Arguments for and against Protection
2022年桂林理工大学考研真题：211翻译硕士英语
桂林理工大学2022年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目代码：211考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语（总分100分，三小时答完）考生注意：请将答题内容直接写在试题纸上，写在试卷上视为无效。
Part I Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part in each sentence without changing its original meaning or choose the most appropriate to complete each sentence.（每小题0.5分，共10分）1.The thought of giving a speech in public prompted her to feel nervous and fi竺·A.alluringB.stemC.intactD.restless2.Friendliness was so� in the room that everyone there talked freely and happily..conspicuousA.obvious8.primal C. petty D3.Having a seven-hour sleep everyday provides him with spiritual�-A.proliferationB.satisfactionC.fragmentationD.intuition4.A person tends to� if he or she suffers physical or spiritual pain.A.mutterB.menaceC.groanD.murmur5.He showed his� me by refusing to cooperate with me.A.adversity inB.restraint ofC.discontent withD.resiliency in6.You should check whether the door is locked fil!QI.J leaving your dormitory.A.before8.ahead C.right after D.the moment7.He examined the painting� for an hour and drew a conclusion that it was a fake.A.desperatelyB.cosmicallyC.carefullyD.drastically8.Tired and listless, he was�flli.!2g_to his dormitory, dragging his feet along.A.trudgingB.stumblingC.racingD.sidling9.The government was preparing to� hundreds of soldiers to search the island.A.sendB.disclose C . counterpoise D.allure10.Coal and petrol are resources that we should utilize rationally.A.exhaustedB.exhausting仁11.It is wrong to尘鸟立paying taxes.A.claspB.evadeC.exhaustibleD. exhaustive C.profess D.unfurl12.Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves know where to look.A.efficientlyB.reverentlyC.discreetlyD.invariably13.He is most likely to become a person of after years of frustration and no success in his career..optimism C.cynicism D.romanticismA.egoismB.opt i14.Don't beat around the bush; please come to the point directly without.A.perceptionB.prevaricationC.preoccupationD.temptation15.The wood亚迎型under p�essure.A.bentB.elevatedC.confoundedD.astounded16.Her repeated lies have our confidence in her.A.feignedB.underlined C . undermined D.tangled17.The company has� most of the strikers'demands.A.given in toB.given upC.agreed toD.disagreed to18.He has undergone several operations to prevent the of cancer cells.A.lubricationB.prolif erationC.contortionD.distinction19.Earth's atmosphere is essential for life.A.ubiquitousB.generousC.mysteriousD.eccentric20.I f eel it very� and unnecessary to spend $2000 on a dress.A.venerableB.debonairC.prosaicD.luxuriousPart II Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given word in the parenthesis. （每小题1分，共20分）as advanced economies 1.By 2002, the corporation was making a loss, for price had fallenunderwent a profound transition. (catastrophe)2.Johnson isn't tired of T okyo, it seems, but appearances can be. (deceive)3.The minister had decided not to release a statement explaining the reason of his resignation, but later, heand let it out. (relentless)4.He was in an mood on the night of t he party. (expand)5.Trends toward the of i ndustry have dramatically affected food production in that country. (globe)6.She is a TV夕and watches as much as she can. (addiction)7.Arguments for and against the of G od have been proposed by scientists, philosophers, theologians, and others. (exist)8.The black landscape is the virtual opposite of t he postcard stereotype oflush Hawaii. (earthly)9.When having a fall, old people are more likely to be seriously injured because ofthe oftheir bones.(f r agile)10.Starvation and disease over much of A sia and Europe in the 1950s were Truman's as President. (inherit)11.He has won tremendous popularity by virtue of h is to his colleagues. (generous)12.A real , Miss Evans does not allow any slightest mistakes in her students'compositions. (precise)13.He showed much in handling the delicate situation. (discreet)14.Their problems started soon after they adopted the child. (marry)15.There have been many complaints about the young coach's and lack of j udgment. (mature)16.Benjamin Franklin's father used to him for his performances. (ridiculous)17.Huckleberry Finn knew that he couldn't pray a lie and he would commit the crime ofifhe was playing double. (blaspheme)18.Many young women have ideas about marriage. (poetry)19.The of h uman species has been a long process. (evolve)20.An assortment of junk food from a machine had been placed outside my room. (strategy)Part III Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words（每小题1分，共10分）l. Caffeine is a stimulant which� the nervous system.2.When he �n his marriage he had to acknowledge that it was a great mistake.3.The party leader hadn't acttially � proposals on electoral reform.4.They tried every means to翌卢production.5.l!:!..li the muddy field, the football team put on their rubbers.6.But this was not even half t he man.7.It never occurred to me that he was a double-faced man.8.You look very侄担．What's wrong with you?9.Yet the bombing of N agasaki is in certain respects the fitter symbol of t he nuclear danger thatstill� us.10.For Marx was before all else a revolutionist.Part IV Fill in each blank with a word or phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.