词汇学第一章汇总

English Lexicology 英语词汇学

Fall 2012

Irene Florente

How do we communicate?

Making sounds

Gestures

Writing

Words

Anything else?

Write down 10 English words you like on a piece of paper

Do you know where these words came from (what languages)?

Can they be spelled differently?

What part of speech are they? (Noun, verb, adverb, etc)

Do these words have more than one meaning or have different meanings when used in idioms?

Where do words come from?

How are they created?

How do they change as history changes?

How do they change as people speaking other languages invade or immigrate to their countries?

What are the different types of words?

Is language alive?

(these questions are just for discussion and reflection)

Some new words you will learn in this class morphemes, affix, polysemy, vocabulary, characteristics of words, collocations, neologisms, archaisms, characteristics of native words, types of borrowed words

What does lexicology mean?

What words do you see in the word?

Lexicon/Lexis

-ology

Anyone want to take a guess?

1. What is lexicology (词汇学)?

The literal meaning

of lexicology is the “science of the word” It is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a given language. Why is it important to study lexicology? lexicology

Lexis/lexical

ology (Greek for

“of words”) (science of)

Topics to be discussed this semester

What is a word? How are words created?

Where do English words come from?

How do languages acquire vocabulary?

Different types of vocabulary and word meaning

Changes in word structure and word meaning Sense relations

English Idioms

Email to find class ppts, textbook

and notes

Login: lexlinglot@https://www.360docs.net/doc/294845764.html,

Password: 800morphemes

Login: lexlinglot@https://www.360docs.net/doc/294845764.html,

Password: 800morphemes

So there’s no need to come and copy the ppts at the end of each class since it will be late when class ends. ?

(the class textbook is already there)

What’s in a word?

A minimal free form of a language

A sound unity

A unit of meaning

A form that can function alone in a sentence The term word refers to the fundamental unit

of a given language, with sound and meaning (lexical and grammatical), capable of performing a given syntactic function.

What’s in a word?

Sound and Meaning: A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. represents a concept which can be communicated with meaning.

A word consists of one or more morphemes Each culture has come to agree that a certain sound represents a certain meaning and there is no “logical relationship”

How to say “dog” in different

languages

Arabic = calb

Chinese = gou

Danish = hund

French = chien

Greek = skylos

Italian = cane

Japanese = Inu

Spanish = perro

My point is that these sounds have no logical relation to the actual animal and yet they are all words that mean “dog!”

But Chinese characters are

different!

Vocabulary

The term vocabulary refers to all the words of a given language

All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号:[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

