设计研究生排名第一皇家艺术学院交互设计/人机交互/服务设计/创新设计排名第一皇家艺术学院产品/工业设计排名第一皇家艺术学院服装设计/纺织面料排名第二皇家艺术学院珠宝设计排名第一皇家艺术学院室内设计排名第一皇家艺术学院摄影专业排名第一皇家艺术学院动画专业排名第二皇家艺术学院数字媒体专业排名第一三、英国皇家艺术学院专业设置本科生专业该英国艺术留学院校未开设本科阶段课程。
研究生专业室内设计皇家艺术学院室内设计硕士课程为期两年，与建筑设计平行进行教学，但有其独立的讲座，研讨会，小组工作及个人论文。
这些都会在独特的，跨学科的，面向实践的，探索性的RCA工作室环境里进行。
皇家艺术学院室内设计不仅需要考虑技术要求，同时也要强调空间上的情感作用，因此学生们必须学会理解设计对人类的影响，然后用技术将其变得更加完美。
英国动漫专业哪些院校比较好
英国的动漫产业世界闻名，对于动漫教育也具有很大的优势。
因此，申请动漫专业留学，英国是个不错的选择。
那么，英国动漫专业哪些院校比较好呢?接下来，ACG国际艺术教育小编就来给大家推荐几所英国动漫专业院校，供大家参考。
英国动漫专业院校推荐：一、皇家艺术学院皇家艺术学院简称RCA，坐落在伦敦，是全球唯一的全研究制艺术院校(无本科教育)。
其课程讲授者均为国际知名艺术家，从业者和理论家。
皇家艺术学院已拥有国家最先进的设施和优秀的研究资源，并且有促进优秀创意和智慧的环境。
皇家艺术学院下设的动画系开设有动画专业硕士课程(MA in Animation)，授课内容既囊括绘画和动画制作技巧，如结构、节奏、图像及音响互动，也包括戏剧、写作、摄影和纺织等其他能被运用于动画领域的技术。
技术元素和软性因素的良好结合，非常有利于学生掌握动画业的前沿动态。
学校动画专业的重点是培养与产业有关的导演、艺术家和电影制片人。
动画专业是非常注重视觉精致、创新、多学科艺术和设计，其中包括和需要发展的技能和专长。
申请条件1.语言成绩：雅思6.5分(写作>6.0分)，PTE62分(写作>54分)2.作品集：作品必须能在Mac上播放，时长不超过15分钟，必须包含动态图像，每个作品附上100个单词以内的描述。
图片大小应为400*400像素以上，不超过2M，视频不能超过80M。
可接受JPEG、PNG、MOV、MP4、M4V和网址等格式，但不接受PDF。
二、伦敦传媒学院伦敦传媒学院是伦敦艺术大学的6所学院中的一所。
提供广泛的课程：平面设计、摄影、新闻、市场营销、电影(从预科、本科、研究生到研究类课程)。
伦敦传媒学院的动画课程是在传达设计背景下进行的一门广泛的、实验的视觉实践类课程。
本科课程将介绍动画的核心原理，复杂的电脑技术操作以及一系列绘制技巧，包括：绘画、模型制作、摄影、电影制作和设计。
申请条件1.语言成绩：本科雅思 6.0，单项不低于 5.5;研究生雅思6.52.申请材料：高中/大学成绩单，个人陈述，推荐信，作品集。
2022年牛津大学法学院硕士申请条件
牛津大学法学院是英国最大的法学院之一，在一些世界领先的法律学者的直接监视下，为您提供与您这一代领先法律毕业生一起学习的时机。
将为您详细介绍，申请该专业需要准备哪些(nǎxiē)申请材料和条件。
课程(kèchéng)纵览：牛津大学的硕士级法律教育声誉很少。
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这两个课程都提供了广泛的选择，并有时机专注于某些领域或选择多样化的课程组合。
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对于研究生来说，老师提供更广泛(guǎngfàn)的法律和跨学科专业，与老师的不同利益相对应。
对于许多研究生而言，最终目的将是牛津大学博士学位的哲学博士，但老师也提供为期一年的研究课程，既可以自己学习，也可以作为哲学博士的第一阶段。
作为一名研究生，您可以期望与专业主管亲密合作，该主管将帮助您开展您的想法并追求您的论文获得圆满成功。
研究生在老师的知识生活中发挥着核心作用，在众多讨论小组和座谈会中进展合作，并参加了许多BCL，法学研究生和MSc课程研讨会。
法学专业申请(shēnqǐng)条件一、课程介绍一年全日制牛津大学的学位是世界着名的法律研究生课程，旨在为来自民法背景的优秀法学院学生提供效劳。
学术标准明显高于第一法学位所要求的学术标准，只有具有优秀第一法学位的学生才能入学。
您将从大约40种不同选项的列表中选择四门课程，包括论文选项。
所有选项都是通过讲座和/或研讨会和教程的组合来教授的，除了学位论文选项，其中包括与指定主管的一对一会话。
研讨会通常由学术人员的高级成员指导，但通常具有互动性，您将被期望参与所涵盖材料的讨论。
教程涉及导师和一小组学生之间的密集讨论，通常介于两次到四次之间，为您提供时机，让您展示自己的想法并与领先的学者讨论您的工作。
THOMSON REUTERS EndNote 说明书
VESA E-EDID Standard V1
E-EDID™ Standard VESAVideo Electronics Standards Association860 Hillview Court, Suite 150 Phone: (408) 957-9270 Milpitas, CA 95035 Fax: (408) 957-9277 VESA ENHANCED EXTENDED DISPLAYIDENTIFICATION DATA STANDARDRelease A, Revision 1February 9, 2000PurposeThis standard defines data formats to carry configuration information, allowing optimum use of displays.SummaryThis document describes the basic 128-byte data structure "EDID 1.3", as well as the overall layout of the data blocks that make up Enhanced EDID. The EDID 1.3 data structure is intended to be backward compatible with EDID data structures 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 as implemented in all commercially available monitors. EDID data structure 1.3 contains enhancements to enable the Dual GTF curve concept. Use of EDID extensions described in this document assumes that the addressing method described in the Enhanced DDC standard is used.GTF: Generalized Timing FormulaNoteThis issue of the EDID document contains specifications for the mandatory core elements of Enhanced EDID. Optional EDID extensions are defined in separate documents.PrefaceIntellectual PropertyCopyright © 1994 - 2000 Video Electronics Standards Association. All rights reserved.While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this standard, the Video Electronics Standards Association and its contributors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, and make no warranties, expressed or implied, of functionality or suitability for any purpose.TrademarksAll trademarks used within this document are the property of their respective owners. VESA, DDC, DPMS, EDID, EVC, P&D and VDIF are trademarks of the Video Electronics Standard Association.I2C is a trademark owned by Philips.PatentsVESA proposals and standards are adopted by the Video Electronics Standards Association without regard as to whether their adoption may involve