（每小题2分，共10分）come into one's own come into existence hammer outin earnestgo throughcarve outboast off break throughpick onI.This nation an irrevocable change after the World War II.2.She a name for herself as a leading lawyer specializing in intellectual property rights protection.3.She was w hen she told her parents that she'd like to join the army after graduation.4.The nation of Pakistan in August 194 7 as a result of the British rulers'divide-and-rule policies.5.The leaders of the various Middle Eastern countries are trying to a peace agreement.Part V Summary Writing（每小题1分，共20分）Directions: Summarize the following paragraph within 60 words.Good stt1dents show many superior qualities, among which curiosity, discipline and initiative are most important. They a氏:highly interested in a variety of things. They always observe the outside world and learn what is going on before their eyes. Accompanying their curiosity is their "investigative spirit," for they regard the learning process as an investigation. Based on their fresh observation and painstaking investigation, they form a new understanding. It is clear to them that there are no gains without pains. They believe that without persistence, they can hardly taste the delicious fruit of learning and that any monumental achievement stems from the accumulation of numerous minor achievements. They are always ready to meet a difficult challenge, take their own initiative in exploring possibilities and discover their own answers through practice, instead of getting them from their teachers, for they never expect to be spoon-fed. Of course, aspiring students should pay sufficient heed to some important points. For instance, they should be attentive in class, avoid lateness and appreciate constructive criticism.Part VI Writing.（每小题30分，共30分）Directions: Write a composition in 300 words on the following topic with a clear thesis statement and effective supporting arguments.Should We Fear Artificial Intelligence?For better or worse, artificial intelligence (AI) is predicted to have a huge impact on the future of humanity. As new promises and concerns reach increasingly mainstream audiences, the debate is starting to capture the public imagination. The present world witnesses invention and use of various AI technologies, some of whom even can play games with human and defeat the latter. Such being the case, many are worried that Al will surpass human beings in intelligence and enslave them, while others believe that the human mind will always be superior because Al is nothing but a creation of human mind. What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 300 words.In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support your thesis with appropriate arguments and details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.。
经济发展优先于环境保护英语作文
经济发展优先于环境保护英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Economic Development Should Take Priority over Environmental ProtectionIn recent years, the debate over whether economic development should take precedence over environmental protection has become increasingly prominent. While it is undeniable that protecting the environment is crucial for the well-being of current and future generations, it is also important to recognize the significant role that economic development plays in improving people's lives and lifting them out of poverty. In my opinion, economic development should be given priority over environmental protection.First and foremost, economic development is essential for the overall well-being of society. A strong economy provides job opportunities, raises people's living standards, and fosters social stability. Without economic development, countries would struggle to provide basic services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure. Moreover, economic growth is closely linkedto advancements in technology, innovation, and research, which are crucial for addressing pressing global challenges such as climate change and resource depletion.Secondly, prioritizing economic development does not mean neglecting environmental protection. In fact, the two goals are not mutually exclusive. Economic growth can be achieved in a sustainable manner that minimizes environmental impact and promotes long-term prosperity. By investing in clean energy sources, resource-efficient technologies, and green infrastructure, countries can stimulate economic growth while also protecting the environment.Furthermore, economic development is often a prerequisite for effective environmental protection. Developing countries, in particular, face numerous challenges in balancing economic growth with environmental conservation. Many of these countries rely heavily on industries such as mining, agriculture, and manufacturing, which can have significant environmental consequences. In order to transition to more sustainable practices, these countries need to invest in new technologies, infrastructure, and skills, all of which require economic resources.It is also important to recognize that economic development can bring about positive environmental outcomes. As countriesbecome wealthier, they are more likely to invest in environmental protection measures and adopt cleaner technologies. For example, countries with higher levels of income tend to have lower levels of air and water pollution, as they can afford to implement stricter regulations and invest in pollution control measures.In conclusion, while environmental protection is undeniably important, it should not come at the expense of economic development. Both goals are essential for building a sustainable and prosperous future for all. By prioritizing economic development and adopting sustainable practices, countries can achieve a balance between economic growth and environmental protection. It is time to move beyond the false dichotomy between the economy and the environment and work towards a more inclusive and sustainable model of development.