外文翻译电子商务与旅游业中英文版完整版

合集下载

电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)附件1：外文翻译译文网上购物的自由、控制和乐趣网上购物的消费者数量和网上购物的数额正在上升；费雷斯特研究公司估计，今年互联网销售额是去年的20亿倍以上。

相比之下，美国去年的整体零售销售额达13万亿美元。

因此，目前电子商务的销售额仅占零售销售额的1%左右。

专家和学者闷得争执消费者网上消费的百分比的可能上限。

网上消费上限将超过其他直接营销的15%，或者如费雷斯特研究公司所建议的，到2010年占许多零售采购产品类别的1/3.最终，在何种程度上满足购物目标导向和有经验的消费者需求将影响消费者会选择花在每个环境中的美元金额。

虽然许多作家都在鼓吹在线媒体提供交互性和个性化的体验的独特功能，例如，很少有系统的集中于网上购物者真正需要什么，以及为什么他们把网上购物放在第一位清楚的了解什么激发消费者网上购物可以并应告知战略、技术和市场营销的决定，以及网站设计。

那么，什么激发网上购物？在离线的环境中营销人员认识到，消费者不同的消费方式取决于他们用于搜索的动机是否主要是体验（因为好玩）还是目标导向（因为效率高）。

我们的网上客户的研究表明，这两种动机同样可以推广到在线环境。

体验行为特别可能发生在消费者有一个持续的爱好型的兴趣类别中。

收藏家和爱好者享受“惊险的狩猎”一样收藏各种收藏品。

同样，有时间保证和欲望刺激可以引起更多的体验购物行为。

学者们还发现，更高的娱乐性与体验行为比专注于目标的购物引起更积极的情绪、更大的网上购物满意度和更高可能性的购物冲动行为。

目标导向或功利购物已被各种营销学者描述为任务导向的，高效的，合理的和蓄意的。

因此，专注于目标的购物是以交易为导向，希望快速购买他们想要的东西而无需焦急。

零售消费者将功力购买描述为“工作”和评估其努力的成功的条款通常与工作表现相关词汇联系起来，如“成功”“完成”。

重要的是，市场调查公司发现，2/3到4/5的互联网买家从事特定产品的狭义在线搜索。

旅游专业外文翻译2篇

Ⅲ.外文翻译外文翻译之一Destination brand positions of a competitive set ofnear-home destinations作者：Steven Pike国籍：Australia出处：Tourism Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 January 2009原文正文：Abstract:Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only occur slowly over a long period of time. The tabulation of 74 destination branding case studies, research papers, conceptual papers and web content analysesprovides students and researchers with a useful resource on the current state of the field.Keywords: Destination branding; Consumer-based brand equity; Short breaks; Destination image; Destination positioning1. IntroductionEver since the brand literature commenced in the 1940s (see for example Guest, 1942), there has been consistent recognition that branding offers organisations a means for differentiation in markets crowded with similar offerings ([Aaker, 1991], [Gardner and Levy, 1955], [Keller, 2003] and [Kotler et al., 2007]). For destinations, effective differentiation is critical given the increasingly competitive nature of tourism markets, where many places offering similar features are becoming substitutable (Pike, 2005). For example, around 70% of international travellers visit only 10 countries, leaving the remainder of national tourism offices (NTOs) competing for 30% of total international arrivals (Morgan, Pritchard, & Pride, 2002). The pursuit of differentiation is explicit in brand definitions, which have most commonly been variations of that proposed by Aaker (1991, p. 7):A brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or package design) intended to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods from those of competitors.However, in the foreword to the first issue of Place Branding and Public Policy, editor Simon Anholt (2004, p. 4) suggested “almost nobody agrees on what, ex actly, branding means” in describing place branding practice as akin to the Wild West. There has been a lack of consistency in defining what constitutes destination branding, both within industry and within academia (see [Blainet al., 2005], [Park and Petrick, 2006] and [Tasci and Kozak, 2006]). The mostcomprehensive definition to date has been that proposed by Blain et al. (2005, p. 337), which followed Berthon, Hulbert, and Pitt's (1999) model of the functions of a brand from both the buyer and seller perspectives:Destination branding is the set of marketing activities that (1) support the creation of a name, symbol, logo, word mark or other graphic that readily identifies and differentiates a destination; that (2) consistently convey the expectation of a memorable travel experience that is uniquely associated with the destination; that (3) serve to consolidate and reinforce the emotional connection between the visitor and the destination; and that (4) reduce consumer search costs and perceived risk. Collectively, these activities serve to create a destination image that positively influences consumer destination choice.Branding is therefore considered mutually beneficial from both the supply and demand perspectives. Enhancing the ability of the brand to differentiate effectively can generate advantages for products and services, such as increased purchase intent (Cobb-Walgren, Beal, & Donthu, 1995), lower costs (Keller, 1993), increased sales, price premiums, and customer loyalty ([Aaker, 1991] and [Aaker, 1996]). Advantages for destination marketing organisations (DMO) include increased potential to differentiate against places offering similar benefits, increased destination loyalty and increased yield for stakeholders such as local tourism businesses and travel intermediaries. Benefits for the traveller include ease of decision making through reduced search costs, reduced risk, and possibly enhanced brag value.The focus of most research reported to date has been concerned with the development of destination brand identities and the implementation of campaigns (see for example, [Crockett and Wood, 1999], [Hall, 1999], [May, 2001] and [Morgan et al., 2002]). One area requiring increased attention is that of tracking the performance of destination brand positions over time. That is,the extent to which destination brands' positioning and repositioning campaigns have been effective in enhancing brand equity consistent with that intended in the brand identity. This is an important gap in the tourism literature, given: i) increasing competition (see Morgan, Pritchard, & Piggot, 2002), ii) the increasing level of investment by destination marketing organisations (DMO) in branding since the 1990s, iii) the complex political nature of DMO brand decision making and increasing accountability to stakeholders (see Pike, 2005), and iv) the long-term nature of repositioning a destination's image in the marketplace (see Gartner & Hunt, 1987). In terms of metrics for DMOs in general, a number of researchers in various parts of the world have pointed to a lack of market research monitoring effectiveness of destination marketing objectives, such as in Australia (see [Carson et al., 2003] and [Prosser et al., 2000]), North America ([Masberg, 1999] and [Sheehan and Ritchie, 1997]), and Europe (Dolnicar & Schoesser, 2003).The aim of this study was to track the brand positions held by a competitive set of near-home destinations between 2003 and 2007. For this purpose the efficacy of a hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) was trialled. CBBE was first promoted by (Aaker, 1991) and (Aaker, 1996) and more recently by (Keller, 1993) and (Keller, 2003) to supplement traditional balance sheet brand equity measures. The rationale underpinning CBBE as a brand performance metric is that consumer perceptions of the brand underpin any financial estimate of future earnings estimated in the financial measure of brand equity. Since a financial balance sheet brand equity measure will be of little practical value to destination marketers, the concept of CBBE is worthy of consideration by DMOs. However, the potential of CBBE for destinations has only recently attracted the attention of academic researchers (see [Boo et al., in press] and [Konecknik and Gartner, 2007]).具有竞争力的靠近家乡的旅游目的地的目标品牌定位作者：史蒂文・派克国籍：澳大利亚出处：旅游管理，新闻，更正的证明，可在线2009年1月24日中文译文：摘要：虽然品牌学在20世纪40年代就已经兴起，第一个与目的地品牌相关的出版物却直到半个世纪后才出现。

