电子商务外文翻译文献
电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)附件1：外文翻译译文网上购物的自由、控制和乐趣网上购物的消费者数量和网上购物的数额正在上升；费雷斯特研究公司估计，今年互联网销售额是去年的20亿倍以上。
相比之下，美国去年的整体零售销售额达13万亿美元。
因此，目前电子商务的销售额仅占零售销售额的1%左右。
专家和学者闷得争执消费者网上消费的百分比的可能上限。
网上消费上限将超过其他直接营销的15%，或者如费雷斯特研究公司所建议的，到2010年占许多零售采购产品类别的1/3.最终，在何种程度上满足购物目标导向和有经验的消费者需求将影响消费者会选择花在每个环境中的美元金额。
虽然许多作家都在鼓吹在线媒体提供交互性和个性化的体验的独特功能，例如，很少有系统的集中于网上购物者真正需要什么，以及为什么他们把网上购物放在第一位清楚的了解什么激发消费者网上购物可以并应告知战略、技术和市场营销的决定，以及网站设计。
那么，什么激发网上购物？在离线的环境中营销人员认识到，消费者不同的消费方式取决于他们用于搜索的动机是否主要是体验（因为好玩）还是目标导向（因为效率高）。
我们的网上客户的研究表明，这两种动机同样可以推广到在线环境。
体验行为特别可能发生在消费者有一个持续的爱好型的兴趣类别中。
收藏家和爱好者享受“惊险的狩猎”一样收藏各种收藏品。
同样，有时间保证和欲望刺激可以引起更多的体验购物行为。
学者们还发现，更高的娱乐性与体验行为比专注于目标的购物引起更积极的情绪、更大的网上购物满意度和更高可能性的购物冲动行为。
目标导向或功利购物已被各种营销学者描述为任务导向的，高效的，合理的和蓄意的。
因此，专注于目标的购物是以交易为导向，希望快速购买他们想要的东西而无需焦急。
零售消费者将功力购买描述为“工作”和评估其努力的成功的条款通常与工作表现相关词汇联系起来，如“成功”“完成”。
重要的是，市场调查公司发现，2/3到4/5的互联网买家从事特定产品的狭义在线搜索。
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文文献信息: Maribel P. The research of rural e-commerce pattern [J]. Information Systems Research, 2016, 12(2): 60-71.原文The research of rural e-commerce patternMaribel PAbstractBased on the characteristics of rural areas, regional scattered small-scale production, is put forward for regional trade core e-commerce concept, namely, region to region (both A2A), area of business (A2B) and business to regional (B2A) model. Discuss the connotation of the three models and basic methods. To build agricultural product supply, high benefit value chain, and put forward the rural regional collaborative e-commerce model (ABC), and discusses the collaborative approach, namely technology together, data and business synergy together. Rural electronic commerce is discussed, the key technologies to be solved in the dynamic planning, logistics business matching and human-computer interaction technology, agricultural knowledge search engine.Keywords: Rural electronic commerce; Collaborative commerce; Logistics; The cloud service1 IntroductionMergence, dispersion of agricultural production and the regional, low-value and perishable, large range of agricultural products, such as top factors greatly restricted the agricultural production industrialization, modernization and radiation area of the market. These characteristics of agricultural production is the difficulty to realize e-commerce, e-commerce comes in. Realizethe electronic commerce mode must be built the following three elements: business model, logistics mode and operation platform. Its core value is the service "three rural", promote the circulation of agricultural products, promote agricultural technology popularization of science and technology, and ensure that all parties involved. Implement approaches should be considered in the rural economic base, cultural education, regional characteristics, to build a system of high value chain, low cost. Therefore, put forward a region as thecore of rural e-commerce mode, and study to achieve this goal of the rural model of e-commerce, logistics and related key technologies.2 The rural electronic commerce modelDue to the dispersion can't produce scale effect to agriculture, rural areas and farmers, thus to an area as the core to form a group of unity in the face of distributors, suppliers, customers, in order to achieve better returns. Construction of regional sales network the main node is the kiosk, a kiosk represents a small region (country), by the kiosk connected together to form a larger area, then step by step together constitute a huge sales network. The researcher is the bridge of farmers and the network, agent role; information. The logistics node is polymerization and divergent role. Represented by the area can be formed three main business models, namely, both A2A, A2B, B2A and thus form a comprehensive, the countryside electronic commerce system.2.1 A2A modelBoth A2A modes (Area to Area) are the Area of regional pattern. Will be scattered small farmers, the collection of the minor agricultural production to the cities, distribution toconsumers, need a set of organized, perfect sales network system, including business mode and the logistics distribution system. Business model is the most basic function is to establish a farmers' market on the net, for online transactions decentralized farmers supply and demand information, industry information, market information, and send the customer feedback information to farmers on a regular basis. Logistics distribution system to be in a kiosk Mei Village construction and set up more than a messenger, and feedback to the farmers purchasing information and collecting information of agricultural products. In short-range Mei Village set of logistics, the concentration of distribution; Composed of kiosk logistics network by chain transmission to realize the rapid delivery of logistics. Through the information of the supply and demand information and logistics information platform for unified management and scheduling. The researcher and logistics agent can be held by a rural transportation profession of part-time, in order to reduce system operating costs. Through this kind of distribution system and the supporting information platform canprovide regional rural e-commerce services. Both A2A modes centered on the core idea of region, radiation surrounding areas at the same time; mainly for the region of agricultural products and agricultural production and business operation entities to provide e-commerce services. Farm shop provides the information of agricultural products distribution and virtual display network platform, at the same time can provide the first-of-the-season products trading market and offline trading services. 2.2 A2B modelA2B model (Area to Business) the Area of Business model. In the new rural construction pushing moronic Hamamatsudemands for agricultural products deep processing, for the scope of agricultural products marketing, economies of scale will have a big breakthrough. But the size of the agricultural cooperatives is not big, should also form the regional advantage, e-commerce activities. The task of the kiosk can be borne by the professional cooperatives, and broker’s professionals of the main agricultural cooperatives. The basic idea of A2B model is similar to an area of agricultural information gathered, futures information, this information can be also can be the spot information, and published on the Internet, sales to the businessman. Mainly provide online trading services, such as bidding, futures, contracts, Internet, etc. Complete logistics, on the other hand, with the help of a third party's logistics system. Heart A2B model is to create a virtual professional market, correspond to that of the real market.2.3 B2A