现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter1
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。
然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。
首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。
另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。
随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。
“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。
”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。
纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。
特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。
一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。
根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。
口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。
基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )(一)词素（Morphemes）单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。
词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。
单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。
如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。
英语词汇学第一章复习资料
词汇elusive adj. 难懂的notion n. 见解，概念outset n.开端criteria n.标准，条件（criterion的复数linguist n. 语言学家horizontally adv. 水平地；地平地semanticists n. 语义学者vocal adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的comprise vt. 包含；由…组成syntactic adj. 句法的polysyllabic adj. 多音节的compel vt. 强迫compulsion n. 强制；强迫；强制力concealment n. 隐藏，隐蔽；隐匿处discreditable adj. 丢脸的；不名誉的；有损信用的；败坏名声的hence adv. 因此；今后symbolic adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的arbitrary adj. [数] 任意的；武断的；专制的conventional adj. 符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的cluster n. 群；簇；丛；串scribe n. 抄写员；作家deliberately adv. 故意地；谨慎地；慎重地haste n. 匆忙vertical adj. 垂直的alike adj.相似的sacred adj. 神的；神圣的assimilated 吸收dialect n. 方言accumulated adj. 累积的constitute vt. 组成，构成monosyllabic 单音节的undergoing vt. 经历suffice vt. 使满足illustration n. 说明endure vt. 忍耐instance n. 实例monosemous adj. 单义的mere adj. 仅仅的blunt adj. 钝的justify V 证明stylistically adv. 在文体上heterogeneity n. [生物] 异质性；[化学] 不均匀性；[化学] 多相性cosmopolitan adj. 世界性的reveal vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露n. 揭露；暴露；门侧，窗侧第一章一：1.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics,inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.词汇学算哪一门学科的分支（语言学）2.Lexicology:morphology（词法，词态学）,semantics,stylistics,etymology（语源学）,lexicography （词典学）词汇学和哪些重要学科建立了联系3.Diachronic approach(历时语言学),Synchronic approach(共时语言学)研究词汇的两大方法二：1.词的特点：1）a minimal free form of a language.2)a sound unity. 3) a unit of meaning . 4)a form that can function alone in a sentence什么是词：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.词的分类（按发音）：simple words(man),complex words(balckmail)3.sound and meaning:1) There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning2)The relationship between them is conventional and arbitrary (e.g.dog,girl)3)In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.(e.g.woman means ‗Frau‘ in German, ‗Femme‘ in French and ‗Funv‗in Chinese. ) .4) The same sound can denote different things.(knight,night)4.sound and formrelation:1)the written form is the written record of the oral form,so it should agree with the oral form. 2)with the development of the languages,more and more differences occur between the two.The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each s ound in the language. (more phonemes than letters)b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d). Borrowing of foreign language (e.g.stimulus(L),eureka(Gr)influenced by Romans,Pronunciation changed,early scribes,borrowing三.vocabulary:all the words四.分类：frequency:1.the basic word stock:1).all national character( national phenomena;names of plants,andanimals;action,size,stage,domain;human body andrelations;numerals, pronouns, preposition,conjection)2).productivity(root words,monosyllabic words e.g. foot)3).stability4).collocability (heart)5).polysemy(take)2.non-basic word stock:1.) terminology-technical terms2).jargon-specialized vocabulary in certain professions.3).slang -- substandard words often used in informal occasions4).argot –words used by sub-cultured groups5).dialectal words –only by speakers of the dialect6).archaisms –words no longer in common use or restricted in use7).neologism –newly created words with new meaningnotion:1.Content word (notional word) – denote clear notions. (numerous,growing)2.Functional word(empty/form word)-express the relationbetween words and sentences.