在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料

在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。

which combines tourism and the。

has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。

and as society advances。

it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。

This has XXX accelerates。

online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。

and merce。

It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。

including booking flights。

n。

and activities。

Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。

with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。

online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。

One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。

关于旅游电子商务网站的市场调查和分析英文版商务英语

Market research and analysis of tourism e-commerce Background:With rapid development of technology, internet has made great achievements. Global electronic commerce transaction has increased greatly within past decade years. So commercial tourism industry receives great challenges. As the network consumers and traveling market are increasing, e-commercial traveling show a huge advantage.The size of the online travel booking market continues to grow, and the growth rate is about 40%。

The size of 2014 is 24560 million yuan,about eight times over 2008.After more than ten years of exploration, there have been quite a number of travel sites with information service ability, mainly including the regional websites, professional websites and portal travel the increasing competition in tourism market, traditional tourism industry must turn to tourism electronic commerce based on the internet to meet the needs of different the rapid growth of the Internet users directly led to the rapid development of online travel. China's online travel booking market scale will continue to increase.Today we conduct an investigation about e-commercial to statistics of the survey, so many conclusions are obtained.Discussion and summary:We receive 93questionnaires in total. There are 57 men and the others are women. As most traveling consumers are young, the majority of respondents’age is between 21 to 30. When asked about the education background, more than a half of people hold undergraduate degrees, while the others hold college degrees and graduate degrees. Two thirds of respondents are not satisfied with the commercial traveling with a group. A plenty of tourists are seeking a new model of traveling to meet individual requirements. Before we plan to travel, there are many factors we will put into concern. Most people focus on traveling route, price, security, the quality of service and travel agents credit. Most respondents seek traveling information in different ways, such as surfing the internet, watching the advertisements of television and magazines, consulting the travel agency and seeking information from relatives. % of people are willing to receive information by the help of information. And almost all the people will seek the traveling destination information through the internet. When asked what kind of websites they will surf, most people choose the searching engine and the professional traveling website. However, 57% of people are not satisfied with international introduction of traveling attractions. While there are many factors that induct us to make decisions to choose the traveling destinations, most people think that the price, traveling route, accommodation and traffic are mostly important. While almost all the people search traveling information through the internet, only a few of them decide to buy holiday products directly. The majority of them surf internet to seek information or book hotels. What elements that restrict the purchase of tourism products are unreliability of online travel information, security problem and imperfect network service.The rise of tourism e-commerce is the inevitable trend of global economic integration of information, a real change for the tourism industry. Traditional tourism enterprises are gradually increasing tourism electronic commerce, and most enterprises have realized that the online business development is the trend of The Times. Part of the strong enterprises, such as some star hotels, travel agencies, begin to self-built website or use electronic travel agencies to develop network marketing contains infinite opportunities and challenges, improves the tourism service,and reduces transaction cost. High accessibility of tourism electronic commerce leads new competitors to join at any time, making the competition more fierce.China's tourism electronic commerce will continue to develop in the future. All kinds of online travel service providers, such as way of cattle and ctrip,have got the favour of venture investment, and capital strength boosts its rapid a word, with the development of the network, the prosperity of tourism will go demand of tourists for online query, online booking will the influence of the surge in tourism industry scale,the growth of travel spending ,the improving domestic e-commerce environment, China's online travel booking market will continue to grown.。