modelB2A mode (Business to Area) is merchants and regional model. In the region's farmers need all kinds of agricultural materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers, etc., concentrated accesses by unified procurement to suppliers, in order to reduce the intermediate links, lower the price? Merchants can also by the researcher and kiosk, online survey and product promotion, to farmer’s agricultural materials message (e.g., price information, performance information, etc.).Supply and demand information collected through a unified, unified resource allocation, businesses focus to regional sales of agricultural materials, to reduce costs and expand sales area. This is a win-win pattern on both sides. Here, stood up and the function of logistics transit information.3 ABC modelIn order to further reduce the risk of the production and sale of agricultural products, the ABC model should be introduced in the rural electronic commerce. The ABC model is (Area & Business Chain Collaboration) Area and Business synergy model. Agricultural production cycle is long, the demand of the market is difficult to define, as a result, the area (producers and consumers), and agricultural products to distributors, agricultural materials suppliers, such as agricultural materials manufacturers formed a kind of symbiosis, interaction relations of the chain. Regional farmers by participating in collaborative commerce establish new value chain orientation, the value chain to regional business (A2B) or business as a support on the relationship between the regional (B2A);And through the parties work together to expand value become a collaborative network, provide area between farmers and merchants more effective communication channel, product circulation mechanism and information service mode, will demand chain and supply chain, make the parties get maximum benefit. Integrated use of the Internet and multimedia technology (especially the 3 d technology), cloud computing technology and modern management technology, the area and virtual set up businesses, enterprises, upstream and downstream manufacturers, the supply of agricultural materials, agricultural production, agricultural products processing, logistics tracking and certification regulation and organic together, realize information sharing and collaborative work, to achieve dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Through collaborative e-commerce platform to provide integrated business activities for all parties, the "production, supply and sale" to form a chain of high efficiency, high benefit, high specification, carry out performanceof agricultural products (business model, including production, processing, product design, distribution, transportation, distribution, retail and related services, etc.) and business integration, building integrated virtual national and global market. Be very perfect, corresponding e-commerce mode function should provide business matching services, online services, online services, online payment services, signing a contract intelligent searchand match, agricultural products market price and trend analysis, assistant decision making and OLAP services online. The main coordinating function of ABC model includes technical coordination, data and business synergy together.3.1The technology togetherTechnology synergy instigating build platform has good integration, scalability, portability, consistency, standardization and manageability. Cloud computing is an optimal mode. Cloud technology can be divided into three levels of SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. SaaS (Software as a Service) is a Software as a Service layer, the function of this layer is applied as a Service to the guess households. Users can use them directly through a web browser running on the cloud, and not need to install. PaaS (Platform as a Service) is a Platform as a Service layer; the function of this layer is a development Platform as a Service to the user. Users can in a, including all kinds of components, documentation, and testing environment, the development of the platform is very convenient to write application, and whether the deployment or at run time, the user doesn't have resources such as servers, operating systems, storage management, the tedious work of PaaS supplier is responsible for handling. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) is the infrastructure as a Service layer, the function of this layer is thevirtual machine or other resources as a Service to the user, the user can get what he needs from suppliers or storage of virtual machine and other related resources to load the application, at the same time, the management of the infrastructure will have to be completed by the IaaS provider. These characteristics of cloud model, such as convenient operation, system function extension is convenient, save money, etc., especially suitable for rural information environment.3.2 Data togetherIn ABC brought together all of the information on the mode of collaborative supplies chain, information resource covering rural economy basic link such as production, agricultural capital, market, management, science and technology, etc. Its characteristic is there are many different kinds of information, sources, different standards, overlapping, do not have a unified data format; storage distribution area is large, different database platform. Therefore, data coordination is particularlyimportant. Data collaborative goal is to distribution in the network virtual together all kinds of data, to meet the requirements of the cooperative parties for data sharing, to facilitate the synergy of business. Synergy is the core of data exchange platform, will all kinds of data into a unified standard, the various heterogeneous, distributed data sources in the standard Web services, to shield the difference between the data source. Virtual technology using cloud services provide a uniform data access. Cloud services that cloud storage system structure, the storage system is composed of distribution around a storage device, through clustering function such as grid computing, distributed file system or similar unite to work together, and through the service software to provide storage services to usersand access the service.3.3 Businesses togetherBusiness synergy is auxiliary area on the supply chain, suppliers, manufacturers, customers; realize the online orders and plan coordination and management of the production process, the enterprise internal management, improve management and high production efficiency, help enterprise to realize the business collaboration between different departments, branches. Main technology is through the integration of ERP, SCC, CRM, CAM, information system, EDI, instant communication, such as module, realize the sharing of data and information transmission based on workflow, and makes the whole chain business coordination function, build a unified, huge virtual enterprise, the upstream suppliers, middle reaches of the manufacturers, area farmers and downstream customers closely linked together, to create a service chain of supply, production, sales service. Because ABC chain store large amounts of data, can build all sorts of data warehouse and data mart, processing all kinds of data mining and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) analysis; Can provide all kinds of auxiliary decision scheme, such as resources, coordination, profit distribution, and even cultural synergy, etc., is the user seize market opportunities, to maximize the interests of the perfect protection.译文农村电子商务模式研究Maribel P摘要基于农村地区小生产、区域分散等特点，提出以区域为交易核心的电子商务理念，即区域对区域（A2A）、区域对商家（A2B）和商家对区域（B2A）模式。
