感染相关英文词汇-5.7.1肠杆菌
医学微生物学基本词汇英汉对照表
单词注释单词注释a cacquiredimmun odificiencysyn drome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）schlamydiapsittaci 鹦鹉热衣原体activeimmunit 自动免疫chlamydiatrachomatis 沙眼衣原体acuteinfection 急性感染chronicinfection 慢性感染acyclovir 无环鸟苷classicalbiotype 古典生物型adenoviridae 腺病毒科clostridium 梭状芽胞杆菌属adenovirus 腺病毒cl.botulinum 肉毒梭菌adhesin 粘附素cl.difficile 艰难梭菌adsorption 吸附cl.perfringens 产气荚膜杆菌amantadine 金刚烷胺cl.tetani 破伤风梭菌amphotericinb 二性霉素b coagulase 血浆凝固酶anaerobicbacteria厌氧菌coccidioidesimmitis 厌酷球孢子菌antibiotic 抗生素coccus 球菌antigenicdrift 抗原性漂移colonizzationfactor 定居因子antigenicshift 抗原性转变complexsymmetry 复合对称antisepsis 防腐continuouscellculture 传代细胞培养antitoxicimmunity抗毒素性免疫 cordfactor 索状因子antitoxin 抗毒素core 核心apparentinfection显性传染coronaviridae 冠状病毒科arenaviridae 沙粒病毒科corynebacterium 棒状杆菌属artificialactiveimmunity人工自动免疫 c.diphtheriae 白喉杆菌artificialpassiveimmunity人工被动免疫 coxiella 柯克斯体属aspergillus 曲霉菌coxsackievirus 柯萨奇病毒asepsis 无菌cryptococcusneoformans 新新型隐球菌assembly 装配cubicsymmetry 立体对称avp 抗病毒蛋白cytociticinfection 杀细胞感染bacillicalmette-guerin,bcg卡介苗cytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒bacillus 杆菌cytopathogeniceffect 细胞致病作用b.anthraci 炭疽杆菌c-onc 细胞原癌基因b dbacteremia 菌血症defectiveinterferingparticles 缺损干扰颗粒bacteriocin 细菌素denguevirus 登革病毒bacteriod 类杆菌dermatophytes 皮肤丝状菌b.fragilis 脆弱类杆菌diphtheria 白喉b.melaninogeni黑色素类杆菌 diplococcus 双球菌cusbacteriophage 噬菌体diploidcellculture 二倍体细胞培养bacterium 细菌disinfection 消毒blastomycesdermatitidis皮炎芽生菌enteroniavasiveescherichiacol,eiec 肠侵袭性大肠杆菌bordetellapertussis百日咳杆菌endogenousinfection 内源性感染borrelia 疏螺旋体属el-torbiotype 埃尔托生物型b.recurrentis 回归热螺旋体 endotoxin 内毒素b.vincenti 奋森氏螺旋体entericcytopathogenichumanorpanvirus,埃可病毒b.burdorfe 莱姆病螺旋体 enterobacteriaceae 肠粘附性大肠杆菌botulism 肉毒中毒enterohemorrhagicescherichiacoli,etec肠产毒性大肠杆菌brucella 布氏杆菌属enterovirus 肠道病毒br.bovis 牛布氏杆菌envelope 囊膜br.melitensis 羊布氏杆菌enteropathogincescherichiacoli,epec肠致病性大肠杆菌br.suis 猪布氏杆菌epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属bunyaviridae 布尼安病毒科 epstein-barrvirus,ebviruseb eb病毒calmett-guerinsvaccine卡介苗escherichia 埃希氏菌属campylobacter 弯曲菌属 e.coli 大肠杆菌c.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌exogenousinfection 外源性感染candidaalbicans白色念珠菌exotoxin 外毒素capsid 衣壳fimbriae 纤毛capsomere 壳微粒flagellum 鞭毛capsule 荚膜flaviviridae 黄病毒科carrier 带菌者fungus 真菌cellculture 细胞培养fusion 融合cellfusion 细胞融合ganciclovir 丙氧鸟苷cellwall 细胞壁geneticengineering 基因工程chitin 甲壳质geneticrecombination 基因重组chlamydiae 衣原体growthinhibitiontest 生长抑制实验chlamydiapneumonia肺炎衣原体guarneiribody 顾氏小体hantaanvirus 汉滩病毒horizontaltansmission 水平传播hantavirus 汉坦病毒属humanimmunodeficiencyvirus,hiv 人免疫缺陷病毒（艾滋病病毒）halophilicvibrio嗜盐弧菌hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶hbcag 乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原immunofluorescencetechnic,ift 免疫荧光法hbeag 乙型肝炎病毒 inapparentimfection 隐性传染e抗原hbsag 乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原inclusionbody 包涵体hbvdnapolymer ase 乙型肝炎病毒dna聚合酶infectiousmononucleosis 传染性单核细胞增多症heat-labiletoxin,lt不耐热肠毒素 inferferon(ifn) 干扰素heat-stabletoxin,st耐热肠毒素integratedinfection 整合传染helacells,hela 细胞invasiveness 侵袭力hemagglutinin,ha血凝集japaneseencephalitisvirus,jev 日本脑炎病毒hemagglutination-inhibitiontest血凝抑制试验 japanesebencephalitis,jbe 日本乙型脑炎hemagglutinationphenomenon血凝现象klebsiella 克雷伯氏菌属hemolysin 溶血素k.pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯氏菌hemlphilus 嗜血杆菌属lactobacillus 乳杆菌属h.influenzae 流行性感冒杆菌latentinfection 潜伏感染hemorrhagicfev erwithrenalsyn drome 肾综合征合征出血热ld50 半数致死量helicalsymmetry螺旋对称legionella 军团菌属hepadnaviridae 嗜肝病毒科legionnairesdisease 军团菌病hepatitisavirus,hav甲型肝炎病毒 lentivirinae 慢病毒科hepatitisbvirus,hbv乙型肝炎病毒 leptospira 钩端螺旋体属hepatitisvirus 肝炎病毒localinfection 局部感染herpessimplexvirus单纯疱疹病毒 lipopolysaccharide,lps 脂多糖varicella-zostervirus带状疱疹病毒 lysogenicbacteria 溶原性细菌herpetoviridae 疱疹病毒科lysogeny 溶原状态humanherpsvir ustype6、7 人疱疹病毒6、7型lysogenicphage 溶原性噬菌体histoplasmacap sulatum 荚膜组织胞浆菌lyssavirus 狂犬病毒科measlesvirus 麻疹病毒papovaviridae 乳多空病毒科mesosome 中介体parainfluenzavirus 副流感病毒metabolicinhibi代谢抑制试验 parmyxoviridae 副粘病毒科tiontestmetachromaticgranules异染颗粒paramyxovirus 副粘病毒microbiology 微生物学parvoviridae 微小病毒科microcapsule 微荚膜parvavirus 微小病毒mcrococcustetragenus四联球菌penicillium 青霉菌micrometer,micron(u=um)微米penetration 穿入microorganism 微生物peplomer 囊微粒mold 霉菌persistentinfection 持续性感染moniliaalbicans 白色念珠菌pesticine-1 鼠疫杆菌杀菌素mucor 毛霉菌picornaviridae 小核糖核酸病毒科mumpsvirus 腮腺炎病毒pilus(或fimbrae) 菌毛mutation 突变plague 鼠疫mycelium 菌丝体plaqueformingunit,pfu 空斑形成单位mycobacterium 分枝杆菌属plasmid 质粒m.tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌 plasmin 胞浆素mycolicacid 分枝菌酸poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒mycoplasma 支原体属polykaryocyte 多核巨细胞mycostatin 制霉菌素polyi:c,polyinosinic:cytrdyeicacid 多聚肌苷酸：胞苷酸mycotoxicosis 真菌毒素中毒症poxviridae 痘病毒科mycrosporum 小孢子癣菌属 poxvirus 痘病毒nairovirus 内罗病毒属pre-santigen 前s抗原negribody 内基氏小体primarycellculture 原代细胞培养neisseria 奈瑟氏菌属pricklecell 棘细胞n.gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟氏力 prion 蛋白侵染因子n.meningitidis 脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌β-propialactone β-丙内脂newenterovirus 新型肠道病毒 prophage 前噬菌体normalflora 正常菌群proteus 变形杆菌nuclearmaterial 核质protoplast 原生质体nucleocapsid 核衣壳provirus 前病毒oldtuberculin,ot 旧结核菌素pseudomonas 假单胞菌属oncornavirusrna肿瘤病毒p.aeruginosa 绿脓杆菌orthomyxoviridae正粘病毒科purifiedproteinderivative,ppd 纯化蛋白衍生物orthomyxovirus正粘病毒pyosepticemia 脓毒血症humanpapillomavirus乳头瘤病毒pyrogen 热原质rabiesvirus 狂犬病病毒sh.boydii 鲍氏志贺氏菌receptorbindingprotein受体连接蛋白 sh.dysenteriae 痢疾志贺氏菌release 释放sh.flexneri 福氏志贺氏菌reoviridae 呼肠孤病毒科 sh.sonnei 宋内氏志贺氏菌replication 复制slowinfection 慢发性感染resistancefactor 耐药因子spheroplast 原生质球resistancetransf erfactor,ptf 耐药性传递因子spike 刺突respiratorysyncytialvirus,rsvirus呼吸道病毒spirillum 螺菌respiratoryviruses逆转录病毒科 spore 芽胞，孢子retroviridae 逆转录病毒staphylococcus 葡萄球菌retrovirus 逆转录酶stap.aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌reversetranscriptase弹状病毒科stap.epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌rhabdoviridae 病毒唑stap.proteina,spa 葡萄球菌a蛋白ribavirin(virozol)rna病毒sterdystateinfection 稳定感染rickettsia 立克次氏体属 sterillization 灭菌rifampin 利福平streptococcus 链球菌属ringwormfungi 癣菌strep.anhemolyticus 非溶血性链球菌rochalimaea 罗沙利马体属 strep.hemolyticus 溶血性链球菌（乙型链球菌）rotavirus 轮状病毒strp.pneumonia 肺炎链球菌russianspring-s ummerencepha litisvirus 苏联春夏季脑炎病毒strep.viridans 草绿色链球菌（甲型链球菌）sabouraudsmed ium 沙保氏培养培养基streptodornase 链道酶salmonella 沙门氏菌属streptokinase 链激酶s.choleraesuis 猪霍乱沙氏菌 subclinicalinfection 亚临床感染s.typhi 伤寒沙门氏菌 subunitvaccine 亚单位疫苗s.paratyphi 副伤寒沙门氏菌subacutesclerosingpanencephalitissspe亚急性硬化性全脑炎s.typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌subvirus 亚病毒sarcina 八迭球菌syncytium 合胞体shigella 志贺菌属syphilis 梅毒tcid5050% 组织细胞感染量systemicinfection 全身感染teichoicacid 磷壁酸verticaltransmission 垂直传播temperatephage 温和噬菌体vibrio 弧菌属temperature-se温度敏感突变v.cholerae 霍乱弧菌nsitiveconditio株nalmutant,tsthymidinekinas胸腺核苷激酶 veillenella 韦荣氏球菌属etogaviridae 披膜病毒科virino 朊病毒toxemia 毒血症virion 病毒体toxin 类毒素viroid 类病毒toxoid 密螺旋体属virulence 毒力treponema 梅毒螺旋体virulentphage 毒性噬菌体t.pallidum 雅司螺旋体virus 病毒t.pertenue 毛癣菌属virusoid 拟病毒trichophyton 毛癣菌素v—onc 病毒癌基因trichophytin 脱壳widaltest 肥达氏试验uncoating 脲原体属yersinia 耶尔森氏菌属ureaplasma 脲原体属y.pestis 鼠疫杆菌vaccine 疫苗y.pseudotuberculosis 假结核杆菌。
