06第六章古罗马的城市

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外国城市建设史第1——4章

第一篇古代的城市第一章城市的起源一、从狩猎、自然采集到饲养家畜原始社会大约有几十万年的时间，原始人过着完全依附于自然的狩猎与采集经济生活，即猎人有时穴居、巢居，有时跟踪兽群游猎。

旧石器时代，人们为谋取生存，游猎范围较广。

而旧石器时代晚期，人类转入了相对定居的生活，开始出现了土窑。

有的居住地有好几个土窟（图1—1）。

考古学家发现，大约在一万五千年前的中石器时代，部落居民点出现了。

渔民与猎人不同，渔民往往需要一个基地，以便以捕捉鱼类、贝壳、收集海藻以及采集块茎植物为生。

那些滨水定居点有三个特征（1）茅屋或帐篷选址显示出某种相对的秩序或者受自然条件如气温、日照、潮汐和风的影响。

（2）建筑物布局显示出社会的等级关系。

（3）避邪符咒与占卜盛行。

中石器时代的主要特点：一是出现了细石器，二是发明了弓箭，三是绵羊与狗的驯养，这是驯养家畜的开始。

当人们学会了饲养家畜，社会发展进入了一个新的阶段，但为了寻找牧草和适宜气候，他们还不得不经常流动，并从事实物交换。

他们活动于过冬暂息点与夏季放牧地之间，具有良好水源地方成了定居点，主要以帐篷为家。

二、农业革命与农业居民点一万或一万二千年以前，即新石器时代中期，—个新时代开始了，即农业革命。

在与自然的长期斗争中，原始人学会了播种，以及有组织的采图1—1 旧石器时代晚期定居点集，使农收与畜牧分离开来。

产生了第一次社会（今乌克兰）大分工。

那时原始的农业和畜牧业为人们提供了经常的食物积存，因而人们进入了永久的定居生活，并使得经常性的交换成为可能。

土地耕作者的居民点产生于公元前7000~4000年（图1—2）。

人的定居同避寒暑风雨，同罗盘上的方位与基地自然条件密切结合起来。

陶器的出现是人们定居生活的证明。

新石器时代的住所有了很大的进步，并且具有明显的地方特色。

房屋设计的造型，吸取了容器塑造的构思(图1—3)。

图1-2 新石器时代居民点（今德国Hallstatt）今天已很难找到原始农村定居点的遗址。

《外国城市建设史》中外全套

《外国城市建设史》课程讲稿第一篇最初的城市---奴隶制社会的城市第二章古埃及的城市第一节古埃及社会背景一自然条件二历史分期分为四个时期：古王国时期（公元前3200—bc2400年）中王国时期（公元前2400—bc1580年）新王国时期（公元前1580—bc1150年）晚期（公元前1150—bc30年）三宗教哲学埃及的奴隶制直接从氏族贵族演化而来。

国家机器特别横暴，形成厂中央集权的皇帝专制制度。

有很发达的宗教为这种政权服务，并实行政教合一，国王为“法老”。

认为人在现实世界是极为短暂的，而人死后，灵魂是永生的，要在千年之后复活，死后的世界是永存的。

四其他发展几何学、测量学，创造了起重运输机械，并学会了组织几万人的劳动协作。

天文学、历法、数学、医学、美术、文学等均达到教成的水平。

这些成就对城市和建筑的发展起着重要的推动作用。

第二节古埃及城市概况一孟菲斯古城1孟菲斯古王国第一王朝的首都●白色城墙●法老金字塔、神庙等建于城外远离城市的沙漠边缘●第三朝裘萨的墓地与城并驾，有建筑师的参入●死者之城比生者之城永恒2伊套城十二王朝的首都●城墙与城壕二卡洪城建设时间：12王朝，公元前2000多年长方形，380x260米城市职能：一是认为维修金字塔而建，一是认为通往绿洲的交通要道城市功能分区：奴隶居住区、贵族区、商人及手工业者等中产阶级住区城市防御设施：砖城墙，城内分区死墙城市交通路网：棋盘式，奴隶居住区的主路8—9米宽城市中心：有神庙，城东有集市阶级差异---占据城区的风向优劣区位，建筑密度大小产生原因—建金字塔/开发绿洲三第比斯城生者与死者之城---古埃及中王国与新王国时期（BC1085--2040）（鲁克索与卡纳克神庙已经建在城中，死者之城与生者之城不再离的太远）死者之城规模不亚于生者之城，重视，同时也促进生者之城的繁荣生存。

与金字塔不同，出现山陵崖墓。

城市自然环境：峡谷，两岸悬崖峭壁，尼罗河两岸城市用地规模：9x6公里城市人口规模：盛时10万人城市空间布局：很长中轴线由西南往东北贯穿四阿马纳城人性与生活化的城市---古埃及新王国时期，首都阿玛纳城，尼罗河沿岸，自由布局，宫殿、行政建筑与其他用地结合紧密。