any patents or articles, materials, or processes. Such adoption does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatsoever to parties adopting the proposals or standards documents.Support for this StandardClarifications and application notes to support this standard may be written. To obtain the latest standard and any support documentation, contact VESA.If you have a product, which incorporates EDID, you should ask the company that manufactured your product for assistance. If you are a manufacturer, VESA can assist you with any clarification you may require. All comments or reported errors should be submitted in writing to VESA using one of the following methods.•Fax : 408-957 9270, direct this note to Technical Support at VESA•e-mail: support@•mail: TechnicalSupportVideo Electronics Standards Association860 Hillview Court, Suite 15095035CAMilpitas,Revision HistoryRelease A September 2, 1999Initial release of the standard. The body of the standard is derived from the Extended Display Identification Standard Version 3.0Release A Revision 1 February 9, 2000Consolidate requirements of detailed timing section in section 3.10Section 3.4 - removed restriction of 00h, 00h, 00h, 00h value for serial number fieldTable 3.11 - added note to reference preferred timing mode bit requirementsTable 3.15 - added note for 1:1 aspect ratio in earlier EDID definitionsTable 3.16 – corrected order of bits in Vertical Sync format descriptionTable 3.17 - added definition for stereo flag bits values of 0,0,xTable 3.20 - added clarification to round up Max pixel; clock valueAcknowledgmentsThis document would not have been possible without the efforts of the VESA Display Committee. In particular, the following individuals and their companies contributed significant time and knowledge to this edition, and/or previous editions of the EDID document.Anders Frisk Nokia Jack Hosek NECBob Myers HP Richard Atanus NECDon Panell Joe Goodart DellHans van der Ven Panasonic Bill Milford 3dfxGeoff Gould Intel Ian Miller IBMRick Stoneking Microchip Shaun Kerigan IBMGlenn Adler Philips Ed Anwyl IBMChuck Scott Microsoft Anthony Cianfarano MitsubishiAlain d’Hautecourt Viewsonic Ton Wang HitachiWarren Whaley Canon John Matsumoto ToshibaDrew Loucks Elo TouchsystemsTable of ContentsREVISION HISTORY (3)1. OVERVIEW (5)1.1 S UMMARY (5)1.2 B ACKGROUND (5)1.3 S TANDARD O BJECTIVES (5)1.4 R EFERENCE D OCUMENTS (5)2. DATA FORMATS (6)2.1 D ESCRIPTION OF PRESENT AND EARLIER EDID DATA FORMATS (6)2.1.1 EDID1.0 (6)1.1 (6)2.1.2 EDID2.1.3 EDID1.2 (6)1.3 (6)2.1.4 EDID2.0 (6)2.1.5 EDID2.2 E NHANCED EDID (6)2.2.1 Enhanced EDID High Level Layout (7)3. EXTENDED DISPLAY IDENTIFICATION DATA (EDID) STRUCTURE VER. 1 REV. 3 (9)3.1 EDID F ORMAT O VERVIEW (9)3.2 D ATA F ORMAT C ONVENTIONS (10)3.3 H EADER:8 BYTES (11)3.4 V ENDOR/P RODUCT ID:10 BYTES (11)3.5 EDID S TRUCTURE V ERSION /R EVISION:2 BYTES (12)3.6 B ASIC D ISPLAY P ARAMETERS AND F EATURES:5 BYTES (12)3.7 P HOSPHOR OR F ILTER C HROMATICITY:10 BYTES (14)3.8 E STABLISHED T IMINGS:3 BYTES (15)3.8.1 EDID Established Timings Section (15)3.9 S TANDARD T IMING I DENTIFICATION (16)3.9.1 EDID Standard Timings Section (16)3.10 D ETAILED T IMING S ECTION -72 BYTES (17)3.10.1 First Detailed Timing Descriptor Block (17)3.10.2 Detailed Timing Descriptor - 18 bytes (18)3.10.3 MonitorDescription - 18 bytes (19)Descriptor3.11 E XTENSION F LAG AND C HECKSUM (22)3.12 N OTE R EGARDING B ORDERS (23)4. EDID EXTENSIONS (24)5. TIMING INFORMATION PRIORITY ORDER (24)6. APPENDIX A - SAMPLE EDID (25)6.1 EXAMPLE1.E NHANCED EDID SAMPLE WITH S RGB AND S ECONDARY GTF (25)6.2 E XAMPLE 2-L EGACY EDID EXAMPLE FOR REFERENCE (28)7. APPENDIX B - ANSWERS TO COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS (31)1.OVERVIEW1.1SummaryThe Extended Display Identification Data (EDID) described in this document, is a data structure, with optional variants, to allow the display to inform the host about its identity and capabilities. The EDID data structure is independent of the communication protocol