甲型流感英语词汇
甲型流感英语词汇
甲型流感的英语词汇：
flu vaccine(流感疫苗)
flu caseload(感染病例数)
flu strain(流感病毒株)
anti-viral medications(抗病毒药物) contagious(会传染的)
respiratory disease(呼吸道疾病) circulate(传播)
contaminate(传染)
infect(感染)
contract(感染)
epidemic(流行病，时疫) epidemiologists(流行病学专家) pandemic(尤指全国性流行的疾病) pneumonias(肺炎)
confirmed case(确诊病例)
suspected case(疑似病例)
incubation period(潜伏期)
outbreak(爆发)
mutate into a more human-to-human
transmission/spread/infection(人与人之间的传播/感染) antiviral drug(抗病毒药物)
quarantee(医学隔离)
step up surveillance(加强检测)
flu jitters(流感恐慌)
contain(遏制)
stem the spread of the virus(制止病毒的扩散)
dangerous strain(突变成更危险病毒株)
public health emergency of international concern(国际关注的突发公共卫生事件)。
医学微生物学基本词汇英汉对照表范文
单词注释单词注释a cacquired immunodificie ncy syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）schlamydia psittaci 鹦鹉热衣原体active immunit 自动免疫chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体acute infection 急性感染chronic infection 慢性感染acyclovir 无环鸟苷classical biotype 古典生物型adenoviridae 腺病毒科clostridium 梭状芽胞杆菌属adenovirus 腺病毒cl.botulinum 肉毒梭菌adhesin 粘附素cl.difficile 艰难梭菌adsorption 吸附cl.perfringens 产气荚膜杆菌amantadine 金刚烷胺cl.tetani 破伤风梭菌amphotericin b 二性霉素b coagulase 血浆凝固酶anaerobicbacteria厌氧菌coccidioides immitis 厌酷球孢子菌antibiotic 抗生素coccus 球菌antigenic drift 抗原性漂移colonizzation factor 定居因子antigenic shift 抗原性转变complex symmetry 复合对称antisepsis 防腐continuous cell culture 传代细胞培养antitoxicimmunity抗毒素性免疫 cord factor 索状因子antitoxin 抗毒素core 核心apparentinfection显性传染coronaviridae 冠状病毒科arenaviridae 沙粒病毒科corynebacterium 棒状杆菌属artificial activeimmunity人工自动免疫 c.diphtheriae 白喉杆菌artificialpassiveimmunity人工被动免疫 coxiella 柯克斯体属aspergillus 曲霉菌coxsackie virus 柯萨奇病毒asepsis 无菌cryptococcus neoformans 新新型隐球菌assembly 装配cubic symmetry 立体对称avp 抗病毒蛋白cytocitic infection 杀细胞感染bacillicalmette-guerin, bcg卡介苗cytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒bacillus 杆菌cytopathogenic effect 细胞致病作用b.anthraci 炭疽杆菌c-onc 细胞原癌基因b dbacteremia 菌血症defective interfering particles 缺损干扰颗粒bacteriocin 细菌素dengue virus 登革病毒bacteriod 类杆菌dermatophytes 皮肤丝状菌b.fragilis 脆弱类杆菌diphtheria 白喉b.melaninogenicus黑色素类杆菌 diplococcus 双球菌bacteriophage 噬菌体diploid cell culture 二倍体细胞培养bacterium 细菌disinfection 消毒blastomyces dermatitidis 皮炎芽生菌enteroniavasive escherichiacol,eiec肠侵袭性大肠杆菌bordetellapertussis百日咳杆菌endogenous infection 内源性感染borrelia 疏螺旋体属el-tor biotype 埃尔托生物型b.recurrentis 回归热螺旋体 endotoxin 内毒素b.vincenti 奋森氏螺旋体enteric cytopathogenic humanorpan virus,埃可病毒b.burdorfe 莱姆病螺旋体 enterobacteriaceae 肠粘附性大肠杆菌botulism 肉毒中毒enterohemorrhagic escherichiacoli,etec肠产毒性大肠杆菌brucella 布氏杆菌属enterovirus 肠道病毒br.bovis 牛布氏杆菌envelope 囊膜br.melitensis 羊布氏杆菌enteropathoginc escherichiacoli,epec肠致病性大肠杆菌br.suis 猪布氏杆菌epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属bunyaviridae 布尼安病毒科 epstein-barr virus,eb virus eb eb病毒calmett-guerinsvaccine卡介苗escherichia 埃希氏菌属campylobacter 弯曲菌属 e.coli 大肠杆菌c.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌exogenous infection 外源性感染candidaalbicans白色念珠菌exotoxin 外毒素capsid 衣壳fimbriae 纤毛capsomere 壳微粒flagellum 鞭毛capsule 荚膜flaviviridae 黄病毒科carrier 带菌者fungus 真菌cell culture 细胞培养fusion 融合cell fusion 细胞融合ganciclovir 丙氧鸟苷cell wall 细胞壁genetic engineering 基因工程chitin 甲壳质genetic recombination 基因重组chlamydiae 衣原体growth inhibition test 生长抑制实验chlamydiapneumonia肺炎衣原体guarneiri body 顾氏小体hantaan virus 汉滩病毒horizontal tansmission 水平传播hantavirus 汉坦病毒属human immunodeficiency virus,hiv 人免疫缺陷病毒（艾滋病病毒）halophilicvibrio嗜盐弧菌hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶hbcag 乙型肝炎病毒immunofluorescence technic,ift 免疫荧光法核心抗原 hbeag 乙型肝炎病毒e 抗原inapparent imfection隐性传染 hbsag 乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原inclusion body包涵体hbv dna polymerase 乙型肝炎病毒dna 聚合酶 infectious mononucleosis传染性单核细胞增多症 heat-labiletoxin,lt 不耐热肠毒素 inferferon(ifn)干扰素 heat-stabletoxin,st耐热肠毒素 integrated infection整合传染 hela cells,hela 细胞 invasiveness 侵袭力 hemagglutinin,ha血凝集japanese encephalitis virus,jev 日本脑炎病毒hemagglutination-inhibition test血凝抑制试验 japanese b encephalitis,jbe 日本乙型脑炎hemagglutinati on phenomenon 血凝现象 klebsiella 克雷伯氏菌属 hemolysin 溶血素 k.pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯氏菌hemlphilus 嗜血杆菌属 lactobacillus乳杆菌属 h.influenzae 流行性感冒杆菌latent infection潜伏感染hemorrhagicfever with renal syndrome 肾综合征合征出血热ld50半数致死量helicalsymmetry螺旋对称legionella 军团菌属 hepadnaviridae 嗜肝病毒科 legionnaires disease 军团菌病 hepatitis avirus,hav 甲型肝炎病毒 lentivirinae慢病毒科 hepatitis bvirus,hbv乙型肝炎病毒 leptospira钩端螺旋体属 hepatitis virus 肝炎病毒 local infection 局部感染 herpes simplexvirus单纯疱疹病毒 lipopolysaccharide,lps脂多糖 varicella-zostervirus带状疱疹病毒 lysogenic bacteria溶原性细菌 herpetoviridae 疱疹病毒科 lysogeny 溶原状态 human herps virus type 6、7 人疱疹病毒6、7型lysogenic phage溶原性噬菌体 histoplasma capsulatum 荚膜组织胞浆菌lyssavirus狂犬病毒科measles virus 麻疹病毒papovaviridae 乳多空病毒科mesosome 中介体parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒metabolicinhibition test代谢抑制试验 parmyxoviridae 副粘病毒科metachromaticgranules异染颗粒paramyxovirus 副粘病毒microbiology 微生物学parvoviridae 微小病毒科microcapsule 微荚膜parvavirus 微小病毒mcrococcustetragenus四联球菌penicillium 青霉菌micrometer,micron(u=um)微米penetration 穿入microorganism 微生物peplomer 囊微粒mold 霉菌persistent infection 持续性感染moniliaalbicans白色念珠菌pesticine-1 鼠疫杆菌杀菌素mucor 毛霉菌picornaviridae 小核糖核酸病毒科mumps virus 腮腺炎病毒pilus(或fimbrae) 菌毛mutation 突变plague 鼠疫mycelium 菌丝体plaque forming unit,pfu 空斑形成单位mycobacterium 分枝杆菌属plasmid 质粒m.tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌 plasmin 胞浆素mycolic acid 分枝菌酸poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒mycoplasma 支原体属polykaryocyte 多核巨细胞mycostatin 制霉菌素poly i:c,polyinosinic:cytrdyeic acid 多聚肌苷酸：胞苷酸mycotoxicosis 真菌毒素中毒症poxviridae 痘病毒科mycrosporum 小孢子癣菌属 poxvirus 痘病毒nairovirus 内罗病毒属pre-s antigen 前s抗原negri body 内基氏小体primary cell culture 原代细胞培养neisseria 奈瑟氏菌属prickle cell 棘细胞n.gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟氏力 prion 蛋白侵染因子n.meningitidis 脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌β-propialactone β-丙内脂newenterovirus新型肠道病毒 prophage 前噬菌体normal flora 正常菌群proteus 变形杆菌nuclearmaterial核质protoplast 原生质体nucleocapsid 核衣壳provirus 前病毒oldtuberculin,ot旧结核菌素pseudomonas 假单胞菌属oncornavirusrna肿瘤病毒p.aeruginosa 绿脓杆菌orthomyxoviridae正粘病毒科purified protein derivative,ppd 纯化蛋白衍生物orthomyxovirus正粘病毒pyosepticemia 脓毒血症humanpapilloma virus乳头瘤病毒pyrogen 热原质rabies virus 狂犬病病毒sh.boydii 鲍氏志贺氏菌receptorbinding protein受体连接蛋白 sh.dysenteriae 痢疾志贺氏菌release 释放sh.flexneri 福氏志贺氏菌reoviridae 呼肠孤病毒科 sh.sonnei 宋内氏志贺氏菌replication 复制slow infection 慢发性感染resistancefactor耐药因子spheroplast 原生质球resistance transfer factor,ptf 耐药性传递因子spike 刺突respiratorysyncytialvirus,rs virus呼吸道病毒spirillum 螺菌respiratoryviruses逆转录病毒科 spore 芽胞，孢子retroviridae 逆转录病毒staphylococcus 葡萄球菌retrovirus 逆转录酶stap.aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌reversetranscriptase弹状病毒科stap.epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌rhabdoviridae 病毒唑stap.protein a,spa 葡萄球菌a蛋白ribavirin(virozol)rna病毒sterdy state infection 稳定感染rickettsia 立克次氏体属 sterillization 灭菌rifampin 利福平streptococcus 链球菌属ringworm fungi 癣菌strep.anhemolyticus 非溶血性链球菌rochalimaea 罗沙利马体属 strep.hemolyticus 溶血性链球菌（乙型链球菌）rotavirus 轮状病毒strp.pneumonia 肺炎链球菌russianspring-summer encephalitis virus 苏联春夏季脑炎病毒strep.viridans 草绿色链球菌（甲型链球菌）sabourauds medium 沙保氏培养培养基streptodornase 链道酶salmonella 沙门氏菌属streptokinase 链激酶s.choleraesuis 猪霍乱沙氏菌 subclinical infection 亚临床感染s.typhi 伤寒沙门氏菌 subunit vaccine 亚单位疫苗s.paratyphi 副伤寒沙门氏subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 亚急性硬化性全脑炎菌sspes.typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌subvirus 亚病毒sarcina 八迭球菌syncytium 合胞体shigella 志贺菌属syphilis 梅毒tcid50 50% 组织细胞感染量systemic infection 全身感染teichoic acid 磷壁酸vertical transmission 垂直传播temperatephage温和噬菌体vibrio 弧菌属temperature-sensitive conditional mutant,ts 温度敏感突变株v.cholerae 霍乱弧菌thymidinekinase胸腺核苷激酶 veillenella 韦荣氏球菌属togaviridae 披膜病毒科virino 朊病毒toxemia 毒血症virion 病毒体toxin 类毒素viroid 类病毒toxoid 密螺旋体属virulence 毒力treponema 梅毒螺旋体virulent phage 毒性噬菌体t.pallidum 雅司螺旋体virus 病毒t.pertenue 毛癣菌属virusoid 拟病毒trichophyton 毛癣菌素v—onc 病毒癌基因trichophytin 脱壳widal test 肥达氏试验uncoating 脲原体属yersinia 耶尔森氏菌属ureaplasma 脲原体属y.pestis 鼠疫杆菌vaccine 疫苗y.pseudotuberculosis 假结核杆菌。