06第六章--古罗马的城市

罗马城在公元前4世纪筑起了城墙，城市保留有空地，作为被敌
包围时的粮食供应地。
城市中心广场在帕拉丢姆以北，后来在这里逐步形成广场
群，即著称于世的共和广场和建于帝国时期的帝国广场。共和
时期的罗马广场是由广场群组成，是城市社会、政治和经济活
动的中心，周围的房屋比较散乱。广场为市民聚欢的公共活动
性质比较强烈，很像希腊普化时期的城市广场。共和时期的广
服，使它成为一个横跨欧、亚、非三洲，把地中海当作了内湖
的罗马帝国。从中东的沙漠直到不列颠的青山，罗马军团所向
无敌。罗马人似乎天生就是为了打仗。千余年的罗马史，不折
不扣是一部战争史。当然在加强军队纪律的同时，还规定了严
格的奖励制度。而凯旋则是给胜利者的最高奖赏。
罗马法律力图按照最简单、最朴素的自然法则来协调人间
北非提姆加达遗址
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二、共和时期的古罗马城与罗马共和广场
台伯河
帕拉丢姆
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罗马城市图 (中世纪)
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(2001 )
罗马城年市图
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（恺撒广场）
（奈乏广场）
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场建筑物彼此在形式上与整体不甚协调，其建筑群体现了政治
军事权力的逐步增长。每一建筑群都比以前的规模更大。这些
建筑2021群/2/4组成了古罗马的城市空间1 。
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三、庞贝城
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古代罗马

实质：实行贵族寡头政治，罗马共和国是
奴隶主贵族专政的国家。
“在共和国，权力尽归于元老院”。
★二、平民与贵族的斗争 1.原因
（1）政治上，贵族牢牢把持着国家大权，而平民则被完全排斥在政权之外；
（2）经济上：平民无权参与公有地的的分配和使用；平民失地、破产，沦为债务奴隶；
（3）在社会、法律地位上：平民备受歧视，被禁止与贵族通婚。
第一节王政时代
一、罗马城的建立埃涅阿斯拉丁姆平原-----阿尔巴•龙加城努米托尔、阿木留斯西尔维娅、战神玛尔斯七丘之地罗慕路斯、勒莫斯公元753年4月21日抢夺萨宾妇女
母狼乳婴
抢夺萨宾妇女
二、王政时代
罗马王政时代明显可分为两个阶段：前四王时期属于原始社会末期的军事民主制时代；后三王的统治时期是罗马开始真正建立起国家的时期。

（公元前 406—396年）（公元前 343—290年）
（2）萨莫奈战争--控制了中部意大利

（3）皮洛士战争—控制了南部意大利
（公元前 282—275年）
2.罗马取胜的原因
（1）良好的军事组织；
各兵种配合作战；公民兵制度；装备精良；军纪严明。
后营稳固；
（1）改革的原因（背景）
A、广大平民对氏族贵族的门阀特权强烈不满。他们要求形成中的罗马国家机构不再以氏族门第，而是以财产多寡来确定居民的权利和义务；
B、为了适应罗马对外扩张的需要，罗马需要更多的兵源。
（2）改革内容
A、部落重组，以地域关系取代血缘关系，将更多的自由民纳入到公民之中； B、按财产划分罗马人的社会等级，确定不同社会等级的相应兵役，即骑兵、重装步兵和轻装步兵；

世界古代史第六章古代罗马共和国

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（4） “共和”时代（BC510—30），是古代罗马共和国建立发展和衰亡阶段，也是罗马势力不断扩张、国势不断增强的时代。
（5） “帝国”时代（BC30—AD476年9月），即罗马帝国建立、发展、分裂乃至西罗马帝国灭亡。
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第一节 “王政”时代的罗马社会一、关于罗马城的起源
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传说，当希腊联军攻陷小亚的特洛耶城后，英雄伊尼阿斯（伊尼亚）率一些人逃出该城，乘船长期漂泊到意大利中部的拉丁姆（也译拉丁）地区。伊尼阿斯的儿子阿斯卡尼阿在拉丁姆地区建立了亚尔巴 · 龙加城。从此，王位一代代传下去。当传到努米托尔时，王位被他的弟弟阿穆略夺走。阿穆略让努米托尔活着，却杀死了努米托尔的儿子，并强迫努米托尔的女儿西里维亚去作弗斯塔神（罗马的女灶神）的女祭司，使她不能结婚生育。但西尔维亚与战神马尔斯生了一对双胞胎男孩。
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十二铜表法只是把罗马习惯法加以整理和记录，并没有多少保护平民利益的条文。它的实质是保护贵族奴隶主利益的。但因为它是成文法，就使贵族不能像对习惯法那样乱作解释。因此，这对于贵族的专横是有一定限制作用的。十二铜表法是后世罗马法典以至欧洲法学的渊源。
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意大利地区的统一有利于社会经济的发展促进了某些部落中的氏族关系的瓦解并为罗马奴隶制国家向更高阶段的发展准备了条第三节罗马对外扩张和奴隶制经济的发展一布匿战争迦太基位于非洲北岸今突尼斯东北部境内是公元前九世纪后期腓尼基城市推罗建立的商业殖民地
第六章古代罗马共和国
概述
第一节 “王政”时代的罗马社会
10/31/2014
三、塞维·图里乌改革

