英语语言学重点及问题总汇
Basic Notions in English Linguistics Chapter 1 Introduction
1.What is language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human communication.
2.What are design features of
language
Arbitrariness, duality, displacement, interchangeability, creativity, cultural transmission 3.What is arbitrariness
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
4.What is displacement
Language is free from barriers caused by separation of time and place.
5.What is duality
Language is a system consisting of two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level (meanings) are composed of elements of the secondary level (sounds) and each level has its own principles of
organization.
6.What is creativity
Language users can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentences.
7.What is cultural transmission
The details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.
8.What are three general functions of
language proposed by Halliday
Ideational, interpersonal, textual 9.What is linguistics
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
10.What are main branches of
linguistics
Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
11.What is macro-linguistics
The study of language in relation to other disciplines, .
sociolinguistics
12.What is the distinction of
prescriptive and descriptive
Prescribe what people should say, describe what people actually use 13.What is the distinction of
competence and performance
The ideal user’s knowledge of language rules and the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication
14.What is the distinction of
synchronic and diachronic
The study of language in time and through time
15.What is the distinction of speech
and writing
Natural/primary and invented/secondary media of human language
16.What is traditional grammar
The general approach traditionally formed to the study of language
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
17.What are speech sounds
Meaningful sounds in human linguistic communication
18.What is phonetics
It studies the production, transmission and perception of speech sounds.
19.What are three branches of
phonetics
Articulatory, acoustic, auditory 20.What are the three cavities in
speech production
Oral, nasal, pharyngeal
21.What is IPA short for
International Phonetic Alphabet 22.What is the main principle of IPA
There should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound in all languages.
23.What are broad and narrow
transcriptions
With letter-symbols (and
diacritics)
24.Where does the distinction lie
between the production of vowels and consonants
The obstruction of airstream in the oral cavity
25.Describe the consonant [ ].
Voiced place manner
26.Describe the vowel [ ].
High front long rounded
27.What is phonology
The study of sound system, pattern 28.What is a phoneme
An abstract phonological unit of distinctive value
29.What is allophony
The phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different phonological contexts 30.What is a minimal pair
A pair of sound sequences identical
in every way except for one sound segment occurring in the same place in the strings
31.What is assimilation
A process by which one sound takes
on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound
32.What are major suprasegmental
features
Syllable, stress, tone, intonation 33.What are the four Chinese tones
Level, rise, fall-rise, fall
34.How do intonations convey meanings
Falling indicates a straight-forward statement, rising makes a question, and fall-rise indicates an implied message.
Chapter 3 Lexicon
35.What is a word
A minimum free linguistic unit
36.How are words classified
Variability, meaning, part of speech, membership limit 37.What is morphology
The study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed
38.What is a morpheme
The minimal unit of meaning
39.What are types of morphemes
Free/bound
(derivational/inflectional,
prefix, infix, suffix, bound root) 40.What are the two major ways of word
formation
Derivation, compound
41.New words are added to English
vocabulary in many ways. What are they
Coinage/invention, blending, borrowing, back-formation, abbreviation, analogy
42.How does language change in terms of
meaning
Meaning shift, broadening, narrowing
Chapter 4 Syntax
43.What is syntax
The study of sentence structure and the rules by which sentences are formed
44.What are the four representative
approaches to Syntax
Traditional, structural, TG, functional
45.What are the categories of noun
Number, case, gender
46.What are the categories of verb
Tense, voice, mood
47.What is a sentence
The minimum part of L that expresses
a complete thought, traditionally
48.What are grammatical units at
different levels
Morpheme, phrase, clause, sentence 49.What are the grammatical elements
of a sentence
Subject, predicate (predicator, object, comp.)
50.What are the seven basic sentence
patterns in English SVO, SV, SVC, SVA, SVOC, SVOA, SVOO
Chapter 5 Semantics
51.What is semantics
The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular
52.What is the nominalist view of
meaning
Words are just names for things. 53.What is the conceptualist view of
meaning
Language and the real world are linked through the mediation of concepts
54.What is the contextualist view of
meaning
Meaning can be derived from observable contexts
55.What is the behaviorist view of
meaning
Meaning consists in the relation between speech and physical entities and events
56.What are the two traditional types
of meaning
Lexical and structural meaning 57.What are the 7 kinds of meaning by
Leech (1981)
Conceptual, Con, S, A, R, Col, Thematic
58.How are sense and reference related
to each other
Abstract property/concrete entity 59.What are major sense relations
between words
Synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, etc 60.What are kinds of synonyms
Dialectal, collocational, stylistic, affective, semantic 61.What are kinds of antonyms
Gradable, complementary, relational
62.What is polysemy
One word with one+ meaning
63.What is homonymy
Different words identical in spelling or/and sound
64.What is hyponymy
Between a more general word and a more specific word
65.What is the componential analysis
The dissection of word meaning into its semantic components/features 66.What are the deciding factors of
sentence meaning
Meaning of sentence components, word order, sentence structure, thematic organization
Chapter 6 Pragmatics
67.What is pragmatics
The study of meaning in context 68.What is context
The environment of language use 69.What are components of context
Linguistic, situational, socio-cultural
70.What is an utterance
A unit of speech actually uttered in com.