词汇的形象色彩

词汇的形象色彩与对外汉语教学 词语的形象色彩是指很多词语用于解释普遍存在的概念意义外,还同时具有形象感,它们通过人们的感官如视觉、听觉、味觉等诱发人们的联想,给人以生动可感的形象感。例如:猫头鹰这个词就比较形象地反映出这种鸟头部像猫的特点;哗啦啦,是人耳边回现出流水的声音;而甜丝丝会让我们如同品尝到了甜味的食物。这些都是日常生活中非常常见的例子,可见词汇的形象色彩在生活中的应用是很广的。 正由于应用广泛,有形象色彩的词很丰富,所以对这些词的分类显得有点困难。本文将采取兰宾汉先生对具有形象色彩的词的分类,即将它们分成形感、动感、色感、声感这样四类。下面分别加以阐释: 形感:有些词的意义能给人十分具体的形象。如佛手、木耳、浪潮,大家眼前会浮现出这种事物的整体的形状。木耳是一种长在腐朽的木头上的一种可供食用菌类,形状像人的耳朵;浪潮顾名思义,想浪花一样的潮流;这是对事物整体情状的比喻。又如喇叭花、鹅卵石,灯笼裤、斑马线则是在对事物的性状的比喻之后加上了一个类名。斑马、驼背、白头翁是对描摹事物的突出的特征等等。它们的突出的特点即是让人们很容易地联想到所指事物的外在形状,我们称之形感。 色感:有些词的意义给人以鲜明的色彩感。如血红让人联想到血的颜色;草绿则浮现出一片青草的的画面,联想到充满生机的绿,还有鹅黄、橘红等。具有色感的词多为形容词,比如ABB式的白茫茫,红彤彤,绿油油,金灿灿等;又如ABC式的白呲咧、血呼啦;还有A 里BC、A不BC式的,如血里呼啦,白不呲咧;还有ABCD式的如黑咕隆咚。这些词当中的词缀部分意义很虚,但它们结合在一起具有描摹性,给人们造成一种很模糊的印象,从而给人一种形象感。 动感:有些词的意义能让人产生特殊的动感。如席卷,会让人联想到用席子卷的这样一系列的动作,从而给人一动作快,范围大的感觉。而蚕食则让人们想到蚕不分昼夜沙沙吃蚕叶这样的动作行为,从而给人一种连续不断地侵食这样一种动感。这样的词还有摇曳、撞车、碰钉子、炒鱿鱼等。一些带如字的词常带有动作感:暴跳如雷、血流如注、泪如雨下、不绝如缕等。象点头哈腰、东倒西歪、俯首帖耳等次也是对存在事物的动作状态的直接的描写。声感:有些词能给人以如闻其声的感觉。这些词多为拟声词如呵呵,哈哈,嘻嘻,啧啧,喔喔,咩咩等。还有ABB式的如笑哈哈,笑嘻嘻,轰隆隆,哗啦啦;A里BC式的如稀里哗啦等,看到这些词自然会联想到自然界的一些声音,这也是其形象色彩的特点之所在。 当然,这只是众多对具有形象色彩意义的词的分类中的一种,而且也只是一种大至的分类,比如有的词就不只属于其中的一种,而是兼具两种甚至是多种形象色彩。如银河是因为看起来像一条白色的河而得名,它的意义中就包含了形感和色感两种形象色彩。有如扑啦啦,既有拍翅膀的动感又有拍翅时的声音的形容,也兼具两种形象色彩。 不仅仅是词,在词汇系统中的固定语中的一些成语同样具有形象色彩。例如狼吞虎咽明显是对动作的描摹,具有很强烈的动感;又如羊肠小道则是很典型的对于事物形状的描绘,具有形感。其它的成语如坐如针毡、骨瘦如柴、口若悬河等。还有一些成语以其呈现的整体的画面共同显示它的形象色彩。如隔岸观火,会使人的头脑中浮现一幅画面,隔岸是空间位置,观火是动作行为,如果接受者再补充一个动作行为的主体,就形成了这幅整体的画面。这是由于固定语的内部结构相对来首比较复杂,所呈现的信息量较大,因而信息的叠加呈现出了整体的画面,这个画面对整个成语的理解起着烘托得作用。如按下葫芦浮起瓢、拨云见日、兵临城下等。还有一些词语,其表层的给接受者提供两个形象单位二者结合在一块儿很容易使人想起它的深层的涵义,这一类成语形象感的形成和我国古典诗歌中意境的形成非常相似,既由表层的关系使人联想到深层的意蕴。如南辕北辙,辕向着南边而辄却朝着北,想去南边而却走向了北边,比喻行动和初衷是相违背的。如果对这个成语稍加体会其深沉含义是