意大利罗马城市简介

意大利罗马城市简介
罗马（Roma）是意大利首都、第一大城和第二大城市，也是
世界著名历史文化名城，为全球最古老的城市之一。

公元前70
年建城，作为罗马帝国的首都和第一个帝国首都长达300年之久。

古罗马人以其悠久的历史、灿烂的文化和宏伟的建筑而闻名于世。

罗马地处欧洲中部，意大利半岛中部，是一个半岛城市。

北、西、东三面濒临地中海，南与佛罗伦萨相邻。

市区东西长约30
公里，南北宽约25公里，面积915平方公里。

人口145万（1982）。

古罗马文明发祥地。

公元前8世纪，罗马城已具雏形。

公元前6世纪至前3世纪，罗马帝国曾两度建立于此。

公元前2世纪末和3世纪初，罗马帝国皇帝罗慕路斯、雷穆
斯和勒穆尔纳泽相继统治了罗马城。

此后，罗马城不断得到扩建
和修缮。

罗马建城后不久便成为一个独立的国家。

从8世纪开始，意大利半岛分裂为北部的伦巴第和南部的西西里两个国家。

随着意大利半岛经济的发展和人口的增加，罗马逐渐成为欧
洲最大城市和世界文化、政治中心之一。

—— 1 —1 —。

chapter6古罗马的城市英文

Section1 The historical background of ancient Rome andConstruction Section OverviewThe Roman era is the highest stage of development of western slavery. The Romans create unique architecture and Roman city construction style by relying on a huge amount of wealth and slaves, remarkable building technique and good materials, Greek and Oriental countries building types and shaping methods, combining with its own tradition.In city construction, the Roman people are not as good at making the most of terrain as the Greeks. but powerful to reform it. This is the reason that why the Romans can extensive use of slave labor.Roman geographical position was in Italy territory at first. With the developing of the country and territorial expanding, the territory has been expanded to Europe, Asia and Africa by the Roman Empire. When Emperor Trajan (AD 98 to 117 years) was in power, the population is more than 1 million (around 800 million native Italians in the Roman Empire) .It's rare to see that the quantity and the large of Roman cities in the world's ancient civilizations. There are thousands of cities in the maps of the Roman Empire. Just Spain for example, there are over 400 important cities and 293 secondary cities. Medium and small cities have tens of thousands of people at that time. Large cities have the population of up to several hundred thousand, or nearly a million. Dense land-sea commercial trade network maintain the economic life of the empire. Most of the material flows of goods is sustained by the market mechanism of commercial economy and free trade. That Empire dense spider web around the highway transportation system, huge gold and silver mining, massive slave labor and the "law of nations" provide the material and legal guarantees for the development of economy.Roman history can be divided into three periods, namely Etruria Period (750 BC ~300BC), Roman Republic (510 BC ~ 30 BC) and the Roman Empire.(30 BC - AD 476). Starting from 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western parts. Eastern Roman Empire capital is in Constantinople. Capital city of the Western Roman Empire is in Rome. Rome can not be sustained after the reunification of the country after being split, the Western Roman Empire in AD 476 destroyed. Then Eastern Roman developed into the Byzantine Empire with the feudal system. Roman history can be traced back to the 8th century BC when Iradaliya ruled the Latium plain. It is the earliest cultured nation in Rome. It has ever been combined with the culture of Egypt, Phoenician, Greek, forming the seeds of Roman culture. They have some success in building technology. They use stones to build the city walls, temples and tombs.In the last 100 years of the Roman Republic , urban construction has been greatly developed due to national unity, territorial expansion and the concentration of wealth. Construction projects first are those roads, bridges, walls for military and transportation. And then theatre, bath houses, water channels, sites for the slave owners and daily pleasures and a ship port exchange and the court of Basilica and so on. Urban housing speculation has been popular, but species of the temple has been relegated to secondary status.In the Roman Empire, nation-building is more prosperous. In addition to continuing constructing theaters, the Colosseums, bathrooms they also built monuments to propaganda emperor credits for emperors, such as the squares, the Arc de Triomphe, Ji Gong column, and tombs of the emperor's palace as Palatine (Palatine) Ii and other places which seem extremely likeluxurious palaces. At this time a large number of rental apartments are constructed in the city of Rome. During the heyday of Rome its population has arrived to 100 million.Most of emperors abuse constructions to glory themselves. In the 1st century AD, Roman Emperor Augustus boasted that he gains a Rome which is made old bricks, but leaves a Rome which is made of marbles.There are large numbers of public facilities in all cities of Roman countries. Freemen's city-state patriotism is from these public activities. They elect their own consuls here and carry out various political program debates. The city's public life cast the Roman spirits and form the spiritual pillar of the freedmen's life.The Roman citizens' city-states patriotism and religious god-man isomorphic ideological belief is from the culture which is formed in theancient Greek polis.The emperor augustus architects Vitruvian wrote a book of building papers in the first century , namely "architectural building ten book", which is the first world legacy has the most complete and most influential architecture and urban planning rare book.Section2 Etruscan's urban construction periodInstead of constructing the city first and then building walls in Greek before Greco-Persian Wars, earlier cities were constructed after the building of walls, in a unified model. There are two relatively obvious features in the urban construction: one is that earlier Etruscan's cities were built on rock or high ground; the other is that taking religious thought as a guide, the division of urban areas was very obvious. Urban planning followed city's foundation stone laying ceremony stipulated in the regulations requiring cities have a rule of plane layout. Provisions of the city's foundation stone laying ceremony of four built design stages, namely (1) location; (2) division, regional subdivision of land; (3) to determine the streets' trend; (4)city ceremony. In the stage of division and regional subdivision of land, planners attempted to reflec t celestial bodies’ mode. Spindle represented the world's axis, and area block reflected the universe mode, and the partition residential represented the knowledge of people's cognition to the world.Ancient Roman writers Vahl had