used between the monitor and host.Enhanced EDID defines a basic data structure of 128 bytes that all compliant monitors must supply, as well as the rules for how extensions can be added to the basic structure.Enhanced EDID family of documents:1 Enhanced EDID Standard (Basic 128-byte data structure. Rules for how EDID extensions are mapped.)2 Optional EDID Extension Standards (Data structure for additional data contained in EDID extensions.)2.1EDID Structure 2 Extension2.2Flat Panel Timings Extension2.3Color transfer function Extension2.4…future extension structures not yet defined1.2BackgroundEnhanced EDID was created to clarify how EDID Extensions shall be used in order to handle identification of future monitor capabilities, while maintaining a basic level of compatibility that can be used to uniquely identify the monitor. Enhanced EDID is intended to supersede all previous versions of EDID.1.3Standard ObjectivesThe EDID Standard was developed by VESA to meet, exceed and/or complement certain criteria. These criteria are set forth as Standard Objectives as follows:•Support Microsoft® Plug and Play definition•Provide information in a compact format to allow the graphics subsystem to be configured based on the capabilities of the attached display1.4Reference DocumentsNote: Versions identified here are current, but users of this standard are advised to ensure they have the latest versions of referenced standards and documents.2.DATA FORMATS2.1Description of present and earlier EDID data formats2.1.1EDID 1.0EDID structure 1.0 was the original 128-byte data format introduced in the DDC Standard Version 1.0 Revision 0 issued in August 1994. EDID 1.0 shall not be used in new monitor designs released after January 1, 2000.2.1.2EDID 1.1EDID structure 1.1 added definitions for monitor descriptors as an alternate use of the space originally reserved for detailed timings, as well as definitions for previously unused fields. Structure 1.1 was introduced in the EDID Standard Version 2 Revision 0 issued in April 1996. EDID 1.1 shall not be used in new monitor designs released after January 1, 2000.2.1.3EDID 1.2EDID structure 1.2 added definitions to existing data fields. Structure 1.2 was introduced in EDID Standard Version 3. EDID 1.2 is not recommended in new monitor designs released after January 1, 2000.2.1.4EDID 1.3EDID structure 1.3 is introduced for the first time in this document and adds definitions for secondary GTF curve coefficients. EDID 1.3 is based on the same core as all other EDID 1.x structures. EDID 1.3 is intended to be the new baseline for EDID data structures. EDID 1.3 is recommended for all new monitor designs.Structure 1.3 is a super set of structure 1.2. The main difference between the two is that 1.3 allows the Monitor Range Limits descriptor to define coefficients for a secondary GTF curve, and mandates a certain set of monitor descriptors.2.1.5 EDID 2.0Version 2 Revision 0 data structure defined a completely new EDID data structure based on 256-byte records. This structure was designed to provide additional information that is required for displays that follow the original VESA Plug & Display (P&D) and Flat Panel Display Interface-2 (FPDI-2) Standards.NOTE! In the future, EDID structure 2.0 will be treated as an allowed, but not mandatory, EDID extension under Enhanced EDID.2.2Enhanced EDID2.2.1Enhanced EDID High Level Layout2.2.1.1Mandatory elementsBlock 0 is the only mandatory block.Each extension block is structured according to Section 2.2.1.3.All extension blocks must be sequential, no holes allowedBlock # Block Description0 EDID 1.3 (or higher)1 Extension if only 1 extension, otherwiseEDID Block map (blocks 2-127)2 Extension3 Extension4 Extension:N Extension:128 EDID Block map for blocks 129 – 254 ifmore than 128 blocks used129 Extension:N =< 254 ExtensionBlock number 1 is used for Extension data if there is only one extension, otherwise block 1 is used as a block map.2.2.1.2EDID Block Map ExtensionByte # Description0 Tag for Block Map1 