电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献
电子商务的发展【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文The development of e-commerceMaterial Source:The Economist, 2003 Author:Laudon, K.C When the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dot-cons are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true.The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Departme nt of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “brick s-and-mortar” world.But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of and , alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online.Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada.And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earnedby internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer. Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger. But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world. That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce.To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour. One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy.Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy . Different countries have different habits. In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items. Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America.People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future.This has enormous implications for business.A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does notsell online. A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results.For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet. The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Google” a company, a product or their plumber. The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft.The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic. Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies. But to take part, a co mpany’s products have to stand up to intense price competition. People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying. Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige.What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago. For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration. “I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant. Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price an d buy online. In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney. They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself.It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle. If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on. “The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! “People want to use the inter net whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want.”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them.The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices. “We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive. Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products, jewellery and gourmet food. Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things. And so do the millions of people who use eBay.And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets. Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, t he biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending.How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders.One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets.译文电子商务的发展资料来源：The Economist print edition, 2003 作者：Laudon, K.C 当网络泡沫在2000年破裂，备受炒作的网上公司好象随之蒸发了，众多的网上贸易也被迫流产。
电子商务外文翻译文献
The Strategic Challenges of E-commerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systemsand f i n ancial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain withus, in t heir modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modernforms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditionalmodel.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channel for businesses tocontact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quotea number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP , Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone.The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supportsanywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries inthe "Companies" directory of the Y ah o Guide to WWW (Y ah o , 1996), with thetotal number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:anizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2.Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3.Electronic payment systems for g o ds and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based on relatively expensivetraditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes inthe way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key c omponentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) notedthat " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM andBPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utilise all three components tochange their market or develop new markets. Those who do notadapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businesses should investigate the implicationsof these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, takingon roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazinepublisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we currently call‘m arke ting’.Cle arly,the appearance o f electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of this technology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involved in marketing need to understand the full range o f products and services required b y the electronic community. They must learn totake advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1.What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2.Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3.When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing profe s ionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage t he customer as part of thetransaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities arestill not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Webhas changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to haverem arked that he co uld n’t tell if the Kod ak Web site was a m one y ma ker.But heknew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since doorto d oo r sale sm e n,o n ly no w the custo m e rs we re kno ckin g o n Ko d ak’s d o o r.