written a book describing how Etruscans building cities. It was said that there was a religious elder in construction site to draw a circle with cattle plough as an urban garden, and thus the city was divided into four parts. South-north road was called Cardo and east-west road was called Decumanus, and the temple was built in the intersection. One of seven mounds in the city of Rome called Palatium was the residential area of ancient Etruscans.An early Etruscan's city has already discovered today was near Malzabato. It was built in the 5th-6th century BC. Urban road network was square shape, most of the street was east-west, and there was a 15-meters wide trunk road running throughout the whole city from north to south. On both sides of this trunk road ,there were sidewalks slightly higher, and some places had several pieces of stone above the central road connecting the sidewalk around to facilitate pedestrians crossing the street in the rain. There were roadside gutters, which was designed to let the rainwater flow into the underground drain and out of the city.Urban neighborhood is square-shaped, inside which was a big yard. Densely housing wasaround and there were shops and workshops in the streets.Section III of urban construction during the Roman RepublicFrom the 3rd century BC to thefirst century BC, the Romansconquered almost all the coastsalong the Mediterranean. In 275BC, they occupied Pallas(Pyrrhus) camp on the coast ofthe Mediterranean, and regardedit as the model of castles, whichformed the prototype city of theRoman castles. The city of fortmode (Figure 6-1) is the Founderof the wall. The city had a squareplane and a basic orientationtowards the compass. Cross themiddle of the city side road leadsto the four cardinal points.Temples were built at theintersection of the road. The Castles Figure 6-1city was no longer circular shape but to switch to be square, because cities were not built on the highland anymore at that time.Europe today has 120 ~ 130 cities andforts originating the city of Rome(diagram 6-2). There you can see theoriginal face of the city. One of the mosttypical castle cities, the Roman Empire'sNorth African city of Tim Gardner(Timgad), was built in 100 AD. The citywas submerged by sand after theconstruction of 150, and until moderntimes it was explored again. So that is thereason it is intact at the time style.Diagram 6-2Second, the Republican city of Rome during the Roman Republic Square According to legend, the city of Rome's foundation date was 753 BC years. The city was in the spontaneous formation in a long time. It was not a unified and rational planning. In the Republic, Rome was still the natural development of the city, the layout comparison disorders. But the centre of the city (Figure 6-4) had had a glorious building achievement. The city of Rome was made up by the famous hill composed of seven, one pola lost for seven Cupid's heart, an area of about 300 meters x 300 meters inclining to the northwest. The peak had a natural reservoir which supplied the need of the city water and that was surrounded by protective walls. Roman city in the 4th century BC built walls, city retained by the enemy was a space as a source of food when surrounded. In the city's central square to throw pola's north of here, then gradually forming square group, namely is well known for its republican square (R e p u ¨ c b a n F 0 R u n1) (50 BC 4 ~ 27 .,) and built in the period of the empire plaza (Irn p c R I a 1 F0 R u m) . 2 7 ~ in the 4th July 6 years) (FIG. 6-5). Republican period of Roman plaza (figure 6 6) was a center of urban social, political and economic activity center, around the house quite scattered. Square for citizens gathered huan public activities nature more intense, very much like the Greek PuHua period of city square. Republican period of square buildings in form each other with the whole very not harmonious, its buildings reflected the increase of political and military power. Each county building was larger than before. This group became an accounted for locust construction of urban space in Rome. One Luo Numu Plaza (Forum Romanum) was built by all the marble, large trapezoid lanes were completely open, it was surrounded in the basilica, temples and houses of economic activities, it was a place for public events. Its south was Caesar square (F o r u m o F J u l I u s (C a e s a. r.) which was built in the republican empire's transition in 54 BC to 56 BC. The squares was l6o x 75 meters. This square still retained some common properties, both sides had open gallery porch which was operating usury after the hundredth part of the money industry. And it was a deep square paving the patron saint of dimension family kay nie er (V e n e r) temple, before the temple standed Caesar equestrian statue. This square was closer than previously built square, and was the axis symmetric. Republican period of urban factory field was a very rich statue decoration. These statues were mostly in war plunder, and placed on the edge of the square. Figure 6-6 Aerial view of the Roman Republic Square.Third, Pompeii CityThe famous city of Pompeii (Pompeii) during the Republic (Figure 6-7) was founded in the about 4th century BC, and in AD 79 it was submerged due to the outbreak of the Vesuvius volcano in the ancient Roman republic. It was rule strongholds city originally, and then gradually developed into an important commercial port and the ancient Roman resort city. The city was located at the foot of Mount Vesuvius with about 20,000 people. The main street directions, and the major public buildings and large mansion of axis, were basically facing the Mount Vesuvius. The position of the whole city based on the thoughts for regarding volcano as the centre.Pompeii had 7 ~ 8 meters high walls, 8 gates, and the urban plane was irregular, with the length 1200 m from east to west and the width 700m from north to south, slightly like a wide oval. The width of the road cross the town square of four-arm was about six to seven meters. The secondary street was between and meters, engineering equipment was very good, roads were strong. The streets to square with the block-stone were built by laying bricks or stones, general roads were built in mass of tones, roads were built by YuanShi and sidewalks. The track of