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词汇学1

总,再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别,主要还是指明其各自的定义。 第一章 1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. ―woman‖ means ’Frau’ in German,’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand,the same sound /rait/ can mean right,rite and write,though denoting different things,yet have the same sound. 3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. (At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns) a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d). Borrowing of foreign language 4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.Classification of Words—by use frequency,by notion,by origin 1). Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1. all national character (most important)– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action,size,domain,state numerals,pronouns,prep. ,conj. 2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life,they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative,some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow. e.g. arrow,bow,chariot,knight – past electricity,machine,car,plane —— now 3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words,they can form new words with other roots and affixes. e.g. foot – football,footage,footpath,footer 4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous. e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove 5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial saying and others e.g. heart – a change of heart, a heart of gold Non-basic vocabulary —— 1. terminology – technical terms photoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus 2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions. Bottom line,ballpark figures,bargaining chips,hold him back,hold him in,paranoid 3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasions dough and bread,grass and pot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays, Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage. 4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groups can-opener,dip,persuader cant,jargon ,argot are associated with,or most available to,specific groups of the population. 5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialect beauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog 6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems,legal document and religious writing or speech. 7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse,monitor 2). Content word (notional word)– denote clear notions. Functional word (empty word,form word)– do not have notions of their own,express the relation between notions,words and sentences. a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous. Functional words are in a small number.

英语词汇学第一章

Chapter 1 1.1 What Is a Word 词的概念:A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters. (一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母) 词包含以下几点: ① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式 ② a sound unity.一个声音统一体 ③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位 ④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式 A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音,意义和句法功能的最小形式 Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的 1.2 Sound and Meaning 声音与意义之间的关系:This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的,声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。 1.3 Sound and Form 读音与拼写不一致的原因:①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. ②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. ③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. ①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的,罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个 声音。 ②这些年来,发音的变化比拼写的变化更快。 ③有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的。

《现代英语词汇学概论》

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the ,a ,my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外,Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法(syntax)却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。”(《辞海》1984(上)375页,上海辞书出版社) 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一) 词素(Morphemes) 单词是有词素(morphemes)构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如:nation 是一个词素,national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素(phoneme)不同,词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面,而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素,因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素,但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节(syllable ),因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素(dis + agree + able )。词素有不同的形式,同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素(free morphemes)和黏着词素(bound morphemes)。自由词素可以单独成为单词,而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素,如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分,可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素,它又可以分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes )。屈折词缀跟语法有关,派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀,这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说,词可以分类为简单词,复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用,因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素,前者是词素的联合,后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成(word-formation) 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇,大的方面主要有合成法(compounding),派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种,小的方面主要有八个过程,分别是首字母法(acronym),混合法(blending),截短法(clipping),专有名词(word from proper names),逆构法(back-formation),复制法(reduplication),新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。

实验诊断学 第二章 临床血液学检验

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How do we communicate? Making sounds Gestures Writing Words Anything else?

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现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter8

Chapter 8 Meaning And Context ?8.1 Two types of contexts ?8.2 The vital role of context in determination of word meaning ?8.3 Suggested ways for the correct comprehension of word meaning 8.1 Two types of Contexts Linguistic context 语言类语境 There are 3 types of linguistic context: lexical, grammatical, and verbal context. 1.Lexical context词汇语境 ?Lexical context: refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word. *Linguistic context is the linguistic environment, in which a linguistic unit is used. *A linguistic unit can be a phrase, a clause, a sentence, a paragraph, a passage, a chapter in a book or even a book. Eg: ?make She make coffee for all of us. (make is often used in the sense of constructing sth. by putting materials together) The regulations were made(enacted) to protect children. We made (had) a good breakfast before leaving. My father made (earned)10000 yuan a year. The train was making (travelling at a speed ) 70 miles an hour. We made (arrived at) the station in time to catch the train. ?do do a sum (work out the answer to a mathematical question) do one’s teeth (brush) do the flowers (arrange) do fish (cook) do science at school (study) do a museum /city /country (visit) 2.Grammatical context 语法语境 In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of a certain word is the meaning of the lexical items with which the word is combined. Eg: ?get get +n. =to receive I got a letter today. get+ adj. =to become He’s getting better. get+n.+adj. =to bring to a certain condition; cause to be or become She soon got the children ready for school. get+ infinitive=to succeed in doing If I get to see him, I’ll ask him about it. get +V-ing =to reach the start of an activity ‘‘Get going! Start! ’’ get +n. + infinitive =to cause to do I’ll get him to repair my watch.

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