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The busine s opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. By satisfying the requirements ofrelational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insightsinto their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways of acquiring,managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally alteredthe channels through which companies and customers maintain their relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s(1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. Helinks relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisationinto the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. Thecommunities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insightsforce us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries betweenfirms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educatedand more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need tomake a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weakentrust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolution in marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instancesof many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the W eb.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenienc e shoppers’and‘explorers’(those str-e s e m tart consum ers whoare happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming moreand more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf.Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy,trust andsecurity (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on theissues ofInternet privacy and security, in the context of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So why is it that weexpect the Internet to support a level of trust and security which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break therules within an electronic c ommunity. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that try to advertise on academic discussion groups(mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customer loyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate) is still applicable, but now operatesin a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this more difficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by the following example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large, multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Te le com’s Telnet system to support EDI-like c onnections to approximately 10,000 separateretailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed through Minitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emergedto exploit it, provide insights into the developmentof commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapiddelivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introductionofa revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.。
文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照
外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce外文文献：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients andsuppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties, period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence,on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely made policies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a freetrade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. In September 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-anelectronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore government promulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open editselectronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping as an interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents, optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers hasaccounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of the extensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk,etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim is to breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elect ronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use,easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.中文译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。
电子商务英文参考文献
The Development of E-commerceA perfect marketMay 13th 2004From The Economist print edition E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble yearsWhen the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded、The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users、Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential、The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true、The raw numbers tell only part of the story、According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion、That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1、6% of total retail sales、The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world、But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry、For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce、InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of expedia、com and hotels、com, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online、Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide)、They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada、And there is more、The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internetauction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer、Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet、Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion、So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger、But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world、That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce、To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour、One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay、More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers、The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals、Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy、Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1)、Different countries have different habits、In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet、But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split、Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items、Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America、People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide、Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a muc h bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future、This has enormous implications for business、 A company that neglects its website may becommitting commercial suicide、A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online、A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away、But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results、For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet、The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a company, a product or their plumber、The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet、And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television、All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft、The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic、Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies、But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price