篇2Economic development should be prioritized over environmental protection has been a long-standing debate in the modern world. While some argue that economic growth is crucial for improving living standards and reducing poverty, others believe that protecting the environment is essential for sustaining life on Earth in the long term. In this essay, we willexamine the arguments for and against economic development taking precedence over environmental protection.Supporters of prioritizing economic development argue that it is necessary for improving the quality of life for people around the world. Economic growth can provide jobs, increase income levels, and stimulate investment in social services such as healthcare and education. In addition, a strong economy enables governments to invest in infrastructure projects that can improve the overall well-being of society. For example, building new roads, schools, and hospitals can create jobs and improve access to essential services for communities.Furthermore, economic development is often seen as a crucial factor in reducing poverty. By creating opportunities for employment and increasing income levels, economic growth can lift people out of poverty and improve their standard of living. Developing countries, in particular, often prioritize economic growth as a means of improving the lives of their citizens and reducing dependence on foreign aid.On the other hand, opponents of prioritizing economic development argue that ignoring environmental protection can have serious consequences for the planet and all living creatures. Climate change, deforestation, pollution, and loss of biodiversityare just some of the environmental issues that can arise when economic growth is pursued at the expense of the environment. These problems not only threaten the well-being of ecosystems but also have negative impacts on human health and livelihoods.Moreover, environmental degradation can have long-term economic costs that outweigh the short-term benefits of unchecked economic growth. For example, natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts can devastate communities and cause billions of dollars in damages. Climate change-related disasters are becoming more frequent and severe, posing a significant threat to the global economy.In conclusion, while economic development is important for improving living standards and reducing poverty, it is essential to balance economic growth with environmental protection. Sustainable development that takes into account the needs of both people and the planet is crucial for ensuring a healthy and prosperous future for all. By prioritizing both economic development and environmental protection, we can create a more resilient and inclusive society that benefits present and future generations.篇3Economic Development Takes Priority over Environmental ProtectionIn recent years, the debate between prioritizing economic development or environmental protection has become increasingly prominent. While both are undeniably crucial for the well-being of society, some argue that economic development should take precedence over environmental protection. In this essay, I will examine the reasons behind this viewpoint and provide arguments to support it.First and foremost, economic development is essential for the prosperity of a nation. It creates job opportunities, boosts income levels, and improves living standards for the population. Without economic growth, a country may struggle to provide basic necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare to its citizens. As such, prioritizing economic development is crucial for ensuring the overall well-being of society.Moreover, economic development is closely linked to technological advancements and innovation. By investing in industries and infrastructure, countries can stimulate research and development, leading to the creation of new technologies that can benefit both the economy and the environment. For example, the development of renewable energy sources such assolar and wind power not only promotes economic growth but also reduces carbon emissions, helping to combat climate change.Furthermore, prioritizing economic development can lead to greater resources being available for environmental protection efforts. As countries become wealthier, they are more likely to invest in projects that aim to preserve and protect the environment. This can include initiatives such as reforestation, waste management, and pollution control measures. In this