电子商务中英对照E-commerce Chapter11

2
Learning Objectives
• How electronic wallets work
• 电子钱包是如何工作的
• The use of stored-value cards in electronic commerce
• 电子商务储值卡的使用
• Internet technologies and the banking industry
• 哪个支付方式同时对公司和用户都有利
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Four different payment technologies
• 4种不同的支付方式: 1. Payment card 2. Electronic cash 3. Software wallets
–现金、支票、信用卡、借记卡 • 90% of all United States consumer payments
• 90%的美国消费者使用的支付方式
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Electronic transfer: small but growing
segment
Payment Cards 支付卡
• Single-use cards 一次性卡 –Cards with disposable numbers –有一次性号码的卡 • Addresses concern of giving online vendors payment card numbers • 适合担心给供应商卡号的用户 • Valid for one transaction only • 有效期为一项交易
Payment Cards 支付卡

电子商务的兴起的旅游业的影响(英文版)

Impact of E-commerce on Tourism in ChinaI．The development of Chinese tourismFrom the sustained and rapid developing of Chinese tourism, the international tourism industry has been generally optimistic about the Chinese market, and predicted that China will be the most popular tourist destination in the 21st century. In a market economy, the demand is the most important resource, demand is the biggest advantage. In China, the demands for inbound tourism, domestic tourism and outbound tourism are heating up, it has become the world's highest growth rate for years.Especially for recent years, the growth of world economy, and the economic recovery in Southeast Asia, has greatly encouraged the rising of international tourism demand. Meanwhile, as the main tourist economy and an important force in stimulating domestic demand, the domestic tourism has showed up a huge marketing potential in the past two years. It can be expected in the next 20 years, China's economic development will further accelerate the people's living standard, and the tourism demand will continue to expand. Therefore, China, which is the world's first domestic tourism market, has the potential to achieve a world tourism power. It’s the time for China to seize opportunities, meet challenges, and use the high-technology to transform traditional tourism to a modern toursim.II．The analysis of the tourism industry value chain under e-commerce environment"E-commerce" is spread with the popularity of the Internet. Tourism is a labor-intensive and information technology-intensive industry.In the tourism market, n on-material goods as a trade-oriented tourism activities in the tourism market is not the driving force in the flow of material in the form of a commodity,but the transmission of information on tourism products caused by the flow of tourists. From this point of view, the core of tourism circulating is information. The introduction of tourism e-commerce has brought new opportunities for the development of tourism industry.E-commerce has been introduced to tourism industry just for a few years, but its momentum is verystrong.E-commerce has become new model for tourism trade in the information age. In 2002,global tourism e-commerce sales exceeded$ 63 billion,five consecutive years of more than350%growth rate. According to theWorld Tourism Organization expected in the next five years,tourism e-commerce will account for25% of all travel transactions, and tourism e-commerce in the proportion of e-commerce will reach20% to 25%.In China, tourism e-commerce website appeared in 1996, to the present, it has reached more than 5,000, among which, there are more than 300 professional travel sites, including three categories, regional sites, professional sites. Regional sites are mainly about local attractions, scenic beauty of the introduction, the overall strength is poor with less information, it’s difficult for them to guarantee their financial income. The professional sites mainly carry out professional travel agency business, including traditional travel agencies and professional web site e-commerce website. The former has CYTS network, CITS net. Comfort Travel also opened the first outbound tourism web site that provide the service for outbound tourism registration, passports, visas, border control, customs and other knowledge. The latter has Ctrip Travel Network, e long net, China travel net. E-commerce is the most important way for China's tourism industry to participate in international competitions. The National Tourism Administration attaches great attention on this.III．Tourism and tourism E-commerceAs an advanced e-commerce trade, e-commerce consists of three parts: information consulting services system, currency payment system, logistics and distribution system, in short, that is: information, capital and logistics. Compared with other traditional industries, besides the huge amount of information service, high reliability, "online travel" has another advantage, it’s has very conven ient logistics and distribution.General travel sites just released some tourist information, not using the online electronic commerce, that’s why they have not achieved much breakthrough. From the second half of 1999, the travel e-commerce was officially activated, which was marked by a large number of IT professionals entering travel sites. At present, "CYTS Online" website officially opened as a large, traditional travel agency, which marks the China Youth Travel Service's travel e-commerce industry officially kicked off.The most powerful method for online travel agency, is the implementation of e-commerce, via the network platform, to beat the traditional tourism industry by information services, product sales, payment and settlement and other aspects (travelers can make a online booking, reservation, set group provide for tourist routes, etc.). This will not only greatly change the traditional tourism industry, reduce travel costs, but also quickly change the traditional concept of tourism, so that the "network" and "travel" can be displayed and promoted to the maximum values.IV．