competition、People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying、Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige、What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago、For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration、“I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant、Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online、In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney、They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself、It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle、If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on、“The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operatingofficer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want、”Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them、The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices、“We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive、Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products, jewellery and gourmet food、Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things、And so do the millions of people who use eBay、And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets、Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets、But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time、Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half、Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade、That would represent a massive shift in spending、How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms、There are already signs of change on the high street、The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online、To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge、Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website、But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders、One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer、So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade、But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and productinformation quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow、Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy、This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets、。
电子商务营销外文文献翻译电子营销
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Ortiz F R, Gerrikagoitia J K, Castánder I. New Trends of Intelligent E-marketing Based on Web Mining for E-shops[C]// International Conference on Strategic Innovative Marketing. 2014.英文原文New trends of Intelligent E-Marketing based on Web Mining for e-shops FR Ortiz ，JK Gerrikagoitia ，I CastanderAbstractE-marketing is the concentration of all efforts in terms of adapting and developing marketing strategies into the virtual spaces: web, social media… In an e-commerce site, e-marketing must help consumers in their purchase. This requires precise knowledge of the customer´s preferences. For this reason, holders of e-shops must find out to whom, to what, how and when to refer to the customer, ergo, to know the “consumer decisio n journey” and strengthen their engagement. This analysis is obtained when the customer is visiting an e-shop because (s)he leaves a digital footprint that can be used to understand his/her needs, desires and demands as well as to improve web presence. These data can be used for data mining to understand the e-marketing and selling processes in a better way. In this paper a survey of 86 e-shops in Spain is presented. In the conclusions, some ideas for good e- marketing practices related to the buyingbehaviour analysis of customers are shown. Hence, new trends in e-marketing are suggested from a strategic, tactical and operational level in which different data mining techniques ease the purchase and the engagement.Key words: e-marketing; e-commerce; web mining; trends e-marketing; digital foot print1. IntroductionIn the last decade Internet has experienced a 33% high growth in the number of users worldwide. This has led to a greater acceptance of it by consumers, either as an instrument that facilitates the search for information or as a way to an end for the purchase of the products and services (“The internet a decade later”, 2013).This new technological environment has generated a significant change in the behavior, habits and trends of the consumer and its acceptance by consumers leads to the increase of the Electronic Commerce (EC). Defining e- commerce as the commerce in products or services conducted via computer networks such as the Internet (Turban, Lee, King, Liang, & Turban, 2009).This commercial activity has forced small businesses to develop an active presence of visibility on the Internet (Chen, Chiang, & Storey, 2012) in order to get notoriety in a global market and add value to their traditional business. With the exception that the virtual and traditionalcustomer behaviour are not identical (Eouzan,2013).But visibility of Internet does not only give visibility to a company, also allows to: a) to have the business open to the public permanently; b) reduce costs: material stock, logistic personnel, physical space;c)tostudythe customer better; d) to remove geographic limitations and e) to create brand and engagement.In Spain, according to the study of the National Observatory for Telecommunications and the Information Society (ONTSI) the B2C e-commerce grew by 13% reaching € 12,383M of turnover. This growth’s main cause, in the same way as in the world market, was the increase of Internet purchasers in 2012 which matched 15% (15.2M) (ONTSI, 2013).A closer data in time (2013) and origin (region level) is available through the National Statistics Institute of Spain (INE). According to this statistics institute, in 2013 the e-commerce in Spain has increased to around 11 million people who have made any purchase through the web in the last 12 months. This represents 32% of the total population. Moreover, the region of Spain that has used this type of trade the most is the Basque Country with 42%, followed closely by the Community of Madrid with 40% (INE, 2013).Putting the focus on the case of Basque Country, Statistic Institute of Basque Country (EUSTA T) provides some information about e-commerce by data-bank and annual reports (under the informationsociety topic). In this report, there is an interesting section for the e-commerce. The section reflects that 39% of the users that have been recently connected to the internet have made some kind of web based purchase (EUSTA T, 2014).As it is visible on the data provided by official statistic institutions, e-commerce is a commercial activity on growth and due to its nature. It benefits the economy of a country greatly and especially to small businesses which are committed to its implementation.As it happens in real sales, e-commerce based selling must be in concordance