邢国建外文翻译
浅谈张培基英译散文的词汇翻译技巧——以《白杨礼赞》为例
2402018年41期总第429期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS浅谈张培基英译散文的词汇翻译技巧——以《白杨礼赞》为例文/陈敏【摘要】著名翻译家张培基先生不仅在英译散文方面造诣颇深，而且在翻译理论上也做出了杰出贡献，所以研究他的翻译技巧具有重要的现实意义。
本文选取张培基先生《英译中国现代散文选》(一)中的《白杨礼赞》(张培基，2007)这篇译文作为分析文本，将从词汇上对译文翻译技巧进行分析，以期探析张培基先生的散文翻译技巧，为笔者之后的翻译学习提供借鉴之法。
【关键词】张培基；翻译技巧；《白杨礼赞》【作者简介】陈敏(1992.03.09-)，女，苗族，湖南麻阳苗族人，现阶段在浙江大学读研，硕士学位，研究方向：近代散文翻译。
前言张培基先生是著名的翻译家，他对中国近代散文的翻译做出了重大贡献。
许多学者已经对张培基先生的译文从进行了大量研究，但他们主要的研究方向是张培基先生的翻译风格，少有学者从单篇入手，深入分析他的翻译技巧。
另外，学者对《白杨礼赞》的译文研究少之甚少，所以笔者认为以《白杨礼赞》为文本研究张培基的翻译技巧颇具实际意义。
本文首先将从整体上对原文进行分析，进而从词汇方面对张培基先生《白杨礼赞》的译文进行探究。
一、《白杨礼赞》《白杨礼赞》是现代作家茅盾所写的一篇散文。
作者描写了生长在西北不屈不挠的白杨树，通过白杨树对比象征勤劳勇敢的北方农民，歌颂他们在民族解放斗争中坚强不屈的革命精神。
《白杨礼赞》通篇立意高远，结构严谨，引人深思。
尤其引人注意的是文章用词精炼，四字熟语，且中文特色化的表达居多。
因此，要翻译好《白杨礼赞》，并非易事。
二、翻译技巧探析1.名词的翻译。
(1)当汽车在望不到边际的高原上奔驰，扑入你视野的，是黄绿错综的一条大毡子。
When you travel by car through Northwest China’s boundless plateau, all you see before you is something like a huge yellow-and-green felt blanket.在翻译“扑入视野”的时候，张培基先生用动词来翻译名词“视野”一词，“all you see before you”的表达将静止的名词转换为具有动态的动词，更加生动地体现了作者的所见之景，给予读者一种动态之感，笔者认为此处名词转动词的翻译技巧堪称完美。
chapter 5异化与归化第一部分
Chapter 5 Methods in Translation—— Foreignization and Domestication 翻译的方法——异化与归化——Also on the Cultural Awareness in Translation兼谈翻译中的文化意识5.1 Background of Cultural Studies in Translation— A Brief IntroductionCultural studies in translation began in the 1980s in China and boomed in the 1990s.In 1984, Wang Zuoliang said in his Cultural Comparison in Translation “a translator is dealing with individual words, but what he faces is two different cultures. ( 译者“处理的是个别的词,他面对的则是两大片文化。
）He advocated that every translator should become “a cultural man in real sense真正意义上的文化人”(郭建中，2000：2-3）Eugene Nida said in his important book Language, Culture and Translation（1993：110）: “For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function” . （就真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要,因为词语只有在起作用的文化背景中才有意义。
翻译中的重组法
２). But my good master Bates dying in two years after, and I having few friends, my business began to fail; for my conscience would not suffer me to imitate the bad practice of too many my brethren. 但是， 两年后贝茨恩师不幸去世， 我没 有什么朋友， 又不愿背着良心象同伙那样 胡来， 所以生意渐渐萧条。
２．调整句子结构 东西方不同的思维方式所形成的“树杈形” 和“流水型”的句子结构， 不仅表现在句 子的外部长度上， 还体现在句子内部组词 造句的规律上．英语句子依靠关联词语和各 种短语， 对中心词语“随举随释”， 因 此一个中心词可以有多个短语或从句进行词成句主要 依靠词序和虚词，而词序手段大大限制了中 心词的负载量，因此汉语中习惯于采用“双 提分述”的叙述方法，以体现层次分明，条 理清晰的逻辑语义结构。如：
[5]王治奎．大学汉英翻译教程[M]. 山东大 学出版社，济南: 2001 [6] 陈宏薇．汉英翻译基础[M]. 上海:上海 外语教育出版社，1998
Teaching methods: Analysis and Practice Time arrangement: 4 periods
序言
1）. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. 凡是有钱的单身汉总想娶位太太，这是一条 举世公认的真理。
新编法律英语(姚骏华)第六课中英语对照翻译
Civil Procedure LawCivil ProcedureI.Separate Court SystemsKey Difference in Civil and Criminal Law(1)Public Law. This includes criminal law, constitution and administration law. Public law is concerned with the interaction between an individual and the rest of community.(2)Private Law. This includes tort, contract and divorce law. Private law concerns the interaction between individuals in the community, inasmuch as they do not concern the community as a whole.Thus, criminal law is concerned with conduct of which the State disapproves and will punish the wrongdoer, seeking to deter others from similar behavior.Civil law has a complementary function. When a dispute arises between two individuals, rulesof civil law are applied to determine which individual is in the right. The party in the wrong must then compensate the other for any loss or damage.The object of the criminal law is, therefore ,punitive; the object of the civil law is to compensate the person wronged.1、不同的法院系统民法与刑法的主要区别（1）公法：公法包括刑法，宪法，行政法。
文献翻译-申屠苏琴TRACING...
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译学院：经济学院专业：国际经济与贸易班级：国贸1103学号：**********学生姓名：申屠苏琴指导教师：***二○一五年二月外文翻译之一TRACING VALUE-ADDED AND DOUBLECOUNTING IN GROSS EXPORTS作者：Robert Koopman , Zhi Wang, Shang-Jin Wei国籍：American出处：NBER working papers原文正文：ABSTRACT: This paper proposes a framework for gross exports accounting that breaks up a country’s gross exports into various value-added components by source and additional double counted terms. By identifying which parts of the official trade data are double counted and the sources of the double counting, it bridges official trade (in gross value terms) and national accounts statistics (in value added terms). Our parsimonious framework integrates all previous measures of vertical specialization and value-added trade in the literature into a unified framework. To illustrate the potential of such a method, we present a number of applications including re-computing revealed comparative advantages and the magnifying impact of multi-stage production on trade costs.As different stages of production are now regularly