感染相关英文词汇-4.1 肺炎链球菌
7.cell division occurs along asingle axis
细胞分裂沿单一轴进行
8.grow in chains or pairs
成链或成对生长
9.hemolyticproperties
溶血特性
10.S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae）
52.epidemiologic features
流行病学特征
53.serotype distribution
血清学分布
54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normallysterile site)
侵袭性肺炎球菌病（通常体无菌出现感染）
感染相关英文词汇小结
G+（1肺炎球菌感染）
1.Gram-Positive Bacteria
革兰阳性菌
2.micrococci
微球菌
3.LouisPasteur
路易斯，巴斯德
4.etiology of pneumonia
肺炎的病因学
5.Etiologic agent
病因学微生物
6.Streptococcus
社区传播动力学
64.cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
脑脊液
苛养（菌）
16.mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies
粘液状克隆（光滑/金属色）
17.Pneumococci without a capsule
无夹膜的肺炎球菌
18.colonies with a rough surface
克隆表面粗糙
病原生物学英文专业词汇表
《病原生物学》英文专业词汇表微生物学部分非细胞型微生物Acellular microbe原核细胞型微生物Prokaryote 真核细胞型微生物eukaryote正常菌群Normal flora of bacteria 菌群失调dysbacteriosis机会性致病菌opportunistic pathogen 巴氏消毒法Pasteurization外毒素exotoxin; 内毒素endotoxin 间歇灭菌法fraction sterilization卡介苗BCG 脂多糖LPS 荚膜Capsule菌毛Pilus( or fimbria) 芽孢spore鞭毛fllagellum败血症septicemia 类毒素Toxoid高频重组菌株high frequency recombinant，Hfr胞内寄生菌intracellular parasite 溶原性转换lysogenic conversion 转化transformation 转导transduction接合conjugation 朊粒prion蚀斑形成单位 plaque forming unit, PFU 中和抗体neutralizing antibodies，内基小体Negri body 干扰素interferon，IFN温度敏感突变株temperature sensitive mutant, ts株垂直传播Vertical transamission 病毒体Virion干扰现象interference 缺陷病毒Defactive virus细胞病变效应cytopathic effect,CPE葡萄球菌A蛋白, SPA 肥达反应Widal test结核菌素Tuberculin葡萄球菌属staphylococcus抗链球菌溶血素O实验， ASO test 链球菌属 streptococcus伤寒沙门氏菌Salmonella typhi大肠埃希氏菌E.coli（EAEC；ETEC；EIEC；EPEC；EHEC）霍乱弧菌vibrio cholerae 分枝杆菌属Mycobacterium厌氧性细菌 anaerobic bacteria 破伤风梭菌Clostridium tetani流行性感冒病毒Influenza virus 腺病毒adenovirus获得性免疫缺陷综合症AIDS 虫媒病毒arbovirus冠状病毒Coronavirus 巨细胞病毒Cytomegalovirus, CMV肾综合征出血热病毒hemorrhagic fevet vith renal syndrome,HFRS肝炎病毒的相关缩写词）HAV； HBV； HCV； HDV； HEV； HGV；HBsAg; HBeAg; HBcAg;单纯疱疹病毒Herpes simplex virus, HSVEB病毒 Epstein-Barr virus,EBV人类免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus ,HIV脊髓灰质炎病毒 Poliovirus真菌fungus放线菌actinomyces 衣原体 Chlamydia ；始体initial body，; 原体elementary body,立克次体 Rickettsia 支原体Mycoplasma莱姆病lyme disease 新生隐球菌Cryptoccus neoformans白假丝酵母菌Candida albicans 外斐氏反应 Weft-Felix reaction寄生虫学部分机会致病寄生虫（opportunistic parasite）中间宿主(intermediate host)终宿主(definitive host) 转续宿主（paratenic host或transport host）带虫免疫（premunition）伴随免疫（concomitant immunity）幼虫移行症（larva migrans）夜现周期性（nocturnal periodicity ）再燃(recrudescence) 复发(relapse)土源性蠕虫（geohelminth）生物源性蠕虫（biohelminth）变态（metamorphosis）棘球蚴砂（hydatid sand）十二指肠钩口线虫Ancylostoma duodenale 链状带绦虫（Taenia solium）肥胖带绦虫（Taenia saginata）细粒棘球绦虫（Echinococcus granulosus）似蚓蛔线虫（Ascaris lumbricoides）蠕形住肠线虫(Enterobius vermicularis 钩虫(hookworm) 十二指肠钩口线虫（Ancylostoma duodenale）美洲板口线虫（Necator americanus）丝虫（filaria）班氏吴策线虫(Wuchereria bancrofti) 马来布鲁线虫(Brugia malayi)旋毛形线虫[Trichinella spiralis] 华支睾吸虫（Clonorchis sinensis）卫氏并殖吸虫[Paragonimus westermani] 裂体吸虫（Schistosoma）日本血吸虫（Schistosoma japonicum 溶组织内阿米巴（Entamoeba histolytica）刚地弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii) 蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（Giardia lamblia）阴道毛滴虫（Trichomonas vaginalis）疟原虫(malaria parasite)间日疟原虫(Plasmodium vivax) 恶性疟原虫（Plasmodium falciparum）。
感染相关英文词汇-5.7.1-肠杆菌
感染相关英文词汇小结G-（肠杆菌）1. Enteric Bacilli肠杆菌2. diverse anatomic sites 不同解剖位置3. compromised hosts免疫抑制的宿主4.colonic flora肠道菌群5. Escherichia coli大肠埃希氏菌6. Klebsiella克雷伯杆菌7. Proteus变形杆菌8. Enterobacter肠杆菌属9. Serratia沙雷菌属10. Citrobacter枸橼酸菌属11. Morganella摩根菌属12. Providencia普罗威登菌属13. Edwardsiella爱德华氏菌属14. pathotypes 致病类型15. gram-negative bacilli (GNB)革兰阴性菌16.GNB (primarily E. coli , Klebsiella , and Proteus ) only transiently colonize the oropharynx and skin of healthy individualsGNB（特别是大肠埃希菌，克雷伯菌，变形杆菌）仅短暂定植于正常人群体的口咽部和皮肤17. long-term care facilities (LTCFs)长期照护机构18. GNB emerge as the dominant flora of both mucosal and skin surfaces（在某些环境下），GNB成为粘膜、皮肤表面的主要菌群19. extended length of stay住院时间延长20. severe illness疾病严重21. antimicrobial use抗菌药物应用may lead to subsequent infection定植可造成感染colonization may lead to pneumonia口咽部定植可造成肺炎24. extracytoplasmic outer membrane胞质外外膜25. lipid bilayer磷脂双层26. lipoproteins脂蛋白[capsule,lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]多糖（夹膜，脂多糖）determinants in pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance发病过程以及抗菌药物耐药的重要决定因素29. bacterial virulence factors细菌致病因子30. infect the host efficiently快速感染宿主31. cognate pathogens共生的病原菌32. microbes and hosts微生物群和宿主33. evolutionary history进化历史34. commensal/symbiotic interaction共生关系35.mitochondria—formerly bacteria—within eukaryotic cells线粒体曾经为原核生物的细菌36. dead-end relationship死亡关系（无前途）37. chess match国际象棋对抗赛pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)肠外致病大肠埃希菌39. extracellular pathogens细胞外的病原菌40. Innate immunity固有免疫41.activities of complement补体活性42. antimicrobial peptides抗菌多肽43. professional phagocytes吞噬细胞44. Extraintestinal attachment肠外粘附（能力）45. mucociliary blanket粘膜纤毛层（毯，啧啧那么形象么）46. Multiple adhesins不同的粘附分子46. type I, S, and F1C fimbriae; P pili （不同的粘附分子）47. Nutrient sequestration攫取营养48. iron via intracellular storage细胞内储存的铁49.extracellular scavenging via lactoferrin and transferrin)细胞外通过乳铁蛋白和转铁蛋白获取铁50.Cellular lysis细胞裂解51. hemolysin溶红细胞素52. multiple mechanisms for competing for iron and other nutrients多种攫取铁和其他营养素的机制53. siderophores嗜铁素54.diarrheal disease腹泻疾病（E. coli独特之处）55. defining traits独特特点56.many important virulence genes await identification许多重要的毒力基因尚待确认57.understanding of many aspects of the pathogenesis of infections due to GNB is in its infancy对GNB感染过程的理解尚浅58. septic shock感染性休克59. The lipid A moiety of LPS (via interaction with host Toll-like receptor 4)脂多糖的脂质A部分（通过与宿主Toll样受体4作用）60. overly exuberant（细菌）生殖旺盛61. antigenic variants (serotypes)抗原变异（致使不同的血清型）62.>150 O-specific antigens（in E. coli ）超过150种氧特异性抗原63. >80 capsular antigens（in E. coli ）>80种夹膜抗原64. immune evasion 免疫逃逸65. recurrent infection感染复发66. different strains of the same species同一种的不同菌属67. impeded vaccine development加速疫苗的开发or acquired antimicrobial resistance 天然或后天获得性耐药69.alterations or disruptions of host defenses.