with the customer´s necessities prior, during and after the sale. This requires precise knowledge of the customer´s preferences. For this reason, owners of sites must find out to whom, what, how and when to refer to the virtual visitor and develop specific marketing strategies for the Internet (Alzua-Sorzabal, Gerrikagoitia, & Rebón, 2014a).Defining e-marketing as the concentration of all efforts in the sense of adapting and developing marketing strategies into the web environment. E-marketing involves all stages of work regarding a website, such as: the conception, the projects itself, the adaption of the content, the development, the maintenance, the analytic measuring and the advertisement (Strauss, Frost, & Ansary, 2009). In short, e-marketing makes the usage of the Internet to obtain knowledge aboutcustomer preferences through interactive website and agents easier(Teo &Choo,2001).To keep the customer’s attention on the web presence requires to build up a strong customer relationship and to offer services that attract the customer to visit the website frequently and purchase products and services. Therefore, the sales process requires a deep data analysis to know the “consumer decision journey” (Gefen & Straub,2000).When a customer is visiting a website (s)he leaves a trace of data, called the digital footprint, that can be used to understand the customer needs, desires and demands as well as to improve its web presence.By the use of this information applied from Web Usage Mining (Arbelaitz et al., 2013) techniques on the digital footprint left by the user during their navigation; knowledge about the behaviour of the customer's purchase is enriched in order to increase his/her engagement. Then, this knowledge has to be converted into intelligence and, if it is possible, an entertaining presentation of the information required by the customer.In this context, the real situation of e-marketing will be seen through an on-line survey that has been supplied to retailers of Spain for their completion and four in depth interviews. After analysing the state, enriched technical solutions through the Web Usage Mining process will be proposed and linked to new discovered e-marketing trends. Finally, a few commercial and open source solutions that can help in the creation of concrete solutions for these new e-marketing trends will be displayed.2. MethodologyIn accordance with the meaningful relevance that e-shops have obtained in the last years, it is crucial to conduct successful e-marketing activities in order to maintain or improve the business in these kinds of companies. At this point, it is necessary to suggest a solution from a strategic vision point of view by developing appropriate e–marketing strategies. The solution derives from a tactic vision by deciding for certain e-marketing trends and at the end an operational vision which is implemented by selected trends & practices.Even so, it is necessary to know the initial state of e-marketing into a sample of the Spanish enterprises dedicated to e-commerce.The methodology that has been carried out to know the initial state is based on two different manners of obtaining the real state of e-marketing paved by the e-commerce. On one hand, 86 online surveys have been made to some e- shop owners. On the other hand, out of these 86 companies four have been nominated to have an interview in depth. These interviews were conducted via telephone or face-to-face in the client's own company and the online surveys were collected through a digital form made in Google Forms.Once the surveys were completed, we proceeded to extract the information from them in order to the draw the conclusions that drive the second stage of the process. This second step consists of: a) a reflectionby experts on the detected deficiencies and b) the proposal of practical solutions that facilitate the achievement of strategic e- marketing solutions with vision of business and that incorporate techniques of Data Mining.3. Results and discussion3.1 Results of surveys and interviewsOn one hand, the analysis of the survey data shows that the majority of the e-shop owners questioned are small enterprises with less than 5 employees in the B2C sector (See Fig. 2a) that commodities, quick sale. They are very comparable in number of products and time in the online business (1-2 years) (See Fig. 2c). They also have a maximum number of online orders that (usually) a range from 101 to 1,000 orders a year and yearly revenue of less than 50,000 € (See Fig. 2b). The main languages supported by the e-shops are Spanish and English.On the other hand, analysing the companies that have done the interview, it seems that all of the moffer minimally processed, high-demanded products. Furthermore, 50% of the companies surveyed do not know exactly the main reasons why the customers make purchases at their e-Shop. It also is highlights, the fact that only these SMEs employ a person to ensure online sales and make little investments in their online presence (<10K €). In short, these are companies with a small volume of business and their revenues from online sales do not make a big impacton their business.Remark that, it has been less than 5 years since the e-shops started selling their products via Internet and, therefore, it is a process that must evolve towards maturity. The e-shop considers the on-line service as an added service to its business performance but not a priority.In addition to this, it can be seen that the e-shops have a certain level of infrastructure because they often have outsourced the hosting of their website and almost all use Google Analytics as a web analytics tool (Clifton, 2012; Hasan, Morris, & Probets, 2009). Out of the e-shops that use Google Analytics, very few do actually take advantage of the tool.In the same way, according to the surveys, the fraudulent case out of the total volume of transactions does not exceed 1% and they deal with it by leaving it in the hand of third parties: banks and gateways. They do not use electronic tools to observe and compare the prices of its competitors because it is the provider the one that sets them.To sum up, with the extracted data it is concluded that many e-commerce use Web Analytics tools, specifically Google Analytics, but very few information is obtained from the purpose of the client by his/her digital footprint. This prevents to properly categorize their behavior and facilitate effective e-marketing campaigns.3.2 Thinking and discussion based on solutionsThe need for developing specific marketing strategies fore-commerce implies that some traditional principles are adapted, or even reinvented. Four activities facilitate the deployment of e-marketing strategies (Stolpmann, 2001): online promotion, online shopping, online service and online collaboration.In addition to this, we think that it