电子商务外文资料翻译-- 如何使用网上交易平台
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：经济管理学院专业：信息管理与信息系统姓名：学号： 0802010105外文出处：Electronic Commerce: Second International Workshop 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文如何使用网上交易平台网络交易平台，是从事外汇交易，目前最流行的方式。
您节省了不少麻烦，并通过开放的网上外汇经纪商之一帐户，开始网上交易，从你的家，。
基于网络的交易平台，促进具有许多功能，所以你实际上可以做，甚至没有一个单一的新闻纸张或任何其他材料的网上外汇交易平台提供的信息以外的整个业务。
你需要找到一个良好的网络培训平台，然后才开始使用一个。
选择网上外汇作为paltforms没有选项将满足您的需求时，你需要考虑很多事情。
大多数的网上外汇经纪公司提供一个模拟账户或试用帐户，让你了解他们的网络交易平台的想法，这样你就可以有虚拟货币交易，以了解网上外汇交易平台的优势和弱点。
如果你喜欢你所看到的，它是很容易的转换到一个新的帐户和您的模拟账户，开始真正的游戏。
情况下，如果你不满意，只需关闭一个平台模拟账户转移到另一个。
当您使用一个Web交易平台，分析和趋势图是最重要的指标。
这些图表显示了货币市场的行为。
您可以选择您看到的信息的粒度。
有时，有必要给你看当天的看法，有时一个月的看法。
趋势图通常表明你的货币的行为，当您计划买入或卖出某一特定货币。
根据货币是否正赶上或失去价值，可以使交易决策。
自动化是网上交易平台推出宽松的商人忙碌的生活的最佳功能之一。
几乎每一个网络交易平台提供此功能，无需支付额外费用。
使用此功能时，您可以轻松地定义了一套自动化您的交易规则和阈值。
这样，你的身体存在是不是强制性的贸易在货币市场上，自交易客户端软件将采取的贸易业务代表你照顾。
虽然许多网上平台用户喜欢此功能，此功能的不正确使用可能会损坏您的外汇投资组合。
电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文：Towards Enhancing Trust on Chinese E-Commerce Abstract:E-Commerce has been much more popular in western countries where the development of E-Commerce systems has been relatively matured. While the technology and social credit environment are well developed, E-Commerce is relatively new and receives fewer acceptances within commercial industries in China. Building trust has been identified as one of the major concerns in E-Commerce.In this paper, we will develop an computational model, which may be used to improve the trust-building relationship among consumers, retailers and authorities. This model considers a number of factors including direct experiences, customer recommendations, and authority certification, while parties involved in the E-Commerce activities can confidently establish and reliably enhance the trustworthiness.We also conduct a case study on how to improve consumer-retailer trust relationship in an E-Commerce application by the use of the trust model, which is one of functional electronic storefronts with the consideration of trustworthiness in China. In addition, the findings from this research will also be helpful for national policy maker on legislation of Chinese E-Commerce activities.Key Words: Trust, E-Commerce, Trust-building, Computational model, Chinese E-Commerce.I. Introduction“With the rapid development of Internet technology, the landscape of exchanging information and doing business has been com pletely changed”. As a new way of doing business, E-Commerce is increasingly affecting, changing and even replacing the traditional commerce approach. People are increasingly accepting and using E-Commerce than ever before. Without any doubt, many network applications, based on initial Door to Door to B2B, B2C, and C2C models, have a profound influence on the global economy. However most of the development of E-Commerce is primarily achieved within a handful of countries, particularly in countries like US, Japan and some of European countries. Since the advent of the Internet in the late 1990’s in China, various applications can be seen in the following years, which stirred thousands of ambitious young Chinese people to establish their own business on-line with a dream of getting wealthy overnight. Over the past few years, almost 70% of the growth in Internet users from all over the world occurred only in China. However, in terms of E-Commerce development, there is still a gap between China and the developed countries. With the increased popularity of the Internet and the continuous improvement of Internet technologies, the development of E-Commerce has just made an impressive start. What hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce can be attributed to various problems and barriers. Some of these problems such as payment method, distribution problem, and security issues have been partially alleviated. Unfortunately the consumers’ lack of trust towards E-Retailers has been identified as the biggest barrier that needs to be overcome in long-term.In the paper, we will identify the challenges in developing Chinese E-Commerce and propose a model to cooperate with current E-Commerce system as a mean of enhancing trustworthiness. The paper is organized into 6 sections. Section 2 introduces the current standing of E-Commerce, and then Section 3 briefly reviews the challenges in developing E-Commerce, and examines the “Trust problem”, which is identified as the major obstacle that hinders the spreading of E-Commerce in China. In Section 4, we propose a computational model that can be used to address the trust problem. Section 5 specifically discusses how to apply the model to improve trustworthiness, and gives a case study in Section 6. Section 7 concludes the paper by discussing further directions for improving trust between E-Commerce users.II. Current Chinese E-Commerce Standing(I) Issues in E-CommerceTrust has always been the main concern among most of Chinese E-Commerce companies. On one hand, people are impressed by doing business on-line, but on the other hand they are still worried about using E-Commerce widely. Consequently, a gap appeared between on-line retailers’interest in attracting shoppers to their electronic storefronts and many consumers’ trust in those activities. Nevertheless, researches have shown that the trust problem is not only technical problem, but more of a social problem caused by various reasons. First and foremost, for historical reasons, people may lack of confiden ce with others, therefore it’s quite difficult to puttrust in someone else in the beginning. Secondly, the commercial law and regulation for E-Commerce cannot fully protect the interests of consumers and merchants. Therefore E-Commerce users lack the confidence to take the risk when communicating with an unfamiliar party. Thirdly, the social credit system and payment system in China are still not strong enough when carrying complex E-Commerce transactions, so that on-line business frauds may happen, and harm consumers. Last but not least Internet security and cryptography techniques, which can increase consumers’confidence in on-line activity, are still under development. Due to all these issues, E-Commerce specialists commonly regard that the bottleneck of Chinese E-Commerce is as a trust problem than anything else.