宿主防御系统改变及损害70. pneumonia肺炎71. bacteremia (arising from any source)菌血症（可能来源于各个部位）72. Isolation of GNB from ordinarily sterile anatomic sites从原本无菌的体内部位分离出G-菌sites非无菌区74. open soft-tissue wounds开放的软组织伤口75. respiratory tract呼吸道76. clinical correlation结合临床77. differentiate colonization from infection鉴别定植还是感染78. lactose fermentation乳糖发酵79. indole production产生吲哚80. evolving patterns of antimicrobial resistance逐渐变化的耐药特性g between published and real-time resistance rates已公布的和真实世界耐药率间的时间差82. ever-increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB多药耐药的G-菌的流行83. broad-spectrum treatment广谱的药物治疗84.appropriate narrower spectrum agent 适合的窄谱抗菌药物85. antimicrobial stewardship抗菌药物合理应用86. superinfection with resistant bacteria耐药的超级细菌87. maximize the useful longevity of available antimicrobial agents延长现有抗菌药物的使用寿命88. not to treat patients who are colonized but not infected如为定植，无需治疗89. antimicrobial resistance profiles of GNBG-菌的耐药谱90. species细菌的种属91. geographic location地理位置92.regional antimicrobial use当地抗菌药物的应用情况93.hospital site [intensive care units (ICUs) versus wards]医院的位置（ICU或普通病房）94. carbapenems碳青霉烯类95. imipenem美罗培南96. aminoglycoside氨基糖苷类97. amikacin阿米卡星98. cephalosporin IVIV代头孢菌素99. cefepime头孢吡肟100. piperacillin-tazobactam哌拉西林-他唑巴坦101.β-Lactamasesβ内酰胺酶102. most important mediators of resistance to these drugs in GNB（β内酰胺酶）是GNB耐药的主要机制103. Decreased permeability渗透性下降104. active efflux of β-lactam agents β内酰胺类药物主动泵出105. in combination withβ-lactamase-mediated resistance与β内酰胺酶介导的耐药同时存在106. Broad spectrum β-lactamases广谱β内酰胺酶107. penicillins and cephalosporins I 青霉素及头孢I代GNB肠道G-菌109. clavulanate克拉维酸盐（棒酸盐）110. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)超广谱β内酰胺酶111. cephalosporins III and IV头孢III代及IV代112. aztreonam氨曲南113. acquired ESBL-encoding genes via transferable plasmids通过质粒传播的获得性ESBL基因114. most prevalent最普遍115. Klebsiella pneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌116. K. oxytoca产酸克雷伯菌117. underrecognized被低估118. Enterobacter肠杆菌119. Citrobacter柠檬酸细菌属120. Proteus变形杆菌属121. Serratia沙雷氏菌属122. the regional prevalence ofESBL-producing GNB declines in rank order as follows: Latin America > Western Pacific > Europe > United States and Canada产ESBLG-菌的发生率降序排列为：拉丁美洲>西太平洋>欧洲>美国和加拿大123. Hospital outbreaks due toESBL-producing strains医院产ESBL菌株感染爆发124. extensive use of cephalosporins III头孢III代广泛运用125. ceftazidime头孢他定126.most reliably active β-lactam agents against ESBL-expressing strains （carbapenems）对产ESBL表达菌株最有效的β内酰胺酶制剂是（碳青霉烯）127. porin mutations外膜蛋白基因突变128.decreased uptake of cephalosporins and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations（细菌）对头孢菌素、β内酰胺酶/β内酰胺酶抑制剂的摄取降低129.Thus, ESBL-producing isolates should be considered resistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam因此，分离菌产ESBL意味着对所有青霉素类、头孢类抗菌药物及氨曲南耐药130.Ceftobiprole头孢托罗酯131. first-in-class一类药物中的第一个原研药132. methicillin-resistant StaphylococcusAureus（MRSA）耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌133. Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科134.AmpC β –lactamases confer resistance to the same substrates as ESBLs plus the cephamycinsAmpCβ内酰胺酶可导致耐药，和ESBL有同样的底物，同时还有对头霉素类耐药135. cefoxitin头孢西丁136. cefotetan头孢替坦137. AmpC enzymes resist inhibition by β-lactamase inhibitorsAmpC酶可不被β内酰胺酶抑制剂所抑制138. constitutive chromosomal AmpCβ-lactamases染色体编码AmpCβ内酰胺酶的基因139. Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌140. Providencia普罗威登斯菌属141. Morganella摩根（氏）菌属142. aminopenicillins氨基青霉素143. cefazolin头孢唑林144. acquired plasmids containing AmpC β-lactamase genes质粒介导的AmpCβ内酰胺酶基因转导145. cefepime is stable to AmpCβ-lactamases头孢吡肟对AmpCβ内酰胺酶稳定146. Carbapenemases碳青霉烯酶147. Automated susceptibility systems 自动化药敏检测系统148. unreliable for detection of carbapenemases对碳青霉烯酶的检测不可信149. imipenem亚胺培南150. meropenem美罗培南151. ertapenem厄他培南152.Resistance to ertapenem is the most sensitive marker for carbapenem resistance in automated systems在自动药敏检测系统中，厄他培南耐药即意味着碳青霉烯酶耐药，是最敏感的指标153. modified Hodge test改良Hodge试验154. Tigecycline替加环素155. polymyxins多粘菌素类156. tigecycline reaches only low concentrations in serum and urine, a characteristic that warrants concern about its use in the treatment of bacteremia and urinary tract infection (UTI)替加环素血药浓度、尿药浓度低，因此对其治疗菌血症和尿路感染的可靠性有所质疑157. Resistance to fluoroquinolones usually is due to alterations of the target site (DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV), with or without decreased permeability, active efflux, or protection of the target site.氟喹诺酮耐药主要由于靶点改变（DNA回旋酶和/或拓扑异构酶IV），伴随或不伴随渗透率降低，主动泵出以及靶点的保护作用159. MDR GNB多重耐药G-菌158. pending susceptibility results根据药敏结果160. assess the clinical response to treatment评价治疗的反应161. resistance may evolve during therapy 治疗过程中可出现耐药162. drainage of abscesses脓肿引流163.removal of infected foreign bodies 感染灶切除164. polymicrobial infections多重感染165.prudent to design an antimicrobial regimen active against all of the GNB 设计针对所有G-的抗菌药治疗方案需要慎重166. superinfection超级细菌感染167.Clostridium difficile colitis难辨梭菌结肠炎168.Diligent adherence to hand-hygiene protocols坚持执行手卫生原则169. avoidance of inappropriate antimicrobial use避免不合理抗菌药物应用170. avoidance of the use of indwelling devices., urinary and intravascular catheters, endotracheal tubes)避免体内留置设备（尿路、静脉导管、气管内置管）171. placement放置172. Positioning ., head of bed at ≥30°)适当的体位（床头抬高≥30°）173. good oral hygiene注意口腔卫生174. decrease the incidence of pneumonia in ventilated patients降低通气患者肺炎的发生率175. commensal strains共生的菌株176. normal facultative intestinal flora正常的兼性肠道菌群177. confer benefits to the host ., resistance to colonization with pathogenic organisms)为宿主提供好处（如，防止病原微生物定植）178. lack the specialized virulence traits缺乏特殊的致病特点179. a foreign body ., a urinary catheter)异物（尿管）180. host compromise ., local anatomic or functional abnormalities such as urinary or biliary tract obstruction or systemic immunocompromise)宿主免疫抑制（局部解剖或功能异常，例如尿道、胆道梗阻或系统免疫功能异常）181. inoculum（接种）菌群182. fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity腹腔粪便污染183. phylogenetic background系统发育背景184. surgical wound infection 手术伤口感染185. osteomyelitis骨髓炎186. myositis肌炎187. intestinal pathogenic E. coli肠道致病大肠埃希菌188. gastroenteritis胃肠炎189. ExPEC strains肠外致病菌190. Urinary tract infection （UTI）尿路感染191. ambulatory patients门诊患者192. uncomplicated cystitis无症状膀胱炎193. pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎194. catheter-associated UTIs导管相关尿路感染195. specific hosts ., premenopausal women, compromised hosts特殊的患者（绝经前女性，免疫抑制患者）196. frequent recurrences反复复发197. dysuria排尿困难198. urinary frequency尿频199. suprapubic pain耻骨上疼痛200. Fever and/or back pain suggests progression to pyelonephritis.发热及后背疼痛意味着疼痛进展至肾盂肾炎201. fever may take 5–7 days to resolve completely发热需5-7天完全恢复202. Persistently elevated or increasing fever and neutrophil counts 持续发热及中性粒细胞升高203. prompt evaluation for intrarenal or perinephric abscess and/or obstruction 迅速评估是否存在肾内、肾周的脓肿或梗阻204. Renal parenchymal damage and loss of renal function肾实质和肾功能损伤205. Pregnant women孕妇206. adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy影响孕程207. prenatal screening产前检查208. asymptomatic bacteriuria无症状性细菌尿209. Prostatic infection前列腺感染210. potential complication of UTI尿路感染可能的并发症211. tailored to the individual host 个体化治疗212. Abdominal and pelvic infection腹腔和盆腔感染213. acute peritonitis secondary to fecal contamination,粪便感染激发急性腹膜炎214. spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 自发性细菌性腹膜炎215. dialysis-associated peritonitis 透析相关性腹膜炎216. diverticulitis憩室炎217. appendicitis阑尾炎218. intraperitoneal or visceral abscesses(hepatic,pancreatic, splenic)腹腔或内脏脓肿（肝脏、胰腺、肾脓肿）219. infected pancreatic pseudocysts 胰腺假性囊肿220. septic cholangitis化脓性胆管炎221. septic cholecystitis化脓性胆囊炎222. facultative and/or anaerobic members of the intestinal flora肠道菌群中的兼性厌氧和厌氧菌223. community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)社区获得性肺炎224. hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)医院获得性感染肺炎225. postoperative and ICU patients 术后及ICU患者226. ventilator-associated pneumonia 呼吸机相关肺炎227. small-volume aspiration小容量吸气228. hematogenous spread血性感染229. multifocal nodular infiltrates 多灶性浸润。