would be helpful it is necessary to choose some of the most relevant e- marketing trends and current trends & practices based on the considerations of experts who are close to the market demand and the practical trends web literature. This means that, a part of scientific base, it has obtained information from other important web origins where it might have significant information about real cases that are closer to reality. Therefore, the description of the trends: brick and mortar, Offering of increasingly complex online features, mobile everywhere... related to the e-marketing is crucial, for then, these can be crossed with trends & practices. These latest trends technological advances must be geared towards a future where retailers can get the most out of their online sales. In this regard, there are certain factors that should be taken into consideration such as the pick-up speed or omnichannel customer experience, social-networking testing (A yada & Elmelegy, 2014), list of wishes, search engine optimization or mega markets, cross border e-sales, suggestiveselling(Mussman,Adornato, Barker, Katz, & West, 2010), web banner advertising (Ozen & Engizek, 2014) and rewards.By doing so, it is obtained the necessary traceability which allows the intelligent e-marketing process be more consistent and stay closer to the e-shops reality.4 Conclusions and future workThis study aimed to test the necessity of the SMEs to become active users of web mining solutions. Overall, from the results it can be extracted that: a) the Pricing analysis is not relevant for them, because in the majority of cases is established by the products providers; b) the fraud has not any impact in the online purchases. It is inferred from the responses, that the market has not obtained the necessary maturity yet and that this issue is often outsourced to third party partners; c) Almost all the questioned companies have deployed the web analytics over their websites but they do not follow an exhaustive data analysis.Therefore, keeping in mind these key points and observing the significant importance of the digital footprint at the beginning of the web mining processes, it must regard that in a short-term the data origins based on this system will raise and the weight that this step will have on the process will be crucial, in order to dispose a better raw data. Furthermore, as in real sales, the process of selling based on e-commerce must be inconcordancewiththe customer´s necessities prior, during and after the sale. This requires precise knowledge of the customer´s preferences. For this reason e-commerce, must find out to whom, what,how and when to refer to the virtual visitor. In order it will take advantage of applying the data mining techniques in the phase that it corresponds to satisfy the necessity of enrich the data and add value according to better information about the client.Additionally, intelligent e-marketing processes should bear in mind the necessary relationships between e- marketing trends and Data Mining techniques in order to develop specific marketing strategies for the Internet.中文译文基于Web挖掘的电子商务智能电子营销新趋势作者：FR Ortiz，JK Gerrikagoitia，I Castander摘要网络营销是在虚拟空间中适应和发展营销策略的所有努力的集中：网络，社交媒体......在电子商务网站中，电子营销必须帮助消费者购买。
电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。
互联网电商发展英文作文
互联网电商发展英文作文英文：The development of internet e-commerce has been an incredible phenomenon in recent years. With the advancement of technology and the widespread use of the internet, online shopping has become increasingly popular. As a result, the e-commerce industry has experienced rapid growth and has had a significant impact on the way people shop and do business.One of the key advantages of internet e-commerce is the convenience it offers. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse and purchase a wide range of products from the comfort of their own homes. This eliminates the need to physically visit stores, saving time and effort. For example, I often find myself ordering groceries and household items online, which saves me the hassle of going to the store and carrying heavy bags back home.Another benefit of internet e-commerce is the access to a global market. Online businesses are not limited by geographical boundaries, allowing them to reach a muchlarger audience. This has opened up new opportunities for small businesses to compete on a global scale. For instance, a friend of mine runs a small handmade jewelry business and has been able to sell her products to customers all overthe world through her online store.Furthermore, internet e-commerce has alsorevolutionized the way businesses operate. Many traditional brick-and-mortar stores have expanded their operations to include online sales, while some businesses operateentirely online. This shift has led to increasedcompetition and innovation, as businesses strive to provide better products and services to attract and retain customers.However, there are also challenges associated with internet e-commerce. One of the main concerns is the issueof security and privacy. With the increasing number ofonline transactions, there is a greater risk of databreaches and cyber attacks. It is important for businessesto invest in robust security measures to protect their customers' sensitive information. Additionally, the rise of counterfeit products and fraudulent sellers is a growing problem in the e-commerce industry, which can erode consumer trust.In conclusion, the development of internet e-commerce has brought about significant changes in the way we shopand do business. While it offers convenience and access toa global market, there are also challenges that need to be addressed. As technology continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how internet e-commerce continues to shape the future of retail and commerce.中文：互联网电商的发展近年来成为了一个不可思议的现象。
国际经济与贸易 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景
