中国社会科学院美国研究系考博真题导师分数线内部资料
中国社会科学院法学系民商法学专业考博真题导师分数线内部资料
裁委员会仲裁员和涉外仲裁员等。学术研究领域是破产法、保险法、担保法以及物权法
和债权法，发表诸多论文和著作。
谢鸿飞，1973 年 12 月生，四川省金堂人，法学博士，中国社会科学院法学研究所
研究员，民法室主任，西南财经大学法学院硕士生导师，中国民法学研究会副秘书长。
学术兴趣：民法总则、物权法、普通法、德国法、法律与社会理论。
资料来源育明教育官网：（考博分校） 考博考试信息、辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 考博资料、辅导课程 咨询育明考博刘老师
育明教育考博分校解析：此类研究生不是大家所谓的“在职研究生”，在职研究生
指的是利用周六日和寒暑假上课的研究生，现在除了极个别学校还招收极少量的在职研
上下文从给出的 7 个选项中选择适当的 5 个。每空 2 分，总分值为 10 分。
B： 根据此文，写作 1 篇 100-120 词的概述。总分值为 10 分。
第四部分：翻译 （外译中+中译外） 30 分（15 分+15 分）
育明教育考博分校解析：社科院的考博英语难度比较大，对词汇量的要求非常高，
每一年有相当一批考生因为英语单科不过 50 分而受限。考日语和俄语等要比考英语有
在复试阶段还将对考生的思想政治素质和道德品质进行考核。思想政治素质和品德 考核的主要内容包括考生的政治态度、思想表现、学习（工作）态度、道德品质、守法 表现等方面。社科院各系还将向参加复试考生所在单位函调（或派人外调）考生人事档 案和本人现实表现等材料（须加盖人事档案所在单位人事或政工部门公章），全面审查 其思想政治素质和道德品质。 3、加试要求：
合。理清楚学科发展史，特别是每一个阶段的代表人物，著作，主张，提出的背景和评 价。根据专业课老师讲解借鉴前辈经验最终形成学员的专属笔记。
中国社会科学院经济系考博真题导师分数线内部资料
第 2010-293-001 号）。
裴小革，经济系博士生导师。1956 年 10 月出生于北京市。现为中国社会科学院经
济研究所研究员、《资本论》研究中心主任、当代西方经济理论研究室主任，同时为中
国《资本论》研究会秘书长、中国社会科学院研究生院教授、全国经济学名词审定委员
会委员、全国经济贸易名词审定委员会委员、福建师范大学兼职教授。
资料来源育明教育官网：（考博分校） 考博考试信息、辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 考博资料、辅导课程 咨询育明考博刘老师
项目《中国近代经济史》1937-1949 卷副主编。主持院级课题《抗战前中国产业经济发 展状况研究》、《中国经济史学数据库》等项目，现担任院创新工程《我国初期工业化》 首席研究员。已发表《民国时期经济政策的沿袭与变异》（2006 年）、《民族工业发展史 话》（2000 年、2011 年）等个人专著，发表了《官产官业处置、收归国有取向与民初经 济政策》（1998 年）等数十篇学术论文。《民国时期经济政策的沿袭与变异》获 2009 年 经济所优秀科研成果奖一等奖，2010 年中国社会科学院优秀成果奖（专著）三等奖。
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 考博资料、辅导课程 咨询育明考博刘老师
中国社会科学院经济系考博真题导师分数线内部资料 一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目
院系ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
专业
(招生人数) (招生人数)
研究方向
导师
考试科目
401 经济系 (14)
①1001 英语
01 经济增长与资本形成
资料来源育明教育官网：（考博分校） 考博考试信息、辅导课程可咨询育明教育考博分校
育明 考博分校 资料来源： 考博资料、辅导课程 咨询育明考博刘老师
2021年社科院社会学系考博真题参考书导师热点预测