The status of the tourism e-commerce in China4.1 No enough tourism business websites, the low development of tourism e-commerce.At present, there are thousands of tourism websites, which can integrate the six elements of tourism-food, transportation, lodge,travelling, shopping, entertainment, but few of them can provide those personalized, technology, travelling services with special season requirements. Due to lack of the support of professional resources, even there are many tourist information sites, the professional tourism websites are still not enough, and the real tourism e-commerce sites are even less. Most of tourism websites stay with publishing simple tourist routes, tourist information, attractions,travel tips and other travel information, the information can’t be updated in time,not closely follow the market demands, can’t provide enough tourism information.As the tourism business websites do not attach to tourists demands, it is difficult to form a true sense of the tourism business, can’t attract many tourists. The tourism e-commerce in China started late, there are no much companies realize the importance of tourism e-commerce development, many companies are still watching and waiting. Few companies which are in the f orefront of e-commerce remain in the lower stage because the macro-environment is not mature, they can not achieve a real sense of online transactions, there is no real connect between network and the real life. So, they can not create a real tourism e-commerce.4.2Transaction security is still the major factor in the development of tourism e-commerceAs the rapid growth of the internet, tourism e-commerce has attracted wide attention, it is considered as one of the most promising new growth point in the IT industry. However,how to ensure the security of data transmission in an open network environment has become one of the most important factor to tourism e-commerce’s popularity. There were some online researches about t ourism e-commerce’ prospects, about the question that why not shop online, the vast majority of people are worried about hackers attacks resulting in loss of credit card information. Therefore,some people are worried about security issues and refuse to use tourism e-commerce.Security has become the biggest obstacle in the development of tourism e-commerce.V.The main problem in the development of tourism e-commerce in chinaThe reasons of restricting the development of tourism network in China are not only technical problems, but also the traditional tourism business environment and the socio-economic development.5.1Lack of CreditEspecially in the domestic B to C (that is, vendor to customer) tourism e-commerce, how’s trade credit of the tourism enterprise? Are they consistent between the internet commodity and the real tourism service? How’s the service quality? The re are even some problems with the credibility of the current television advertising, let alone the online travel products, the customers will be worried more.5.2The development of tourism e-commerce lack of confidence because laws and regulations are lagged behind.Because of e-commerce related laws and regulations lagging behind, the parties involved in transactions lack of self-discipline and strict oversight, the authenticity of the information can not be guaranteed.5.3The limitation of online payment become the constraint of the development of tourism e-commerce.Currently, online payment has not really solved, there are still a lot of payment models of "online trading, reality pay", which make it difficult for e-commerce break the constraints. No security of credit commitments, the parties involved in tourism e-commerce do not fully trust each other, it makes the tourism e-commerce development in large scales also too early.5.4Lack of compound talents make the current tourism e-commerce websites stay in a low level.The development of tourism e-commerce lacks of a large number of compound talents who know not only the technology but also the management. The operation of tourism e-commerce website involves a wide range of comprehensive knowledge which has the high requirements from both customers and companies. It is the truth that many tourism sites are facing very difficult conditions. The lack of talent is the most important reason that impact of the development of tourism e-commerce.5.5Most of the businesses in tourism websites are overlapped with the traditional tourism companies.It lacks of new tourism e-commerce products which are suitable for online trading. During the development of e-commerce, the tourism projects published by most of tourism sites lack of pertinence and not personalized, they are mainly copy the traditional tourism products and services to the websites, no any features and sellingpoints.5.6The tourism websites are behind the demands in China, the overall development of tourism e-commerce is too low.The tourism commerce websites which can integrate the six elements of tourism -food, transportation, lodge, travel, shopping, entertainment, personalized and timely offers, information, and season tourism products, are far behind the demands. Due to lack of the supports of professional resources, and the mature macro-environment, the e-commerce features are mostly stuck in a low level, it’s difficult for the connection between network and reality, of course, there is no way to create a real tourism e-commerce.VI．The strategies of the development of tourism e-commerce in China6.1 Support from government to build the platform for tourism e-commerce.Tourism is a government-led industry. Government departments should be the organizers for the applications of tourism e-commerce at the macro aspects, to support the development of tourism electronic commerce from the many aspects, to improve thee-commerce software and hardware environment and the legal environment. Use the tax and other price leverage to push the development of tourism e-commerce, meanwhile, strengthen the Internet infrastructure, and accelerate the establishment, refinement and modify of tourism e-commerce-related policies and laws, eliminate those policies and systems which restrict the development of tourism e-commerce.6.2 The traditional tourism companies should change the traditional concept, to integrate the resources and carry out the personalized services.The integration and the strategic alliance between the t raditional tourism enterprises and the tourist sites are the common way and the new growth point for the both parts. In the tourism e-commerce website development, the most constraining issues are integration of resources, the tourism sites must rely on the rich resources from traditional tourism industry. Tourism enterprises can achieve the scalized and networking development by changing the traditional marketing concept, establishing their own internal business management information systems which has a high degree of integration with Internet and developing their own brands.In addition, personalized tourism products become more and more popular, the greatest benefits of personalized service is that the company can provide customers with more satisfactory alternative. This requires a comprehensive collection, extraction and integration of the different characteristics of consumer demand, then fractionize those information, and provide products and services so that consumers can freely choose travel destinations, hotels, transport and so on. In short, tourism resources database is the basis for the development of tourism e-commerce; the quality and quantity of information is the key to the development of tourism e-commerce; network traffic is the development of tourism e-commerce market indicators.6.3Tourism enterprises should strengthen