performed in different countries, intermediate inputs cross borders multiple times. As a result, traditional trade statistics become increasingly less reliable as a gauge of the value contributed by any particular country. This paper integrates and generalizes the many attempts in the literature at tracing value added by country and measuring vertical specialization in international trade. We provide a unified conceptual framework that is more comprehensive than the currentliterature. By design, this is an accounting exercise, and does not directly examine the causes and the consequences of global production chains. However, an accurate and well-defined conceptual framework to account for value added by sources is a necessary step toward a better understanding of all these issues.Supply chains can be described as a system of value-added sources and destinations. Within a supply chain, each producer purchases inputs and then adds value, which is included in the cost of the next stage of production. At each stage, the value-added equals the value paid to the factors of production in the exporting country. However, as all official trade statistics are measured in gross terms, which include both intermediate inputs and final products, they “double count” the value of intermediate goods th at cross international borders more than once. Such a conceptual and empirical shortcoming of gross trade statistics, as well as their inconsistency with the System of National Accounts (SNA) accounting standards, has long been recognized by both the economics profession and policy makers.Case studies on global value chains based on detailed micro data for a single product or a single sector in industries such as electronics, apparel, and motor vehicles have provided detailed examples of the discrepancy between gross and value-added trade. While enhancing our intuitive understanding of global production chains in particular industries, they do not offer a comprehensive picture of the gap between value-added and gross trade, and an economy’s participation i n cross-border production chains. Several researchers have examined the issue of vertical specialization on a systematic basis, including the pioneering effort of Hummels, Ishii, and Yi (2001) (HIY in subsequent discussion). They suggested that a country can participate in vertical specialization in two ways: (a) uses imported intermediate inputs to produce exports; (b) exports intermediate goods that are used as inputs by other countries to produce goods for export.HIY proposed to measure theimported for eign content in a country’s exports based on a country’s Input-Output (IO) table.There are two key assumptions in HIY's foreign content (VS) estimation: the intensity in the use of imported inputs is the same between production for exports and production for domestic sales; and imports are 100% foreign sourced. The first assumption is violated in the presence of processing exports, which is a significant portion of exports for a large number of developing countries (Koopman, Wang and Wei, 2008 and 2012). The second assumption does not hold when there is more than one country exporting intermediate goods.A growing recent literature aims to estimate value-added trade using global Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and World Input-Output database (WIOD), such as Daudin, Rifflart, and Schweisguth (2011), Johnson and Noguera (2012) and Stehrer, Foster, and de Vries (2012). Most these papers discuss the connections between their works with HIY, but are more closely related to the factor content trade literature, except Koopman et al. (2010). By integrating the literature on vertical specialization and the literature on trade in value added, this paper makes the following contributions:First, we provide a unified and transparent mathematical framework to completely decompose gross exports into its various components, including exports of value added, domestic value added that returns home, foreign value added, and other additional double counted terms. Measures of vertical specialization and trade in value-added in the existing literature can be derived from this framework and expressed as some linear combinations of these components. We show why some existing measures are special cases of the generalized measures in our framework and why some have to be modified from their original definitions in a more general multi-country framework with unrestricted intermediate trade.Second, rather than simply excluding double counted items from official trade statistics, we provide an accounting formula that quantifies different types of double counted items for the first time in the literature. Knowing the relative importance of different double counted