(II) Opportunities of Chinese E-CommerceIn 2005, Chinese E-Commerce has been experiencing the upsurge of B2C markets. With the recognition of trust problem, many retailers are experimenting with various trust building strategies to establish trustworthiness towards E-Retailers. Establishing trust between E-Commerce users is a long term process. Apart from more education or training in the long term, we can resort to technology to enhance consumer trust in an unfamiliar E-retailer. One effective method is to participate in third-party assurance programs, which assist consumers in an accessible level of trust they should place in an E-Commerce transaction. In that way, merchants who agree to meet a third party assures standards can either use the assure certified technology, or agree to be bound in some way by the assure procedures or oversight are registered by the assure and permitted to display an identifying logo or assurance seal on their website. Consumers can reveal specific validation of the merchants good-standing with the assure or additional disclosures related to the merchants’ business practices or history. Some theories suggest that trust in an E-retailer can be speci fically defined as consumers’ willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations regarding an E-Retailers future behavior. By evaluating a party’s post behavior and tracking its activities, the party’s futu re behavior can be expected and trust level can be considered so that consumers can make purchasing decision according to the trust level of E-Retailer. In this paper, a third party assurance program that can be cooperated with the current E-Commerce system is proposed. Through tracking E-Retailer ’s activity records, collecting consumer experiences, and recommendations, the computation model is capable of considering the level that consumer can trust an unfamiliar E-Retailer. More detail about the model is described in Section 4.III. Challenges in Developing Chinese E-CommerceChinese E-Markets is undeniably of great potential. E-Markets are not only beneficial for national economy, but also for the global economy, especially since China has entered the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, in terms of developing E-Commerce, there is a gap between China and other developed countries. The primary cause is that the advent of information age has a great impact on the economy of industrialized countrie s, while the social environment and China hasn’t become used to its coming. These can be noticed from various aspects including information infrastructure, barriers of social environment, degree of technologyinnovation, level of awareness, and trustworthiness and so on. Technically, the improvement is obvious, but it’s difficult to catch up in short term for some social problems.(I) Informationization GapCurrent social environment in China is yet to match the rapid informationization. The understanding of the relation and interaction between industrialization and informationization is inadequate. In addition, the importance and urgency of informationization in social and economic development haven’t been fully appreciated. Apart from that, for a long term progress, the awareness and acceptance to informationization are still underway both theoretically and practically.Furthermore, the global information infrastructure are building up, China is not a exception. However, the popularity of informational and electronic facilities in China is still behind the USA, even though 70% of the growth in Internet users occurred in China. That is mainly due to the huge population of China and the imbalanced development of different regions.In terms of the innovation of information technology, China is catching up to the developed countries progressively, although the exploring and utilization of information resources and services are not yet adequate.(II) Social Barriers in E-CommerceIn China, E-Commerce activities are impeded by some social barriers as well. For instance, the law and regulation are not flawless. E-commerce gives a full impetus to social and economic development; in the meantime, it raises some new problems. So we need to address the inadequacy of traditional policy and laws in the new circumstance, and recommend new and effective law and regulation system. E-commerce may cause multi-facet problems, such as legitimacy and authentication of E-currency, E-contract, and E-bill. Taxation is another problem. It includes how to collect business tax and custom; whether new tax and collecting methods are needed for some intangible products (e.g. software, electrical audio and video); how to secure market and prevent monopoly, especially telecommunication monopoly; how to protect privacy and Intellectual Property(IP); how to manage and control export and import of intangible products, and so on.There is a lack of E-Commerce standard. Standardization and legislation is a difficult but important task in developing E-Commerce. For instance, before the E-Signature Standard was invented in China, there was no particular standard to normalize the behaviors on Internet, therefore, it could not setup a standard business environment compatible with international standards, which has a huge impact on integration of individual country and global economy.Another problem associated with E-Commerce is the social credit system and payment system. The present E-Commerce can only be regarded as quasi-E-Commerce. Since the credit system lacks of trust, effective monitoring and payment mechanism. The Internet commodity transaction centers only fulfilled parts of E-Commerce processes, but by no mean to be full processes from pre-purchase to post-purchase. The current distribution system for Chinese E-Commerce is still not satisfied enough. For instance, the delivery of products has yet to be separated frommanufacturing and commercial enterprisers. The incomplete distribution system still responds passively to production and sales departments, where different processing links such as warehousing, transporting and loading functions as independent entities so that the distribution problem has not been solved well at present.In summary, these informationization gaps and social barriers indeed hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce, but many people consider lack of consumers trust in E-Commerce merchants, technology, social, financial and legal infrastructures of E-Commerce environment as the most concerned issues that affect the development in an individual country, since most traditional cues for assessing trust in physical world are not available on-line.