英文原版：Electronic Commerce Competitive AdvantageAnd Prospects For DevelopmentGaoJing .Electronic business world，2009（03）As the human society soon entered in the 21st century, a great swell of world information swept into human society swiftly and violently. The information technology revolution becomes the modern science technological revolution the core and the mainstream, the information resource and the energy, the material becomes the national economy and the social development three grand strategy resources, who has the information resource, who has grasped the competition and the development initiative. Emerges vigorously the informationization tide, sped up the world industrial structure adjustment and the reorganization, urges the world economics to transform from the industry economy to the information economy, has the profound influence to human society's production method and the life style, is also changing the people tradition type of trading. Today, electronic commerce, specially based on Internet electronic commerce, because was reducing the expenses, to develop the market and so on various superiority to bring to more and more person's attentions. Electronic commerce is refers to the computer and in the communication network foundation, realizes the commercial exchange and the commercial work activity entire process using the electronic tool. It has emerged since the early 90s, from services and so in-line shopping expanded to bank, securities business aspects and so on operation, becomes one kind through the networking application, fast and carries on each kind of business dealing effectively the newest method. Some people estimated that to 2000, electronic commerce will become in the Internet application a most essential part. Electronic commerce not only causes the commercial revolution, also has provided the new turning point for the information industries, to global scale's economy, cultural even politics will have the profound influence.First, electronic commerce competitive advantage Electronic commerce has provided the global trade environment for the enterprise, has established the new commercial channel, raised the commercial activity level and the grade of service greatly. On enhancement enterprise competitive power's various links, it has the incomparable function: (one) electronic commerce can enhance the commercial activity efficiency electronic commerce to cause to limit production to market ability is more easy to do, the enterprise through the network demonstrated that own product, the service and the payment terms and so on, customer according to his need, issues the order form, the enterprise Production department basis network order information prompt arrangement or the adjustment scale of production and the variety, thus realizes the small batch, the multi-varieties, zero stock, the immediate manufacture and the delivery ideal pattern. Meanwhile may also reduce the artificial negligence, avoids loss which and waste possibly occurs. (two) electronic commerce can improve the work quality, expanded market electronic commerce to increase the customer andsupplier's relation. The bilateral space's barrier already vanished, the system network causes the customer and the supplier can understand the opposite party most recent data, moreover may provide 365/7/24 pattern service, strengthens the market competition status. (three) electronic commerce may reduce the cost, is advantageous in enhances profit of enterprise to reduce the transaction cost, has saved the latent expenditure, if the email has saved the correspondence postage, the electron data exchange greatly has saved management and the personnel link's expenses. In addition, electronic commerce may optimize the enterprise to supply the chain. Reduces the supply cost. Statistics indicated that under the traditional commerce pattern, the commodity approximately composes the private costs from ordering to the selling process's in physical distribution expense 18%~20%, after the partial enterprises use the electronic commerce optimization supply chain, reduces 10%~12% this expense proportion.Second, overseas electronic commerce prospects for development In overseas Internet and the Web development's early stage, electronic commerce already appeared. For these years, along with in-ternet high speed development and relevant technology's day-by-day consummation, various countries' government took electronics trade's development in our country information infrastructural facilities the important work, intended to through the network construction and the application, won the market superiority, developed the global trade. For example: The US government continuously close attention electronics trade technology's development, and has established the US Business association in the Silicon Valley; European Union in 1995 proposed constructs Europe information society the plan; The Japanese government invested 320,000,000 US dollar impetus electronics trade in 1996 the master plan; The APEC subordinate's telecommunication work team has begun at present also to carry out every year two time electronic commerce impetus deliberation plan. The report which according to April, 1998 US Department of commercial affairs announced - - "Rose Digital Economy" the statistics, at the end of 1997 US and the Canadian on-line shopping population increased a half year ago 470,000 people to 1,000,000 people, the electronic commerce transaction income by every 100 day of 1 time of speed growth, to 2002, the US and Canada electronic commerce transaction income will achieve 3 100,000,000 US dollars; According to the IDC (IDC) forecast that to 2001, the Western Europe on-line transaction's profit might increase from last year's 100,000,000 US dollars to 3,000,000,000 US dollars. The electronic commerce broad prospects for development also cause each big computer manufacturer to step in this domain in abundance, like Microsoft, Sun, HP and so on one after another have promoted the safe electronic commerce solution. in June, 1997, two big credit cards organized Visa and the MasterCard unit exploitation security electron transaction (SET) the agreement promoted the electronic commerce development. Simultaneously many famous software companies already invested into the electronic commerce related support SET agreement software development. electronic commerce technology although now is also at the start stage, but Internet on-line already had many success application example, perhaps most influential is known as the world biggest bookstore's on-line hypothesized bookstore supermarket -- Amazon Bookstore (忽略此处). Besides more convenient, accesses the net this bookstore supermarket person not to be able to feel that it with has differently what to genuine bookstore purchase books. Moreover, but also has the Electronic bank, the electron to go, the electronic authentication, the electronic information consultation and so on.Third, China electronic commerce prospects for development Electronic commerce is application domain union and so on enterprise informationization and financial informationization inevitable products. The developing country must speed up the construction electronic commerce the speed, specially looked like China like this already to advance into the world trade 10 strong developing countries, if did not speed up the electronic commerce advancement, will not participate in the electronic commerce rule the formulation, the national benefit will suffer injury. At present, Chinese society various domains and so on professions economy, trade, finance already realized particularly to the informationization advancement's urgency, starts to take the measure, enlarges the manpower financial resource the investment, has created