the coordination and communication with the related parts.Tourism e-commerce is inseparable from social parties, especially the IT industry, financial services, transportation departments and industry associations. In order to achieve the real e-commerce, tourism online enterprises should strengthen the cooperation with the tourism industry, authorities, industry associations, regulateChinese tourism industry standards, and must actively cooperate with the transport sector, implement the electronic ticketing (tickets, tickets, tickets) to seize market share.China should actively study suitable electronic ticketing, create a new booking system, and as soon as possible connect with international standards. There is also software design companies which can not be ignored, it should provide the tailored IT products and services for different enterprise, build the platforms for the existing tourism information release system, hotel reservation system, airline reservation system, immigration and travel distribution system, domestic travel sales systems, outreach marketing systems, billing systems, and team schedule management system. Furthermore, tourism enterprises should actively cooperate with the banks, draw on the experience of developed countries, universe the payment methods of credit card, electronic cash, electronic checks and other electronic payment methods, make the online payments become safe, convenient, fast and efficient.6.4Improve the staff quality, cultivate compound talentsTravel site construction, operation and management involves a wide range of knowledge, it requires their employees not only have higher network technology, e-commerce knowledge, also have more professional tourism knowledge and tourism marketing, management knowledge. Therefore, in order to meet the high-tech development, the employees in the tourism authorities and tourism businesses should improve their knowledge of e-commerce, in particular, strengthen the training for the leadership.6.5Improve the level and quality of the website service of tourism businessThe website is the most important part of the e-commerce, the key to the success of tourism e-commerce operation, depends on whether the site are attractive, and fully display the characteristics of natural resources and cultural landscape. Travel site construction should avoid duplication, fragmentation. It should take full advantage of the network to achieve the scale of operations, highlight the overall competitiveness of tourism products. Tourism resources database is the basis for the development of tourism e-commerce, we should strengthen the tourism database development, so as to detail the tourism resources, and improve the quality of tourist information.6.6Enhance the security of transactionsWe should build secure and reliable communications network, effectively protect the information systems on the network to prevent data theft or misappropriation. Meanwhile, we should train tourism e-commerce talents to learn how to protect their information systems and data security. Taking into account the risk and decentralization of the internet, online data security and integrity must be guaranteed the same as in the database. In addition, we must ensure the long-term integrity and security for tourism e-commerce records, avoid fraud, so as to provide the credibility which is a must in a wide range of tourism e-commerce. Finally, we must stay away from a wide range of threats from the Internet to ensure the integrity of the computer system itself.6.7Strength the brand competitionBusiness on the Internet can’t grab market share only if their service reach the first class level, at present, the competition between well-known tourist site has crossed the competition stages of financial strength, information richness, and interactivity degree, enter into the brand competition period, such as the quality of customer service, marketing processing, advertising etc, that is to establish services credibility and reputation. A study on the network find that many transactions are generated from the returning customers, which indicates these networks have a high level of credibility and reputation, brand strength plays an important role.VII．ConclusionE-commerce is essentially the integration of network information and business operation process, it changes the traditional network information flow mainly through modern information technology, and guides the business flow, capital flow and talents flow with the net work information flow, quickly match transactions, effectively achieve lower costs and improve benefits. Although the application of e-commerce is still new developed, there are no uniform understanding for many problem, and lack of wholly satisfactory in the technical aspects, but the unique of tourism products make the tourism as the most suitable industries for the development of e-commerce. The emergence of e-commerce challenge traditional tourism, meanwhile, it also provides the tourism industry an opportunity to take off. For this, we must attach great importance of tourism e-commerce on the technological innovation of traditional transactions methods,fully aware that the innovation of tourism e-commerce brings the new market efficiency, and the impact on the change of production and management in tourism enterprises.At the same time, tourism is a highly information-based industry. The application of e-commerce realize the accessibility and non-destruction of information and communication, which result that a number of tourism enterprises think the information is the interest, they equal the process of obtaining the information to the process of achieving the interests . In fact, the transmission of tourism commercial interest is much less smooth than the transmission of net information, the access to tourism business interests is a complex and extensive process, in which the information is a highly refined, and it’s development process of the cooperation among a variety of factors. Therefore, we should rationally look on the tourism e-commerce.References：[1] 李琪.电子商务概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2004.[2] 巫宁.信息化时代的中国旅游电子商务「M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2003.[3] 黄敏学.电子虚拟市场的演进与交易.武汉大学出版社,2002[4] 湛亚民.旅游电子商务与我国旅游业的发展.武汉工业学院学报,2000(3)[5] 施仲军,袁峰.信息社会中云南旅游市场营销问题初探.云南财贸学院学报,2000(6)[6] 王兆良.我国旅游经济与电子商务相结合问题探讨.中南民族大学学报,2002(3)[7] 杨丽.中国旅游电子商务发展中的一些问题与对策的研究.旅游学刊,2001(6)[8] 陆均良.旅游电子商务清华大学出版社参考文献：[1]李琪.电子商务概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2004.[2] 巫宁.信息化时代的中国旅游电子商务「M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2003.[3] 黄敏学.电子虚拟市场的演进与交易.武汉大学出版社,2002[4] 湛亚民.旅游电子商务与我国旅游业的发展.武汉工业学院学报,2000(3)[5] 施仲军,袁峰.信息社会中云南旅游市场营销问题初探.云南财贸学院学报,2000(6)[6] 王兆良.我国旅游经济与电子商务相结合问题探讨.中南民族大学学报,2002(3)[7] 杨丽.中国旅游电子商务发展中的一些问题与对策的研究.旅游学刊,2001(6)[8] 陆均良.旅游电子商务清华大学出版社。