items in a country’s gross exports can help us to gauge the depth and pattern of that country’s participation in global production chains. For example, in some sectors, China and the United States may have a similar amount of value added exports. However, the composition of the double counted terms can be very different. For China, the double counted terms may show up primarily in the form of the use of foreign components (e.g., foreign product designs or machinery) in the final goods that China exports. For the United States, the double counted terms may show up primarily in the form of domestic value added finally returned and consumed at home (e.g., product designs by Apple that is used in the final Apple products produced abroad but sold in the U.S. market). The structure of these double counted items in addition to their total sums offer additional information about the U.S. and China’s respective positions in the global value chain.Third, our accounting framework establishes a precise relationship between value-added measures of trade and official trade statistics, thus providing an observable benchmark for value-added trade estimates, as well as a workable way for national and international statistical agencies to remedy the missing information in current official trade statistics without dramatically changing the existing data collection practices of national customs authorities.Fourth, our estimated global ICIO table may better capture the international source and use of intermediate goods than in previous databases in two ways. In estimating intermediate goods in bilateral trade, we use end-use classifications (intermediate or final) of detailed import statistics rather than the conventional proportionality assumptions. In addition, we estimateseparate input-output coefficients for processing trade in China and Mexico, the two major users of such regimes in the world.Finally, we report a number of applications to illustrate the potential of our approach to reshape our understanding of global trade. For example, with gross trade data, the business services sector is a revealed comparative advantage sector for India. In contrast, if one uses our estimated domestic value added in exports instead, the same sector becomes a revealed comparative disadvantage sector for India in 2004. The principal reason for this is how the indirect exports of business services are counted in high-income countries. Consider Germany. Most of its manufacturing exports embed German domestic business services. In comparison, most of Indian goods exports use comparatively little Indian business services. Once indirect exports of domestic business services are taken into account, Indian’s business service exports become much less impressive relative to Germany and many other developed countries. As another example, the value added decomposition sho ws that a significant portion of China’s trade surplus to the United States in gross trade terms reflects indirect value added exports that China does on behalf of Japan, Korea and Taiwan. While such stories have been understood in qualitative terms, our framework offers a way to quantify these effects.The set of examples discussed so far certainly does not exhaust the possible applications. For example, the Federal Reserve Board and the IMF routinely compute effective exchange rates using trade weights that are based on gross exports and imports. A conceptually better measure should weight trading partners based on the relative importance in value added trade rather than in gross trade terms. Our decomposition results make it feasible to do such computations.As another example, for some research or policy questions, one might need to look at the response of a country’s bilateral or multilateral trade toexchange rate changes. Once one recognizes that there is a potential mismatch between trade in value added and trade in gross terms, one would want to take this into account. Our decomposition allows for a correction.As a further example, because a country’s gross exports embed value added from other countries, its bilateral trade balance in value added terms can be very different from that in gross trade terms. By our estimation, because China is the final assembler in a large number of global supply chains, and it uses components from many other countries, especially East Asian countries, its trade surplus with US and Western EU countries measured in value-added term is 41% and 49% less than that measured in gross terms in 2004. In contrast, Japan's trade surplus with the U.S. and Western EU countries are 40% and 31% larger measured in value-added terms,because Japan exports parts and components to countries throughout Asia that are eventually assembled into