(III)Trust IssueTrust is a catalyst for human cooperation, and it has received considerable attention in the business and social science literature. Lack of trust can result in a waste of time and resources on protecting ourselves against possible harm and thereby clogs up the economy. Consumer’s trust in an E-Retailer can be defined as consumers’willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations in regard with an E-Retailers future behavior. Factors that affect trust in E-Commerce for consumers include security risks, privacy risks, and lack of reliability in E-Commerce processes in general. As pointed by Nielsen, real trust builds through a company’s actual behavior towards its customers over time, and it is seen to be difficult to build and easy to lose. Theoretically, there are three trust-building processes summarized in:1. Knowledge-based trust is described as a form of trust that develops over time as one party learns about intentions, capabilities, and activity experiences. Example can be recommendation, evaluations, and reputations.2. Institutional-based trust relied on the creation of a “trust infrastructure”, of socially recognized third-party intermediaries that certify the trustworthiness of parties in a commercial exchange or actually enforce trustworthy behaviors on the part of one or both partners. Such example is certificate, membership of association.3. Trust transfer happens when one party ascribes trustworthiness to an unfamiliar exchange partner based on that partner’s association with a trusted party.In the ext section, we will describe a computational model, which can be used to facilitate the trust- building process in E-Commerce, particularly for Chinese E-Commerce market.In this paper, we surveyed the E-Commerce activities currently under going in China. We have closely analyzed the gap between the informationization and barriers of Chinese E-Commerce systems. Among the topics of facilitating development of a positive, effective and satisfied E-Commerce system, “trust” is a major issue, which has not received adequate attention in past decades. We have proposed a computational trust model (ERC2G), which can foster a trust relationship between consumers and merchants, and illustrate how to apply the model in a Chinese E-Commerce system. From the case study of EI Computer, we briefly talked about the implementation of E-Commerce systems with the consideration of enhancing trust. However, establishing trust must be a complex process, which involves moreinformation sources, so continuous improving and enhancing the trustworthiness will be the main objective we need to achieve in future work.翻译：提升中国电子商务信用度摘要电子商务在西方国家已经非常流行，并且电子商务系统在这些国家的发展也相对成熟。
电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。
跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。
本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。
由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。
当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。
验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。
本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。
关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。
术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。
本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。
今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。
建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。
因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。
然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。
电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。
这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。
本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。
通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。
第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。
第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。
2.背景在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。
电子商务外文文献
电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。
在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。
本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。
The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。
电子商务消费者权益保护中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务消费者权益保护中英文对照外文翻译文献电子商务消费者权益保护中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce: Some Remarks on the Jordanian Electronic Transactions Law Emad AbdelElectronic commerce changes the way the world is conducting business. It offers enormous potential for accessing to new markets and transacting between parties who may have had no previous contact or knowledge. With this modern kind of trade, transactions might even be formed by the interaction with or between intelligent software applications without any direct awareness or intervention of the human users.Electronic commerce may also generate many consumer and legal challenges especially regarding the it between law and technology. The law is not just words on a piece of paper, but it might play an active role in building confidence in e-commerce, encouraging efficient business practices, and enhancing the commercial flourish in the networked environment. It is quite possible however that the law might contribute in shaking the trust in e-commerce and undermining the security and reliability of the online environment.It can be said that the success of e-commerce in any country depends primarily on the predictability and suitability of the legal framework and whether such framework copes sensibly with the needs of online consumers. For e-commerce to reach its full potential, consumers must have effective protection when shopping on the Internet, and they have to feel that their data and transmissions are adequately safeguarded andauthenticated. Otherwise, the results will be less and less convincing since individuals will be less willing to engage in the universe of the electronic commerce, and hence, e-commerce will not flourish and its growth will be stifled.Like other countries, Jordan sought to benefit from the advantages and unprecedented opportunities of e-commerce. To achieve this goal, considerable economic and legislative reforms were made during the last decade to bring the