turning radius wasmade artificially on the road. City downtown plaza located in the southwest (figure 6-8,6-9) area of 117 * 33 meters. The main buildings in the square had city patron saint of Jupiter temple, courts and exchange, market, nominal meters furnishing room, administrative organs, conference room, etc. Jupiter temple stood straight in the north, and its setting just faced the peak of Mount Vesuvius.Buildings surrounding the plaza were successively built, relatively messy, so later border built a circle double-storey foyer colonnaded, already over the Jupiter temple facade, and colonnades being unified made the overall complete. When square held various performances, two layer porches became stands. Square ground level ground was lower than porches around, which obviously vehicles were not accessible.In the south of the city there was a triangle square, the upper of the square located the temple, the north had two theatres in different size, which could hold 5000 and 1500 people respectively. A coliseum laid in the east with a capacity of 20,000 people, namely all adults of the city could be accommodated inside.Urban general housing or shop was a layer or two layers, the building surrounded the patio. The mansion Pizza Pan near downtown was Prominent near downtown, alone occupying the whole streets with north-south length 97 meters and west-east width 38 meters and three facing street. Behind it was a big garden, occupying 1/3 of the whole mansion land. Parts of the mansion along the street were open stores and bakeries.Section4, urban construction during the Roman EmpireRoman Empire was the heyday of Roman history, in the vast three continents across Europe, Asia and within area of land, construction or expansion of cities everywhere, such as the capital of Rome and the Roman Empire Square building, such as the Port of Palmyra (Palmira) and Ostrava Tia (Ostia) of the building, such as military camps Cypriot city of Aao Costa, Tim Stuttgart's construction.One, Rome and the Roman Empire SquareRome2nd century AD, the Roman development of the city has exceeded square kilometers of the Austrian city walls remain good range of free development outside the walls of class. For V in (Tivoli) Hadrian Villa emperor's palace near Rome that is located in the suburbs. There are graves, temples, military installations and sports facilities along the way to suburbs..In the 3rd century AD, the population has more than 100 million. Their food supply is through the ladder Bo (Tiber) River of Ostrava Tia (Figure 6-10) shipped incorporated into the Roman's. Ostrava Tia has a population of 5 million people, 18 km from Rome. The Romans built in Ostrava Tia Trajan Harbour (Harbour of Trajan) and Klaus Tiya Si Harbour (Harbour of Claudius). City and Harbour were built defensive walls. Lack of food shortage, once ancient Rome, the city residents to suburban migration, the Po River along the staircase appeared lots of buildings.Roman needs huge water supply, then dozens of kilometers away from the water source was transported into the city. There are only 11 of the city of Rome aqueduct (Figure 6-11).Palatine hill in Rome, the cityhas the Emperor Palace (seeFigure 6-3), has differentconstruction years, shortageof land is small, relativelymessy construction, but forrecreation and enjoyment oflife needed to race track,theater, the Colosseum,bathing and othermacro-scale people. MaxiMasi (Maximus) race trackcan accommodate 250,000 Figure 6-11spectators. Theatre can accommodate 10,000 to 25,000 spectators. Coliseum can accommodate 50,000 spectators, baths can accommodate 2,000 to 3,000 people, including 576 meters Caracalla Baths × 365 meters, of land within the addition to bathing, there are clubs, a recreation room, auditorium, stadium, storage reservoirs, such as garden and commercial house. 3rd century AD, representing the Roman city of Bath has 11 large, medium and small beach is all over the city. Late Imperial Rome has 46,602 apartments, some as high as seven or eight layers _ to i. J. _ Department of malignant development. Many apartments for poor quality, resulting in the collapse, so the Austrian emperor to power accounts for Sri Lanka are specified height shall not exceed five, six, high housing can not exceed 18 meters.Rome received the only meters wide, general Avenue to meters. At that time regulations street not less than meters width. Caesar the emperor far away in the republic came to power in Rome, which provides that no vehicles in the city during the days, so the night the sound of the city hustle and bustle of Rome.Achievements in building the city of Rome concentrated in the central area of square skirt and buildings, but the overall layout of the city relatively messy. She was made by a number of makeshift shops, but not form a complete system.Roman Empire SquareIn the Roman Republic, Republic Square is the urban social, political and economic activity. To the Empire, the Empire State Plaza, the nature of change, as glorifying the emperors commemorative sites for individuals. The statue of the emperor began to stand to the main location of the central square. Square based with great temples, magnificent colonnade to recognize the results of the emperor. Place into the form they gradually closed by the open, by the free into rigorous, with the aim of creating a three-dimensional arts for people to watch the group. Empire State Plaza is from Republic Square to the northwest extension of the middle axis of about 300 meters. This open space was originally a mountain. Augustus Square, the Empire State Plaza (Forum of Augustus) and Abdullah true Plaza (Forum of Trajan), and other groups composed of squares. They are different from the Republic Square building layout. Republic Plaza building on the emphasis on self-prominent, and the court as a whole not very coordinated. The Empire Square Plaza building entity subordinate to space, by the square of the square, linear andsemi-circular spaces. Each space has a colonnade connection, the end of the main buildings play amajor role in decorating. Squaredesign technique is that each group ofthe Emperor of the buildings and theconstruction of the Plaza Square,another Emperor layout of buildingsto each other in the spaceperpendicular to the vertical axis ofmultiple intersecting each other toform a complete whole (Figure 6 - 12).Colonnades link the various spaces,each space is the transition. Thisdesign approach is some longer timeinterval between the constructions ofbuildings within established order.The Plaza Group glorious open, clearand orderly manner, by the hugebuildings pose a great space.Augustus Square (42 BC ~ 2 BC) hasno sense of social and economicactivities, built solely for the Emperorpraises. Station temple high upon the Figure 6-12great steps, on each side of a semicircular auditorium. Square area of 120 * 83 meters up to 36 meters around the square, the walls enclosing the city isolation.Square Trajan (AD 109-112) of the axis of symmetry, the layout of a multi-layer depth. 