(small,stable,do far more work of expression than content words. )origin:1.native words-are words brought to Britain in the 15thcentury by the German tribes特点1.) neutral in style (not stylistical specific )2.)frequent in use (in academic fields and science French, Latin or Greek are used)(usage 70-90%)2.Borrowed words (loan words, borrowing)- words taken over from foreign language. 80 %分四种（按同化程度和取得方式）1).Denizens –words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. (port from portus(L) shift, change, shirt, pork)2).Aliens –retained their original pronunciation and spelling(décor(F) emir, intermez, rowtow, bazaar, rajar, status quo)3).translation loans –formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on thepatterns taken from another language.a). Word translated according to the meaningb). Words translated according to the sound4). Semantic loans –their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpdream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent, sassy, cheeky。
英语词汇学复习提纲
英语词汇学复习提纲英语词汇学复习提纲Chapter 1 Terms1. word2. vocabulary3. common words4. literary words5. colloquial words6. slang words7. technical words Questions1. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock?2. How are English words classified?3. What are the differences between function words and content words?4. What are the main reasons for the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary? Important statements 1. The histiory of the English langague begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD.2. The Transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English, which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.3. In the early stages of Modern English the Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary.4. The heavy borrowing made the English vocabulary extremely rich and heterogeneous. Chapter 2 Terms1. morpheme2. Allomorphe3. free morpheme4. bound morpheme5. root6. affix7. hybrid Questions1. How are English morphemes classified?2. How are Englihs words classified on the morphemic level? Important Statements1. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes.2. The allomorphs of a morpheme do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound.3. Morphemes are important in the word-building process because the two most central and productive word-formation processes, compounding and affixation, are related to morphemes. Chapter 3 Terms1. partial conversion2. complete conversion Questions1. What are the three major processes of word-formation?2. Whyare the criteria of a compound relative? Important Statements1. There are varioius ways of forming words, but by and large, the various processes can be classified on the basis of frequency of usage, into major or minor processes.2. Any rule of word formation is of limited productivity in the sense that not all words which result from the applicationn of the rule are acceptable; they are freely acceptable only when they have gained an institutional currency in the language.3. Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base. They do not genearlly alter the word-class of the base.4. Suffixes usually change the word-class of the base. Chapter 4 Terms1. blending2. back-formation3. clipp ing4. neoclassical formation Questions1. What are the differences between initialisms and acronyms? Important Statements1. On the whole, clipped words are used in less formal situations than their full-length equivalents.2. Most of the blends are related to daily life.3. The majority of backformed words are verbs.4. Reduplicatives are characterized by being rhymed or alliterated.5. The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical.6. Genuine coinage is rare.7. Some new words are coined by analogy. Chapter 5 Terms1. motivation2. denotative meaning3. connotative meaning4. stylistic meaning5. affective meaning Questions1. What is the relationship between word form and its senses?2. What are the main types of word meaning? Important Statements1. The test of a genuinely onomatopeic word is its intelligibility to a foreigner who has no knowledge of the language in question.2. Denotative meaning is the central factor in linguistic communication.3. Lexical meaning is dominant in content words, whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in funciton