2021年社科院社会学系考博真题参考书/导师热点预测503社会学系(招生人数9人)专业：030301社会学(9)研究方向：01中国社会思想史导师信息：景天魁研究领域：社会发展、福利社会学、社会保障.主要代表作：《基础整合的社会保障体系》（2001年）；《社会发展的时空结构》（2002年）；《底线公平：和谐社会的基础》（2009年）考试科目：①1001英语②2015社会理论、历史与方法③3087中国社会思想史研究方向：02经济组织与社会发展导师信息：李培林研究领域为社会发展、社会结构、企业组织和社会政策考试科目：①1001英语或1005法语②2015社会理论、历史与方法③3088经济组织与社会发展研究方向：03社会结构与变迁导师信息：陈光金主要研究领域：农村社会学，社会发展，社会分层，私营企业主阶层。
考试科目：①1001英语②2015社会理论、历史与方法③3089社会结构与变迁研究方向：04农村社会学导师信息：王春光研究方向是：农村社会学、社会政策和社会建设、流动人口和移民研究、社会流动和社会阶层等领域考试科目：①1001英语②2015社会理论、历史与方法③3093农村社会学研究方向：05社会分层与流动导师信息：李春玲研究领域：青少年研究、社会结构、社会分层与流动、教育社会学。
代表作：《比较视野下的中产阶级形成：过程、影响以及社会经济后果》（专著，2009年）；《断裂与碎片——当代中国社会阶层分化实证分析》；《中国城镇社会流动》考试科目：①1001英语②2015社会理论、历史与方法③3094社会分层与流动研究方向：06组织社会学导师信息:夏传玲主要研究领域：社会学研究方法、组织社会学、老龄社会学。
代表作：《权杖和权势：组织的权力运作机制》（2008年）；《组织变迁的社会过程：以社会团结为视角》（2006年）；“老年人日常照料的角色介入模型”，《社会》考试科目：①1001英语或1004德语②2015社会理论、历史与方法③3095组织社会学研究方向：07性别与家庭导师信息：吴小英研究方向：家庭研究，性别研究。
中国社会科学院哲学系伦理学专业应用伦理学方向考博真题导师分数线内部资料
中国社会科学院哲学系伦理学专业应用伦理学方向考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目302哲学系(12)010105伦理学(2)01应用伦理学甘绍平①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语、1004德语、1005法语选一②2045伦理学原理③3082应用伦理学二、导师介绍甘绍平：哲学系博士生导师。
1959年8月出生于湖南省长沙市。
现任中国社会科学院哲学所伦理学研究室主任，研究员。
从事伦理学专业研究，研究方向为伦理学、应用伦理学、人权伦理学、德国哲学。
主要著作：《人权伦理学》，（2009），《应用伦理学前沿问题研究》（2002），《伦理智慧》（2000），《传统理性哲学的终结》（1996），《中国哲学的精髓》（1997德文版），《客观理性哲学——理论与思维方式》（1994德文版）。
在《中国社会科学》、《哲学研究》、《哲学动态》、《世界哲学》、《中国社会科学院研究生院学报》、《学术月刊》、《北京大学学报》、《中国人民大学学报》、《光明日报》等报刊发表论文百篇。
2001年完成国家社科基金项目“当代西方应用伦理学若干前沿问题研究”，2008年主持完成中国社会科学院重大课题“当代中国应用伦理学的理论与实践”。
专著《应用伦理学前沿问题研究》获第五届中国社会科学院优秀科研成果三等奖。
育明教育考博分校解析：考博如果能够提前联系导师的话，不论是在备考信息的获取，还是在复试的过程中，都会有极大的帮助，甚至是决定性的帮助。
育明教育考博分校经过这些年的积淀可以协助学员考生联系以上导师。
三、参考书目专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。
这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。
参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
中国社会科学院考博历年真题 经济学原理2001
中国社会科学院考博历年真题经济学原理2001-2003年试题
1、马克思的劳动价值论与我国收入分配改革(30分)
2、不完全竞争市场的缺陷及政府规制(25分)
3、假定投资不受利率影响，利用IS-LM模型和AD-AS模型说明，产出、利率、物价总水平是如何决定的？是怎样发生变化的？(30分)
4、阐述1998年度诺贝尔经济学奖的主要理论贡献。
（15）
社科院2002博士入学经济学原理考试题