电子商务与旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务与旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:电子商务与旅游业摘要电子商务的鼎盛时期已经过去还是仅仅只是在休整？商业和股市期望没有得到满足。

但是，抛去其强硬的经济问题和数量稀少旅客，电子商务在诸如旅游和旅游业的网上交易的一些部门依然不断增加。

这个行业是在B2C（企业对消费者）领域的领导型应用。

而在其他行业有较强的坚持传统工艺，旅游业正经历一个电子商务的接受过程，该行业的结构正在发生变化。

网络不仅用于收集信息；通过互联网订购服务正在被接受。

一个新型的用户正在出现，接受成为他自己的旅行社，并建立自己的旅游套票。

在2002年美国在线旅游市场增长了45％至27亿元。

占市场总值的14.4％，欧洲在线旅游增加了67％，占市场总额的3.6％。

同年美国32％的旅客已使用互联网预订旅游安排。

预测到2007年30%的B2C交易在欧洲的德国将在互联网上完成。

然而，其他的市场研究机构发布其他，高和低，编号。

这些统计数据问题，他们是基于不同，要么宽或窄、定义：要么区分：电子商务和电子商务(看到后者作为部分的第一)或不是，并且使用不同的变量和测量方法。

但是，即使证明不同的定义，给出了所有的统计数字旅游域点向上。

然而，在所有这些定义亏缺了一个重要方面我们可以看出在旅游案例：他们是所有交易和商业导向和忽略了这个事实，即网络也是一个中等的好奇心、创建社区或刚一件有趣的事，所有这一切都可能发生，也可能不会获得业务。

特别是旅游产品与情感体验，有趣但并不仅仅是业务。

一、关于这个行业旅游及旅游业作为一个全球或者说全球化的行业体现了非常具体的特点：1.旅行和观光的代表了大约11%世界范围内(GDP)旅游卫星账户后举行的世界旅游的方法和旅游委员会)；2.将有十亿国外游客在2010年世界旅游组织，平均而言，旅游增长速度超过其他的经济部门；3. 作为一个伞业它涉及到许多部门，如文化或体育运动，超过30种不同的工业部件，服务已确认的旅行者；4.解释了整个行业的非均质性，因为它的中小企业结构(尤其是拍照的时候目的地的观点)，它有一个巨大的重要性了区域发展。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

中文4915字毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别电子商务系专业电子商务姓名学号外文出处E-Business: The E-Business Legal Survival Kit(用外文写)（Writer: J.T.Westermeier and Lee J. Plave）附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件1：外文资料翻译译文电子商务与旅游业摘要电子商务的鼎盛时期已经过去还是仅仅只是在休整？商业和股市期望没有得到满足。