3 Cross Square, the main entrance is the Arc de Triomphe, entered, 120 * 90 meters square. Both sides of the central loggia have a semi-circle room. Place the bottom of the Basilica. Basilica followed by a 24 * 16 m small courtyard, the central standing up to meters in the discipline function column. About the library courtyard. Across the yard, but also a gallery-style around the yard, there are temple worship Trajan is the artistic climax of the square. Place a series of Trajan aspect of space, size, bay changes reflect the artistic caused by building an atmosphere of dignity to deepen the mystery of the design idea of the emperorSecond, Hadrian Villa palaceLurking in the outskirts of Romenear the palace Hadrian Villa(Hadrian Villa) (Figure 6-13) wasbuilt in AD 114 ~ 138 years, isthe use of the concept of physicaland spatial organization in thenatural context of a large buildingcomplex and sample groups.There are many irregular Palaceirregular angle phase space, orthe use of the axis of the winding Figure 6-13space with each other. Usually the bend in the axis of a transition, first into a small space, and then connecting with the large space, so that people feel it is impossible to irregular shape and space, no order. Bai placed in the buildings of several units on the ground, in order to adapt to the complex terrain.Third, Tim Gardner forts City, Lanpei Francis and Aao StarEmpire has built a number of important military significance of cities such as North Africa, Tim Gardner, Lanpei Sith (Figure 6-14) and Aao Star (Aosta) were built by the military in the short term the. Planning the layout of the three cities is a common feature of the Roman army by way of strict construction of forts. City has two intersecting perpendicular to each other word type, the intersection is the city's central square. Here can be the parade. And there are theater, baths and other large public buildings. On major roads, starting and ending points and the intersection, often rotating door between the street for a long colonnade, forming a very majestic vistas.Tim Gardner city(Figure 6-16 )flatsquare, 350 meterssquare, what haveI 2 exclusiveneighborhood,north and south of11 rows, eachneighborhood 25meters square.Town Square 2meters higher thanthe road, with thelevel connections.Square area of 50meters × 42 meters.Square surrounded Figure 6-16by a building surrounded by a colonnade and, spacing of to 3 meters, 5 meters high. In proportion to the colonnade, it feels very large square. Tim Gardner hill and a place outside the temple of God.North Italy Aao da (Fig. 6 a l 7) north-south road (C ard 0) is no longer central in the western side, but also with a parallel road. Was probably due to presence of two armies at the same time, so there are two centers.Four columns of the Roman Empire Street and Urban Engineering columnRoman Empire, the city reached a high level of engineering facilities. Some city street is wide 2 0 ~ 3 0 meters. Like Palmyra (Figure 6 ~ 18), trunk and even reached 35 meters, has both sides of the sidewalk. Smooth and flat on the streets covered with a large stone. In Palmyra, Tim Gardner and other cities, the roads on both sides of a long colonnade, usually listed in the driveway and thesidewalk between. Tim Gardner in North Africa such as the sun violent areas, sidewalks are the top sub, the formation of the colonnade.Figure 6-18In addition to roads, Roman bridges, walls, conduit and other outstanding achievements in both the construction. Rome city Teboliqi bridge spanning 4.5 m 2, with the continuous boulder coupons, and even overlap the second layer of flint coupons up Stretching puts up dozens of kilometers aqueduct, has become a great expressive commemorative structures. t,Before and after the early 5th century BC, the Roman built a sleeping mat on the waterways and sewers, and later built a large pool of water seepage.V. Vitruvius's "Ten Books Building"Support set of Vitruvius's "Ten Books Building" is a summary of Roman building glorious history. Summary Proceedings of Greece and Roman architecture and urban construction experience. In urban construction, site selection for the city, urban form, urban layout, insightful views on the proposed city site selection, he noted the need to take GAO lot, do not account for wetlands, a breeding ground for epidemic disease, must be beneficial to avoid the fog, strong winds and hot, a good water supply, is rich in agricultural resources and a convenient road or river leading to the city. On the building site, he discusses the nature of the building, the relationship with the city, the status of the surrounding lots, roads, topography, orientation, wind, sunlight, water quality, pollution and so on.On the layout of the streets, he studied the relationship between the street and often wind direction, and the relationship between the location of public buildings. The design of the plaza, he made constructive suggestions, and research experiments using local methods of animal organs, such as testing of drinking water. He inherited the ancient Greek Hippocrates, Plato and Aristotle's philosophy and the town planning theory, the ideal city model. He drew the ideal city plan, the plane is octagonal tower walls spaced not more than arrows. Distance, so that all aspects of defense to easily check from the siege by. Urban road network for the radiation ring system. Temple Square downtown center. To avoid the strong wind, the radial roads do not directly to the gate. Vitruvius, after the ideal Renaissance city model its urban planning has very important implications.。

