从合法性看中式英语的发展趋势
浅谈如何正确看待“中式英语”
浅谈如何正确看待“中式英语”【摘要】本文从母语迁移、中介语等理论来探究中式英语的成因，同时探讨中式英语在语言和文化上的系统表现，并明确指出中式英语是受汉语影响的一种中介语，符合人类认知规律，有其发生的必然性。
正确地积极地看待中式英语是提高英语学习效率应采用的必要态度。
【关键词】中式英语中介语负迁移态度1产生中式英语的原因由于中西方思维方式、文化传统存在差异，在中国人习得英语语言的过程中产生了语言和文化的负迁移现象；由此，中国人在习得英语的某个阶段会产生一种带有汉语语言文化的烙印的英语。
在某些中国人的英语表达中，硬搬汉语句法和词汇的现象时有发生。
这种英语偏离标准英语，是在两种语言变化中产生的畸形儿，称为“中式英语”。
在我国外语教学中，如何克服中式英语，习得标准地道的英语应该是教学的重点难点。
只有发现问题才能解决问题，对中式英语这一“问题”的探讨、研究对于我们解决问题至关重要。
2中式英语的成因2.1“语言迁移”的角度语言负迁移包括目标语和母语负迁移。
目标语负迁移是指学习者对已学过的目标语的规则或形式产生“过度泛化”；而母语负迁移是学习者用母语的思维和语言习惯去套用目标语。
中式英语反映了母语负迁移现象。
并非中国学生习得英语时犯的所有错误都归罪于汉语的负迁移，都属于中式英语，其中一部分属于目标语的负迁移。
拉多（Lado）于1957年提出的“对比分析法”（转自毛艳阳，1998：88），比较了母语和目标语的异同，认为两种语言在某些方面有相同或相似点时，学习者的母语就会对目标语产生正迁移，这时学习目标语的这些方面的知识时困难少些；反之，母语便会对目标语产生干扰或负迁移，这时学习便相对困难，容易出错。
也就是说，母语与目标语的差异是学习的困难所在。
但在母语负迁移中，并非所有的迁移都是因为汉、英语言之间明显的差异引起的，两种语言相似但有不完全相同的微小成分也是引起干扰的因素。
例如：你能介绍一本好书给我吗？Chinese: Could you introduce me a book?English: Could you recommend me a book?例句中的汉英词义差别甚微，习得时的困难远大于差别明显的词汇。
论中国英语教育的发展趋势
论中国英语教育的发展趋势
中国英语教育的发展趋势一般指中国英语教育在未来几年内的发展方向和趋势。
一般来说，中国英语教育的发展趋势包括以下几点：
多元化学习方式：随着科技的发展，越来越多的英语学习资源和工具出现，比如在线英语课程、英语学习软件、英语学习手机应用等。
这些资源和工具能够为学生提供更加个性化、多样化的学习方式，使学生能够根据自己的兴趣和需要选择最适合自己的学习方式。
强调综合语言能力：传统的英语教育重点在于传授语言知识和技能，但随着社会的发展，越来越多的人希望能够通过学习英语提升自己的综合语言能力。
因此，未来的英语教育应该重点强调培养学生的综合语言能力，使学生能够在听、说、读、写、译等方面有所提升。
注重语言使用环境：传统的英语教育往往忽略了语言使用的环境因素，导致学生的英语能力在实际使用时表现不佳。
因此，未来的英语教育应该注重将语言教
学与实际使用环境结合起来，使学生能够在真实的语言使用环境中学习英语，提升自己的实际应用能力。
重视文化教学：英语不仅是一门语言，同时也是一种文化。
因此，未来的英语教育应该注重将英语文化教学与语言教学结合起来，使学生在学习英语的同时，能够了解英语国家的文化背景和传统。
这样，学生不仅能够提升自己的语言能力，同时也能够增长对英语国家文化的理解和欣赏。
从合法性看中式英语的发展趋势
从合法性看中式英语的发展趋势中式英语是指在中国大陆使用的英语变种，它的发展受到了广泛关注。
从合法性的角度来看，中式英语的发展趋势是什么呢？我们将通过对中式英语的合法性问题进行分析，探讨其将来的发展趋势。
在中国大陆，英语作为第二语言的地位日益提高，因此中式英语的出现并不奇怪。
中式英语的合法性问题却备受争议。
一些人认为中式英语是非标准的、不符合国际标准的英语，因此是不合法的。
有些人则认为，中式英语正是适应了中国大陆的英语使用环境，是一种合法的英语变种。
对于中式英语的合法性，各方观点不一，因此需要进行深入的探讨。
从语言学的角度来看，中式英语是否合法并不仅仅是符合国际标准英语的问题，更关键的是它是否适应了中国大陆的社会环境和语言使用习惯。
语言学家们指出，语言是活生生的，是随着社会的发展而不断变化的。
中式英语作为适应了中国大陆的社会环境和语言使用习惯的英语变种，具有其存在的合理性。
语言学家王亦松教授指出：“中式英语是一种新兴的、有着自己特色的英语变种，在符合国际标准的也充分反映了中国大陆的语言环境和文化习惯。
”从语言学的角度来看，中式英语是具有一定合法性的。
从国家政策的角度来看，中式英语是否合法也是需要探讨的问题。
中国政府一直致力于推动英语教育，提高全民的英语水平。
在这个背景下，中式英语的出现和发展，无疑是与国家政策是一致的。
近年来，中国政府也制定了一系列支持英语教育和鼓励英语使用的政策，这也为中式英语的合法性提供了一定的支持。
从国家政策的角度来看，中式英语的合法性也是可以被认可的。
从语言学、社会需求和国家政策的角度来看，中式英语是具有一定合法性的。
对于中式英语的发展趋势，我们可以预见，随着中国大陆经济和文化的不断发展，中式英语将会得到更为广泛的认可和应用，成为中国大陆特有的英语变种，继续发展壮大。
但是需要指出的是，中式英语的发展并不意味着放弃学习国际标准英语，相反，应该注重提高国际标准英语的掌握程度，同时也充分发挥中式英语在中国大陆实际语言使用中的作用。
从合法性看中式英语的发展趋势
从合法性看中式英语的发展趋势从合法性的角度来看，中式英语在国内外都面临着认可和认同的问题。
在国内，许多人认为中式英语是一种不正确的用法，甚至是一种错误的语言形式。
这主要是因为中式英语在语法、发音和用词上与标准英语有着明显的差异，容易被视为“洋篇中文”。
而在国际上，一些语言学家和教育家也对中式英语持怀疑态度，认为其不符合国际标准，可能会给学习者带来误导。
在实际的使用中，中式英语已经逐渐成为一种被广泛应用的语言形式。
许多华人在日常生活和工作中都会使用中式英语进行交流，而且在中国人口庞大的背景下，中式英语的使用范围也越来越广泛。
在互联网和社交媒体的影响下，中式英语也成为了一种流行的语言形式，出现了大量以中式英语为主题的段子、表情包和网络用语。
这些现象表明，中式英语已经在实际使用中得到了认可，并且成为了一种具有影响力的语言形式。
从发展趋势的角度来看，中式英语在字词的创造、语法结构和语用方式上均呈现出了一些独特的特点。
首先是字词的创造，中式英语中出现了许多由中文词汇构造的新词和新语法结构。
“加个微信”、“不约而同”、“吃土”等词汇在中式英语中得到了广泛的应用，这些词汇既能够准确表达中文的含义，又能够与英文进行有效的交流。
其次是语法结构和语用方式的变化，中式英语中的语法结构和语用方式往往与标准英语有所不同。
中式英语中出现了“废话不多说”、“准没错”和“听不懂了吧”等语句，这些语句在语法结构和语用方式上都与标准英语有所差异，但却能够准确表达中文的含义，并且在日常生活中得到了广泛的应用。
这些现象表明，中式英语在语法结构和语用方式上具有了一定的独特性，并且已经逐渐形成了自己的规范和规则。
值得注意的是，随着中国经济和文化的全球化影响力不断扩大，中式英语也有可能成为一种具有全球影响力的语言形式。
在国际社交平台和网络媒体上，中式英语已经逐渐成为了一种受欢迎的语言形式，许多外国人也在学习和使用中式英语。