Jordanian market into conformity with the global economy and shift the Jordanian economy from protected form of economy to the market one, where the competition practices and liberation of goods and services’ prices are freed. In 2001, Jordan enacted the Electronic Transactions Law No.85 which was largely based on the UNCITRAL model law on electronic commerce. This law has recognized electronic transactions and signatures and placed them on equal footing with their paper counter- parts. Furthermore, Jordan signed and acceded to many treaties and agreements at international, American, and European levels to create a favourable e-commerce climate and meet the standards of international trade.After such changes and in the light of the Jordanian membership in many international agreements, the pressing question that needs to be addressed is whether or not the Jordanian law of electronic transactions deals appropriately with the challenges of e-commerce in a way that strikes a balance between business interests and the need to protect consumer rights. In other words, does the Electronic Transactions Law in Jordan offer the necessary guarantee for a secure online commerce? This question will therefore be the subject matter of this paper.The Protection of Online Consumers in JordanAlthough e-commerce is growing at a dramatic rate, there are still areas of concern that need to be addressed adequately by the legislation in order to promote trust in e-commerce and remove any barriers to its full development. Such areas of concern revolve in one way or another around the issues of consumer protection, privacy, and data protection in an online environment where the contracting parties hardly know each other, and in which electronic communications are rarely subject to direct human review.Online consumers may not use the Internet to make purchases if they find that they do not have a clear protection from unfair contractual terms or that their rights of privacy and transparency are not comprehensively guaranteed. Therefore, it can be argued that the lack of proper legislation may not only shake consumer confidence in online commerce, but it might also threaten the expansion and profitability of e-commerce. It is clear then that the consumer protection in e-commerce is based on several rights such as the right of full information, the right of privacy, the right to withdraw from the contract without penalty, and the right to have effective protection from unfair contractual conditions.Let us now explore the way in which the Electronic Transactions Law deals with such rights and determine whether or not this law gives due attention to consumer protection in an online environment. Let us further permit and encourage debate of what such law should be in order to enhance legal certainty as well as increase confidence in e-commerce in Jordan.The Right of Full InformationIn order to protect online consumers and boost theirconfidence in e-commerce, consumer protection rules in most jurisdictions require that certain information must be provided to the consumer in good time before the contract is concluded. Good examples in this regard are the European Directive 2000/31/EEC on electronic commerce, and the European Directive 1997/7/EC on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts which contain specific provisions in terms of information to be provided to the consumer. Such directives aim to encourage greater use of e-commerce by clarifying the rights and obligations of businesses and consumers, enhancing the transparency, and breaking down barriers across Europe. In order to achieve these goals, such Directives require that certain information be supplied to consumers in a clear manner that comports with the means of distance communication used, having regard to the principles of good faith in commercial transactions, and the protection of minors and others unable to give consent. These Directives insist further that online service providers are obliged to provide contact details to the recipients of their services in a form that is easily, directly and permanently accessible.Unlike the European law, the Electronic Transactions Law in Jordan does not contemplate the information that the supplier must provide to the consumer before the conclusion of the electronic contract. By doing so, this law leaves this issue to be governed by the general rules of the Civil Law without in any way recognizing the fact that consumers in an online environment need more protection than that offered by such general rules. Without direct and comprehensible recognition of the full information right, suppliers might have an absolute power to bind their consumers regardless of whether or not they providethem with the necessary information to enter into contracts, and consumers might thus become largely unprotected. If creating a confident and protective environment for online consumers is our concern, it is essential then that the Electronic Transactions Law addresses such issue explicitly by imposing special duties of information on the supplier so that certain details must be provided to the consumer either before the contract is made or in good time after it. The Right to Privacy in Personal Data Many privacy concerns arise in cyberspace where anonymity prevails and in which technology facilitates the collection, processing and transmission of individuals’ information in a matter of a few seconds. On a daily basis, the vast majority of Web sites required e-consumers to disclose some personal identifyinginformation as they complete electronic transactions or create online accounts. Such consumers often provide the required personal information without fully understanding how this information will be used and whether or not it will be shared with third parties. They just do that to complete a transaction or gain access to a service they seek since they know that any refusal to submit the required information will hinder any further meaningful use of a Web site, and hence, they will find themselves unable to complete their intended purchase (Ciocchetti 2008, p. 561).While some Web sites collect personal information from consumers and store it in their databases in order to facilitate transactions and discover consumers’ trends and interests so that they can satisfy the ever-evolving needs of their consumers, other Web sites may collect personal information only to sell it to marketing firms or unrelated third parties for a profit. Thismight not only impact a consumer’s privacy negatively, but it may also cause considerable personal and financial damage especially when very sensitive data falls into the wrong hands. What complicates