sense, economic development can actually facilitate environmental protection in the long run.Another argument in favor of prioritizing economic development is that it can help to address social issues such as poverty and inequality. By creating opportunities for employment and economic growth, countries can reduce social disparities and improve overall quality of life for their citizens. This in turn can lead to greater support for environmental protection efforts, as individuals living in poverty may prioritize their immediate needs over long-term environmental concerns.However, it is important to acknowledge that economic development should not come at the expense of environmental protection. While economic growth is essential, it should bepursued in a sustainable and responsible manner. This means taking into account the long-term impact of development projects on the environment and implementing measures to mitigate any negative consequences.In conclusion, while economic development is undeniably important for the well-being of society, it should not be pursued at the expense of environmental protection. By striking a balance between the two priorities, countries can achieve sustainable growth that benefits both the economy and the environment. Ultimately, the goal should be to promote economic development while also safeguarding the natural resources and ecosystems that support life on Earth.。
智慧树答案国际经济学(双语)(山东联盟)知到课后答案章节测试2022年
绪论1.全世界对于经济全球化的看法是一致的。
答案:错2.发达国家在同一阵营，彼此之间没有利益冲突。
答案:错3.经济全球化程度随着科学技术水平的提高而日益加深。
答案:对第一章1.Sovereign nations:答案:Often ignore the interests of foreigners.2.Politicians do not erect barriers to trade with other countries because theyare also concerned with the well-being of foreigners.答案:错bor may be internationally mobile, but capital and land do not migratefrom one country to another.答案:对4.国家的贸易政策是国家利益的体现，而国家利益是一国内部利益集团公共选择的结果。
答案:对5.资源在世界范围内的配置由大国的力量决定，大国可以凌驾于小国之上。
答案:错6.一国的贸易政策是动态变化的，国家与国家间的经济关系也是动态变化的。
答案:对第二章1.An increase in demand will lead to:答案:An increase in price.2.All of the following can lead to an increase in the demand for ice cream, anormal good, EXCEPT:答案:A decrease in income.bor may be internationally mobile, but capital and land do not migratefrom one country to another.答案:错4.生产可能性边界的形状取决于该国的技术水平、资源禀赋以及两种商品之间的边际转换率。
雅思作文模板
ContentsEnvironmental Protection1. Environmental hazards are often too great for particular countries or individuals to tac kle. We have arrived at a point in time where the only way to lessen environmental probl ems is at an international level. P74—5环境问题现在非常严重了，严重到单个的国家或者是个人没法解决的程度。
换言之，我们已经到了一个只有在全世界范围内才可以解决这个问题的地步。
从多大程度上你同意或者不同意这种观点？2. As a result of countries becoming more and more industrialized, pollution has becomea serious problem. Discuss some ways that can mitigate the pollution problems. P92—5随着国家的工业化程度加深，环境污染成了一个严重的问题。
请谈一下哪些方法可以减轻环境污染问题。
3. Forests are the lungs of the earth. Their destruction will accelerate extinction of anima ls and ultimately mankind. For thi s reason, logging in the world’s rainforests should be p hased out over the next decade. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinio n? P107—5森林是地球的呼吸器。
如何解决饥饿问题英语作文
如何解决饥饿问题英语作⽂ 要⽤英语作⽂来写出饥饿问题的解决⽅法，我们都有⼀个粮⾷增多出发点。
下⾯是店铺给⼤家整理的如何解决饥饿问题英语作⽂，供⼤家参阅! 如何解决饥饿问题英语作⽂1 Mankind is feeling greater pressure from the expanding number of people. The area of the earth can never be expanded. Nor are there endless sources of food and clothing. Yet, the number of people is increasing be 80million each year. In the next fifty years, the world population may double. How can so many people be fed? What is worse, most likely, there will be a day when people can only have standing room. Birth control is a basic policy in our country. China has the greatest number of population in the world. Her level of per capita cultivated area ranks very low. With a high birth rate, the production of grain and other bare necessities will be unable to meet the needs of people. To raise people’s living standard, we must practice birth control. There are disadvantages of a family having more children. First of all, as the parents have only limited income in general, they cannot give their children a good upbringing in food, clothing and shelter, let alone education. Secondly, child rearing will exhaust the parents, leaving them no burden of the society so far as social morality and juvenile delinquency are concerned. 如何解决饥饿问题英语作⽂2 Should rich countries help poorer ones? Today, the world is becoming more and more closely linked. Trade has increased and the movement of people between countries is greater than ever before. However, billions of people still live in poverty, and in many places, the gap between rich and poor is widening. This essay will look at the arguments for and against helping poor countries. There are many reasons for helping poor countries. First of all, there are humanitarian reasons. Like individuals who give to charity, many countries feel it is their religious, social, or moral duty to help people in other countries who are suffering from famine, drought, war, or disease. However, many rich countries also donate money for political or diplomatic reasons. They want to maintain a relationship of dependency with the recipient, or simply to influence the government