这表明，中式英语不仅在国内得到了认可，也在国际上获得了一定的影响力，并且有可能成为一种具有全球影响力的语言形式。
中国英语的历史及其发展趋势
中国英语的历史及其发展趋势
一、中国英语的历史
中国英语的衍生可以追溯到18世纪初，英国与中国的贸易关系发展
密切，渐渐形成一种新的语言，也就是所谓的中国英语。
为应付贸易往来，商贸两国的人士在交流过程中慢慢发展出了一种特殊的语言，在英语的基
础上增加了汉语的特色和文化，就诞生了中国英语。
在英国商贸发展到一定阶段后，英国殖民者及殖民者的后裔等流入中国，长期从事贸易、宗教、文化传播等活动。
他们的语言也加入了中国英语，使这种中英混合语言变得更加完善。
从19世纪末到20世纪早期，中
国英语发展到顶峰，深深影响到了中国社会的语言文化地位和民族自豪感，当时大量的相关文学作品诞生，如鲁迅等也精通这种语言。
到20世纪五六十年代，中国社会发生巨变，开放使中国英语受到很
大影响，随着经济、政治的变革，一些外国语言也被广泛传播，替代了中
国英语的地位，所以在今天，很多中国人对中国英语已经不再熟悉，只是
一些英语发烧友仍然在继续使用它。
二、中国英语发展趋势。
中式英语的特点与演变10页word
中式英语的特点与演变中式英语的出现由来已久，但中式英语的研究仅有70年左右的历史，国内学者一般认为始于英语语言史专家Serjeantson的论著《英语中的外来词历史》(1935)。
随着中国国力日益强大，中外交流日趋频繁，大众传媒飞速发展，汉语对英语渗透的步伐不断加快，大量中式英语逐步为英语国家所理解和接受。
以英语原版图书为例，20世纪30年代Serjeantson 的《英语中的外来词历史》仅收录27个汉语借词，但时至80年代，英语正规词典及其他出版物中实际上涵盖厂1189个中式英语条目(Cannon 1988：4)。
有媒体最新透露，根据“全球语言监督”(Global Language Monitor)的统计，自1994年以来，中式英语对国际英语词汇的贡献为5％到20％，中文成为英语新词最大来源。
20世纪英语新词中外语借词约占5％(Ayto 2002：XIII)，可见中式英语的发展态势迅猛。
由于近年来中国政府汉语文化向世界推广的力度加大，孔子学院在世界各国纷纷建立，中式英语必然对英语发展产生更大的影响。
本文结合有关英语中汉语借词的两篇重要论文“Chinese Borrowings in English”和“英语词汇中汉语借词的来源”，探讨中式英语的特点及演变，希望有助于英语中外来词语的教学与研究。
一、定义由于英语已成为国际性的通用语言，世界各地都在使用，而且各有各的特点，不再是铁板一块，不少语言学家谈到英语，不再用English一词，而是用Englishes。
中式英语就是国际英语家族中的一个成员或变体，与印度英语、新加坡英语等处于同等地位。
“中式英语”在英语中一般叫Sinicized English或Chinglish。
本文所说的中式英语，不包括所有母语为汉语的人所用的英语，例如作为笑料的“好好学习，天天向上”的英语译文good good study，day day up，而主要指已不同程度地进入普通英语的汉语词汇，见于英语国家媒体或正式出版物的具有汉语特色的英语，或称英语中的汉语借词。
中式英语特点及发展趋势
摘要本文首先探讨了中外学者对中式英语的不同定义，指出中式英语是一种有中国特色的英语变体；然后将中式英语和中国英语进行了对比分析，总结出中国英语是由中式英语发展而来，并已自然而然地被外国人所接受；其次，阐述了中式英语的四个特点，即语音特点、词汇特点、语法特点，和语用特点，并从母语干扰、不同的思维方式、不同的文化背景这三方面分析了产生中式英语的原因；最后讨论了中式英语发展的趋势，对其发展的必然性和合理性进行了阐释。
关键词：中式英语；特点；原因；趋势ABSTRACTThis paper first explores different definitions of Chinglish given by the scholars home and abroad and points out that Chinglish is a kind of English variety with Chinese flavor. It then compares Chinglish with China English and concludes that China English is derived from Chinglish and is accepted by native speakers naturally. In addition, it elaborates the four characteristics of Chinglish: characteristics of pronunciation, characteristics of vocabulary, characteristics of grammar, and characteristics of pragmatics, and analyzes the causes of Chinglish from three aspects, namely mother tongue interference, different thinking patterns, different cultural background. It finally discusses the development trend of Chinglish and elaborates its inevitability of development and rationality of development.Key words：Chinglish; characteristics; causes; trendContents1. Introduction (50)2. What is Chinglish (51)2.1 Definition of Chinglish (51)2.2 Differences between Chinglish and China English (52)3. Characteristics of Chinglish (54)3.1 Characteristics of pronunciation (54)3.1.1 V oice substitution (54)3.1.2 Mixture of allophone (55)3.1.3 Confusion of voiced and voiceless sounds (55)3.2 Characteristics of vocabulary (55)3.2.1 Verbosity (55)3.2.2 Catachresis (56)3.2.3 Neglect of word order (57)3.2.4 Unsuitable match (57)3.3 Characteristics of grammar (57)3.3.1 Confusion of article (57)3.3.2 Omission of predicate (58)3.3.3 Inconformity between modifier and subject (58)3.4 Pragmatic characteristics (58)3.4.1 Mechanical use of Chinese structure (59)3.4.2 Simplified