the matter further is the fact that once such data leaves the hands of its initial collectors, it may be stolen or purchased anonymously and from anywhere around the world. That being the case, it should come as no surprise if consumers know nothing about the identity of the parties that purchase their personal information or the purpose for which such information is used. This situation may infringe the privacy of e-consumers and leave them in the dark as to how their personal information will be used in the future. In order to avoid that, law should determine when, how, and to what extent consumers’ personal information is collected, used, and shared with third parties.Law is also strongly advised to oblige Web sites to notify their customer in advance and in a conspicuous manner of their privacy policy with regard to the collection, use, and dissemination of personal information. Such notification must clarify whether or not this information will be shared externally and must also include the identity of the data controller, the purpose for which the data is collected, and the measures that will be taken to guard such data against loss or unauthorised processing. By doing so, law will surely enable e-consumers to make informed decisions before submitting their personal information online, and provide them with options as to how this information may be used for purposes beyond those necessary to conclude a transaction.Protecting the privacy of personal data is recognized as being important tosociety and to the development of e-commerce in Europe. This is why the European Union has enacted Directive 95/96 in 1995 to determine a basic framework for the protection of personal data while at the same time stressing the freedom of movement of personal data between each of the EU’s Member States. This Directive includes an important language that attempts to identify the core rights of data subjects, such as the right to know what data is held on them and the nature and purpose of the processing. Furthermore, this Directive necessitates that any subsequent use or transfer of the data must be justified in the light of the purpose for which it was acquired.Unlike the European Union, Jordan does not yet have comprehensive legislation pertaining to data privacy. Although the Jordanian Constitution explicitly recognizes the right of each member of the society to maintain and preserve his individual privacy, and although Jordan signed many international agreements which have insisted on the importance of protecting the privacy of personal data, Jordan has no specific data protection or privacy law, and hence, it remains unclear how to deal with the collection, processing, and dissemination of consumers' personal identifying information. In fact, even though Jordan has witnessed significant legislative reforms and amendments during the last decade, none of such reforms and amendments regulate the privacy in online contracting.While the Electronic Transactions Law was well intentioned, its silence with regard to data privacy has effectively undermined the consumer protection which it aimed to provide to Internet users. Instead of safeguarding the rights of consumers to privacy and protection in the online environment, this law says nothing about the collection, use, and disclosure of consumers' personalidentifying information. Furthermore, this law does not require e- commerce companies to create a privacy policy or notify their customers of the purpose for which the personal data are collected from them. That being the case, one may conclude that online companies have too much power to determine the manner in which they collect and process consumers' personal data, and that such companies are absolutely free to sell, swap, or rent consumers’ data to whoever they want without any fear that law will interfere or track down their operations. Under the current legal system in Jordan, online consumers have no control over their submitted information or over the subsequent use of such information, and it still difficult for them to make informed decisions before submitting their personal identifying information online.Privacy is then one of the most complex challenges facing e-commerce in Jordan. Unless the Jordanian legal system meets this challenge adequately in a way that protects the personal information of consumers while also promotes e-commerce efficiency, the interests of Internet users across the country will be largely unprotected. Therefore, law is strongly advised to establish enforceable rules to safeguard users’ rights to privacy in personal data. It is perhaps useful for Jordan to consider the principles of fair information practices for the protection of personal data that can be found in the Data Protection Directive in the European Union. It would also be useful in this regard to contemplate the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Privacy Guidelines.ConclusionElectronic commerce has brought with it a host of new challenges especially in matters of privacy and consumerprotection. It has become increasingly certain that the absence of an appropriate legal framework to deal with such challenges may have a negative effect on the stability and predictability of e-commerce. For most shoppers, feeling that their data and interests are well protected throughout the different stages of the electronic contracting process is the most important consideration in shopping online. If consumers feel that their rights might be infringed or that their interests might not be effectively and explicitly safeguarded, then they may be less willing to engage in online activities and transactions. It seems thus that the primary challenge is how to deal legally with e-commerce in a way that promotes trust in conducting business over the Internet, and at the same time protects the fundamental rights of online consumers such as the right of full information, the right to have effective protection from unfair contractual terms, the right to review the contract or to withdraw from it, and the right to privacy.The most important initiative drawing the general features of electronic commerce in Jordan is the Electronic Transactions Law No. 85 of 2001 which was adopted in order to accommodate the challenging aspects of e-commerce. The examination of this law however does not paint a positive picture of the future of such commerce in Jordan. Unfortunately, this law says nothing regarding the protection of consumers' rights in the online environment. Furthermore, this law does not include any measures to build confidence in online commerce, nor does it involve any safeguards in relation to misleading