Extension Tag for data in block2 or block 129 Unused blocks are listed as Extension Tag = 02 Extension Tag for data in block3 or block 130N Extension Tag for data in blockN+1 or block N+128126 Extension Tag for data in block127 or block 254127 Check sum for this block mapBlock Tag is a byte that identifies the content of the Extension Block. A partial list of defined Tags is listed in Section 2.2.1.4.2.2.1.3General Extension FormatByte # DescriptionTag0 Extension1 Revision number for this tag One byte binary number. Revisions arebackward compatible.data2-126 Extension127 Checksum for this ExtensionBlock2.2.1.4EDID Extension Tags Assigned by VESAVESA will maintain a list of assigned EDID Extension Tags used to identify VESA Standard EDID Extensions. For the most current list of EDID Extensions, see the VESA website.Tag DescriptionTimings01h LCD02h Additional timing data type 220h EDID 2.0 Extension30h Color information type 040h DVI feature data50h Touch screen dataF0h Block MapFFh Extension defined by monitor manufacturer.Note: At the time of the publication of this document, several of these extensions were not yet been defined or written. Contact VESA administration for the latest list of published EDID Extensions.3.Extended Display Identification Data (EDID) Structure Ver. 1 Rev. 33.1EDID Format Overviewbytes Description Format Address No.00h 8 Bytes Header See Section 3.300h00h 1FFh01h 1FFh02h 1FFh03h 1FFh04h 1FFh05h 1FFh06h 100h07h 108h 10 Bytes Vendor / Product Identification See Section 3.408h 2 ID Manufacturer Name EISA 3-character ID0Ah 2 ID Product Code Vendor assigned code0Ch 4 ID Serial Number 32-bit serial number10h 1 Week of Manufacture Week number11h 1 Year of Manufacture Year12h 2 Bytes EDID Structure Version / Revision See Section 3.5# Binary12h 1Version# Binary13h 1Revision14h 5 Bytes Basic Display Parameters / Features See Section 3.614h 1 Video Input Definition15h 1 Max. Horizontal Image Size cm.16h 1 Max. Vertical Image Size cm.17h 1 Display Transfer Characteristic (Gamma) Binary18h 1 Feature Support See Table 3.1119h 10 Bytes Color Characteristics See Section 3.719h 1 Red/Green Low Bits Rx1 Rx0 Ry1 Ry0 Gx1 Gx0 Gy1Gy0 1Ah 1 Blue/White Low Bits Bx1 Bx0 By1 By0 Wx1 Wx0 Wy1Wy01Bh 1 Red-x Red-x Bits 9 - 21Ch 1 Red-y Red-y Bits 9 - 21Dh 1 Green-x Green-x Bits 9 - 21Eh 1 Green-y Green-y Bits 9 - 21Fh 1 Blue-x Blue-x Bits 9 - 220h 1 Blue-y Blue-y Bits 9 - 221h 1 White-x White-x Bits 9 - 222h 1 White-y White-y Bits 9 - 223h 3 Bytes Established Timings See Section 3.823h 1 Established Timings 124h 1 Established Timings 225h 1 Manufacturer's Reserved Timings26h 16 Bytes Standard Timing Identification See Section 3.926h 2 Standard Timing Identification # 128h 2 Standard Timing Identification # 22Ah 2 Standard Timing Identification # 32Ch 2 Standard Timing Identification # 42Eh 2 Standard Timing Identification # 530h 2 Standard Timing Identification # 6Address No.bytes Description Format32h 2 Standard Timing Identification # 734h 2 Standard Timing Identification # 836h 72 Bytes Detailed Timing Descriptions See Section 3.1036h 18 Detailed Timing Description # 1 EDID structure Version 1, Revisions 1and 2, allowed this space to be used forMonitor Descriptors. Host SW usingthis data should be prepared to detectMonitor Descriptors also in thislocation even though displaysconforming with later revisions ofEDID structure only use this space forDetailed Timing Description.48h 18 Detailed Timing Description # 2 orMonitor Descriptor5Ah 18 Detailed Timing Description # 3 orMonitor Descriptor6Ch 18 Detailed Timing Description # 4 orMonitor Descriptor7Eh 1 Byte Extension Flag Number of (optional) 128-byte EDIDextension blocks to follow.7Fh 1 Byte Checksum The 1-byte sum of all 128 bytes in thisEDID block shall equal zeroTable 3.1 - EDID Structure Version 1The following sections provide details on each byte of the EDID Version 1 data structure.3.2Data Format ConventionsThe EDID data structures are designed to be compact in their representation of data in order