words. Chapter 6 Terms1. radiation2. concatination3. prima ry meanin4. central meaning5. perfect homonyms6.homophones7. homographs Important Statements1. One-meaning words are very rare. They are very often scientific terms.2. It may be said that polysemy is the rule and monosemy is the exception.3. In some cases, the primary meaning and the central meaning coincide.4. Polysemic words and homonymous words are not only good candidates for humor, they can also produce other effects such as irony or heightened dramatic power. Chapter 7Terms1. complete synonyms2. relative synonyms3. hyponymy4. marked member5. unmarked member Questions1. In what respects do synonymous words differ? Important Statements1. An agreement in denotation is the most important criterion of synonymy.2. Two words aretotally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. It is important to note that two forces militate against complete synonymy: vagueness of word meaning,and connotative, stylistic and affective meanings that cluster around words.4. In most cases the native word is more spontaneous, more informal and unpretentious, whereas the foreign word is learned, abstract or even abstruse.5. In the double scale pattern of synonyms the native term usually sounds warmer and more homely than its foreign counterpart.6. In the triple scale pattern of synonyms the difference in tone between the English and the French words is often slight; the Latin word is generally more bookish.7. Synnonyms are useful for avoiding repetition and for achieving precision in meaning and variety in style.8. Lexical antonymy is often stronger than syntactic negation.9. This semantic category obviously overlaps with hyponymy: both are involved with forming relaionships between words in the same general area ofmeaning. For parctical purposes, in the case of hyponymy, one should pay attention to the question of which specific term to use, while in the case of semantic field, one’s attention should be turned toward the highly probable collocations the words of each semantic field have in common. Chapter 8 Terms1. linguistic context2. ambiguity Questions1. What are the different types of context?2. What are the functions of context in determination of word meaning? 3. What are the different types of ambiguity? Important Statements1. When we say that the context determines the sense we mean not that it imposes a sense but that it selects one that is already there.2. Words rarely can be equated on a one-to-one basis between two languages. Chapter 9 Terms1. historical cause of changes in word meaning2. social cause of changes in word meaning3. linguistic cause of changes in word meaning4. psychological cause of changes in word meaning5. metaphor6. metonymy Questions1. What are the mian causes of changes in word meaning?2. What are the tendencies in semantic change? Important Statements1. Usually a literal meaning of a word remains along with a new metaphorical one.2. Broading speaking, change of meaning refers tothe alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the additionnn of new meaning to established words. Chapter 10Terms Idiom Question What points should we attention to if we want to use idioms appropriately? Chapter 11 Questions1. What are three stages in the growth of American English?2. What are the characteristics of American English? Chapter 12Terms1. prescriptive dictionaries 2. descriptive。
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
第一章词汇与词汇学的基本概念词汇学学习之初，有必要去澄清一些关于词和词汇的基本概念。
词语word是一个难以捉摸的概念，需要在开始就认真关注.发音和意义之间的关系,声音和形式之间的关系，词语和词汇之间的关系。
另外,我们将注意一些关于词汇分类的共识的规则，并且在本章一定程度上研究每类词语。
1.1一个词是什么？词语是什么？多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。
争议较大。
尽管已经提出了很多的定义，没有一个是最好的。
学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。
当我们谈起一个词语，我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。
在这个角度,一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。
当根据口语定义的时候，词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合,是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。
根据语义学家的意见，一个词是一个意义单位.语法学家，则认为一个词是在句中起作用的自由形式.等等。
总结起来，词语的定义包含以下几点：(1）一个最小的自由形态（2）一个发音的集合体（3）一个意义单位（4)能独自影响句子的形式因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”词语可以是简单词或者合成词，然而全部必须服从这些标准.Man和fine是简单词，但是他们都有读音，意义和句法意义。
每个都能单独出现在句子中。
自然他们都是词.也有像是misfortune和management这样的复合词，他们都是多音节词，可以用来作主语,宾语和预示性词语.尽管misfortune可以被进一步分为mis和fortune，前者不能作为词单独使用。