final products there and exported to the United States and Western EU countries.We have developed a unified conceptual framework that can fully account for a country’s gross exports by its various value-added and double counted components. This new framework incorporates all previous measures of vertical specialization and value-added trade in the literature while adjusting for the back-and-forth trade of intermediates across multiple borders. With a full concordance between value-added and double counted components and official gross trade statistics, it opens the possibility for the System of National Accounts (SNA) to accept the concept of value-added trade without dramatically changing current practice of customs trade data collection. This may in turn provide a feasible way for international statistical agencies to report value-added trade statistics regularly in a relatively low cost fashion.The creation of a database that encompasses detailed global trade in both gross and value-added terms will allow us to move from a largely descriptive empirical exercise to analysis of the causes and consequences of differencesin supply chain participation. We show that conventional analyses involving revealed comparative advantage, bilateral trade balance, trade cost or effective real exchange rates can all benefit from our gross exports accounting results.Better information at the sector level can improve our estimation. For instance, current end use classifications, such as the UN BEC, need to be extended to dual used products and services trade. In addition, methods also need to be developed to properly distribute imports to domestic users either based on cross country statistical surveys or based on firm level and Customs transaction-level trade data. We leave such sector level applications to future research.跟踪出口总量中的增加值和重复计算作者：罗伯特•库普曼、王直、魏尚进国籍：美国出处：国家经济研究局工作论文系列中文译文：本文提出了一种构架用于出口总量核算，它打破一国出口总量为各种增加值成分的来源和额外的重复计算的条款。
2006年受表彰的资深翻译家
2006年受表彰的资深翻译家（共239人，按汉语拼音排序）白守义，男，回族，1935年出生，阿拉伯语，新华通讯社国际部副译审。
包学诚，男，汉族，1934年出生，俄语、英语，上海交通大学物理系教授。
曹道明，女，汉族，1936年出生，英语，新华通讯社参编部主任编辑。
曹登举，男，汉族，1936年出生，马来语，中国国际广播电台译审。
曹经，男，汉族，1935年出生，俄语，成都语言桥翻译有限责任公司高级工程师。
车忠学，男，朝鲜族，1935年出生，日语、英语，吉林省万泽出国公司副译审。
陈楚祥，男，汉族，1927年出生，俄语，广东外语外贸大学教授。
陈次颖，男，汉族，1936年出生，英语、日语，中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所副研究员。
陈德浓，男，汉族，1936年出生，英语，中国国际广播电台译审。
陈迪全，女，汉族，1928年出生，法语，北京周报社副译审。
陈恩冬，男，汉族，1934年出生，俄语，上海外国语大学副教授。
陈克强，男，汉族，1936年出生，英语，商务部高级经济师。
陈力行，男，汉族，1932年出生，印地语，中国国际广播电台译审。
陈世泽，男，汉族，1936年出生，波兰语，外交部大使。
陈维斌，男，汉族，1936年出生，法语、西班牙语，新华通讯社国际部高级编辑。
陈行慧，女，汉族，1933年出生，俄语，中央编译局译审。
陈忆青，女，汉族，1936年出生，日语，人民中国杂志社译审。
陈英，男，彝族，1922年出生，彝语，贵州毕节学院彝文古籍研究所研究员。
陈玉麟，男，汉族，1936年出生，英语，暨南大学副教授。
褚象耀，男，汉族，1936年出生，越南语，中国国际广播电台译审。
崔志忠，男，汉族，1934年出生，德语，北京周报社副译审。
邓艺明，男，汉族，1934年出生，越南语，人民画报社副译审。
丁唐杰，男，汉族，1929年出生，德语，北京周报社副译审。
董德林，男，汉族，1931年出生，日语，厦门大学外文学院副教授。
杜作辉，男，汉族，1925年出生，英语，中国对外翻译出版公司副译审。
孙万彪汉英法律英语翻译教程
孙万彪：汉英法律翻译教程合营企业的设立1.1.1法规条文1. 依照《中外合资经营企业法》批准在中国境内设立的中外合资经营企业（以下简称合营企业）是中国的法人，受中国法律的管辖和保护。
1. Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures (hereinafter referred to as joint ventures) established within Chinese territory upon the approval in accordance with the Law on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures are Chinese legal persons, who shall be governed and protected by Chinese law.2. 在中国境内设立的合营企业，应当能够促进中国经济的发展和科学技术水平的提高，有利于社会主义现代化建设。
国家鼓励、允许、限制、或者禁止设立合营企业的行业，按照国家指导外商投资方向的规定及外商投资产业指导目录执行。
2. Joint ventures established within Chinese territory shall be able to promote the developpment of the economy and the enhancement of the science and technology of China and facilitate China’s socialist modernization.Industries in which the establishment of joint ventures is encouraged, permitted, restricted or prohibited by the State shall be determined in accordance with provisions of the State in the Regulations on Foreign Investment Guidelines and the Guideline Catalogue ofForeign Investment Industries.3. 在中国境内设立合营企业，必须经中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称对外贸易合作部）审查批准。
412127020417-殷红辉-外文翻译
河北地质大学本科生毕业设计外文翻译出处http://sQbbmYbKIaFBOyvBBzG9WgnYyYuJy3uASZTA 姓名殷红辉学号 412127020417学院勘查技术与工程学院专业土木工程指导教师罗会来2016年5月2 日英文原文：St. Arlene Brag George Wheeler D, Bell J, Wilding L. Assessment of soil spatial variability at multipe scales. Ecological Modeling Geological Engineering,2005,182:271-290Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve oengineering actual problem,this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the con crete engineering,and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention,processing measure.Key word:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bo ne,cement,water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all m aterial.