1、用总供给和总需求曲线，说明什么情况下产量上升的同时价格下降，什么情况下产量下降的同时价格上升。
一起考研社区真情奉献
2、用图形分析并说明企业的短期成本和长期成本的关系。
3、论述马克思的商品价值向生产价格的转型理论。
4、2001年诺贝尔奖获得者的主要理论贡献及其在现实经济活动中的应用。
社科院2003博士入学经济学原理考试题（每题必答1000字以上）
1、论述实验经济学对传统经济学“理性行为”的挑战；（30分）
2、新制度经济学的政策主张及对当代中国的意义；（35分）（新经济增长理论的政策含义及其对中国实践的启示）
3、运用政治经济学原理解析中共十六大报告关于“确立劳动、资本、技术和管理等生产要素按贡献参与分配的原则，完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度”的精神。
（35分）。
中国社会科学院金融系考博真题导师分数线内部资料
中国社会科学院金融系考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目409金融系（8）020204金融学(8)01货币理论与货币政策李扬①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3107金融学02金融市场王国刚①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3107金融学03国际金融与投资王松奇①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3107金融学04资本市场周茂清①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3107金融学05金融与保险郭金龙①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3107金融学06区域金融与风险管理王力①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3107金融学07宏观经济与货币政策彭兴韵①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3107金融学08宏观金融与政策殷剑峰①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3107金融学09金融监管与金融法律胡滨①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3107金融学注：本系同等学力考生须加试政治。
二、导师介绍李扬，1981、1984、1989年分别于安徽大学、复旦大学、中国人民大学获经济学学士、硕士、博士学位。
1998～1999年，美国哥伦比亚大学访问学者。
现任中国社科院党组成员、副院长。
中国社会科学院首批学部委员。
研究员，博士生导师。
十二届全国人大代表，全国人大财经委员会委员。
中国博士后科学基金会副理事长。
第三任中国人民银行货币政策委员会委员。
2011年被评为国际欧亚科学院院士。
中国金融学会副会长。
中国财政学会副会长。
中国国际金融学会副会长。
中国城市金融学会副会长。
中国海洋研究会副理事长。
曾五次获得“孙冶方经济科学”著作奖和论文奖。
已出版专著、译著23部,发表论文400余篇，主编大型金融工具书6部。
主持国际合作、国家及部委以上研究项目40余项。
王国刚，男，59岁，江苏无锡人，中国社科院学部委员，博士生导师，经济学教授，经济学博士，政府特殊津贴获得者；现任中国社会科学院金融研究所所长，兼任国家社科基金规划评审组专家，中国开发性金融促进会副会长、中国市场学会副会长、中国外汇投资协会副会长，中国金融学会副秘书长兼常务理事、中国城市金融学会常务理事、中国农村金融学会常务理事、中国资产评估协会常务理事、中国城市经济学会常务理事等职；曾任“江苏兴达证券投资服务有限公司”总经理、“江苏兴达会计师事务所”董事长，“中国华夏证券有限公司”副总裁等职。
中国社会科学院中华人民共和国国史系中共党史专业李正华、宋月红考博真题导师分数线内部资料