transfer of concept (59)4. The Causes of Chinglish (60)4.1 Mother tongue interference (61)4.2 Different thinking patterns (62)4.3 Different cultural background (64)4.3.1 Linguistic knowledge (64)4.3.2 Values (65)4.3.3 Customs (65)5. Trend of the Development of Chinglish (66)5.1 Inevitability of the development of Chinglish (66)5.2 Rationality of the development of Chinglish (66)6. Conclusion (68)Acknowledgements (69)References (70)1. IntroductionAs we know, English is the most widely spoken language in the world and has been a multinational, multicultural and multifunctional language. With more and more communication between Chinese and English speakers in the fields of business and education, English is playing an important role among Chinese and has become a necessary tool in today’s competitive world. However, with an impressive command of English vocabulary and good master of grammar as well as phonetics, which, to some extent, are beyond the native speakers’capacity, they are confronted with quite a few problems when they are talking or writing in English. Their gestures, either shrug or shake their heads, usually make the foreigners confused and at the same time make themselves trapped in an embarrassed situation. What has happened to the Chinese speakers? Why does the language they use sound alien to the foreigners? Retracing the cause, I find most of the Chinese learners’mistakes are not made due to their lack of grammar or vocabulary but due to an odd language they use, namely Chinglish, an excrescence of standard English, which is defined as a portmanteau of the two words Chinese and English and refers to spoken or written English which is influenced by Chinese. In order to make English learners convey their views more efficiently both in speech and writing, I attempt to illustrate the characteristics and causes of Chinglish in detail and predict the trend of the development of Chinglish so as to help people make proper use of Chinglish when they communicate with native speakers of English.2. What is ChinglishChinglish appears in many aspects. This thesis will especially focus on the Chinglish appearing in the writing and speech of college students. In order to let readers have a thorough comprehension of Chinglish, definitions of Chinglish will be a first important part to be studied. From the various definitions of Chinglish, we get to know what Chinglish really is. Of course, Chinglish can hardly be understood fully without being studied in connection with the characteristics of Chinglish. According to a variety of studies, I believe we will get a better understanding of the development trend of Chinglish.2.1 Definition of ChinglishIn early and mid-20th century, Chinglish was derogatorily called“pidgin”in Chinese. Pidgin English is another term for Chinglish: A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language (Definition from the American Heritage dictionary). Thus, expressions like “People mountain, people sea”are taken as “Pidgin English”. Pidgin English occurred when Chinese began to trade with the native speakers of English. In China, Chinglish has been profoundly discussed since 1980’s. It is Professor Ge Chuangui who first puts forward