71.How is utterance meaning different
from sentence meaning
Concrete, contextualized, variable /
72.What are the three kinds of speech
acts by Austin (1962)
Locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary
73.What is a locutionary act
The act of conveying literal meaning
74.What is an illocutionary act
The act of expressing intention 75.What is a perlocutionary act
The effect of an utterance
76.What is the general Cooperative
Principle
Make your conversational contribution as required.
77.What are the four maxims of the CP
Quality, quantity, relation, manner
78.What is conversational implicature
A type of implied meaning, which is
deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.
79.What are characteristics of CI
Cal, Can, non-det, non-conventionality
80.What is the Politeness Principle
Maximize the belief of polite
expression
81.What is Cognitive Principle of
Relevance
Human cognition tends to achieve the greatest possible cognitive effect using the smallest effort.82.What is Communicative Principle of
Relevance
Every utterance communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance.
Chapter 7 Language, Society and Culture
83.What is socio-linguistics
The study of language and society 84.H ow is language related to society
OPEN
Social background/context and language use, social function of L, L change
85.Provide some linguistic evidence of
social differences in language use.
Region, class, ethnic group, age, gender, individual, register, 86.What are the two versions of
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Strong (determinism), weak
(relativism)
87.H ow is language related to culture
OPEN
L is an indispensable carrier of culture. C finds a better representation via L use.
88.Provide some linguistic evidence of
cultural differences in language use.
Greeting, thanks, color words, privacy, etc
简明英语语言学知识点汇总
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;
②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
英语语言学讲解
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
英语语言学考试重点题型
第一章 Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is T rue or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 7. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. Chomsky defi nes “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. 2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 3. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 4. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication. 5. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 6. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before. 第二章 1.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. 2.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 3.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 4.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 5.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. 6.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. 1.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A. voiceless B. V oiced C. vowel D. consonantal 3．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair
新版简明英语语言学 Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学
Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学 知识点： 1.*Definition: pragmatics; context 2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning 3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory 4.Searle’s classification of speech acts 5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle 考核目标： 识记：*Definition: pragmatics; context 领会：Searle’s classification of speech acts 综合应用：sentence meaning vs utterance meaning；Austin’s model of speech act theory；Grice’s Cooperative Principle 一、定义 1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。(它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。) 2. Context 语境：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。一般认为他是由言者和听者的共享知识所构成的。 二、知识点 6.1.2 pragmatics vs. semantics语用学与语义学 二十世纪初，Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics 一书的出版标志着现代语言学研究的开始，同时也为现代语言学奠定了基础调，即语言应该作为一个独立的，内在的系统来加以研究。 语用学和语义学既有相关性又有相异性。两者都是对意义的研究。传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的，内在的，是语言本身的特性，不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究语义的内在特征，不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。语用学研究的是交际过程中语言意义的表达和理解。语用学家认为不把意义放在语境中来考虑就不可能对语义进行充分的描述，因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语义学和语用学的根本区别所在。 Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分 Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.
2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.360docs.net/doc/2a10915415.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.360docs.net/doc/2a10915415.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.360docs.net/doc/2a10915415.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2a10915415.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标
英语语言学复习重点
英语语言学复习重点1 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性Prescriptive It ai ms to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2a10915415.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a s ocial activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者： ⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别 ⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家
英语语言学试题(5)
英语语言学试题（5） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) s tudy. A. comparative B. diachronic C. up-to-date D. descriptive 2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics. A. auditory B. acoustic C. articulatory D. none of the above three 3. What the element …-es? indicates is third person singular, present tens e, the element …-ed? past tense, and …-ing? progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ). A. phonemes B. morphemes C. allophones D. phones 4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists prop osed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory. A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme 5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ). A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis 6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) b ecause this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker?s intention. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act D. constative act 7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ). A. Sir William Jones B. John Firth C. M. A. K. Halliday D. F. D. Saussure 8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a co nversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as
英语语言文学专业基础
英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）