中国社会科学院中华人民共和国国史系中共党史专业李正华、宋月红考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目205中华人民共和国国史系(6)030204中共党史(1)01中共党史李正华①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语选一②2028中国特色社会主义理论③3045中共党史宋月红①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语选一②2028中国特色社会主义理论③3045中共党史二、导师介绍李正华：国史系博士生导师。
1964年6月出生于湖南省衡阳县。
1995年毕业于南开大学，获历史学博士学位。
现任当代中国研究所第一研究室主任、学术委员会委员、高级职称评定委员会委员，兼任《当代中国史研究》杂志编委、中华人民共和国国史学会常务理事、中国中共党史学会理事等。
主要从事中国近现代史、中共党史（社会主义时期）方面的研究。
曾参与《中华人民共和国史稿》（人民出版社、当代中国出版社2012年版。
）序卷、四卷的撰稿和统稿工作。
主要著作有《中国改革开放的酝酿与起步》（当代中国出版社2002年版，方志出版社2007年再版。
）等10余部，发表学术论文有《对毛泽东探索新中国农村发展道路的再认识》（《当代中国史研究》2013年2期。
）、《我国宪法内容历次变动的思路、重点、特点及原因分析》（当代中国史研究》2003年第6期，《新华文摘》2004年第4期转载。
）等６０余篇，现承担《中华人民共和国政治史》（2013-2014年中国社会科学院创新项目）等课题４项。
2004年获第五届中国社会科学院优秀科研成果三等奖，2013年获“中国社会科学院2010－2012年度先进个人”荣誉称号。
宋月红：中华人民共和国国史系硕士生导师。
1965年10月出生于河南省淮阳县。
1999年毕业于北京大学政治学与行政管理系（现政府管理学院），政治学博士学位。
任中国社会科学院当代中国研究所理论研究室主任（副局级）、研究员，兼研究所机关党委副书记。
[中科院]中国社会科学院研究生院博士研究生英语入学试题及答案
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中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。
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中国社会科学院美国研究系考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目605美国研究系（4）020105世界经济(1)01美国经济王孜弘①1001英语②2001经济学原理③3174当代美国经济030207国际关系(3)01美国社会与美国文化姬虹①1001英语②2093当代美国社会文化变迁③3175美国史02美国政治倪峰①1001英语②2090美国政治制度③3175美国史赵梅①1001英语②2090美国政治制度③3175美国史二、导师介绍王孜弘，美国系博士生导师。
1960年7月出生于北京。
2003年毕业于中国社会科学院研究生院世界经济与政治系，获经济学博士学位。
现任中国社会科学院美国研究所经济室主任，研究员，中国美国经济学会副会长。
研究领域为世界经济，研究方向：美国经济。
主要著作：《资本趋利与市场开放――美国对发展中国家的经济关系》，社会科学文献出版社2004年12月出版。
主要学术论文：《中美经济实力差------以GDP为角度衡量》（2013年），《短期条件下中美面临的减排博弈分析》，2012年，《中国增长模式与中美经贸关系》(2007年)，《美国商品输出与中国市场问题》(2000年)，《中美宏观经济环境差异对股票市场的影响》(1996年)<<美国投资银行与中国境外直接筹资>>(1998年)等。
承担中国社会科学院重点课题《美国资本流动》（2008），完成后出版《《美国资本流动—非成本要素与对外直接投资流向分析》（2011）。
姬虹，美国系硕士生导师。
1964年3月出生于北京市。
1989年毕业于北京大学，硕士学位。
任中国社会科学院美国研究所社会文化室主任、研究员。
国际关系专业，研究方向美国移民政策、种族关系等。
主要著作《美国新移民研究：1965年至今》（2008年）、学术论文“美国外来移民对城市的影响”（2008年）、“美国人口种族构成的变化及其影响”（2013年）等。