感染相关英文小结-5.5 军团菌
感染相关英文词汇小结G-（5肺炎球菌感染）1.Legionella Infections军团菌2.bacteriaof the genus Legionella . Pontiac fever军团菌发热3.febrile发热4.self-limited自限性5.an American Legion convention美国退伍军人协会6. L. pneumophila嗜肺军团菌7.aerobic gram-negative bacilli需氧革兰阴性菌8.Buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar缓冲炭酵母提取物琼脂（BCYE）9. aquatic bodies（lakes and streams）水体（湖和溪流）10.naturalsoil and commercial potting soil自然土和栽培土11.warm temperatures温度适宜12.scale and sediment水垢及沉积物13.disinfectants杀菌剂14.symbiotic microorganisms共生的微生物15.algae水藻16.amebas阿米巴变形虫17.ciliated protozoa有纤毛的原生动物18.Rainfall andhumidity雨天和湿度19.environmental risk factors环境危险因素20.Sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease散发的社区获得性军团菌感染21. Cooling towers冷却塔22.evaporative condensers蒸发式冷凝器23.transmission of Legionella to humans军团菌传播给人体24.aerosolization气雾25.aspiration吸入26.oropharyngeal colonization口咽部定植27.directly via the drinking of contaminated water直接饮用被污染的水源28. Nasogastric tubes鼻胃管29.hospital-acquiredLegionnaires’ disease医院获得性军团菌疾病30.endotracheal intubation气管内插管31.hospital-acquired pneumonia of other etiologies其他病原菌造成的医院获得性肺炎32.nebulizers雾化器33.humidifiers加湿器34.An ultrasonic mist machine超声喷雾器35.Pontiacfever庞蒂亚克热（又称流感样型）36.top four microbialcauses of community-acquired pneumonia社区获得性肺炎四大常见病原菌37.Streptococcus pneumoniae肺炎链球菌38.Haemophilus influenza流感嗜血杆菌39.Chlamydophila pneumoniae衣原体肺炎40.Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention (CDC)疾病控制和预防中心41.nosocomial pneumonia医院性肺炎42. Risk factors风险因子43.cigarette smoking吸烟44.chronic lung disease慢性肺部疾病45.advanced age高龄46.prior hospitalization入院史46.dischargewithin 10 days before onset of pneumonia symptoms肺炎症状出现10天前出院47.immunosuppression免疫抑制48.transplantation移植49. HIV infectionHIV感染50.treatment with glucocorticoids or tumor necrosis factor α antagonists糖皮质激素治疗或肿瘤坏死因子α拮抗剂51.airborne transmission空气传播52.bacterial type IV piliIV型菌毛的细菌53. Alveolar macrophages肺泡巨噬细胞54.phagocytose吞噬55.The macrophageinfectivity potentiation (MIP)巨噬细胞感染增强56.inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion 抑制噬菌体-溶酶体的融合57.neutrophilsin immunity appears to be minimal中性粒细胞在（军团菌）感染中作用有限58.neutropenic patientsarenot predisposed to Legionnaires’ disease中性粒细胞减少的病人并不是军团菌感染的危险因素59.humoral immune systemisactive against Legionella体液免疫系统对军团菌有作用60. Type-specific IgM and IgG antibodies型特异性IgM和IgG61.more virulent毒性更强62. Pontiac fever is an acute, self-limiting,flu-like illness庞蒂亚克热是一种急性的、自限性、流感样疾病63.an incubationperiod of 24–48 h潜伏期24-48h 64.Malaise萎靡不振65.fatigue疲惫66.myalgias肌肉疼痛67. Fever (usually with chills)发热伴寒战68.headache头痛69.arthralgias关节痛70.nausea恶心71.cough咳嗽72.abdominal pain腹痛73.diarrhea腹泻74. Modest leukocytosis白细胞轻度升高75. with a neutrophilic predominance中性粒细胞占比增加76. Complete recovery occurs within a few days几天后可自愈77.experiencelassitude无精打采78.antibody seroconversion抗体血清转换79.atypical pneumonia不典型肺炎80.relatively nonproductive cough不生痰干咳81. Legionella pneumonia军团菌肺炎82.closely resemble those of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia与细菌性肺炎球菌肺炎症状类似83.incubation period潜伏期84.the sputum is streaked with blood痰中带血85.Chest pain,either pleuritic or nonpleuritic 胸痛，肋间或非肋间痛86.prominent feature主要的症状87.hemoptysis咯血88.Clinical Clues Suggestive of Legionnaires’ Disease军团菌感染疑似症状89. High fever (>40°C; >104°F)高热（>40°C）90.Numerous neutrophils but no organismsrevealed by Gram’s stainingof respiratory secretions呼吸道分泌物有大量中性粒细胞，革兰染色无显著病原体91.Hyponatremia 低钠血症92.Failure to respond to β-lactam drugs (penicillins or cephalosporins)and aminoglycoside antibiotics对β内酰胺药物（青霉素、头孢）氨基糖苷类抗生素无效93.pulmonary embolism肺栓塞94.Shortness of breath气短95.Gastrointestinal difficulties arepronounced胃肠道症状明显96.watery水样便97.bloody血样便98.multitudinousneurologic symptoms多种神经系统症状99. Relative bradycardia心动过缓100.rales啰音101.nonspecific clinical manifestations临床症状不典型102.not readilydistinguishable frompneumonia of other etiologies不能与其他病原菌肺炎相区别103.confusion意识障碍104.elevated valuesin liver function tests肝功水平升高105.hematuria血尿106.proteinuria蛋白尿107.hypophosphatemia低磷酸盐血症108.delayed diagnosis诊断延迟109.ambulatory cases门诊病例110.Extrapulmonarylegionellosis=extrapulmo nary manifestations军团菌感染肺外表现111.portal of entry侵入门户112.bloodbornedissemination血行传播113.extrapulmonary site of legionellosis is the heart肺外常见感染部位为心脏114.myocarditis心肌炎, and prosthetic-valve endocarditis115.pericarditis心包炎116.postcardiotomy syndrome心脏切开术后综合征117. prosthetic-valve endocarditis人工瓣膜心内膜炎118.postoperativesternal wound术后胸骨损伤119.Sinusitis鼻窦炎120.peritonitis腹膜炎121.pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎122.skin and soft tissue infection皮肤与软组织感染123.septic arthritis脓毒性关节炎124.pancreatitis胰腺炎125.feverand respiratory tract symptomspreceded the radiographicappearance of the infiltrate高烧和呼吸道症状先于影像学渗出出现126.Pleural effusion胸腔积液127.opacities不透明128.abscesses脓肿129.radiographic improvement lags behind clinical improvement byseveral days影像学改善迟于临床症状改善若干天plete clearing of infiltratesrequires 1–4 months病灶彻底清除需1-4个月131.long-standingcardiomegaly长期心肌扩大132.roundedopacities圆形不透明影133.the Legionella urinaryantigen test泌尿系统军团菌抗原检测134.L. pneumophila serogroup 1嗜肺军团菌血清型1135.bronchoscopy specimens支气管镜标本136.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid支气管肺泡灌洗液137. Thoracentesis胸腔穿刺术138.direct fluorescent antibody (DFA)staining 直接荧光抗体染色139.culturefor 3–5 days is required细菌需要3-5天培养140.Antibody testing of both acute- and convalescent-phase sera isnecessary急性期和恢复期需要啊做血清抗体检验141. A fourfold rise in titer is diagnostic滴度升高4倍可确诊142.an intracellular pathogen细胞内病原143.attain high intracellular concentrations 能够在细胞内得到高浓度144.macrolides (especially azithromycin)大环内脂类（阿奇霉素）145.respiratoryquinolones 呼吸喹诺酮146.monotherapy单药治疗（即可有效）147.erythromycin红霉素148. once- or twice-daily dosing一日一次或二次给药149.Quinolones are the preferredantibiotics for transplant recipients移植患者适于使用喹诺酮类150.macrolidesand rifampin大环内脂类和利福平151.cyclosporine环孢素152.tacrolimus他克莫司153.Alternative agents替代药物154.tetracycline四环素155. Clarithromycin克拉霉素156. Ciprofloxacin环丙沙星157.Ketolide酮内酯类抗菌药159.Telithromycin泰利霉素158.Tetracyclines四环素类160. Doxycycline多西环素161. Minocycline米诺环素162.Tigecycline替加环素163.Anecdotal reports病例报道164.imipenem亚胺培南165.clindamycin克林霉素166.interaction with manyother medications （利福平）与多种药物有相互作用167.A clinical responseoccurs within 3–5 days3-5天症状应好转168.oral therapy can besubstituted症状好转可换用口服药物169.For azithromycin, with its long half-life, a 5- to 10-daycourse is sufficient.阿奇霉素半衰期长，疗程5-10天为宜。
感染相关英文词汇-5.7.1 肠杆菌