the good market condition for electronic commerce's development. However, must note is not very also high in the Chinese various trades and occupations informationization degree, in the information infrastructural facilities also quite weak foundation, the barrier which electronic commerce's development must overcome mainly has: (does 1) regarding the electronic commerce activity, how formulate one to conform to the network characteristic and the prospects for development reasonable tax revenue system. Very obvious, the present tax revenue system does not conform to the electronic commerce and the online retail trade's new characteristic, but if continues to carry out the old tax revenue system, then emerging electronic commerce will be unable to withstand the load inevitably. The US once passed Inter-net in October 21, 1998 to force 3 year tax holiday bill for this reason, simultaneously stipulated that will assign a just related network tax revenue by a related electronic commerce's Advisory commission in 18 months the plan. (2), if each country according to own trading mode operation electronic commerce, will be only able to carry on the domestic trade, but is impossible to realize the global electronic commerce. Therefore, must have a global standard and the rule, guarantees the electronic commerce the smooth implementation. (3) did business can avoid having the dispute, when had the dispute, how to solve? At present did not have one maturely, the unification law to carry on the arbitration. (4) intellectual property rights question in electronic commerce activity especially important. How to prevent the right infringement commodity or counterfeit the commodity the sale, also how attacks the abuse of authority is powerfully all quarters must consider. (5) electronic commerce involves economic society's many aspects, various departments, how should various links coordinate to correspondingly solve. (6) entire society to electronic commerce understanding question. Only then solves these problems, can in the Chinese smoothly promotion and popular electronic commerce. Electronic commerce in the development initial period, already had demonstrated the very strong vitality. China must comply with this tendency, takes seriously take the electronics trade as the characteristic type of trading transformation, enlarges the government to supportdynamics, formulates China's electronics trade development strategy promptly, realizes China take the information technology industry as the forerunner, leads professions and so on commodity production, circulation, capital, technology, service to achieve a quicker development. At present, the Control section, the bank, the business, the customer to reach the mutual recognition and the tacit understanding to the electronic commerce, along with the Chinese network construction in the coverage and the quality unceasing enhancement, surfer expense's unceasing reduction, related policies and regulations' formulation releasing one after another, China electronic commerce will have a bigger development.中文翻译：电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景在人类社会即将进入21世纪之时，一场席卷全球的信息浪潮迅猛而来。
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电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：On The E-Commerce Business Development Is InevitableAbstractPaper Introduction: E-commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technologies to support the business activities carried out. Business efficiency, the paper Daquan, On the development of e-commerce business is inevitable.Keywords: E-Commerce, E-Business,Business EfficiencyIntroductionE-commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technology to support business activities carried out. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency. . E-commerce is not so much in the development of enterprise innovation to as it is inevitable, as has its unique advantages. Today, enterprises in the market economy, the ring, who can take advantage of e-commerce, one might get the winning edge.1The Current Form Of Electronic Commerce1.1 Within The Enterprise In The Form Of E-CommerceCompanies to establish their own websites, local area network, also known as enterprise-wide intranet. Intranet has become an effective business management and business matters dealing with economic business tool, but also in the form of e-commerce enterprises. It provides enterprise between the various administrative departments, fast, efficient, safe and reliable information exchange channels and support between policy and administration departments to transmit data, voice and video images, resource sharing of information, as well as for online media office, online communication, online services. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency. . Such as decision-making departments announcement, documents, decisions; management departments to provide sales, planning, production, inventory, equipment, human resources, accounting, statistics and other reports or dynamic data, for personnel access, analysis, and utilization. Can also be related to the business of processing, financial accounting and other economic matters. The web site also should the enterprise market positioning, brand positioning, service commitments, product superiority displayed, the corporate philosophy to show up, making it independent of the soul, inspiring site. Enterprises must also establish contact with customers and consumers channel, interactive communication is healthy to get feedback and revise corporate business strategy or remedy defects or deficiencies. Internal e-commerce saves time, manpower and material resources to enableenterprises to market conditions can quickly react and improve their competitiveness in the market.1.2 In The Form Of An E-Commerce Business With ExternalCompanies take advantage of the Internet for marketing, including the signing of contracts to suppliers, orders, bills and accept the use of electronic funds transfer network platform, exchange, letters of credit, collections and other ways Payment, breaking the original 'Both sides met, cash on delivery,' the traditional business model. Product sales enterprises can also use the Internet to carry out, such as the introduction and promotion of products, provide technical support, contract, accept orders, organize logistics, such as online banking payment is received.Corporate use of the Internet and external regulatory agencies to achieve interconnection interaction. Including commercial, taxation, banking, insurance, customs, commodity inspection, social security centers, fund management center, customers, and other upper management. For example, in the banking sector: the prevailing online banking (e-banking is currently the highest form of) a monetary fund for enterprise payments platform that enables enterprises