and direction of the country. A further reason why many countries help poorer ones is for economic reasons. The donors may want to control the supply of commodities such as oil, water, or wheat. Alternatively, the richer country may want to ensure markets for their own products, whether these are planes, computers or shoes. However, although our humanity makes us want to help eliminate poverty and suffering, we must examine the real needs of poor countries and implement solutions that will benefit both them and us 饥饿问题英语作⽂1 The Roman army was a set of military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom,Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military.For its main infantry constituent and for much of its history,see Roman legion; for a catalogue of individual legions,dates and deployments,see List of Roman legions.For the non-citizen auxiliary forces of the Roman Empire,see Roman auxiliaries.For Rome's naval forces,see Roman Navy.The size of the army in the late Roman Empire was about 128,000 - 179,200 men.It was very well organized hierarchically.The main Roman soldiers in the Empire were the legionaries.There were,of course,other soldiers in the army; these were known as the auxilia.Auxilia were non-citizens recruited mostly from the provin 饥饿问题英语作⽂2 Currently, 34 developing countries on food supply has serious problems. Most affected by hunger great southern Africa (2.1 million people) and south and south-east Asia (5.12 million people), and in Latin America and the Caribbean are 63 million in starving. The fao report (the world food and agricultural condition ", roma, 1998) points out, if from 1992 to 1994 world food shortages 8.22 billion population forwords, so from 1994 to 1996 is increased to 8.28 billion; Developing countries have 20% of the population food without protection. What's more, the world food production is falling, with more than falling crop yields lets a person feel surprise millions of struggle in the poverty line is simply unable to get food. At present, the world 75% of the population can barely have enough to eat, nearly 5 million population severe malnutrition. Worldwide every year has 41,000 children die from hunger and related diseases. The third world governments of many countries report shows, life expectancy in decline, infant mortality rates rise, often happen famine. In 35 low-income developing countries, 1985 in 21 countries total daily calories per capita less than the 1965; In the past 10 years, 115 developing countries happened almost half the per capita share of grain consumption decline. 1 million africans serious shortage of food. More than 6,000 million in the edge of starvation, no one knows how many people died of AIDS. In South Asia, about 2 million people live in the shadow of hunger and disease. 饥饿问题英语作⽂3 The world today produces enough grain alone to provide every human being on the planet with thirty-five hundred calories a day. That’ s enough to make most people fat ! And this estimate does not even count many other commonly eaten foods—vegetables ,nuts, fruits, grass-fed meats, fish, milk, and eggs. In fact, if all foods are considered together,, enough is available to provide at least 3 kilograms of food per person a day. For example, India ranks near the top among third world agricultural exporters. While at least 200 million Indians go hungry, in 1995 India exported $625 million worth of wheat and flour and $1,300,000,000 worth of rice,, the two main products of the Indian diet. In examining the connection between hunger and scarcity—which means “lack” or “not enough”—we should never overlook(忽视) the lessons of the United States. More than thirty million Americans cannot afford a healthy diet; 8.5% of U.S. children are hungry, and 20.1 percent are at risk of hunger. But who would argue that not enough food is produced ? Surely not U.S.farmers; overproduction is their never-ending headache. Nor would the U.S. government, which maintains huge storehouse of cheese, milk, and butter. In the U.S., just as in the third world, hunger is shocking and unusual because it is completely unnecessary. Behind the newspaper headlines we can see that hunger is real; scarcity is not. So only when we free ourselves from the myth of scarcity can we begin to look for hunger’s real causes。
禁枪英语作文
The issue of gun control has been a topic of heated debate in many countries, particularly in the United States.The arguments for and against gun control are numerous and complex,often reflecting deeply held beliefs about personal freedom,public safety, and the role of government.The Argument for Gun Control:1.Public Safety:Proponents of gun control argue that stricter regulations can help reduce gunrelated violence and accidents.They point to statistics that show a correlation between the availability of firearms and the rates of gunrelated deaths.2.Prevention of Mass Shootings:Advocates for gun control often cite the frequency of mass shootings as a reason for stricter gun laws.They believe that limiting access to firearms,especially highcapacity weapons,can prevent such tragedies.3.Background Checks:Many gun control supporters argue for comprehensive background checks to prevent firearms from falling into the hands of individuals