the difference between Chinglish and China English in 1980’s. He pointed out that some peculiar language, such as 科举（imperial examination）、五四运动（May Fourth Movement）can not be taken as Chinglish, but can be taken as China English [1]5.Many teachers and scholars home and abroad have noticed this language phenomenon and studies on Chinglish are scattered in books and articles in the field of English teaching and learning. Nevertheless, due to the unsystematic and unsteady nature of Chinglish, people do not always resonate a clear and unanimous voice on what Chinglish is and hereby present diverse and incomplete definitions from different angles in light with their ownunderstanding. The famous professor Pinkham defines it is a misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as “English with Chinese characteristics”[2]4; Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing view it as speech or writing that shows the interference of Chinese [1]9. They believe Chinglish may be grammatically correct, but the choice of words or phrases and the manner of expression do not conform to Standard English usage. Although its understanding may not be a problem, Chinglish is unacceptable; Li Wenzhong considers it as abnormal or deformed English that is produced by Chinese English learners or users when they are influenced by Chinese language rules [1]9; He Mingzhu regards it as an awkward mixture in which ideas conceived in Chinese are ungrammatically or unidiomatically expressed in English[1]9; Li Guowen thinks Chinglish is misshapen English which is produced by Chinese learners who draw upon Chinese rules and structures mechanically as a result of mother tongue interference [1]9. From the above, we can conclude that the main cause of Chinglish is the interference of language learners’ mother tongue and their Chinese thinking.To sum up, Chinglish is defined differently by different scholars. It can be believed that to some extent, Chinglish has a very strong “Chinese flavor” in it. Chinglish is usually found in written form in which the choice of words or phrases and the manner of expression do not conform to standard English usage.2.2 Differences between Chinglish and China EnglishThe differences between Chinglish and China English have been a focus for a long time in the field of linguistics. Preliminary to the detailed discussion of Chinglish, it is necessary to draw a clear discrepancy between these two concepts.The concept of China English was first put forward by Ge Chuangui in the early 1980s [3]6. It has experienced three periods: the period of Pidgin English, the period of Chinese English (or Chinglish or Sinicized English), and the period of China English, which is the well-developed period. A Pidgin is a lingua franca that arises in order to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages who are in sustained contact with each other, e.g in trade or plantation situations (William, 1992:224). Although it is not anyone’s nativelanguage, a pidgin usually involves mixture or compromise between the native languages of its users. In comparison with these, it is restricted in social roles, and simplified or reduced in linguistic resources. As to China