第六章上古罗马

第五节波斯帝国和安息帝国一、波斯帝国 (一)帝国的建立和扩张
（二）大流士一世的改革前518年
第一，在行政上加强中央和地方政权的统治。皇帝在一切方面拥有充分的权势。之下最高行政机关是贵族会议。帝国划为二十个省，每省由皇帝委派一名总督。第二，在军事上改革和加强军事组织。军队编成万人团、千人团百人团和十人队四种。全国分为五个军区，由皇帝委派各军区长官，统率数省的军事长官。第三．在财政和商业金融上进行改革。首先，每省派一大员管理贡赋，并按该省的物产和土地多少优劣规定贡赋的内容和数额。其次．统一度量衡和币制。
(二)基督教的传播与演变君主坦丁当政后，于公元313年颁布了 “米兰救令”，宣布基督教为合法宗教。公元392年，罗马帝国皇帝狄奥多西一世颁布放令，禁止一切原始宗教活动，定基督教为国教。
四、西罗马帝国的灭亡（一）戴克里先和君士坦丁的统治
戴克里先改革：废除了元首制，采用 “四帝共和制”，但最高权力仍由他自己掌握。缩小了行省规模，将全国划分为一百个行省，实行军政分治。把军队分成边防和巡防军，军团增至七十二个。征募隶农当兵，同时吸收蛮族补充边防军。
(三)帝国初期社会经济的发展
这一时期是帝国经济繁荣时期。促成这繁荣的条件是多方面的：劳动人民长期以来的辛勤劳动，是根本原因；社会的相对稳定是经济发展的有利环境；奴隶起义对奴隶主的打击，迫使奴隶主改变剥削方式，为生产力的发展提供了可能；城市和行省作用的提高，海陆交通的发展，各地生产经验的交流，科学技术的传播和应9１年罗马保民官德鲁苏为安抚 “同盟者”的不满提议授以公民权，但元老院坚决反对，并派人暗杀了德鲁苏，从而引起意大利的武装起义，史称“同盟者战争”。影响：同盟者终于获得了公民权，罗马城邦开始变成全意大利的单一的国家。（四）苏拉独裁