to fit the most information into a limited space. To accommodate this, many data lengths have been used according to the needs of the particular data. These include fields from a single bit up to two bytes in length. In all cases, except where explicitly stated, the following conventions are used:Data length Convention used Example1 to 7 bits stored in order stated8 bits (1 byte) stored at location stated9 to 15 bits location of bits stated in field definition16 bits (2 bytes) Bytes are a binary format (not BCD) stored inlocations specified with least significant byte(LSB) stored in first location. 1280 decimal = 0500h Stored 00 at first location 50 next locationCharacter string (More than 2 bytes) Bytes are ASCII, stored in order they appearin the string.“ACED”Stored 41h at first location,43h at the next location, 45h atthe next location and 44h at thenext location.Table 3.2 - Data Format Conventions3.3Header: 8 bytesThe header is an 8-byte pattern designed to be easily recognizable from other bytes in the data structure. Its format is shown in Table 3.3.8 Bytes Header1 00h1 FFh1 FFh1 FFh1 FFh1 FFh1 FFh1 00hTable 3.3 - EDID Header3.4Vendor/Product ID: 10 bytesThe Vendor/Product ID block is made up of several fields used to uniquely identify the monitor. The size and order of the fields is shown in the table below.10 Bytes Vendor / Product Identification2 ID Manufacturer Name2 ID Product Code4 ID Serial Number1 Week of Manufacture1 Year of ManufactureTable 3.4 - Vendor/Product IDThe ID Manufacturer Name field, shown in Table 3.5, contains a 2-byte representation of the monitor's manufacturer. This is the same as the EISA ID. It is based on compressed ASCII, “0001=A” ... “11010=Z”.EISA manufacturer IDs are issued by Microsoft. Contact by:E-mail: pnpid@Fax: 425-936-7329, Attention PNPID in Building 27.Description Byte Bit7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0ID Manufacturer Name 1 0) (4 3 2 1 0) (4 3* Character 1 Char 22 2 1 0) (43 2 1 0)Character 2 Character 3Table 3.5 - ID Manufacturer NameThe ID Product code field contains a 2-byte vendor assigned product code. This is used to differentiate between different models from the same manufacturer. If this field is used to represent a model number, then the number is stored in hex with the least significant byte first.A 00001 41B 00010 42C 00011 43D 00100 44E 00101 45F 00110 46G 00111 47H 01000 48N 01110 4E O 01111 4F P 10000 50 Q 10001 51 R 10010 52 S 10011 53 T 10100 54 U 10101 55压缩ASCII ASCII ASCII压缩ASCII应为00001The ID serial number is a 32-bit serial number used to differentiate between individual instances of the same model of monitor. Its use is optional. When used, the bit order for this field follows that shown in Table 3.6. The EDID structure Version 1 Revision 1 and later offer a way to represent the serial number of the monitor as an ASCII string in a separate descriptor block.1 Bit2 Bit4 Bit3 BitDescription Byte Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 BitNumber 1 (7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0) IDSerial2 (15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8)3 (23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16)4 (31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24)Table 3.6 - ID Serial NumberThe Week of Manufacture field, if used, is set to a value in the range of 1-53. If this field is not used, the value should be set to 0.The Year of Manufacture field is used to represent the year of the monitor’s manufacture. The value that is stored is an offset from the year 1990 as derived from the following equation:Value stored = (Year of manufacture - 1990)Example: For a monitor manufactured in 1997 the value stored in this field would be 7.3.5EDID Structure Version / Revision: 2 bytes2 Bytes EDID Structure Version, Revision1 Version no. Binaryno. Binary1 RevisionTable 3.7 - EDID Structure Version and RevisionThe appropriate version and revision numbers shall be stored here. These values define the EDID structure being used. Products