相似的,management可以被分成manage和ment,但是后者不能自由使用。
Blackmail能被分为black 和mail，而且都能作为独立的句子单位使用，然而词的意思绝对不是两个部分的组合。
Black 是颜色，针对white，mail指示“被邮局运送的东西"，然而当它们放在一起,组合形式意味着“强迫，利用不光彩的秘密要人送钱或行动作为答复。
英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1⼀、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最⼩的⾃由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）⼆、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.⼀般来说，词汇指的是⼀种语⾔⾥所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语⾔的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发⾳和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. ⼆者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发⾳和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.⾃然语⾔的书写形式是⼝语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发⾳与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来⾃罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发⾳改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发⾳不断变化，书写标准化。
英语词汇学复习资料
英语词汇学复习资料IntroductionEnglihaaglobal1)Morphology（构词学）2)Semantic（语义学）3)Stylitic（语体学）4)Etymology（词源学）3.研究le某icology的两大方法1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学Chapter1Le某icologyandbaicconceptofwordandvocabulary1.Word——Awordiaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathaagivenoundandmeaningandyn tacticfunction.2.Thereinologicalrelationhipbetweenoundandmeaningatheymbolic connectionbetweenthemiarbitrary(任意的)andconventional（约定的,俗称的）.3.ound＆formTheoundhouldbeimilarto/conitentwiththeform,butthereareomeill ogical不合逻辑的andirregularity不规则的1)influencedbyRoman2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlycribe（抄写员）4)borrowing4.Vocabulary——Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordinalanguage,butitcanta ndforalltheworduedinaparticularhitoricalperiod.5.ClaificationofW ordbaicfull/content实义词native/Anglo-Sa某onwordfrequencynotionoriginnonbaic/vocabularyfunctional/empty功能词borrowed/loanCollocability（可搭配性）neutralintyle（中立性）(2)Twofeatureofnativewordfrequentinue1)wordtakenoverfromforeignlanguageareknowaborrowedwordorloan wordorborrowinginimpleterm.2)ItietimatedthatEnglihborrowingconti tute80percentofthemodernEnglihvocabulary3)TheEnglihlanguagehavat debt.Inanydictionaryome80%oftheentrieareborrowed.Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglihvocabulary1.OldEnglih属于Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（印欧语系）——Germanic（日耳曼语系），与德语最相似.2.Hitory1）OldEnglih（450-1150）a.Thefirtpeopleknowntoinhabit（居住）EnglandwereCelt，thelanguagewaCeltic（凯尔特语）.b.TheecondlanguagewatheLatin（拉丁语）oftheRomanLegion（罗马军队）.Romaninvaion→Anglo-Sa某on 三个事件TheintroductionofChri tianity→拉丁文的涌入Vikinginvaion（北欧海盗）andScandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语传入word文档可自由复制编辑2）MiddleEnglih（1150-1500）在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,Latin,EnglihinMiddleEnglihperiodeael,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？MiddleEnglih,Dutch（带来了2500个词汇）3）ModernEnglih （1500-uptonow）TheRenaiance（文艺复兴）:LatinandGreekwererecognizedathelanguageoftheWeternworld’gr eatliteraryheritage（文化遗产）.TheIndutrialRevolution（工业革命）:17世纪中期Withthegrowthofcolonization（殖民化）,Britihtentacle（魔爪）beganatretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thuenablingEnglihtoaborb（吸收）wordfromallmajorlanguageoftheworld.十六世纪，有一种新工业Printing出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响,这导致oundandform出现concord（一致）和tandardization第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Maojacket,blackbelt,kongfu标准化Inflectionallanguage屈折语Analyticallanguage分析语TherapiddevelopmentofmoderncienceandtechnologySocial,economi candpoliticalchangeTheinfluenceofothercultureandlanguageThreemodeofvocabularyde velopmentChapter3ThetructureofEnglihwordword.）Free→cantandaloneaaword/independentofothermorphemeTypeprefi某ation前缀Le某ical→derivational→affi某ationBound→addedtoothermorphemeuffi某ation后缀Grammatical→inflectional2.Morph——Amorphememutberealizedbydicrete（离散的）unit.Theeactualpokenminimalcarrierofmeaningaremorph.Monomorpheni cword——morphemearerealizedbyinglemorph.Allomorph（词素变体）——Somemorphemearerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpoition .3.Root——Arootithebaicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttota lloofidentity.（Whatremainofawordaftertheremovalofallaffi某e.）Stem——aformtowhichaffi某eofanykindcanbeadded.Bae——refertoaformtowhichaffi某eofanykindcanbeadded.Itcanbearootortem.atemmayconitofainglerooto rtworootandarootpluaaffi某.atemcanbearootoraformbiggerthanaroot.