承担课题“美国新华侨华人与中国发展”（中国社会科学院院重大课题2010年）、“华侨华人在国家软实力建设中的作用研究”子课题之五：“华侨华人与现当代中国对外形象和国家发展道路之研究”（教育部哲学社会科学研究重大委托项目，2010年）、“美国新移民研究”（中国社会科学院院重点课题2005年）等。
倪峰，美国系博士生导师。
1963年8月出生于陕西省宝鸡市。
中国社会科学院美国研究所副所长、研究员，美国研究系系主任，中华美国学会副会长兼秘书长，中国社会科学院第八届国际研究学部研究系列正高级专业技术资格评审委员会委员，中国社会科学院世界政治研究中心副主任，中国社会科学院廉政研究中心特约研究员，《美国研究》杂志编辑委员会委员，中国国际问题研究所中美关系研究中心特约研究员，当代世界研究中心特约研究员，新华社特约观察员，中国国际问题研究基金会研究员。
二级学科专业为国际关系。
主要研究领域美国国内政治、美国对外政策及东亚安全事务。
主要代表作《国会与冷战后的美国安全政策》（专著）（2004）、《冷战后的美国对外政策》（专著）（2007）、《911后美国在东亚的作用》（专著）（2008），《美国蓝皮书》（2011，2012，2013）（主编之一），发表论文数十篇。
享受国务院特殊津贴。
赵梅，美国研究系博士生导师。
1962年10月出生于四川省成都市。
2任中国社会科学院美国所研究所研究员、编辑部主任、《美国研究》执行主编。
二级学科专业：国际关系，研究方向：美国历史与社会文化。
主要著作：《美国公民社会的构建》（北京：中国社会科学出版社，2010年5月第1版），学术论文：《美国反文化运动探源》（2000年）、《清末以来中国中学历史教科书中的美国形象》（2006年）、《选择权与生命权：美国有关堕胎问题的论争》（1999年）、《美国的迷惘》（2009年）、《通向自由和繁荣之路：读〈冷眼向洋：百年风云启示录〉》（2000年）等。
2010至2012年，承担中国社会科学院院重大课题“美国公民社会的运行与管理”，任主持人。
2007年，获“北京大学2006-2007学年度学术创新奖”。
2009年，合著的研究报告获教育部“高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖”（人文社会科学）三等奖。
2013年，任第十二届全国政协委员。
育明教育考博分校解析：考博如果能够提前联系导师的话，不论是在备考信息的获取，还是在复试的过程中，都会有极大的帮助，甚至是决定性的帮助。
育明教育考博分校经过这些年的积淀可以协助学员考生联系以上导师。
三、参考书目专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。
这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。
参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
另外，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：玖伍，陆壹伍贰，玖叁伍，专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。
第二，专题信息汇总整理。
每一位考生在复习专业课的最后阶段都应当进行专题总结，专题的来源一方面是度历年真题考点的针对性遴选，另一方面是导师研究课题。
最后一方面是专业前沿问题。
每一个专题都应当建立详尽的知识体系，做到专题知识点全覆盖。
第三，专业真题及解析。
专业课的试题都是论述题，答案的开放性比较强。
一般每门专业课都有有三道大题，考试时间各3小时，一般会有十几页答题纸。
考生在专业课复习中仅仅有真题是不够的，还需要配合对真题最权威最正统的解析，两相印证才能够把握导师出题的重点、范围以及更加偏重哪一类的答案。
第四，导师的信息。
导师的著作、研究方向、研究课题、近期发表的论文及研究成果，另外就是为研究生们上课所用的课件笔记和讨论的话题。
这些都有可能成为初复试出题的考察重点。
同时这些信息也是我们选择导师的时候的参照依据，当然选择导师是一个综合性的问题，还应当考虑到导师的研究水平、课题能力、对待学生的态度和福利等等。
第五，时事热点话题分析。
博士生导师在选择博士的时候会一般都会偏重考查考生运用基础理论知识来解决现实热点问题的能力，这一点在初试和复试中都有体现。
近几年的真题中都会有联系实际的热点分析。