但是，抛去其强硬的经济问题和数量稀少旅客，电子商务在诸如旅游和旅游业的网上交易的一些部门依然不断增加。

这个行业是在B2C（企业对消费者）领域的领导型应用。

而在其他行业有较强的坚持传统工艺，旅游业正经历一个电子商务的接受过程，该行业的结构正在发生变化。

网络不仅用于收集信息；通过互联网订购服务正在被接受。

一个新型的用户正在出现，接受成为他自己的旅行社，并建立自己的旅游套票。

在2002年美国在线旅游市场增长了45％至27亿元。

占市场总值的14.4％，欧洲在线旅游增加了67％，占市场总额的3.6％（根据区域与旅游研究，www.crt.dk丹麦中心）。

同年美国32％的旅客已使用互联网预订旅游安排（见/surveys/）。

预测到2007年30%的B2C交易在欧洲的德国将在互联网上完成。

然而，其他的市场研究机构发布其他，高和低，编号。

但是，即使证明不同的定义，给出了所有的统计数字旅游域点向上。

特别是旅游产品与情感体验，有趣但并不仅仅是业务。

例如,在欧盟的饭店和餐厅部门占了超过130万个企业,这些8.5都是欧洲的企业。

95%的企业是非常小的,例如有的企业只有1 - 9名员工；5.供给与需求面形成一个世界范围的网络，两种生产和分配规律是基于合作。

6.该产品是具有阶段性和复杂性的，（1）一个宾馆房间的床上，不卖一晚代表一个失落的收入。

供应商面临着潜在危险，而这种危险通过获得的信息的可能得意减少；(2)旅游产品本身是一种“捆绑型”的基本产品。

支持相当复杂的捆绑产品必须有很好定义与尊重对消费者需求、价格或者还经销渠道的接口。

旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，给予一个先于体验的综合评价它的特质是不可能的。

游客不得不离开自己的日常环境消费产品。

此刻的决策，只可得到一个基于一系列的信息通过后天的多套频道(网络、电视、小册子或朋友) 的产品的抽象模型。

这一特点的旅游产品信息都需要消费者和供应商两个方面，面对高信息搜寻成本，导致信息市场的不完善。

所有这些反过来使其建立起相应的信息和价值的长链。

图1.市场结构视图[12]图1区分了供给和需求侧和各自的中介。

链接标记的关系以及信息的流动。

它仅仅显示最相关的链接，节显示点的参与者在各自区域的相关类型。

在供应方面，我们与“主要的供应商”指企业如酒店或餐馆里，大部分中小企业。

对于这些公司在泛函数微分在同一水平为“大”的成员，像航空公司。

旅游经营者可以被看作是产品汇集者，旅游代理充当信息经纪人，提供最终用户提供有关信息和订的设施。

CRS / GDS(中央预订系统/全球分销系统)，出于航空订票系统已经发展了他在60年代，还涉及其他产品，如打包度假，或者其他方式的交通工具。

而中介机构在右边可以被看作是“专业”连接供给与需求之间(主要是基于电子基础建设和功能的CRS /(GDS)，左侧是相关的管理、规划和品牌的一个目的地。

这些国家、地区和地方旅游组织通常是政府资助的，以及代表所有的供应商在目的地和不从事预约的过程。

上游流按照图1的流程构成产品信息，而下游流动报告主要在于在市场行为，主要表现在条款的统计上。

两个信息流动创造一个旅游信息网绑在一起，而且很明显地反映了所有市场参与者之间的经济关系。

二、层业务正在改变（一）新的产品和服务网络引导两个新的方法来满足改变消费习惯——他们并不忠诚，往往会使更多但更短的假期、决策之间的时间和消费减少，整个旅游价值链的“信息化”也是如此。