English, I think it is derived from Chinglish. Professor Ge said: “English is the language of th e English people. The other people who speak English should certainly follow the idiomatic ways of the English people. However, each nation has its own peculiarities. So far as China is concerned, there are some phenomena unique to Chinese political, economic, cultural and social fields that need to be expressed in written or oral English [4]8.”So, in his view, China English is created to translate or depict things and concepts typical of China. It exists objectively and contains four implications: China English is used only by Chinese people in China; China English takes normative English as its nucleus English and completely conform to international normative English grammar; China English has its own characteristics to carry forward China’s civilization; China English can realize the function of language communication. But the first implication doesn’t correspond to practice nowadays, because some words are used not only by Chinese people but also by western people [4]15. Chinglish is a kind of defective and arbitrary English. On the ground of influence of Chinese thinking and superficial understanding of words, Chinese English learners usually directly put Chinese meaning or usage into English, which easily leads to Chinglish. Furthermore, for lack of certain cultural background of English-speaking countries, English learners get into habit of applying English mechanically, especially in the translation of idioms. On these circumstances, Chinglish comes out naturally and causes misunderstanding among native speakers.Therefore, we can conclude that the main difference between China English and Chinglish lies in the communicative effect depending on the recognition of Normative English speakers. Say further, China English is better and widely accepted among communicators home and abroad, rather than Chinglish. However, I want to point out that the development of China English, to some extent, inevitably experiences the period of Chinglish.3. Characteristics of Chinglish3.1 Characteristics of pronunciationPronunciation of Chinglish influenced by Chinese is non-standard. It has a negative effect on fluent communication for English learners. Based on their mother tongue Pu Tong Hua, Chinese English learners easily make a mistake in voice substitution, mixture of allophone, confusion of voiced sound and voiceless sound and the like. Most of mistakes are produced owing to the limitation of the rules of Chinese pronunciation. Another cause is for lack of full understanding of English pronunciation. I explain these mistakes above in more detail.3.1.1 Voice substitutionV oice substitution means Chinese English learners always use some sounds of their mother language to replace some sounds of English. It is a common mistake and often creates ambiguity. For example, value [v ae lju] is replaced by [w ae lju], three[θri:] is replaced by [sri:], this[ðis] is replaced by [dis]. In addition, English learners replace the pronunciation “-er” in words, such as later, player, summer, with Chinese “儿”.3.1.2 Mixture of allophoneUnder the influence of the rules of Chinese pronunciation, many