请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,dict加以理论的分析(1)Bothnationanddictbelongtoroot,nationifreeroot,whichcanfun ctionaloneinaentence,Chapter4Word-formationinEnglih1.Therearefourmaintypeofword-formationinEnglih.word文档可自由复制编辑(1)★Affi某ation（prefi某ationanduffi某ation）构词能力最强Affi某ationigenerallydefinedatheformationofwordbyaddingwordformingorde rivationalaffi某etotem.fullconverion——Itcantakeanindefinitarticle(不定冠词)or-(e)toindicateingularorpluralnumber.e.g.black→ablackdrinkable→d rinkablepartialconverion——mutbeuedtogetherwithdefinitearticle.e.g.rich→therich2.Othertype ofword-formation(1)Clipping/hortening——hortenalongerwordbycuttingapartoftheoriginanduingwhatremainintea d.quake（earthquake）dorm（dormitory）pop（popularmuic）flu （influenza）(2)Acronymy首字母缩略法——joiningtheinitialletterofnameofocialandpoliticalorganizationorpe cialphraeandtechnicaltermeg:VOA-VoiceofAmericaTV-televiion绝大多数blending都是nouneg:mog（烟雾）frommoke+fogtele某（电传机）fromteleprinter+e某changeMedicare（医疗保险）frommedical+carelunarnaut（登月宇航员）fromlunar+atronaut(4)Back-formation逆构词法——iaproceofword-formationbywhichawordicreatedbythedeletion删除ofauppoedaffi某.donate（donation）loaf（loafer）babyit（babyitter）laze（lazy）Chapter5Wordmeaning1.Analytical(referential)分析的Reference–therelationhipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Operational(conte某tual)运用到具体场景中Concept–whichbeyondlanguageithereultofhumancognitionreflectingthe objectiveworldinthehumanmind★Sene1）enedenotetherelationhipinidethelanguage.Theeneofane某preioniitplaceinaytemofemanticrelationhipwithothere某preioninthelanguage.’2）Sincetheeneofane某preioninotathing,itioftendifficulttoaywhatortofidentityiti.Itial oanabtraction.3）Everywordthathameaninghaene(noteverywordhareference)2.Motivation（理据）——accountfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguitic（语言学的）ymbolanditmeaning.non-motivatedOnomatopoeic（拟声的）——thewordwhoeounduggettheirmeaning.Semantic（语义学的）——refertothementalaociationuggetedbytheconceptual概念上的meaningofaword.eg：atthefootofmountain,themouthofriverword文档可自由复制编辑Etymological（词源学的）——Thehitoryoftheworde某plainthemeaningoftheword.3.TypeofmeaningGrammatical语法–refertothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicategrammaticalconc eptorrelationhipConceptual概念——themeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformthecore核心ofword-meaning.Le某ical词汇Connotative内涵意义eg：Mother—afemaleparent—loveAociative联想Stylitic语体1)formal2)neutral3)informalAffective/Emotive——appreciativeandpejorativeCollocative固定搭配Chapter6SenerelationSynchronicapproachRadiation辐射像车轮式一样进行发展的语义e.g.face,neck（3）TwoproceofdevelopmentConcatenation–meaning―linkingtogether‖串联 2.Homonymy（1）定义：Homonymaregenerallydefinedaworddifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenti cal（完全相同的）bothinoundandpellingoridenticalonlyinoundorpelling.PerfectHomonym同音同形异义词e.g.bear忍受；熊ball球；舞会（2）TypeHomograph同形异义e.g.minute分钟；微小的（1）定义：Synonymareworddifferentinoundandpellingbutmotnearlyalikeore某actlytheameinmeaning.Aboluteregioned地域（BritihEnglih＆AmericanEnglih）（2）TypetyliticdegreeRelative（Near）hadeofmeaningemotiverangecollocative搭配Borrowing（themotimportantource）（1）定义：Antonymyiconcernedwithemantic语义学的oppoition.Relative(dependoneachother)eg:parent—child,ell—buy,predeceor前辈—ucceor继承者word文档可自由复制编辑（3）Characteritic1）Antonymareclaifiedonthebaiofemanticoppoition.2）Awordwhichhamorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3）Antonymdifferinemanticincluion.4）Contrarytermaregradableantonym,differingindegreeofintenity,oeach haitowncorrepondingoppoition.（4）Ue。
词汇学1-现代英语词汇学概述
பைடு நூலகம்
attaché charge ,
d’affaires, café concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, piazza armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar
Modern English (1776-) English borrowed words form an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languages: French: attaché charge d’affaires, café ,
chemist, function, scientific, vacuum; area, irony, theory, education, adapt, exist, appropriate, precise
Greek loan words: mostly literary, technical and scientific
astronaut and cosmonaut, blast off, countdown, capsule, launching pad, space suit, spacemen, space platform, space shuttle
computer science:
software, hardware, input, output, memory, monitor, process, programming, data base, internet, log on (off), etc.