感染相关英文词汇小结G-（7.1肠杆菌）1.Enteric Bacilli肠杆菌2.diverse anatomic sites 不同解剖位置promised hosts 免疫抑制的宿主4.colonic flora肠道菌群5. Escherichia coli大肠埃希氏菌6.Klebsiella克雷伯杆菌7. Proteus变形杆菌8. Enterobacter肠杆菌属9.Serratia沙雷菌属10.Citrobacter枸橼酸菌属11.Morganella摩根菌属12. Providencia普罗威登菌属13.Edwardsiella爱德华氏菌属14.pathotypes 致病类型15.gram-negative bacilli (GNB)革兰阴性菌16.GNB (primarilyE. coli ,Klebsiella , and Proteus ) only transiently colonize theoropharynx and skin of healthy individuals GNB（特别是大肠埃希菌，克雷伯菌，变形杆菌）仅短暂定植于正常人群体的口咽部和皮肤17.long-termcarefacilities (LTCFs)长期照护机构18.GNB emerge as the dominantflora of both mucosal and skin surfaces（在某些环境下），GNB成为粘膜、皮肤表面的主要菌群19.extended length of stay住院时间延长20.severe illness疾病严重21.antimicrobial use抗菌药物应用22.colonization may lead to subsequent infection定植可造成感染23.oropharyngeal colonization may lead to pneumonia口咽部定植可造成肺炎24.extracytoplasmic outer membrane胞质外外膜25.lipid bilayer磷脂双层26.lipoproteins脂蛋白27.polysaccharides[capsule,lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]多糖（夹膜，脂多糖）28.critical determinants in pathogenesis and antimicrobialresistance发病过程以及抗菌药物耐药的重要决定因素29.bacterial virulence factors细菌致病因子30.infect thehost efficiently快速感染宿主31.cognate pathogens共生的病原菌32.microbes and hosts微生物群和宿主33.evolutionary history进化历史34. commensal/symbiotic interaction共生关系35.mitochondria—formerly bacteria—within eukaryotic cells线粒体曾经为原核生物的细菌36.dead-end relationship死亡关系（无前途）37.chess match国际象棋对抗赛38.Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)肠外致病大肠埃希菌39.extracellular pathogens细胞外的病原菌40. Innate immunity固有免疫41.activities of complement补体活性42.antimicrobial peptides抗菌多肽43.professionalphagocytes吞噬细胞44.Extraintestinalattachment肠外粘附（能力）45.mucociliary blanket粘膜纤毛层（毯，啧啧那么形象么）46. Multiple adhesins不同的粘附分子46.type I, S, and F1C fimbriae; P pili（不同的粘附分子）47. Nutrient sequestration攫取营养48.iron via intracellular storage细胞内储存的铁49.extracellular scavenging via lactoferrinand transferrin)细胞外通过乳铁蛋白和转铁蛋白获取铁50.Cellular lysis细胞裂解51.hemolysin溶红细胞素52.multiple mechanisms forcompeting for iron and other nutrients多种攫取铁和其他营养素的机制53.siderophores嗜铁素54.diarrhealdisease腹泻疾病（E. coli独特之处）55.defining traits独特特点56.many important virulencegenes await identification许多重要的毒力基因尚待确认57.understanding of many aspectsof the pathogenesis of infections due to GNB is in its infancy对GNB感染过程的理解尚浅58.septic shock感染性休克59. The lipid A moiety of LPS (via interaction withhost Toll-like receptor 4)脂多糖的脂质A部分（通过与宿主Toll样受体4作用）60.overly exuberant（细菌）生殖旺盛61.antigenic variants (serotypes)抗原变异（致使不同的血清型）62.>150 O-specific antigens（in E. coli ）超过150种氧特异性抗原63.>80 capsularantigens（in E. coli ）>80种夹膜抗原64.immuneevasion免疫逃逸65.recurrent infection感染复发66.different strains of thesame species同一种的不同菌属67.impeded vaccine development加速疫苗的开发68.intrinsic or acquired antimicrobialresistance天然或后天获得性耐药69.alterations or disruptions of hostdefenses. 宿主防御系统改变及损害70.pneumonia肺炎71.bacteremia(arising from any source)菌血症（可能来源于各个部位）72. Isolation of GNB from ordinarily sterileanatomic sites从原本无菌的体内部位分离出G-菌73.nonsterilesites非无菌区74.open soft-tissue wounds开放的软组织伤口75.respiratorytract呼吸道76.clinical correlation结合临床77.differentiate colonization frominfection鉴别定植还是感染ctose fermentation乳糖发酵79.indole production产生吲哚80.evolving patternsof antimicrobial resistance逐渐变化的耐药特性g between published andreal-timeresistance rates已公布的和真实世界耐药率间的时间差82.ever-increasing prevalenceofmultidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB多药耐药的G-菌的流行83.broad-spectrum treatment广谱的药物治疗84.appropriate narrowerspectrumagent适合的窄谱抗菌药物85.antimicrobial stewardship抗菌药物合理应用86.superinfectionwith resistant bacteria耐药的超级细菌87.maximizethe useful longevity of available antimicrobial agents延长现有抗菌药物的使用寿命88.not to treat patients who are colonized but notinfected如为定植，无需治疗89.antimicrobial resistance profiles of GNB G-菌的耐药谱90.species细菌的种属91.geographic location地理位置92.regional antimicrobial use当地抗菌药物的应用情况93.hospital site [intensive care units (ICUs)versus wards]医院的位置（ICU或普通病房）94.carbapenems碳青霉烯类95.imipenem美罗培南96.aminoglycoside氨基糖苷类97.amikacin阿米卡星98.cephalosporin IVIV代头孢菌素99.cefepime头孢吡肟100. piperacillin-tazobactam哌拉西林-他唑巴坦101.β-Lactamasesβ内酰胺酶102.most important mediators of resistanceto these drugs inGNB（β内酰胺酶）是GNB耐药的主要机制103. Decreased permeability渗透性下降104.active efflux ofβ-lactam agentsβ内酰胺类药物主动泵出105.incombination withβ-lactamase-mediated resistance与β内酰胺酶介导的耐药同时存在106. Broadspectrumβ-lactamases广谱β内酰胺酶107.penicillinsand cephalosporins I青霉素及头孢I代108.entericGNB肠道G-菌109.clavulanate克拉维酸盐（棒酸盐）110. Extended-spectrumβ-lactamases(ESBLs)超广谱β内酰胺酶111.cephalosporins III and IV头孢III代及IV代112.aztreonam氨曲南113.acquired ESBL-encoding genesvia transferable plasmids通过质粒传播的获得性ESBL基因114.most prevalent最普遍115.Klebsiella pneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌116. K. oxytoca产酸克雷伯菌117.underrecognized被低估118.Enterobacter肠杆菌119.Citrobacter柠檬酸细菌属120. Proteus变形杆菌属121.Serratia沙雷氏菌属122.the regional prevalenceofESBL-producingGNB declines in rank orderas follows: Latin America > WesternPacific > Europe > United States and Canada产ESBLG-菌的发生率降序排列为：拉丁美洲>西太平洋>欧洲>美国和加拿大123. Hospitaloutbreaks duetoESBL-producing strains医院产ESBL菌株感染爆发124.extensive use of cephalosporins III头孢III代广泛运用125.ceftazidime头孢他定126.most reliably active β-lactamagents against ESBL-expressing strains（carbapenems）对产ESBL表达菌株最有效的β内酰胺酶制剂是（碳青霉烯）127.porin mutations外膜蛋白基因突变128. decreased uptakeof cephalosporins andβ-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations （细菌）对头孢菌素、β内酰胺酶/β内酰胺酶抑制剂的摄取降低129.Thus, ESBL-producing isolates should be consideredresistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam因此，分离菌产ESBL意味着对所有青霉素类、头孢类抗菌药物及氨曲南耐药130.Ceftobiprole头孢托罗酯131. first-in-class一类药物中的第一个原研药132.methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus（MRSA）耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌133.Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科134.AmpC β –lactamasesconfer resistance to the same substratesas ESBLs plus thecephamycinsAmpCβ内酰胺酶可导致耐药，和ESBL有同样的底物，同时还有对头霉素类耐药135.cefoxitin头孢西丁136.cefotetan头孢替坦137.AmpC enzymes resist inhibitionbyβ-lactamase inhibitorsAmpC酶可不被β内酰胺酶抑制剂所抑制138.constitutive chromosomal AmpCβ-lactamases染色体编码AmpCβ内酰胺酶的基因139. Proteus vulgaris普通变形杆菌140. Providencia普罗威登斯菌属141.Morganella摩根（氏）菌属142.aminopenicillins氨基青霉素143.cefazolin头孢唑林144.acquired plasmids containingAmpCβ-lactamase genes质粒介导的AmpCβ内酰胺酶基因转导145.cefepime is stable to AmpC β-lactamases 头孢吡肟对AmpCβ内酰胺酶稳定146.Carbapenemases碳青霉烯酶147. Automated susceptibility systems自动化药敏检测系统148. unreliable for detection ofcarbapenemases对碳青霉烯酶的检测不可信149.imipenem亚胺培南150.meropenem美罗培南151.ertapenem厄他培南152.Resistance to ertapenem is the mostsensitivemarker for carbapenem resistance inautomated systems在自动药敏检测系统中，厄他培南耐药即意味着碳青霉烯酶耐药，是最敏感的指标153.modified Hodge test改良Hodge试验154.Tigecycline替加环素155.polymyxins多粘菌素类156.tigecycline reaches onlylow concentrations in serum and urine, acharacteristic that warrantsconcern about itsuse in the treatment of bacteremia andurinary tract infection (UTI)替加环素血药浓度、尿药浓度低，因此对其治疗菌血症和尿路感染的可靠性有所质疑157. Resistance to fluoroquinolones usually is due to alterationsof the target site (DNA gyrase and/or topoisomeraseIV), with orwithout decreased permeability, active efflux,or protection of the target site.