compliant with this document shall have Version = 1 and Revision = 3.3.6Basic Display Parameters and Features: 5 bytes5 Bytes Basic Display Parameters/Features1 Video Input Definition See Table 3.91 Max. Horizontal Image Size cm.1 Max. Vertical Image Size cm.Characteristic (Gamma) (gamma x 100)-100, [range 1.00 → 3.54]Transfer1 DisplayIf set to FFh, the gamma value is notdefined here.1 Feature Support (DPMS) See Table 3.11Table 3.8 - Basic Display Parameters and FeaturesThe Video Input Definition field provides information describing how the host’s video outputs should be configured to drive the attached display. The format of this one-byte field is described below in Table 3.9 Bit Description DetailedDescription7 Analog/Digital Signal Level Defines usage of the rest of byte as “analog” or “digital” input.Analog = 0, Digital = 1.If bit 7 = 0 use the following definitions for bit 6-06 Signal Level Standard [6:5] Refer to following definitions. Format is ‘reference white aboveblank’, ‘level of sync. tip below blank’. (volts)Bit 6 Bit 5 Operation0 0 0.700, 0.300 (1.000 V p-p)0 1 0.714, 0.286 (1.000 V p-p)1 0 1.000, 0.400 (1.400 V p-p)1 1 0.700, 0.000 (0.700 V p-p) See EVC Std.5 Signal Level Standard [6:5] See above entry for definition4 Setup If set = 1, the display expects a blank-to-black setup or pedestalper appropriate Signal Level Standard3 Sync. Inputs Supported [3] If set = 1, separate syncs. supported2 Sync. Inputs Supported [2] If set = 1, composite sync. (on Hsync line) supported1 Sync. Inputs Supported [1] If set = 1, sync. on green video supported0 Sync. Inputs Supported [0] If set = 1, serration of the Vsync. Pulse is required whencomposite sync. or sync-on-green video is used If bit 7 = 1 use the following definitions for bit 6-06-1 Reserved Set all reserved bits to 00 DFP 1.x If set = 1, Interface is signal compatible with VESA DFP 1.xTMDS CRGB, 1 pixel / clock, up to 8 bits / color MSB aligned,DE active highTable 3.9 - Video Input DefinitionThe Maximum Image Size parameters provide information on the maximum image dimensions that can be correctly displayed, as defined by VESA Video Image Area Definition (VIAD) Standard, rounded to the nearest centimeter (cm). These values are intended to be the maximum image size that can be properly displayed over the entire set of supported timing/format combinations. The host system is expected to use this data to get a rough idea of the image size and aspect ratio to allow properly scaled text to be selected.If either or both bytes are set to zero, then the system shall make no assumptions regarding the display size.e.g. A projection display may be of indeterminate size.2 Bytes Description Format1 Max.HorizontalImage Size From 1 → 255 cmSee above for special case = 01 Max. Vertical Imagesize From 1 → 255 cmSee above for special case = 0Table 3.10 - Maximum Image SizeThe display transfer characteristic, referred to as gamma, is stored in a 1-byte field capable of representing gamma values in the range of 1.00 to 3.54. The integer value stored is determined by the formula: Value stored = (gamma x 100)-100 For example, a gamma value of 2.2 would be represented as 120.The feature support field is used to indicate support for various display features. The format of this 1-byte field is shown in following table.1 Byte Bits Feature Support Description1 7 Standby Refer to VESA DPMS Specification6 Suspend Refer to VESA DPMS Specification5 Active Off/Very Low Power The display consumes much lesspower when it receives a timingsignal that is outside its declaredactive operating range.The display will revert to normaloperation if the timing signal returnsto the normal operating range.No sync. signals is one example of atiming signal outside normaloperating range.No DE signal is another example.4-3 Display Type [4:3] Bit 4 Bit 3 Interpretation0 0 Monochrome /grayscale display0 1 RGB color display1 0 Non-RGB multicolordisplaye.g. R/G/Y1 1 Undefined2 Standard Default Color Space, sRGB If this bit is set to 1, the display