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。
该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。
第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。
2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。
3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。
4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。
5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。
总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。
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现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料
Chapter 1 A General Survey Of English Vocabulary
The Definition of the term “word” 词的定义
The Development of English Vocabulary英语词汇的发展史
Classification of English Words词的分类
The Definition of the term “word”
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.
a minimum free form
sound
lexical and grammatical meaning
syntactic function
Bound form粘着形式：Never used as sentences.
Free form 自由形式：Consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms.
It’s not a phrase，is a word.
The Development of English Vocabulary
Native: Celtic
1st period(449-1100): Old English or Anglo-Saxon Period (OE or AS)
Celtic →
Anglo-Saxon (the settlement from 450 AD.) / Old Norse / Latin
2nd period (1100-1500): Middle English Period (ME)
French (the Norman Conquest in 1066)
Latin
3rd period (1500-present): Modern English Period
Early stages of Modern English (1500-1700)
Latin (Renaissance)
Greek (Renaissance)
Contemporary English (1700-present):
Three Romance Languages : French, Spanish, Italian
Other European languages: Portuguese, German, Dutch …
Non-European languages (exploration, colonization, trade)
The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes.
Marked progress of science and technology.
Socio-economic，political and cultural changes.
The influence of other cultures and languages.
Classification of English Words
Three main criteria:
By origin: 1. native words 本族词
2. loan words 外来词
By level of usage: 1. common words 普通词
2. literary words 书面词
3. colloquial words 口头词
4. slang words 俚语
5. technical words 术语
By notion: 1. function words 功能词
2. content words 实义词
By origin:
1. native words 本族词
2. loan words 外来词
Native words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of old English
Features of native words:
Most are monosyllabic
forming the great majority of the basic word stock
Loan / borrowed words: those borrowed from other languages
Basic word stock:
auxiliary, modal verbs, numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, the most frequently used words (essential to life)
National character
Stability
Word-forming ability
Ability to form collocations
By level of usage:
1. Common words 普通词
2. Literary words 书面词
3. Colloquial words 口头词
4. Slang words 俚语
5. Technical words 术语
*There are no clear-cut boundaries between the various classes of words.
Common words普通词:
connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life
The core of the common words is the basic word stock.
Stylistically neutral
Literary words书面词:
chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches.
Most are of French, Latin or Greek origin.
Among the literary word, two categories are noteworthy:
archaic words . obsolete words)
poetical words
Slang俚语:
Language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary
Not generally used in informal conversation unless the speakers are on intimate terms
Embracing those daring and new expression that have not been accepted as standard English
The chief reason for use of slang: secure freshness and novelty
Technical words术语:
used in various fields: science, profession or trade, art, sport
increasing precision in nomenclature
one specific meaning
Latin or Greek in origin
By notion:
1. function words 功能词
2. content words 实义词
Function words:
determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries
not having much lexical meaning
serving grammatically:
Behaving like grammatical signals or functional markers,
Expressing the kinds of connection between content words
Constructing acceptable English sentences
small in number and stable:
In relatively closed lists
Belonging to a relatively small and permanent set of words)
high frequency。