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself,control etc.a series problem,harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole,spirit cave and tiny crack,is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.Keywords:The tiny crack;concrete structure;Major preventive measuresThe tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy,defend Shen and a little bit other use fu nction not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry,difference in temperature et c.function,tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect,end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of,because of crack of existence and development usual ly make inner part of reinforcing bar etc.material creation decay,lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability,durable and anti-Shen ability,influence building of external appearance,service life,severity will threat a rrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady developm ent of the crack with the result that.Modern agescience research with a great deal of of the concrete engineerin g practice certificate,in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable,also acceptable in certainly of th e scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinf orced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allo w existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measur e control crack creation,make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of a mount and width,particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence,insure engineering q uality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Su ch as temperature variety,constringency,inflation,the asymmetry sink to sink etc.reason cause of crack;Have o utside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc.caused with chemical effect.out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention 1.Stem Suo crack and prevention Stem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete pr otect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cem ent syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo,and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarit y but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence,surf ace humidity loss lead quick,transform bigger,inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control,creation more big pull sho uld dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low,cement syrup body stem Suo more big,stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack,width many between 0.05-0.2 mm,the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete an d follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti-Shen of influence co ncrete,cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar,under the function of the wate r pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete ste m the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio,the dosage of the composition,cement of cement,gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage,in addition etc.relevant.Main prevention measure:Whil e being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement,general low hot water mire and powder as h from stove cement in the adoption,lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjecte d to water ash ratio of influence more big,water ash ratio more big,stem Suo more big,so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use,the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio,use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water q uantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect,and appropriate extension protect of con crete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time,and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constri ngency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and prevention Su constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at d ry heat or strong wind the weather appear,crack's much presenting in the center breadth,both ends be in the ce nterthin and the length be different,with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm,the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m,breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventua lly almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small,perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour,be subjected t-o heat or compare strong wind dint of influence,the concrete surface lose wa ter to lead quick,result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume s arply constringency,but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency,therefore creati on cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency op-en the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio,con crete of condense