氟喹诺酮耐药主要由于靶点改变（DNA回旋酶和/或拓扑异构酶IV），伴随或不伴随渗透率降低，主动泵出以及靶点的保护作用159. MDR GNB多重耐药G-菌158.pending susceptibility results根据药敏结果160.assess the clinical responseto treatment 评价治疗的反应161.resistance may evolve during therapy治疗过程中可出现耐药162.drainage of abscesses脓肿引流163.removal of infected foreignbodies感染灶切除164.polymicrobial infections多重感染165. prudentto design an antimicrobialregimen active against all of the GNB设计针对所有G-的抗菌药治疗方案需要慎重166.superinfection超级细菌感染167.Clostridium difficilecolitis难辨梭菌结肠炎168.Diligent adherence tohand-hygieneprotocols坚持执行手卫生原则169.avoidance of inappropriate antimicrobial use避免不合理抗菌药物应用170.avoidance of the use of indwellingdevices(e.g., urinary and intravascularcatheters, endotracheal tubes)避免体内留置设备（尿路、静脉导管、气管内置管）171.placement放置172. Positioning (e.g., head of bed at ≥30°) 适当的体位（床头抬高≥30°）173.good oral hygiene注意口腔卫生174.decrease the incidence of pneumonia inventilated patients降低通气患者肺炎的发生率mensal strains共生的菌株176.normal facultative intestinal flora正常的兼性肠道菌群177.confer benefits to the host (e.g.,resistanceto colonization withpathogenic organisms)为宿主提供好处（如，防止病原微生物定植）ck the specializedvirulence traits缺乏特殊的致病特点179.a foreign body (e.g., a urinary catheter)异物（尿管）180.hostcompromise (e.g., local anatomic or functional abnormalities suchas urinary or biliary tract obstruction or systemicimmunocompromise)宿主免疫抑制（局部解剖或功能异常，例如尿道、胆道梗阻或系统免疫功能异常）181.inoculum（接种）菌群182.fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity腹腔粪便污染183.phylogenetic background系统发育背景184.surgical wound infection手术伤口感染185.osteomyelitis骨髓炎186.myositis肌炎187.intestinal pathogenicE. coli肠道致病大肠埃希菌188.gastroenteritis胃肠炎189.ExPEC strains肠外致病菌190. Urinary tract infection （UTI）尿路感染191.ambulatory patients门诊患者192.uncomplicatedcystitis无症状膀胱炎193.pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎194. catheter-associated UTIs导管相关尿路感染195.specific hosts (e.g., premenopausal women, compromised hosts特殊的患者（绝经前女性，免疫抑制患者）196.frequent recurrences反复复发197.dysuria排尿困难198.urinary frequency尿频199.suprapubicpain耻骨上疼痛200. Fever and/or back pain suggestsprogression to pyelonephritis.发热及后背疼痛意味着疼痛进展至肾盂肾炎201.fevermay take 5–7 days to resolve completely发热需5-7天完全恢复202. Persistently elevated orincreasing fever and neutrophil counts持续发热及中性粒细胞升高203.prompt evaluationfor intrarenal or perinephric abscess and/or obstruction迅速评估是否存在肾内、肾周的脓肿或梗阻204. Renalparenchymal damage and loss of renal function肾实质和肾功能损伤205. Pregnantwomen孕妇206.adversely affect the outcome ofpregnancy 影响孕程207.prenatal screening产前检查208.asymptomatic bacteriuria无症状性细菌尿209. Prostatic infection前列腺感染210.potential complication of UTI尿路感染可能的并发症211.tailored to the individual host个体化治疗212. Abdominal and pelvic infection腹腔和盆腔感染213.acute peritonitis secondary to fecal contamination,粪便感染激发急性腹膜炎214. spontaneousbacterial peritonitis自发性细菌性腹膜炎215. dialysis-associated peritonitis透析相关性腹膜炎216.diverticulitis憩室炎217.appendicitis阑尾炎218.intraperitoneal or visceralabscesses(hepatic,pancreatic, splenic)腹腔或内脏脓肿（肝脏、胰腺、肾脓肿）219.infected pancreatic pseudocysts胰腺假性囊肿220.septiccholangitis化脓性胆管炎221.septic cholecystitis化脓性胆囊炎222.facultative and/or anaerobic members ofthe intestinal flora肠道菌群中的兼性厌氧和厌氧菌223. community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎224. hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)医院获得性感染肺炎225.postoperative and ICU patients术后及ICU患者226. ventilator-associatedpneumonia呼吸机相关肺炎227. small-volumeaspiration小容量吸气228.hematogenous spread血性感染229. multifocal nodular infiltrates多灶性浸润。
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感染相关英文词汇小结G-（7.1肠杆菌）1. Enteric Bacilli肠杆菌2. diverse anatomic sites 不同解剖位置3. compromised hosts 免疫抑制的宿主4.colonic flora肠道菌群5. Escherichia coli大肠埃希氏菌6. Klebsiella克雷伯杆菌7. Proteus变形杆菌8. Enterobacter肠杆菌属9. Serratia沙雷菌属10. Citrobacter枸橼酸菌属11. Morganella摩根菌属12. Providencia普罗威登菌属13. Edwardsiella爱德华氏菌属14. pathotypes 致病类型15. gram-negative bacilli (GNB)革兰阴性菌16. GNB (primarily E. coli , Klebsiella , and Proteus ) only transiently colonize the oropharynx and skin of healthy individuals GNB（特别是大肠埃希菌，克雷伯菌，变形杆菌）仅短暂定植于正常人群体的口咽部和皮肤17. long-term care facilities (LTCFs)长期照护机构18. GNB emerge as the dominant flora of both mucosal and skin surfaces（在某些环境下），GNB成为粘膜、皮肤表面的主要菌群19. extended length of stay住院时间延长20. severe illness疾病严重21. antimicrobial use抗菌药物应用22.colonization may lead to subsequent infection定植可造成感染23.oropharyngeal colonization may lead to pneumonia口咽部定植可造成肺炎24. extracytoplasmic outer membrane胞质外外膜25. lipid bilayer磷脂双层26. lipoproteins脂蛋白27.polysaccharides[capsule,lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]多糖（夹膜，脂多糖）28.critical determinants in pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance发病过程以及抗菌药物耐药的重要决定因素29. bacterial virulence factors细菌致病因子30. infect the host efficiently快速感染宿主31. cognate pathogens共生的病原菌32. microbes and hosts微生物群和宿主33. evolutionary history进化历史34. commensal/symbiotic interaction共生关系35.mitochondria—formerly bacteria—within eukaryotic cells线粒体曾经为原核生物的细菌36. dead-end relationship死亡关系（无前途）37. chess match国际象棋对抗赛38.Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)肠外致病大肠埃希菌39. extracellular pathogens细胞外的病原菌40. Innate immunity固有免疫41.activities of complement补体活性42. antimicrobial peptides抗菌多肽43. professional phagocytes吞噬细胞44. Extraintestinal attachment肠外粘附（能力）45. mucociliary blanket粘膜纤毛层（毯，啧啧那么形象么）46. Multiple adhesins不同的粘附分子46. type I, S, and F1C fimbriae; P pili（不同的粘附分子）47. Nutrient sequestration攫取营养48. iron via intracellular storage细胞储存的铁49.extracellular scavenging via lactoferrin and transferrin)细胞外通过乳铁蛋白和转铁蛋白获取铁50.Cellular lysis细胞裂解51. hemolysin溶红细胞素52.multiple mechanisms for competing for iron and other nutrients多种攫取铁和其他营养素的机制53. siderophores嗜铁素54.diarrheal disease腹泻疾病（E. coli独特之处）55. defining traits独特特点56.many important virulence genes await identification许多重要的毒力基因尚待确认57.understanding of many aspects of the pathogenesis of infections due to GNB is in its infancy对GNB感染过程的理解尚浅58. septic shock感染性休克59. The lipid A moiety of LPS (via interaction with host Toll-like receptor 4)脂多糖的脂质A部分（通过与宿主Toll样受体4作用）60. overly exuberant（细菌）生殖旺盛61. antigenic variants (serotypes)抗原变异（致使不同的血清型）62. >150 O-specific antigens（in E. coli ）超过150种氧特异性抗原63. >80 capsular antigens（in E. coli ）>80种夹膜抗原64. immune evasion免疫逃逸65. recurrent infection感染复发66. different strains of the same species同一种的不同菌属67. impeded vaccine development加速疫苗的开发68.intrinsic or acquired antimicrobial resistance天然或后天获得性耐药69.alterations or disruptions of host defenses.宿主防御系统改变及损害70. pneumonia肺炎71. bacteremia (arising from any source)菌血症（可能来源于各个部位）72. Isolation of GNB from ordinarily sterile anatomic sites从原本无菌的体部位分离出G-菌73.nonsterile sites非无菌区74. open soft-tissue wounds开放的软组织伤口75. respiratory tract呼吸道76. clinical correlation结合临床77. differentiate colonization from infection鉴别定植还是感染78. lactose fermentation乳糖发酵79. indole production产生吲哚80. evolving patterns of antimicrobial resistance逐渐变化的耐药特性81. lag between published and real-time resistance rates已公布的和真实世界耐药率间的时间差82. ever-increasing prevalence ofmultidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB多药耐药的G-菌的流行83. broad-spectrum treatment广谱的药物治疗84. appropriate narrower spectrum agent适合的窄谱抗菌药物85. antimicrobial stewardship抗菌药物合理应用86. superinfection with resistant bacteria耐药的超级细菌87. maximize the useful longevity of available antimicrobial agents延长现有抗菌药物的使用寿命88. not to treat patients who are colonized but not infected如为定植，无需治疗89. antimicrobial resistance profiles of GNB G-菌的耐药谱90. species细菌的种属91. geographic location地理位置92.regional antimicrobial use当地抗菌药物的应用情况93. hospital site [intensive care units (ICUs) versus wards]医院的位置（ICU或普通病房）94. carbapenems碳青霉烯类95. imipenem美罗培南96. aminoglycoside氨基糖苷类97. amikacin阿米卡星98. cephalosporin IVIV代头孢菌素99. cefepime头孢吡肟100. piperacillin-tazobactam哌拉西林-他唑巴坦101.