usesthe sRGB standard default colorspace as its primary color space. Ifthis bit is set, the color information insection 3.7 must match the sRGBstandard values. (See example inAppendix A)1 Preferred Timing Mode If this bit is set to 1, the display’spreferred timing mode is indicated inthe first detailed timing block.Note: Use of preferred timing modeis required by EDID StructureVersion 1 Revision 3 and higher.0 Default GTF supported If this bit is set to 1, the displaysupports timings based on the GTFstandard using default GTF parametervalues.Table 3.11 - Feature Support3.7 Phosphor or Filter Chromaticity: 10 bytesThese bytes provide colorimetry and white point information. The data is stored in the order shown in Table 3.12.The white point value shall be the default white point (the white point set at power on or on a reset of the display to its default setting). Provision for multiple white points is made in one of the monitor descriptors - see Section3.10.3.10 Bytes Color Characteristic Based on CIE publication 15.2 oncolorimetry space1 Red / Green Low Bits Rx1 Rx0 Ry1 Ry0 Gx1 Gx0 Gy1 Gy01 Blue / White Low Bits Bx1 Bx0 By1 By0 Wx1 Wx0 Wy1 Wy01 Red_x Red_x bits 9 → 21 Red_y Red_y bits 9 → 21 Green_x Green_x bits 9 → 21 Green_y Green_y bits 9 → 21 Blue_x Blue_x bits 9 → 21 Blue_y Blue_y bits 9 → 21 White_x White_x bits 9 → 21 White_y White_y bits 9 → 2Table 3.12 - Chromaticity and Default White PointThe chromaticity and white point values are expressed as fractional numbers, accurate to the thousandth place. Each number is represented by a binary fraction, which is 10 bits in length. In this fraction a value of one for the bit immediately right of the decimal point (bit 9) represents 2 raised to the -1 power. A value to 1 in the right most bit (bit 0) represents a value of 2 raised to the -10 power.The high order bits (9 → 2) are stored as a single byte. The low order bits (1 → 0) are paired with other low order bits to form a byte. With this representation, all values should be accurate to +/- 0.0005 of the actual value. Examples are shown in Table 3.13.Actual Value Binary value Converted Back to Decimal0.610 1001110001 0.61035160.307 010******* 0.30664060.150 0010011010 0.1503906Table 3.13 - Ten bit Binary Fraction Representation3.8Established Timings: 3 bytesThe established timing block is a field of one-bit flags, which are used to indicate support for established VESA and other common timings in a very compact form. Other standardized timings can be described in the Standard Timings block defined in Section 3.9. Any timing can be described using the Detailed Timings block defined in Section 3.10.Bits 6 → 0 (inclusive) of byte 3 are used to define manufacturer’s proprietary timings, and may be used if a manufacturer wants to identify such timings through the use of one-bit flags. VESA takes no responsibility for coordinating or documenting the use of these bits by any manufacturer(s).A bit set to “1” indicates support for that timing.3.8.1EDID Established Timings SectionIndicates Factory Supported Modes of VESA Discrete Monitor Timings (DMTs that predated EDID) as well as other industry de-facto timings that predate EDID. The one-bit flags of the Established Timing block can not be used to determine maximum format support, maximum refresh support, or any other timing parameter of the display. Also, if any one-bit flag is not set in the Established Timing block, this data can not be used to determine if that timing is within the supported scanning frequency of the display - only that it is not a Factory Supported Mode.Factory Supported Modes are defined as modes that are properly sized and centered as the monitor is delivered from factory.All Factory Supported Modes are not necessarily listed in any EDID timing section.3 Bytes Bit Description Source1 Established Timing I7 720 x 400 @ 70Hz IBM, VGA6 720 x 400 @ 88Hz IBM, XGA25 640 x 480 @ 60Hz IBM, VGA4 640 x 480 @ 67Hz Apple, Mac II3 640 x 480 @ 72Hz VESA2 640 x 480 @ 75Hz VESA1 800 x 600 @ 56Hz VESA0 800 