with a history of violence or mental illness.4.Regulation of Assault Weapons:Some argue that certain types of firearms,such as assault rifles,should be banned or more strictly regulated due to their potential for mass destruction.cation and Training:Gun control advocates also emphasize the importance of mandatory training and education for gun owners to ensure they understand the responsibilities and safety measures associated with firearm ownership.The Argument Against Gun Control:1.Second Amendment Rights:Opponents of gun control often cite the Second Amendment of the U.S.Constitution,which protects the right to bear arms.They argue that any attempt to restrict this right is a violation of constitutional freedoms.2.SelfDefense:Many people believe that owning a gun is essential for selfdefense and the protection of their homes and families.They argue that gun control laws would leave them vulnerable to criminals.3.Ineffectiveness of Laws:Some argue that gun control laws are ineffective,as criminals will always find ways to obtain firearms illegally,while lawabiding citizens are left defenseless.4.Mental Health Focus:Instead of focusing on gun control,some suggest that the emphasis should be on addressing mental health issues,as many mass shootings are carried out by individuals with mental health problems.5.Cultural and Historical Factors:In some societies,gun ownership is deeply ingrained in the culture and history,making the idea of gun control unpopular and difficult to implement.Balancing Act:Finding a balance between protecting individual rights and ensuring public safety is a complex challenge.It requires a nuanced approach that takes into account the diverse perspectives and concerns of society.This might involve a combination of measures, such as improving mental health services,enhancing background checks,and promoting responsible gun ownership.Conclusion:The debate over gun control is not just about laws and regulations its about values and beliefs.Its about how we,as a society,choose to balance the right to bear arms with the responsibility to protect the lives of our citizens.Its a conversation that requires empathy, understanding,and a willingness to find common ground.。
动物园对于动物的坏处英语作文
动物园对于动物的坏处英语作文英文回答：Zoos have long been controversial institutions, with arguments for and against their existence. While zoos can provide educational and conservation benefits, they also present several ethical concerns for the animals they house.One of the primary concerns with zoos is the lack of space and freedom for animals. In the wild, animals are accustomed to roaming vast territories, engaging in natural behaviors, and interacting with other members of their species. However, in zoos, animals are often confined to relatively small enclosures, which can severely restrict their movement and prevent them from engaging in their natural behaviors. This lack of space and freedom can leadto physical and psychological problems for animals, such as obesity, pacing, and stereotyped behaviors.Another ethical concern is the social isolation ofanimals in zoos. In the wild, animals live in complexsocial structures, interacting with others of their species in various ways. However, in zoos, animals are often housed alone or in small groups, which can lead to social deprivation and boredom. This can result in psychological distress, aggression, and other behavioral problems.Additionally, animals in zoos are often subjected to unnatural conditions, such as artificial lighting, temperature control, and a constant flow of visitors. These conditions can disrupt animals' natural rhythms and behaviors, causing stress and anxiety. For example, animals that are nocturnal in the wild may be forced to adjust to daytime activity in zoos, which can disrupt their sleep patterns.Furthermore, the commercialization of zoos can raise ethical concerns. Zoos often rely on ticket sales and other revenue-generating activities to support their operations. This can lead to the prioritization of entertainment over animal welfare, with animals being used as attractions rather than treated as individuals with their own needs.Despite these concerns, zoos can also provide some benefits to animals. They can serve as safe havens for endangered species, providing them with protection from threats such as habitat loss and poaching. Zoos can also play a role in conservation efforts, by participating in breeding programs and reintroducing animals into the wild.Additionally, zoos can offer educational opportunities for the public, raising awareness about animals and their conservation needs. They can provide an accessible way for people to observe and learn about wildlife, particularly for those who may not have the opportunity to experience animals in their natural habitats.中文回答：动物园对动物的危害。
009(formal)
Arguments Against Free Trade
Market failure justifications for infant industry protection
Two market failures are identified as reasons why infant industry protection may be a good idea:
The Case for Free Trade
Political Argument for Free Trade
A political commitment to free trade may be a good idea in practice. Trade policies in practice are dominated by special-interest politics rather than consideration of national costs and benefits.