β-Lactamasesβ酰胺酶102. most important mediators of resistance to these drugs in GNB（β酰胺酶）是GNB耐药的主要机制103. Decreased permeability渗透性下降104. active efflux of β-lactam agentsβ酰胺类药物主动泵出105. in combination withβ-lactamase-mediated resistance与β酰胺酶介导的耐药同时存在106. Broad spectrum β-lactamases广谱β酰胺酶107. penicillins and cephalosporins I青霉素及头孢I代108.enteric GNB肠道G-菌109. clavulanate克拉维酸盐（棒酸盐）110. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)超广谱β酰胺酶111. cephalosporins III and IV头孢III代及IV代112. aztreonam氨曲南113. acquired ESBL-encoding genes via transferable plasmids通过质粒传播的获得性ESBL基因114. most prevalent最普遍115. Klebsiella pneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌116. K. oxytoca产酸克雷伯菌117. underrecognized被低估118. Enterobacter肠杆菌119. Citrobacter柠檬酸细菌属120. Proteus变形杆菌属121. Serratia沙雷氏菌属122. the regional prevalence ofESBL-producing GNB declines in rank order as follows: Latin America > Western Pacific > Europe > United States and Canada产ESBLG-菌的发生率降序排列为：拉丁美洲>西太平洋>欧洲>美国和加拿大123. Hospital outbreaks due toESBL-producing strains医院产ESBL菌株感染爆发124. extensive use of cephalosporins III头孢III代广泛运用125. ceftazidime头孢他定.most reliably active β-lactam agents against ESBL-expressing strains（carbapenems）对产ESBL表达菌株最有效的β酰胺酶制剂是（碳青霉烯）127. porin mutations外膜蛋白基因突变128. decreased uptake of cephalosporins and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations （细菌）对头孢菌素、β酰胺酶/β酰胺酶抑制剂的摄取降低129.Thus, ESBL-producing isolates should be considered resistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam因此，分离菌产ESBL意味着对所有青霉素类、头孢类抗菌药物及氨曲南耐药130.Ceftobiprole头孢托罗酯131. first-in-class一类药物中的第一个原研药132. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus（MRSA）耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌. Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科134.AmpC β –lactamases confer resistance to the same substrates as ESBLs plus the cephamycinsAmpCβ酰胺酶可导致耐药，和ESBL有同样的底物，同时还有对头霉素类耐药. cefoxitin头孢西丁136. cefotetan头孢替坦137. AmpC enzymes resist inhibition byβ-lactamase inhibitorsAmpC酶可不被β酰胺酶抑制剂所抑制. constitutive chromosomal AmpCβ-lactamases染色体编码AmpCβ酰胺酶的基因. Proteus vulgaris普通变形杆菌140. Providencia普罗威登斯菌属141. Morganella摩根（氏）菌属142. aminopenicillins氨基青霉素143. cefazolin头孢唑林144. acquired plasmids containing AmpCβ-lactamase genes质粒介导的AmpCβ酰胺酶基因转导145.cefepime is stable to AmpC β-lactamases 头孢吡肟对AmpCβ酰胺酶稳定146. Carbapenemases碳青霉烯酶147. Automated susceptibility systems自动化药敏检测系统148. unreliable for detection of carbapenemases对碳青霉烯酶的检测不可信149. imipenem亚胺培南150. meropenem美罗培南151. ertapenem厄他培南152. Resistance to ertapenem is the most sensitive marker for carbapenem resistance in automated systems在自动药敏检测系统中，厄他培南耐药即意味着碳青霉烯酶耐药，是最敏感的指标153. modified Hodge test改良Hodge试验154. Tigecycline替加环素155. polymyxins多粘菌素类156. tigecycline reaches only low concentrations in serum and urine, a characteristic that warrants concern about its use in the treatment of bacteremia and urinary tract infection (UTI)替加环素血药浓度、尿药浓度低，因此对其治疗菌血症和尿路感染的可靠性有所质疑157. Resistance to fluoroquinolones usually is due to alterations of the target site (DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV), with or without decreased permeability, active efflux, or protection of the target site.氟喹诺酮耐药主要由于靶点改变（DNA回旋酶和/或拓扑异构酶IV），伴随或不伴随渗透率降低，主动泵出以及靶点的保护作用159. MDR GNB多重耐药G-菌158. pending susceptibility results根据药敏结果160. assess the clinical response to treatment 评价治疗的反应161. resistance may evolve during therapy治疗过程中可出现耐药162. drainage of abscesses脓肿引流. removal of infected foreign bodies感染灶切除164. polymicrobial infections多重感染165. prudent to design an antimicrobial regimen active against all of the GNB 设计针对所有G-的抗菌药治疗方案需要慎重166. superinfection超级细菌感染167.Clostridium difficile colitis难辨梭菌结肠炎168. Diligent adherence to hand-hygiene protocols坚持执行手卫生原则169. avoidance of inappropriate antimicrobial use避免不合理抗菌药物应用170. avoidance of the use of indwelling devices(e.g., urinary and intravascular catheters, endotracheal tubes)避免体留置设备（尿路、静脉导管、气管置管）171. placement放置172. Positioning (e.g., head of bed at ≥30°) 适当的体位（床头抬高≥30°）173. good oral hygiene注意口腔卫生174. decrease the incidence of pneumonia in ventilated patients降低通气患者肺炎的发生率175. commensal strains共生的菌株176. normal facultative intestinal flora正常的兼性肠道菌群177. confer benefits to the host (e.g., resistance to colonization with pathogenicorganisms)为宿主提供好处（如，防止病原微生物定植）178. lack the specialized virulence traits缺乏特殊的致病特点179. a foreign body (e.g., a urinary catheter)异物（尿管）180. host compromise (e.g., local anatomic or functional abnormalities such as urinary or biliary tract obstruction or systemic immunocompromise)宿主免疫抑制（局部解剖或功能异常，例如尿道、胆道梗阻或系统免疫功能异常）181. inoculum（接种）菌群182. fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity腹腔粪便污染183. phylogenetic background系统发育背景184. surgical wound infection手术伤口感染185. osteomyelitis骨髓炎. myositis肌炎187. intestinal pathogenic E. coli肠道致病大肠埃希菌188. gastroenteritis胃肠炎. ExPEC strains肠外致病菌190. Urinary tract infection （UTI）尿路感染191. ambulatory patients门诊患者192. uncomplicated cystitis无症状膀胱炎193. pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎. catheter-associated UTIs导管相关尿路感染. specific hosts (e.g., premenopausal women, compromised hosts特殊的患者（绝经前女性，免疫抑制患者）. frequent recurrences反复复发. dysuria排尿困难. urinary frequency尿频. suprapubic pain耻骨上疼痛200. Fever and/or back pain suggests progression to pyelonephritis.发热及后背疼痛意味着疼痛进展至肾盂肾炎201. fever may take 5–7 days to resolve completely发热需5-7天完全恢复202. Persistently elevated or increasing fever and neutrophil counts持续发热及中性粒细胞升高203. prompt evaluation for intrarenal orperinephric abscess and/or obstruction迅速评估是否存在肾、肾周的脓肿或梗阻204. Renal parenchymal damage and loss of renal function肾实质和肾功能损伤205. Pregnant women孕妇206. adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy影响孕程207. prenatal screening产前检查208. asymptomatic bacteriuria无症状性细菌尿209. Prostatic infection前列腺感染210. potential complication of UTI尿路感染可能的并发症211. tailored to the individual host个体化治疗212. Abdominal and pelvic infection腹腔和盆腔感染213. acute peritonitis secondary to fecal contamination,粪便感染激发急性腹膜炎214. spontaneous bacterial peritonitis自发性细菌性腹膜炎215. dialysis-associated peritonitis透析相关性腹膜炎216. diverticulitis憩室炎217. appendicitis阑尾炎218. intraperitoneal or visceralabscesses(hepatic,pancreatic, splenic)腹腔或脏脓肿（肝脏、胰腺、肾脓肿）219. infected pancreatic pseudocysts胰腺假性囊肿220. septic cholangitis化脓性胆管炎221. septic cholecystitis化脓性胆囊炎222. facultative and/or anaerobic members of the intestinal flora肠道菌群中的兼性厌氧和厌氧菌223. community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎224. hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)医院获得性感染肺炎225. postoperative and ICU patients术后及ICU患者226. ventilator-associated pneumonia呼吸机相关肺炎227. small-volume aspiration小容量吸气228. hematogenous spread血性感染229. multifocal nodular infiltrates多灶性浸润。