这允许不同的策略来产生价值[11]：1.增加价值的提取效率，降低物流成本，如：自动化的具体进程或外包给客户，自我入住酒店的客人或航空公司的乘客。

2.价值捕获：客户端和销售数据用来支持营销，例如，数据挖掘的预报或产量的管理。

3.价值增长：一个线性组合价值的产品及服务，创造更丰富的产品捆绑，例如，新服务品质为消费者通过将无线服务，以现有的网站给游客建议购买他们的服务。

4.价值创造：把重点放在网络效应，例如，游客们在一个目的地参与服务的定义和规划。

这样，不但过程变化，而且能自行设计新服务延伸的范围和配置选项来定制产品。

定制过程在基于互联网技术的规模定制下进行了描述有个性的产品或服务。

配置是指产品或服务捆绑的不同成分的综合，公司结合他们的核心产品与层附加的服务。

（二）新商业网络动力学和部门的已经很有竞争力的电子市场，几乎所有的利益相关者已经实施了他们的策略。

同样，旅游业也成为了新入者的发展领域，不论是初创企业还是公司来自媒体和IT领域。

自从旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，它非常适合各自的背景。

一个可以观察进一步专业化的趋势并不断解构由成员和产品并联集成的价值链。

最新评论的竞争和合作的同时，在边界行业内是模糊的，所有类型的市场参与者都受影响。

1.游客们被更多的成员访问，但是他们同样也在说明它们的服务例如，用反向拍卖网站中扮演更积极的角色。

2.旅行社在销售渠道看到一个渺茫的权力，后果是他们将重点更多地放在咨询和更复杂的产品上。

3.进一步提高网络旅游网站提供了新的市场功能和技术，焦点集中在对旅行者的个性化智能工具见在主要网站使用的建议功能)。

目的地管理机构在目的地开发合作模式，在那里他们会占据一个新角色作为经验和集成服务商，例如爱尔兰。

4.旅游经营者基于规模化定制和灵活的配置(例如，意大利操作员科斯塔Crociere已经开发了一种个性化的巡航建造者)，总是将个体之间和包装旅游的边界模糊。

5.CRS / GDS显示了一个“英特尔内置”的营销战略，利用链接到主要旅游网站提高其交易额，同时进行直接销售以增加零售环节。

6.供应商将日益形成同盟和支持电子直销，增加价格竞争和价格，重新分化过程，如电子的票务客户或自动登机手续。

这导致了市场的一种进化，形象地描述为一个进行中的相互影响的集中(例如，如美国与全国各大网站，例如Expedia在线旅行，Orbitz或Travelocity)和同步的新进入的新成员。

增加了复杂性，但是也生成了需要新的服务项目，如提供透明访问，市场概览，或价格的比较，这反过来又会促进创新，将更加强调技术创新。

三、IT系统：特点和发展趋势新兴的商业场景是基于灵活的网络结构和一个消费者不断提高的整合。

如果一个人增加旅游生命周期——考虑到流动性方面的旅游者——可以得出以下的简化图中的链接各自的旅游阶段与公司的过程。

图2.旅游生命周期和公司的进程(供应商和中介机构)很明显，公司合伙人得交叉过程促进了了分布式的b2b2c的形成，并且支持移动通信公司和消费者之间的合作。

技术——基于一种普遍深入人心的基础设施——将变得透明，对消费者来说是无形的；信息就会出现在家中、工作中和在旅行中。

在这样一个场景的IT系统应该具有以下特点：1.支持异构数据格式和业务功能以及分布式数据来源，因为他们必须考虑的不同类型的参与主体与他们的功能差异；2.有弹性和开放性，关于地理和功能扩展。

他们会支持整个消费生命周期和所有商业阶段；3.使各自的参与者拥有充分的自主权，而是增强合作行为，为供应商提供复杂工具以及进行动态的网络配置；4.移动和固网服务的整合，促成服务的多渠道访问，提供像先前描述的所有不同类型的成员；5.支持细心的用户界面和通过广泛的开发的用户模型的个性化，考虑到用户的行为、认知以及感情方面。

交叉的研究和开发工作已经在着手解决旅游及旅游业应用上述主题，并取得了一些显著的成绩。

很自然地，很多这些活动遵循一个基于AI途径。

接下来，我们参考他们中的一些人，集中关注于那些更有影响力，已经或即将有重大作用的途径。

这些都是具有相当水平的技术，它能在不同的应用中被开发，如旅游规划与调度、来访者导引系统、个人定价、反向拍卖，或工作流管理支持合作的市场中。

1．信息提取。

旅游信息门户网站仍然很大程度上基于非结构化的信息。

因此，发展中的一个关键问题在于存取数据的分布式系统为人类使用格式化并把它们转换成一个结构化的数据格式，如XML。

这个问题通过包覆技术得到妥善解决来学习高度精确提取规则，适应结构的改变网站确保正确的抽取数据([5]，[6])。

2．信息集成。

包装器可以利用顶部或结构化信息来源的半结构化来建立。

这为解答基于多重包装的数据的结合与提取的疑问的系统[4] 搭建了舞台。

旅游相关资讯来源代表一个完美的应用等技术。

例如，TheaterLoc是一种信息集成的应用程序，可以让用户检索在美国的剧院和餐馆的信息，这些信息来自5个不同的线上资源[1]。

这个应用程序的核心部件是一个开发AI规划技术的媒介，是一个领域模型(含一种本体论)，它结合一套公理描述之间的映射关系与综合性数据来源。

当查询时，系统原因提出关于领域的模型的描述和来源，建立一个计划数据检索和整合。

3．信息的简报。

旅游是一种特殊的文化遗产，是一个享有特权的应用领域为智能信息介绍技术[10]。

自然语言技术被用来建造语境演讲，演讲和手势识别以及动画角色支持一条增量互动性涉及用户在欣赏文化遗产。

应用已经开发出来，因为这才是真正的展览的信息，即用户混合，监测，一组感测器，能在移动设备上活化个性化的窗户，那里提供在展的的信息(例如，在一个博物馆)。

此外，即使是不请自来的对进一步话题或对象设想都可以提供交付。

4．建议。

建议系统建会推荐产品并未消费者提供建议的产品信息以便于决策。

外文翻译 电子商务与旅游业中英文版 完整版