Arguments Against Free Trade
The Domestic Market Failure Argument Against Free Trade
Producer and consumer surplus do not properly measure social costs and benefits. Consumer and producer surplus ignore domestic market failures such as:
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Arguments Against Free Trade
The terms of trade argument for a tariff The infant industry argument The domestic market failure The politics of protection
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Chapter Ten:Arguments for and against ProtectionArguments for and against Protection⏹Free trade leads to a fully efficient outcome for the world.⏹Trade barriers bring net harm to the world economy.⏹Nationally optimal tariff good for the country, but loss to the world.The effects of a tariff or nontariff barrier⏹Increase domestic production of the product⏹Increase employment of labor and other resources in this domestic production⏹Decrease domestic consumption of the product⏹Increase government revenue⏹Alter the distribution of income or well-being in the country.Arguments in favor of tariffs or NTBs⏹The ideal world of first best⏹Demand and supply curve do double duty, representing both private and social benefit orcosts⏹P=MB=MC=SMB=SMC⏹Invisible handIncentive Distortion and their effectsThe realistic world of second best⏹Externalities or spillover effects⏹External costs: some costs of producing or consuming are ignored by the private decision-makers, too much produced or consumed⏹External benefits: some benefits of the activity are ignored by the private decision- makers,too little of the activity occursThe realistic world of second best⏹Tax: to create a distortion by artificially rising the price to buyers.⏹Subsidy: to create a distortion by artificially lowering the price to buyers. Government policies toward externalities⏹Market failure⏹Fix distortions caused by externalities:1. government’s ability to cure: tax or subsidy2. property-right approach: new private-property institutions⏹Government failureGovernment policies toward externalities⏹If SMC>MC=P=MB=SMB, levy a tax of (SMC-SMB), increasing the price.⏹If SMB>MB=P=MC=SMC, pay a subsidy of (SMB-SMC)The specificity rule⏹Identify the specific source of the problem and intervene directly at this source.⏹Cut against import barriers.The extra social benefits to domestic production or employment in the import-competing industry⏹Spillover benefits to other industries⏹Employment imparts skills and attitudes⏹The extra costs for workers to switch job⏹National defense⏹National pride⏹Redistribute income to the poorPromoting domestic production or employmentPromoting domestic production or employmentTax or Subsidy?⏹Why prefer tariff?⏹Political lobby⏹Subsidy: highly visible target for budget cutters⏹Tariff: generates government revenue, political appealInvalid arguments⏹Patriotism⏹Employment⏹Fair play for domestic industry⏹Preservation of the home marketThe infant industry argument⏹Allow a nation to develop an industry in which it has potential comparative advantage,temporary trade protection is then justified to establish and protect the domestic industry during its “infancy” until it can grow and meet foreign competition.The infant industry argument⏹Hamilton: protective tariff⏹List: German Economist,productivity or wealthvalidity of protection: 30 years.the final goal: free tradeInfant Industry ArgumentHow valid is it?⏹Is any government policy really needed?imperfections in the financial markets, government act to provide assistance.early business investments create positive externalities for the follower firms, to fix thedistortionHow valid is it?1.⏹If the government is going to provide assistance, what government policy is best?the specificity rule cuts against the tariff?⏹Will the infant industry really grow up?much less pressure; longer childhood2.⏹Four conclusions:⏹there can be a case of some sort of government encouragement;⏹ a tariff may or may not be good;⏹some form of government help is a better infant industry policy;⏹hard for government to know which industry to support.The dying industry argument and adjustment assistance⏹Reemployment⏹Suffer long spells of unemployment.⏹Social cost of unemployment⏹MSSB>b+d, protect the dying industry.⏹The specificity ruleTrade Adjustment Assistance⏹Trade Adjustment Assistance to workers and firms in import-threatened industries.⏹Unemployment compensation, retraining programs, subsidies for job search and movingexpenses.⏹The defenders of free market:many other reasons, why only to those affected by imports?create perverse incentives (moral hazards), people change their behavior.Other arguments⏹Government revenue⏹Income redistribution⏹Non-economic goals:⏹national defense⏹national pride。