Chinese English learners believe each letter should conform to its own pronunciation. For example, speak [spi:k] is pronounced /spik/ in Chinese phonetic alphabet. They neglect allophones. In the same syllable, the pronunciations of /p,t,k/ in the front of /s/ are different from those when they are after /s/. Take / p/ for an example. There is a rule in English: if /p/ is after /s/, aspiration will not occur. In other cases, aspiration occurs. Accroding to the rule, speak should be pronounced [sp=i:k], span should be pronounced [sp=ae n].3.1.3 Confusion of voiced and voiceless soundsConfusion of voiced and voiceless sounds is another aspect of pronunciation of Chinglish. In the pronunciation of English, the letter “s” as a symbol of plural words, which is behind voiceless consonants, except [s, tʃ, ʃ], should be pronounced [s]. The letter “s”, which is behind vowels and voiced consonants, except [z, d] should be pronounced [z]. Chinese English learners always pronounce “s” as [s] no matter what letter is in the front of it.3.2 Characteristics of vocabularyThe characteristics of Chinglish are also reflected in vocabulary. According to the study of writing and translation from English major students and non-English major students, there are four types in the vocabulary of Chinglish, which is verbosity, catachresis, neglect of word order, and unsuitable match.3.2.1 VerbosityJoan Pinkham pointed out that there are unnecessary words appearing in the translation and writing, which do not conform to the need of the conciseness of an English sentence. Let’s look at this sentence:There have been good harvests in agriculture.Analysis: In English, harvests include the meaning of agriculture.Therefore, we can omit “in agriculture” to achieve conciseness.More examples come from students’ language use.1) We will share the information resources together(“Share”implies having something with somebody together, so “together” should be deleted.)2) My mother has gone to the shops to buy things.(The notion of “go to shop”implies buying things, so “to buy things”should be deleted.)3) Fish must stay in water. If they don’t, they die.(Repeated reference to the same thing is another type of verbosity in Chinglish. The notion of “if they don’t”can be replaced by “or”to compound the sentence.)3.2.2 CatachresisTo many English learners, catachresis is often seen in practice. The main reason to cause it is that English learners believe that there is absolute equivalence between Chinese and English. But in fact, there is not. Take some sentences as examples:1)Later, many people found that the beggars were using their sympathy.(“Use” is usually used to modify something concrete, while sympathyis an abstract noun. So “Sympathy”is suitable to be used with “playon”, instead of “use”. )2) Their hearts become cold and detached.(Cold usually modify one’s attitude or weather. “H eart” can be modified by “chill”.)3) Cut hundreds of buildings down(“Cut down” usually modifies “trees, price, and expense”. “Hundreds of buildings” shouldn’t be modified by “cut down”. We can say “Hundreds of buildings fall down”.)4) You shouldn’t change the law of nature.