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造了一圈两层高的柱廊，既托出了朱比特神庙的立面，又由
于柱廊的统一而使总体很完整。当广场上举行各种表演时，两层柱廊就成了看台。广场地坪比四周柱廊低，显然广场内是不能有车辆进入的。
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城市南部还有一个三角形的广场，其上有神庙、其北有大小两个剧院、各容5000及1500人。东端有大斗兽场，可容20000人，即全城的成人都可容纳在内。城市一般住房和商店是一层或两层的，房屋围绕天井。较突出的是市中心附近的潘萨府邸，单独占据了整整一个街坊，南北长97米，东西宽38米，三面临街。后面是大花园，约占整个府邸用地的1／3。府邸的沿街部分有敞开的店面和面包房。
的三维空间。
4.共和时期广场组织较乱，帝国时期通过各个彼此垂直轴线组成一个整体。
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三、营寨城提姆加德、兰培西斯和阿奥斯达
城市规划布局的特点：按照罗马军队的严谨的营寨方式建造，城市有两条相互垂直的大干道成十字交叉或十字式相交，在交点处是城市的中心广场。在这里可进行阅兵式。城市路网为方格形，城市有大型的公共建筑，在主要道路的起讫点，有凯旋门。凯旋门之间是列柱街。
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提姆加德
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四、罗马帝国时期的列柱街和城市工程
1．大街有两侧人行道，街道上铺着光滑平坦的大理石。
2．列柱：通常列在车行道与人行道之间。 3．上水道、下水道、大渗水池
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五、维特鲁威的《建筑十书》
1．城市选址：必须占用高爽地段，不占沼泽地、病疫滋生地，必须有利于避浓雾、强风和酷热，要有良好的水源供应，有丰富的农产资源以及有便捷的公路或河道通向城市。 2. 理想城市方案：平面为八
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古罗马营寨城的典型代表是北非的提姆加达。它的城市平
面为350米见方，东西道路横贯全城，南北道路自北端终止于
市中心。市中心比路面高2米，它们用台阶连接。市中心广场为贸易公共生活所在，面积50×42米。其地面略向北倾斜，四周有建筑环抱，周围有柱廊。因柱廊比例恰当，故看来广场空间宽广。全城主要由街坊组成，其中东西12排，南北11排。公共建筑有时用2～4个街坊作基地，神庙则建在城外山头上。因城市很
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第四节
罗马帝国时期的城市建设
一、罗马城和罗马帝国广场
罗马城： ① 城市建设的成就集中在中心地区广场群与建
筑群。② 总体布局比较零乱，是由许多点凑合而成，未形成完整的系统。罗马帝国广场二、阿德良离宫阿德良离宫是一个庞大的建筑群。建筑物堆砌装饰，极为奢华。
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罗马城年市图
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（恺撒广场）
（奈乏广场）
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据传，古罗马城的建城奠基日是公元前753年。在一个较长时间里自发形成，没有一个统一合理的规划。共和时期，仍然是自然发展，布局比较紊乱。这个古城由著名的罗马七丘组成，其中帕拉丢姆为七丘之心，面积约300米×300米，向西北倾斜。山顶有自然的蓄水池，供应全城用水，四周有墙以资保护。古罗马城在公元前4世纪筑起了城墙，城市保留有空地，作为被敌包围时的粮食供应地。城市中心广场在帕拉丢姆以北，后来在这里逐步形成广场群，即著称于世的共和广场和建于帝国时期的帝国广场。共和时期的罗马广场是由广场群组成，是城市社会、政治和经济活动的中心，周围的房屋比较散乱。广场为市民聚欢的公共活动性质比较强烈，很像希腊普化时期的城市广场。共和时期的广场建筑物彼此在形式上与整体不甚协调，其建筑群体现了政治军事权力的逐步增长。每一建筑群都比以前的规模更大。这些 14:42 21 建筑群组成了古罗马的城市空间。
三、庞贝城
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神庙
城市守护神神庙
巴西利卡与神庙
市场议会厅
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共和时期的著名城市庞贝始建于公元前4世纪左右，是
公元79年维苏威火山爆发时被淹没的罗马共和时期古城。它原来是规则的营寨城市，后逐渐发展为古罗马的重要商港和
马城市有哪些基本要素？
3.罗马共和时期和帝国时期城市建设有何成就和问题？
4.古罗马共和时期和帝国时期广场建设有何成就？试分析
其空间设计构图手法。 5.为什么说典型的罗马城市规划模式只有在营寨城这类殖民城市中得到实现？试分析维特鲁威的理想城市并予以评价。
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第二节
伊达拉里亚时期的城市建设
先筑城墙、后建城市，以一种统一的模式、修筑城市。
早期伊达拉里亚城市，均建于山岩或高地之上。
以宗教思想为指导，城市地区的划分极为明显。
马尔扎波多附近的一座古城，建于公元前6～5世纪。城市中大多数干道是东西向的，有一条15米宽的干道南北贯穿全城。城市的街坊是方格形的。街坊内是个大院子，周围密排着住房，临街有商店和作坊。
1936年复制的古罗马城模型
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古罗马中心区的纪念性建筑
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古罗马大斗兽场与图拉真记功柱
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古罗马万神庙
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共和广场帝国广场的区别：
共和时期是社会政治经济活动的中心，帝国时期是皇帝树碑立传的场所，商场作坊改为皇帝的铜雕像，巨大的庙宇，华丽的柱廊来表彰各代皇帝的业绩，由开放转为封闭，由自由转为严整。 1.共和时期广场是城市社会经济政治的中心，帝国时期广场是皇帝树碑立传的纪念地。 2.共和时期广场建筑连续形成不相协调，帝国时期通过柱廊得到统一。 3.广场由开放转为封闭，由自由转为严整，目的在于塑造一个供人观赏
第六章
第一节第二节第三节第四节第五节
古罗马的城市
古罗马历史背景与建设概况伊达拉里亚时期的城市建设罗马共和时期的城市建设罗马帝国时期的城市建设古罗马城市建设的特点
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“世上有很多美好的词汇，可以分配给欧洲各个城市，例如精致、浑朴、繁丽、畅达、古典、新锐、宁谧、舒适、奇崛、神秘、壮观、肃穆„„，其中不少城市还会因为风格交叉而不愿意固守一词，产生争逐。只有一个词，它们不会争，争到了也不受用，只让它静静安踞在并不明亮的高位上，留给那唯一的城市。
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从公元395年开始，罗马帝国分裂为东西两部分。东罗马
帝国建都在君士坦丁堡。西罗马帝国建都于罗马城。分裂以后的罗马已经不可能维持国家的统一，西罗马帝国于公元476 年灭亡。东罗马则发展为封建制的拜占廷帝国。
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(二)军事和法律强大的军队是罗马人成就伟业的基础。古罗马靠武力的征服，使它成为一个横跨欧、亚、非三洲，把地中海当作了内湖的罗马帝国。从中东的沙漠直到不列颠的青山，罗马军团所向无敌。罗马人似乎天生就是为了打仗。千余年的罗马史，不折不扣是一部战争史。当然在加强军队纪律的同时，还规定了严格的奖励制度。而凯旋则是给胜利者的最高奖赏。罗马法律力图按照最简单、最朴素的自然法则来协调人间事务，划出明确的戒律，建立正义的基础。罗马最早的成文法是公元前5世纪中期制定的“十二铜表法”，这是一部适用于公民内部的、旨在维护贵族利益的法典。立足古典人本思想而建立的司法几大体系，简直可以跳过中世纪直接为近代资本主义社会所用。甚至直到今天，可说全世界每个法庭的诉讼现场，都或多或少地反射着古罗马的经典幽光。 14:42 6
空间秩序组织的焦点和核心。
4.秩序感的特征。运用轴线系统、对比强烈、透视手法等，建立起整体壮观的城市空间序列，体现了强烈的人工秩序思想。 5.大比例的特征。热衷于选择大模数达到超人的空间尺度和规模，远远超过了其实际使用功能的需要。
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1.古罗马城市建设与古希腊城市有何异同？
2.古代伊达拉里亚的城市规划程序和思想有何意义？古罗
小，后来有些房屋也只好造在城外。
此城建后150年被北非风沙淹没，直到近代才被发掘，故完整地保存了当时风貌。
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北非提姆加达遗址
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北非提姆加达遗址 12
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二、共和时期的古罗马城与罗马共和广场
帕拉丢姆
台伯河
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罗马城市图 (中世纪)
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第三节
一、罗马营寨城
罗马共和时期的城市建设
公元前3～1世纪，罗马人几乎征服了全部地中海沿岸，
成为古代世界中最大的奴隶制国家。这时期它的城市建设也是为扩张势力服务的。古罗马共和国时期的城市多为营寨城。它们多建在新
扩张地区的边缘上。那里有军队驻
扎，当领土固定下来后，也就变为永久性的居民点。
休养城市。该城位于维苏威火山脚下，当时约有2万人口。
主要街道的走向，主要公共建筑物和大府邸的轴线，基本上是对着维苏威火山的。整个城市有以火山为中心统一构图的思想。庞贝城城墙高7～8米，有8个城门，城市平面不规则，东西长1200米，南北宽700米，略似椭圆形。通过市中心广场的十字形道路宽约6～7米。次要街道为2.4～4.5米之间，工程设备很好，道路坚固。通往广场的街道用块石整砌，一
角形，城墙塔楼间距不大于箭射
距离。城市路网为放射环形系统。市中心广场有神庙居中。为避强
风，放射形道路可不直接对向城
门。
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第五节
古罗马城市建设的特点
1.世俗化的特征－－强烈的实用主义。公共浴池、斗兽场、宫殿、府邸、剧场等宣扬世俗享乐的建筑大量出现。 2.军事化的特征。从罗马营寨城的出现与发展到全国通达的道路建设和坚固城墙的修建等等。 3.君权化的特征。广场、铜像、凯旋门和记功柱成为城市