advertising, unfair contractual terms, the collection of consumers' personal identifying information, spamming, and othermarketing practices that may confuse or take advantage ofthe consumer. Instead of safeguarding the rights of consumers comprehensively, unambiguously, and directly, this law leaves this issue to be governed by the general rules of the Civil Law without in any way recognizing the fact that consumers in an online environment need more protection than that offered by such general rules.In spite of the significance now being placed internationally on consumer protection, little attention has been given to such issue in Jordan. At the time of writing, Jordan does not yet have specific legislation pertaining to the protection of online consumers. While consumers in most jurisdictions receive the benefit of a wide range of consumer protection laws, there is no detailed or comprehensive legal framework in Jordan for consumer protection. Although the general rules of the Jordanian Civil Law contain in one way or another some kind of indirect consumer protection, such rules may not be sufficient in the digital world due to the fundamental differences between online and offline environments.Although Jordan has proceeded with upgrading its legislation to meet challenges brought by e-commerce, it needs to do more in order to secure a suitable climate for e-commerce and enhance the confidence in conducting business online. In matters of privacy and consumer protection, Jordan should seek to establish explicit rules to safeguard consumers’ interests without invoking and depending on the general rules of the Civil Law or on other traditional laws which may not be applicable for the Internet. For the full potential of e- commerce to be realized, Jordan is also strongly advised to develop effective standards to ensure that there are adequate consumer protection and proper means of redress in place. It is perhaps useful for Jordan toconsider the principles of consumer protection that can be found in the relevant European Directives or OECD Guidelines.From:Jordan electronic trading activities of the law电子商务中的消费者权益保护：一些备注在约旦电子交易活动的律法阿曼德阿布戴尔电子商务改变世界的方式开展业务。
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中英文翻译1 外文文献译文电子商务战略挑战介绍11世纪欧洲出现了信贷和银行系统等金融工具，如外汇支出。
这是我们的观念的改变，当时，它们是现代商业形式。
信息技术的到来(电脑与通讯)和发展前景彻底改变这种传统商业模式。
网络(电子商务)自诞生以来，提供了一个方便的沟通渠道,使企业与现有和潜在的客户更方便。
互联网的出现也引起了普遍的沟通渠道的变化，以电子商务巨大的潜力。
尽管仍有许多辩论怀疑这种商业模式的支付安全性，这显然是一个经济增长的热点。
很难说互联网是多么大的网络. 霍夫曼&诺瓦克(1996)引用了一些调查(地下发现/SVP时代镜和CommerceNet)发现在美国至少有10万互联网用户。
电脑数量(主机)连接因特网花费达9.47亿美元(网络奇才公司,1996年),1996年1月. 看到任何一个单一主办支持用户都有成千上万的使用者。
截至1996年3月21日，在公开市场的上市公司24347(1996)目录里”网上商业服务”共有54800份,在公司指导目录里雅虎网站(Yahoo,1996年)网站的访问人数大约每两个月翻一番.克拉克董事长Jim估计在1995年有4000万因特网用户每月增长8% (克拉克,1995年)。
互联网技术只是一个方面。
企业需要的信息系统和处理数据的应用软件一段时间内成为新兴的信息技术。
现代信息技术帮助企业掌握并处理有用信息。
这些技术包括：1. 组织支持系统, 譬如工作流和群件- 使企业更加高效率。
2. 顾客联络数据库-帮助捕获关于顾客的信息并促进行销新方法3. 电子支付系统-这种方式刚刚涌现,多数付款仍然应用比较昂贵的传统现金结算。
集体和个人,这些地区将发生重大变化,一个公司的方式进行经营，WorkWareEnix 已经创立了一个新名词来形容这些技术的结合。
在一定程度上，这个领域的变化将引起一个公司经营方式巨大的的改变，Enix打造术语Workware 来描述这些技术的结合。
但是，有普遍误解对于组织支持技术的价值。
由Xephon 的研究公司(1996) 调查437 家大企业，一个令人惊讶的比例(44%) 没有介绍现代信息处理系统的直接意图(由Xephon 定义作为Lotus Notes 的群件, 微软交换和Novell GroupWise) 。
其中， 65% 认为他们是缺乏信心的对于这些技术能否应用。
从这些统计来看，许多组织怀疑这种技术的好处。
银行组织支付系统处理支持营销客户信息图1电子商务的出现将主要由三个主要组件电子商务的出现之后,会由三个主要要素加固它的根基有效地收集、利用、处理、储存和传播信息的是现代企业经营成功一个重要因素。
然而，收集和使用信息必须考虑隐私和安全问题. 最近出现在金融时报 (1996)上“在1990年实现金融服务机构为企业管理和操纵信息和操作赚钱一样。
”此外,有兴趣的课题,如TQM 和委托过程的重要性,也显示了根本性的基础. 利益被显示该课题像TQM 和BPR处理根本构件一样重要。
一些有预见的组织必将设立的顶部门开发利用这三个要素市场改变老市场开拓新市场。
那些未能很快地适应新的市场规则企业其战略规划将是多余的，各企业应为了市场运作必须研究这些技术营销BudayNohria(1996)和说,电子商务的兴起为消费过程带来的变化通过网络社区很可能导致新一轮的重整、合并与收购。
此外,为拓展新的业务领域架构,同时企业角色变化必须领先于互联网的崛起。
例如:某杂志发行人Condé.Naste已进入旅游业务，比尔.盖兹真正的网络房地产经纪人;补充性的广告公司和贝尔纳已成为补充性的电子公司。
电子商务的出现，将极大地影响我们现在的需要'市场'。
显然,出现网络社区(阿姆斯特朗和黑格，1996)意味着行销人才，必须扩大视野，这一技术的出现将威胁到现有的商业渠道。
参与市场需要理解网络世界产品和服务的全部。
要学会利用技术使客户从信息传播到无碍交易完成自由选择，与各种必要的产品和服务的供应商联系是必须的。
包含了一些有趣的问题是:1.收集什么样的资料是有用的？这是收集有关资料,并且如何使用?2.信息系统是否有能力掌握客户的交易资料,使之对以后分析有用?3.在处理电子社区、专业市场做不同理解. 人们需要把进行交易的客户作为目标,而不是一味邮寄。
互联网作为社会思想的核心,自它起源就作为防御,但大多数学术计算机网络还不是社区型商业. 但是,世界上有广泛的范围和性质的变化和互联网的方式进行商业交易. 行政总裁柯达据说说他唱看柯达网站找厂商. 但据他所知,这是最重要的,因为个人的方式,因为出售逐户推销员,只是现在老百姓都对柯达客户的大门. 阿姆斯特朗和黑格提出四种非专属电子社区是:交易兴趣.网络社区这个想法是在互联网中心从它的起源作为防御和学术计算机网络虽然多数社区特别仍然不被安置商务。
但是, 万维网改变了和扩展了联网的本质并以这种方式产生了新的商业交易。
柯达的CEO 断言陈述, 他不能告诉是否柯达网站是利润的源泉。
但他知道它是重要的，它是超越个人挨家挨户的推销的方式, 唯一顾客主动找上门来。
阿姆斯壮和Hagel 提出四类型非排除性的电子社区, 那些: 对交易感兴趣; 分享共同利益; 沉溺于幻想比赛; 并且以共有的生活经验。
商机是为那些支持和与这些社区相处融洽, 大厦顾客忠诚持续地。
由满足关系行销和交易的要求, 公司也许了解重要入他们的顾客的自然和需要。
例如, 婴孩产品公司能诱惑顾客定购项目从伴生的线上物品价目表由提供海报栏为新父母。
欲望建立与越来越老练需求的长期客户关系带领公司寻找新建方式获取, 管理和运用客户信息(Peters 和Fletcher, 1995). 此外, 预付款在信息技术根本上修改了公司和客户维护他们的关系的通道。
能力获得和运用客户信息在进程之内成为了一个关键战略问题。
这经常安置公司在要求敏感个人信息的位置从客户。
Gummesson (1987 年, 1994 年, 1995) 观看市场营销作为一套关系, 网络和交往和列表30Rs (关系) 与McCarthy 的(1981) 4Ps (产品对比, 价格, 安排& 促销) 。
Gummesson 显示情况电子关系不讨论在市场宣传品即使它由许多企业广泛实践。
他与虚构的(相似与虚拟或网络) 组织链接关系市场营销。
他争论那由越来越申请它, 更多关系被建立。
他们创建债券的新型对客户和在员工之间。
电子式的关系，超越组织进入市场的例子,认为航空公司、酒店、租车预订系统. 建立社区有再加强的作用。
这迫使我们认识,重新审查传统的经济理论、制度、组织、市场、竞争、交易成本分析。
为解除企业和市场之间的界限,网络营销和组织关系的特点,新的形象和企业的互动是必要的。
信息交换关系的重要性营销(特别是利用电子渠道),必须清醒认识到潜在的问题。
隐私权也是一个问题是,从一个人到另一个私人之间以及不同文化。
那些有可能使用因特网并不太愿意让较高的信息,除非信托受益。
公司需要知道的唯一理由是他们进行客户资料，因为他们的关系与客户有没有转移。
这些客户使用电子渠道，有可能达到更好的教育和更富裕的目标客户。
他们需要,确保客户信息系统是否合适。
了解的过程还需要建立信任。
企业要作出自己的特色守信(独特卖点!)。
对信任大厦过程的理解是必需的。
企业需要通过过程标志他们的可信赖性(一个独特的卖点!)。
信任最好通过过程开发出来。
该过程倾向于顾客饰面——在各顾客互作用信任之基础上迅速筑起否则下降。
公司对信息的价值和意欲的用途必须是绝对清楚的。
收集信息在技术上可能的(一天也许是有用的)很可能减弱信任发展。
霍夫曼(1996)、诺瓦克声称网络营销理念在逐渐演变。
为了成功地教学推销这种新的努力, 在新兴的电子网络社会需要新的商业模式重建营销功能推动电子商务。
“许多海外璵任何璽”依照通讯网络模式(其实有很多多对一的例子)原则,将传统媒体应用在广告中(一对一模式)(多霍夫曼和诺瓦克,1994年). 采用这种方法发挥被动广告在网上俘虏消费者是多余的。
令人惊讶的是,它正在发生变化,没有包括消费活动,旨在发展新兴媒体(丹尼斯 & Pease,1994)。
通过以市场为导向，企业必须了解如何对客户和消费者进行研究。
通过最有效的潜在客户进行对话性新营销方式.逸事证据建议有二类型顾客，便利顾客的和探险家的(愉快冲浪网寻找最佳的成交或多数适当的产品组合) 的那些街道聪明的消费者。
此外, 用网(兆文件和指数地生长) 手段找到相关的信息的纯粹大小变得越来越困难，尽管尽搜索引擎最佳的努力譬如雅虎。
我们的研究建议,大比例的网友对于他们的代表宁可会依靠中介(社区操作员)过滤和选择信息。
网站没签名将要求有地址的知识(URL) 并且不太可能获取何时相似的信息, 在社区里面产品或服务是欣然可利用的。
对中介的贡献保密性上升的伴生的问题, 信任和安全(Schell, 1996).在正常经营活动状况下讨论关于互联网保密性和证券的问题,成千上万人以他们的个人财政为赌注相信其他人。
有一例子，包括在通话中定货, 通过信用卡对一位未知的侍者签署的直接借项命令。
如果错误发生在这些类型交易中我们相信服务提供者会改正错误。
这就是在日常生活中为什么我们盼望互联网支持我们不观察信任和证券的水平?相似的信任关系无法被建立在电子斡旋的讨论是没有理由的。
在一个电子社区范围内如果任何人在那些违反规矩，个体(或小组个体) 寻找报应变得容易了。
在荷兰，它倾向攻击那些设法做广告在学术讨论组(邮件炸弹) 的证据可能被发现，并且社区维持治安反对拍照者。
营销经理必须改建他们广告的模型成为交互式的消费者受控媒介。
传统顾客忠诚阶梯(嫌疑犯, 前景, 顾客, 客户, 伙伴, 提倡者) 是可适用的, 但现在操作格外时尚。
在电子商务时代第一三个阶段经常是瞬间的。
转移从顾客到提倡者依靠忠诚赢得信任。
互联网的快速本质使这变的更加困难。
通过价值链沟通它应该被认可, 依照由以下例子展示过程不被限制在一个组织之内- 他们穿越价值链。
Steinfield,描述一大, 多民族, 使用半新法国电信的Telnet 系统电气用品和家电制造商支持EDI 象与大约10,000 个不同贩商的连接和独立服务工程师一样遍及法国(被获取通过微型电话终端)。
涌现普遍存在的剥削它的Telnet 服务和商务应用, 在全世界互联网提供洞察商务的发展。
这位制造商售后服务辅助者对它的广泛并且被分散的用户提供了替换件和训练。
Telnet系统是允许与最小的贸易的伙伴发生电子事务的。
为迅速交付通过对在线排序的使用结合递送急件服务, 从二个星期到二天企业能消灭地方零件仓库和减少平均修理时间。
从前, 服务工程师直到他们有对零件有充足的需要之后才去向仓库要料。