to facilitate inquiries at any time and receive their master monetary fund, support, storage and other changes . Large number of enterprises, such as issuing payments, social insurance premiums paid into the housing provident fund deposit, payment of wages and other payments, are available through the relevant regulatory agencies (through encryption or security authentication technology) software to easily pay for online banking, shorten the transit time of monetary funds.Another example in taxation: tax department immediately launched the 'Golden Tax Project' is an interactive platform for the tax department and between enterprises established through the Internet, businesses can be completed online tax returns, tax V AT invoices issued Chaoshui, proceeds certification stamps, clear stamps Information (SD card), taxes paid, download certificates and receipts as well as tax-related services and other matters. The tax authorities also use this network platform release tax information, tax information and audit companies, locking to restrain violations of enterprises. This not only reduces the workload of the taxofficials, but also to facilitate the taxpayers.And so forth, and now business survival in the economic society, is inseparable from the relevant authorities, is inseparable from the market, business information and interactive communication constraints. E-commerce has been melting into the enterprise business activities.2 The Advantages Of E-CommerceE-commerce companies to provide a broad business and trade environment, greatly improving the range of business activities, the level and quality of service, the prospects are very bright, in enhancing the competitiveness of the enterprise market, showing a strong advantage.2.1 E-Commerce Can Improve The Efficiency Of E-CommerceBusiness activities not only quick and easy to make effective business enterprise internal economic integration, improve efficiency, but also with the relevant department or system provider, enterprise customers, banking, taxation and other effective links to online can deal with related businesses, access to information, to shorten the time and improve efficiency.2.2 The Expansion Of E-Commerce Can Enhance The Corporate Image MarketingE-commerce market with a wide range of characteristics of propaganda, it can expand their visibility, build brand image, enhance customer and contact suppliers to broaden the marketing. System network enables customers and suppliers are able to understand each other's latest economic information and related data, and the network to break the constraints of time, can provide all-weather mode service, which will undoubtedly strengthen the competitive position.2.3 E-Commerce Can Reduce Costs And Improve BusinessEfficiency of e-commerce transactions can reduce marketing costs and save expenses. Such as e-mail communication saves postage; electronic data exchange is saving the managers office and travel expenses; can greatly reduce the transit time of monetary funds to accelerate capital turnover; optimize the supply chain, reduce supply costs, saving procurement costs, reasonable organization of production reduceinventory and so on; these are reflected in the increase of corporate profits.In short, e-commerce has brought to our work a convenient, fast and reduce the pressure of work, opportunities and benefits for the enterprise, the enterprise is no reason not to accept, accept and build e-commerce, use and development of e-commerce is the inevitable development of enterprises .3 Companies Must Meet The Requirements Of Enterprises To Develop E-Business E-CommerceE-commerce requirements that must be met in order to take full advantage of e-commerce.3.1 Build E-Commerce Enterprises To Develop E-Commerce EnvironmentE-commerce environment is inseparable from information technology within the enterprise must have the necessary hardware and software facilities: one should have a server and a corresponding number of computers; second is to have a computer network infrastructure facilities; Third, should have the e-commerce business applications; four should have modern management. Should also consider the following factors: e-business applications must be practical; the system must implement centralized data storage and backup; the system must have the ability to upgrade online expansion; the system must have security and other data services.3.2 The Company Must Change The Existing Management SystemE-commerce technology and management must operate mechanisms, and the combination of enterprise business processes.so that it can be used for the new system, in particular the management of external cooperation and information-processing technology to business units meet the basic requirements for enterprises to develop e-commerce, e-commerce is not otherwise achieve the desired results. At the same time, companies can not immediately abandon the existing information systems, to make full use of existing mature e-commerce system, the integration of existing rational choice of scientific information systems have come to deal with the maximum difference between different systems, for e-commerce companies to lay a good foundation.3.3 Enterprises To Accelerate The Introduction Of E-Commerce Or Cultivating Talent To Its Capability In E-Commerce, To Seize The InitiativeThe ultimate benefit of e-commerce operations are performed by people, companies are not only understands the needs of network technology, but also understands high-quality compound talents of e-commerce rules and business management to undertake the work. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency.In addition to selecting an important way to open recruitment with relevant knowledge and technology, the enterprise should develop e-commerce and e-business knowledge training job skills training, improve the quality of e-commerce business-related personnel and networking skills, which is to ensure the rapid development of e-commerce enterprises . Training complex e-commerce talent is necessary for the development of e-commerce.In short, the development and use of e-commerce process, to synchronize with the corporate modernization, so that e-commerce has become assistant business development. E-commerce has brought tremendous opportunities for businesses, who can seize this opportunity, who will be able to seize the wealth.References[1] Ning Hong Kong. Impact of e-commerce and its impact on traditional accounting [J]. Sun Yat-sen University, 2003, (6)[2]Guo liters. Competitive advantage with the requirements of e-commerce Market Forum 2006 4[3]Qi Ming. E-commerce practical tutorial [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000[4]Introduction to E-Commerce / Zhao Yanping editor - Beijing: Central Party School Publishing 2005.11译文：浅议电子商务在企业的发展是必然的摘要电子商务是指在利用计算机和互联网络技术的支持下进行的商务活动。