x 600 @ 60Hz VESA1 Established Timing II7 800 x 600 @ 72Hz VESA6 800 x 600 @ 75Hz VESA5 832 x 624 @ 75Hz Apple, Mac II4 1024 x 768 @ 87Hz(I) IBM3 1024 x 768 @ 60Hz VESA2 1024 x 768 @ 70Hz VESA1 1024 x 768 @ 75Hz VESA0 1280 x 1024 @ 75Hz VESATimings1 Manufacturer's7 1152 x 870 @ 75Hz Apple, Mac IIReserved6-0Table 3.14 - Established Timings3.9Standard Timing IdentificationThe next 16 bytes provide identification for up to eight additional timings, each identified by a unique 2-byte code derived from the mode format and refresh rate as described below. This scheme is used to identify future standard timings not included in the Established Timings section (see Section 3.8). Standard Timing identifiers that don’t correspond to a VESA Discrete Monitor Timing Mode are referring to a mode calculated using the VESA GTF with default coefficients. The scheme may also be used in monitors intended to be used exclusively with proprietary systems where the host already has the complete timing information. Additional standard timings may be listed by using one of the alternate definitions of the detailed Timing Descriptions permitted in EDID Structure Version 1, Revision 1 and higher - see Section 3.10.3.Note: The 2-byte identifier codes for VESA standard timing modes are defined as part of each VESA Timing Standard.Unused fields in this section shall be set to 01h, 01h.3.9.1EDID Standard Timings SectionThe Standard Timings section is used to identify Factory Supported Modes that fall into one or both of two categories:1.VESA Discrete Monitor Timings (listed in the VESA DMT Standards document) not included in the currentEstablished Timing section.2.Discrete timing modes calculated using GTF.A 2-byte timing identifier identifies each timing mode. If a timing identifier listed corresponds to an issued VESA Discrete Monitor Timing, factory adjustment data must be stored (preset) in the display. If a timing identifier listed does not match a VESA DMT identifier, it shall refer to a timing calculated using the Generalized Timing Formula (GTF.)Factory Supported Modes are defined as modes that are properly sized and centered as the monitor is delivered from the factory.。
曼彻斯特大学专业介绍
曼彻斯特大学专业介绍曼彻斯特大学（The University of Manchester），英国大学中世界排名最高的八大最著名学府之一，世界50强顶尖名校，历年最高世界排名为全球第26名，英国著名的六所“红砖大学”之首，英国“常春藤联盟”罗素大学集团的创始成员之一，始建于1824年，位于英国第二繁华城市曼彻斯特，是英国最大的单一校址大学。
作为全球最为顶尖的科研与教学机构之一，曼彻斯特大学为人类社会的发展做出了举世瞩目的贡献，在国际上享有极高声誉。
那么，接下来美行思远小编就来和大家介绍一下曼彻斯特大学专业设置情况：曼彻斯特大学专业介绍时装零售设计管理学专业（Design Management for Fashion Retailing）BSc该专业隶属于材料学院，为3到4年，拿到的学位是理科学士学位。
对于国际学生来说，每年的学费为15,400英镑。
设计已经渗透到了生活的方方面面，而零售机构现在也急需设计管理学的专业人才，把设计和时装与管理和零售结合起来。
也正是市场对此类人才的需求，所以才有了时装零售设计管理学专业。
学生会先学习一些理论知识，然后是练习，最后把自己所学的专业知识在零售业中实践。
学生需要掌握信息通信技术和计算机辅助设计等专业技能，同时得对时尚管理、买者心理、产品的呈现方式等有一个透彻的理解。
时装和纺织零售业专业（Fashion & Textile Retailing）BSc该专业隶属于材料学院，学制为三年到四年，本科一年的学费为15,400英镑。
这个专业的学生肯定得对时装和市场有所了解，另外甚至时装设计过程也要略知一二。
开始会学习一些理论知识，例如时装管理、消费者行为等，主要是通过上课或者研讨会。
有可能四年才能毕业，主要取决于你二年级的期末成绩。
第三年主要是去市场时间，当然也可以去海外留学。
美术史专业（History of Art）BA该专业隶属于美术、历史和文化学院，学制为三年，每年学费为12,300英镑。
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英国大学作品集特殊提交方式
在英国，不同学校对学生作品集提交的要求不同，单单一个提交方式就需要同学们提前做足功课、做好心理准备。
每年，中国的学子们随着艺考的千军万马挤到了报名入口，绝大多数却撑不到二试，与此同时，从爱丁堡大学校方获悉，爱丁堡以后不再接受邮寄的作品集了。
对比中国的艺考，申请英国艺术学校似乎又变得简单了一些。
但是，不同学校对作品集提交的要求不同，单单一个提交方式就需要同学们提前做足功课、做好心理准备。
英国哪些艺术院校作品集的提交方式特殊吧。
1、伦敦艺术大学
学校拥有2万名左右的学生，分布在中央圣马丁艺术与设计学院、伦敦传媒学院、伦敦时装学院、坎伯韦尔艺术学院和切尔西艺术与设计学院这5个艺术设计学院学习。
学校开设多种课程，包括艺术设计和环境、时装、平面设计、表演、导演、电影与录像、数字媒体制作、国际旅游业和旅游传播等等，可供您选择。
从伦敦艺术大学毕业的学生多活跃在艺术、设计、大众传媒和娱乐界，并取得丰厚的成绩。
作品集提交方式：网上上传电子版作品集进行申请，申请成功后，即将进入面试环节，此时，需要将作品集做成纸质册子+光盘邮寄给英国校方，或者自己带到面试场所进行面试。
2、伦敦大学学院
伦敦大学学院简称UCL，建校于1826年，位于英国伦敦，是一所誉满全球的世界顶尖名校。
它是伦敦大学联盟的创校学院，与剑桥、牛津、帝国理工、伦敦政经并称“G5超级精英大学”。
“G5超级精英大学”代表了英国最顶尖的科研实力、师生质量以及经济实力。
时至今日，曾就读、曾任职或现任职于UCL的校友中，共有32位诺贝尔奖获得者和3位菲尔兹奖获得者，此外，还不乏政治、科学、文化以及娱乐等多个领域的名人。
作品集提交方式：UCL的建筑学及景观设计类学科，需要邮寄作品集。
3、皇家艺术学院
皇家艺术学院成立于1837年，世界最著名艺术设计学院之一，也是世界上唯一在校生全部为研究生的艺术设计学院。
学院坐落于伦敦，课程讲授者均为国际知名艺术家，从业者和理论家。
皇家艺术学院拥有国家最先进的设施和优秀的研究资源，并且有促进优秀创意和智慧的环境。
作品集提交方式：需要邮寄作品集。
其他的艺术类院校暂时都只需要网上上传作品集，同学们可以放心的准备电子版作品集！。