time,environment temperature,wind velocity,relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measur e:One is c-hoose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strengt-h or com mon the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio,the Chan add to efficiently reduce water t o increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and w-ith easy,decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concr-ete,water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the per-haps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film,hemp slice etc.,keep concrete eventually b-efore the Ning surface is moist,perhaps spray to protect etc.to carry on protect inthe concrete surface.http://sQbbmYbKIaFBOyvBBzG9WgnYyYuJy3uASZTA译文：建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理摘要裂纹的问题是混凝土一广泛存在但又难以解决的工程实际问题，这篇文章在研究分析一些裂纹问题。
陈攀康英文翻译摘要doc
The operational principle and methods of prevention and treatment of ARP worm virusAbstract: with the rapid development of computer network technology, cyber sources have been fully shared among people. However, at the same time ,when the Internet has brought a lot of convenience, the network seurity has bacome an un avoidable topic. The problems of network security rushed into the network headlines , inculding E-mail security, IP security , Database security, operating system security,and so on. But the root cause of the problem is the basis of moden computer network—the system of TCP/IP . Because at the beginning of its design ,we only considered the application but ignored a lot of security problems and there were a number of flaws and vuinerabilities, which gave the attackers the opportunity to attack the system of computer. Nowadays, ARP worm virus which spreads in the local area network is exactly uses the defects of ARP agreement of TCP/IP system to attck computer. ARP worm virus is not the new type virus, on the contrary, it is the typical virus that employs the operation and mode of tansmission to achieve an aim of ARP cheating. Therefore, the thesis mainly studies the process of ARPcheating, the operational principle and methods of prevention and treatment of ARP worm virus.The thesis is divided into seven chapters to study ARP worm virus. Firstly, the research briefiy introduce the ARP agreement. Secondly , itmakes a key description of the process of ARP cheating and some kinds of attacking patterns. Thirdly, It presents the media that achieves ARPcheating. The fourth chapter persents the operational principle of ARP worm virus. The fifth chapter persents some phenomena of computer system attacked by ARP virus. The sixth chapter presents methods of prevention and treatment of ARP worm virus in precaution and management. The seventh chapter persents the meaning and limitations of the thesis.Key words: ARP agreement; TCP/IP agreement; ARP cheating; worm virus；Foreword: there are a large number of types of computer virus, among which, worm virus has been one of the most furious virus over the past few years. The worm virus boasts the following shared characters: spreading via the leak of computer system and replicating itself in large number, which is injurious to computer system. And ARP virus is not concrete virus definition comparing with worm virus, instead, it is just a general definition of the virus that uses the leak of ARP agreement to attack computer system. Generally speaking, all of ARP virus carries features of worm virus. In a word, ARP worm virus is not the new type virus but a class of virus that applies operational and spearing ways of worm virus to achieve ARP cheating.。
归化与异化翻译策略指导下的英汉互译
2019年20期总第460期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS归化与异化翻译策略指导下的英汉互译文/罗泽元一、引言随着中外人文与文化交流的不断加强，翻译在其中发挥的作用越来越突显，这也引起译者的高度重视。
而在英汉互译的实践中，源语中的一些表达方式和词句具有其特定的语言内涵和文化特色，而译者也许对此并不熟悉或了解，因此会给译者的翻译工作带来一定的阻碍和挑战。
同时，在一定程度上这也会影响着翻译质量的优劣。
在归化与异化翻译策略的指导下，本文旨在探讨英汉互译过程中主要体现的语言形式和文化特性等层面的差异，以更好地展示异国特色文化的风采，为解决今后同类型问题提供借鉴。
二、劳伦斯·韦努蒂的归化与异化翻译策略概述1995年，美国著名翻译理论学家劳伦斯﹒韦努蒂在《译者的隐身》中提出归化和异化翻译术语。
归化翻译是指译文应该更加倾向于以目的语文化为归宿，选择目的语读者所适应的表达习惯来对源文加以诠释，以消除源文所带来的文化差异，加强读者对源文和译文的理解；而异化翻译是指译文应该更加倾向于以源语文化为归宿，保留源语的文化特色，充分展现源语的语言特色和表达方式，以使读者充分感受源语的异域文化特色。
【摘要】劳伦斯·韦努蒂提出的归化与异化两种翻译策略为促进英汉互译翻译研究提供了新的理论视角。
本文尝试分析如何利用归化与异化翻译策略在英汉互译中的作用，尽可能地达到准确地传达作者的原意，便于读者理解，同时又充分体现源语和目的语两者之间不同的语言形式和文化特性的目的。
【关键词】归化；异化；翻译策略；英汉互译【作者简介】罗泽元(1993-)，男，湖南衡阳人，湘潭大学外国语学院翻译硕士研究生，研究方向：英语笔译。
的原因。
下文就从接受美学角度，比较分析叶芝诗歌The Lake Isle of Innisfree的李正栓译本和艾梅译本。
1.李正栓译本赏析。
《茵尼斯弗利岛》李正栓译本：“/我要起身，现在就走，去茵尼斯弗利岛，/用泥土和枝条建造一个小屋，/种上九架芸豆，为蜜蜂建一蜂巢，/在蜜蜂高唱的林间幽居独处。
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毕业设计外文资料翻译题目智能速度适应动态数据更新
（ISA）系统
学院自动化与电气工程学院
专业自动化
班级自0802
学生邢国建
学号 20080301115
指导教师张恩平
二〇一二年四月二十三日
计算机应用国际期刊（0975 – 8887）第11卷 - 第1期，二零一零年十
二月智能速度适应动态数据更新（ISA）系统
B.Karthikeyan Tamileniyan m .