(“Change should be replaced by “violate”. “Change” means something is totally different from the original one. “Violate” means being against something. “Law of nature” is an objective law and cannot be changed or created. But it canbe violated.)3.2.3 Neglect of word orderIn the Chinese and the English languages, there are many expressions in which the component words are arranged in just the opposite order. The neglect of word order often gives rise to Chinglish. For example:1) Industry and agriculture ( Chinglish )Agriculture and industry ( Normative English )2) Clothing and food ( Chinglish )Food and clothing ( Normative English )3) Forth and back ( Chinglish )Back and forth ( Normative English )3.2.4 Unsuitable matchWord match has become one of the difficult points for Chinese learners of English, and commonly unsuitable match appears in Chinglish, for many English learners ignore the difference of word match between Chinese and English and translate English to Chinese or Chinese to English mechanically. For example, Chinese English learners would say “deep sleep”, “big rain”, “receive the telephone”, instead of “sound sleep”, “heavy rain”, “answer the telephone”. The following are the typical examples of the kind:We can learn a lot of knowledge by reading good books. ( acquire/obtain ) We want the newest information. ( the latest )The demand draws the particular concern of the public. ( arouses )3.3 Characteristics of grammar3.3.1 Confusion of articleConfusion of articles, including omission of articles and redundance of articles is a common mistake made by English learners. For example:1).我们每个人有一套桌椅。
浅谈中式英语的发展与前景
浅谈中式英语的发展与前景作者：周斌来源：《读与写·下旬刊》2015年第09期摘要：中式英语存在由来已久，长期以来，许多教育工作者把中式英语视为一种语言错误，因为它受到母语的干扰和影响，硬套汉语规则和习惯，在英语交际中出现了不合英语规范或不合英语文化的习惯，不符合纯正的英语表达方式。
但是中式英语并不是一成不变的。
本文选取了中式英语发展的三个主要时期，详细介绍了这些时期中式英语的特征及与当时中国国情的关系，以及未来发展的前景。
关键词：中式英语；国情；发展中图分类号：G648 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1672-1578（2015）09-0319-011.概述英语是当今世界的国际通用语言，在全球各国在政治，经济，文化的相互交流中起了非常重要的作用。
当前，在世界经济一体化的进程及跨文化的交际中，英语不断的与当地的语言和特色文化进行接触和融合，从而不断发展成各种带有低于色彩的"英语"或特殊的表达方式，形成了富有当地语言特色的英语变体，比如除了英式和美式等内圈英语外，现在又有澳大利亚英语，新加坡英语，马来西亚英语等，当然还有中式英语（Chinglish），它是通过中西方文化互通互融，英语与中国特有的文化进行交流接触而成，并被规范英语所接受的英语变体。
长期以来，许多教育工作者把中式英语视为一种语言错误，因为它受到母语的干扰和影响，硬套汉语规则和习惯，在英语交际中出现了不合英语规范或不合英语文化的习惯，不符合纯正的英语表达方式（涂传娥，2004）[1]，这种英语对英语国家的人来说往往不可理解或不可接受，比如把"汉字"译成"Chinese words"，"跑江湖"译成"run across rivers and lakes"，"白条"译成"white note"等，中式英语的主体是中国的英语学习群体，当英语水平不够时，在一定程度上，进行了改编，具有很强的随意性，主观性和创造性，是汉语文化的不如意的介入，是英语学习中的典型的负迁徙，它具有极大的不稳定性，通常处于不断自我修正之中。
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从合法性看中式英语的发展趋势
中式英语是指中国人在使用英语时出现的一些特有表达形式，其特点是汉语的语法、词汇、表达方式和英语的语音、拼写、语调以及语境相结合。
中式英语虽然存在一些错误的用法，但在国内却广泛使用，这也反映了中式英语在中国社会中的重要性。
因此，在合法性方面，中式英语的发展趋势也值得我们关注。
首先，中式英语在翻译和口译方面逐渐得到了认可。
随着中国经济和文化的全球化，越来越多的中国企业和个人需要面对来自国际市场的挑战和机遇。
因此，对于中式英语的合法性问题，不少国际学者和专家提出了不同的看法。
一方面，他们认为中式英语的出现是由于中文和英文之间存在着文化差异，这种语言形式并非完全不规范，相反，它是中国文化和英语语言意义深化交流的结果。
另一方面，他们认为中式英语只是一种临时的语言形式，随着国际化的发展趋势，这种语言形式会逐渐消失。
其次，随着中国的崛起和影响力的不断扩大，中式英语也得到了更多的关注和重视。
中国文化已经成为全球文化的重要组成部分，因此，在西方国家中，也有越来越多的人习惯于接受中文和中式英语的表达方式。
在这种情况下，中式英语的发展趋势是越来越多地被接受和应用，但这并不意味着中式英语将替代标准英语。
最后，中式英语在规范化方面也存在一些问题。
虽然中式英语有其自身的表达方式，但在一些场合中，如学术、商务等领域，标准英语仍是主流。
因此，中式英语需要更多的规范化，以避免出现一些基本的使用错误和混乱。
总之，中式英语在合法性方面的发展趋势是在逐步被接受和规范化的同时，也需要更多的国际化、多元化视野和优质的教育资源来推进其进一步的发展。