所以考生在复习备考时就应单多阅读一些本专业本学科的最新研究方向研究成果，权威的期刊上面“大牛们”都在关心、探讨什么话题，以及一些时事热点问题能不能运用本专业的知识来加以解释解决。
四、社科院考博英语社科院的考博英语满分100分，题型有阅读、翻译和写作等。
社科院考博英语的整体难度在各考博院校中还是比较高的，对词汇量有很高的要求，特别注重对形近字、意近词和固定搭配以及语法的考察。
做阅读理解一定要遵守“实事求是”的原则，翻译这一个题型很容易丢分，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：玖伍，陆壹伍贰，玖叁伍，要想得高分，每一天都要遵循“八步法”练习三个句子。
作文对于考生的英语综合能力要求很高，要做到“厚重、灵动和美观”，复习资料建议使用育明教育考博分校编写的社科院考博英语一本通。
每年有大批的同学英语单科受限，对于英语基础比较差的考生，建议大家早做准备。
育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》《考博词汇》，河北大学出版社出版。
是最为权威的考博英语备考资料。
同时也得到了育明考博学员的肯定和证明，并且每年都会再版更新。
可以联系育明考博购买邮寄，或在全国各大书店及卓越亚马逊及当当网下单。
育明教育考博分校专注于北京地区高校的考博英语及专业课课程辅导。
根植育明学校深厚的高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考研考博成功的基础保障，辅导学员人数及辅导成绩连续多年稳居第一。
针对清华大学各专业的考博开设的辅导课程包括：考博英语课程班、考博专业课课程班、申请制课程班、高端协议班。
历年考博课程班的通过率均超过80%。
五、考博专业课考博就是考专业课，专业课定生死。
对于专业课的复习，可不仅仅是看看参考书就可以的。
以下是育明教育考博课程的授课规划，整个授课规划由本专业博士生和组织设定，结合了考试命题的实际，借鉴了历届育明成功学员的复习计划和成功经验，是育明教育考博课程授课质量的保证和高录取率的基础。
考生们也可以借鉴这一复习规划来指导自己的备考。
第一阶段：框架的构建和重点的掌握深入解构核心参考书，建立知识理论体系框架并对重点知识章节和常见考点进行整合。
理清楚学科发展史，特别是每一个阶段的代表人物，著作，主张，提出的背景和评价。
根据专业课老师讲解借鉴前辈经验最终形成学员的专属笔记。
第二阶段：专题整理和讲解在第一阶段的基础上，由专业课老师带领整理重要常考的学科专题，进行各个知识模块的深化和凝练。
以专题为突破口夯实并灵活运用理论知识。
第三阶段：时事热点和出题人的论著对出题老师的研究重点，最新论文成果和重要的上课的笔记课件进行讲解。
对本专业时政热点话题进行分析，预测有可能出现的题型和考察角度。
第四阶段：历年真题演练和讲解对历年真题进行最深入的剖析：分析真题来源、真题难度、真题的关联性，总结各题型的解题思路、答题方法和技巧。
全面提升学员的答题能力，把前面几个阶段掌握的理论知识转化为分数。
第五阶段：模拟练习及绝密押题就最新的理论前沿和学科热点结合现实的热点进行拔高应用性讲解。
开展高强度模拟考试，教会考生怎么破题，怎么安排结构，怎么突出创新点等答题技巧。
结合最新的内部出题信息和导师信息进行高命中押题。
六、考博特别注意事项（一）关于招考类别：社科院招收的博士研究生均为纳入全国研究生招生计划的全日制博士生，根据考生报考时的身份区分为非在职和在职两类。
1、非在职：非在职考生入学前（最迟在入学当年9月30日前）必须将人事档案转入社科院，且中途不得转出，毕业时按毕业生和用人单位“双向选择”的方式，落实就业去向。
户口根据自愿的原则可迁入社科院。
2、在职：在职考生人事档案、户口不转入社科院，毕业后回原单位就业。
委托培养博士研究生按在职类别办理。
入学时需签订考生、委托培养单位、培养单位三方协议书，毕业时按协议规定回委托培养单位工作。
考生在报考时应慎重选择考生类别，一旦选定原则上不能更改，考生因特殊情况需更改的，应最晚于录取前向招生办提出书面申请，经批准后进行更改，过期一律不作更改。
因考生本人选择错误造成不能录取的责任由考生自负。
育明教育考博分校解析：此类研究生不是大家所谓的“在职研究生”，在职研究生指的是利用周六日和寒暑假上课的研究生，现在除了极个别学校还招收极少量的在职研究生之外，绝大多数学校都已经取缔了在职研究生。