嵌入式系统事业部研究生工程学员
电子工程学院AutomotiveInfotronics
图5.2在57.6 Kbps的串口波特率
图5.3115.2 Kbps的串口波特率
图5.4不同的文件大小
5.1.3丢包数
当数据传输完成后，它指出，发生包丢失，数据发送时，如果数据包没有到达接收完美，如果有任何损失中位，那么该数据包的重传再次发生。
因此，这将增加数据传输时间。
丢包发生的数据交易试的数量是成正比的。
图5.5室内环境
图5.5是在室内环境中的典型数据传输的数据大小与丢包的代表性。
据观察，包亏损增加，增加的文件。
因此，这些数据包丢失较早的数据包重传，从而减少了数据传输速度。
5.2室外环境
室外使用笔记本电脑进行测试，两个ZigBee模块接口板连接到笔记本电脑。
•一条笔直的道路选择
•道长度测量参考标记为每个测试距离的道路上。
•数据传输发送同一组数据，在不同的位置进行了分析。
5.2.1不同距离
使用接收信号强度指示器（RSSI）的XBee选项的信号强度进行了分析。
的XBee返回的信号强度dBm的十六进制值。
这是转换到dBm的信号水平。
当信号强度来衡量，它是在固定地点，信号强度是不特定的位置，在每个试验完全相同。
5.2.2户外Packetloss
在户外设置，数据传输时间是不可预知的。
对于每一个试验，数据传输时间和重传次数是不同的。
但数据传输速度是在室外，室内设置比较。
在动态数据更新系统中的应用ZigBee的基于IEEE分析。
实验进行数据传输，在不同的环境，如室内，室外和动态。
在室内安装，数据传输时间和数据包丢失是可以预见的和试验的次数相同。
ZigBee的测试与其他无线技术的WIFI，蓝牙工作在同一频段共存。
数据传输上WiFi或蓝牙环境没有任何影响。
在户外设置，数据传输和数据包丢失是无法预料的。
为每个审判是不相同的传输时间。
但数据传输速度是在室外环境中，有时更多。
在动态的设置，数据传输发生，只有当两个节点都非常接近。
通常情况下，周围的ZigBee节点的覆盖范围长约80米的街心。
当一个节点是固定的，与其他节点接近固定节点，数据传输开始，只有当两个节点之间的距离更接近10米。
这表明，当节点进入ZigBee的覆盖区域，建立通信链路，它需要最大信号强度。
一旦开始数据传输距离为10m时，通信链路之间存在为未来30米远从固定节点，其中的数据可以传输。
因此，在动态数据更新系统，它可以建议修复ZigBee节点，10M收费站前的使用可用短的时间内有效地传输数据。
6.1预期工作
为了避免在动态环境下的通信问题，一个ZigBee模块可配置在路由器的角色。
因此，该路由器可以被放置几米前的主要设备，使更多的覆盖面积和更多的时间用于数据传输。
许多ZigBee模块可以配置路由器和周围放置在不同位置的收费站，其中ZigBee模块的位置，可以追溯到通过比较每个节点的RSSI。
动态数据更新系统找到车辆的位置和方向，这将是有益的。
参考文献：
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