中国文化概况(修订版)Chapter 7
中国文化概况第六、七章和结语笔记
第六章科技文化一、天文历法中国古代天文学的主要研究内容是历法编制和天象观测。
历法编制包括计算朔望、二十四节气和安置闰月等编撰历书的工作以及日月食和行星位置的计算等一系列问题。
天象观测包括天象观测的方法、仪器和记录。
（一）中国古代天文历法概览1，干支计时十天干：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸十二地支：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥2，朔、望、晦每月的第一天叫做“朔”大月十六、小月十五叫做“望”每月的最后一天叫做“晦”3，二十八宿东方苍龙七宿：角、亢、氐、房、心、尾、箕北方玄武七宿：斗、牛、女、虚、危、室、壁西方白虎七宿：奎、娄、胃、昴、毕、觜、参南方朱雀七宿：井、鬼、柳、星、张、翼、轸4，二十四节气二十四节气是根据太阳在黄道上的不同位置而定的。
5，三正夏历以后世通常所说的农历正月为岁首，殷历以夏历的十二月为岁首，周历以夏历的十一月为岁首。
子曰：“行夏之时。
”（《论语·卫灵公》）天文历法书籍先秦《夏小正》秦《颛顼历》汉《太初历》三国·魏《景初历》南朝《大明历》隋《大业历》《皇极历》唐《麟德历》《大衍历》元《授时历》明《崇祯历书》清《时宪历》天文仪器先秦土圭汉•张衡浑天仪魏晋南北朝•葛衡浑天象唐•李淳风浑天黄道仪唐•僧一行、粱令瓒黄道游仪宋•苏颂、韩公廉水运仪象台浑天象元• 简仪、仰仪元•郭守敬大明殿灯漏（二）中国古代天文学理论1，关于宇宙本原的思想·五行说·元气说2，关于宇宙结构的学说盖天说浑天说宣夜说3，关于宇宙无限性的辩证论述宇：空间宙：时间（三）中国古代天文学的特征1，中国古代的天象记录是当时世界上最丰富，最有系统的。
日食月食、日珥、流星雨、哈雷彗星、太阳黑子、新星（客星）、超新星、蟹状星云、行星、恒星……2、历法的编纂带动天文学的发展，以阴阳合历为传统，并与农业关系密切。
3，中国古代天文学明显的官办色彩，与占星术密切相关。
二、传统医学（一）中国传统医药概览1，砭石与灸法砭石是原始人类最初使用的医疗工具灸法产生于火的发现和使用之后。
中华文化概况 7
Chinese Chopsticks
• In remote ages----branches, bamboo or natural animal bones. • Later-- scraped bamboo or wood • during the Xia and Shang dynasties-- Ivory and jade chopsticks appeared • during the Spring and Autumn Period-- bronze and iron chopsticks emerged • the Han Dynasty-- Laquer chopsticks appeared • Later-- silver and gold chopsticks were made • the ones made with rhinoceros horns, jade or ebony inlaid with gold were the rarest
Chinese Chopsticks
Chinese Chopsticks
• a wonder of Chinese dining utensils--- a food picking utensil made of bamboo or wood, is widely used by the Hans and some minority ethnic groups. • a history of thousands of years • In ancient China, they were called zhu • fully displayed the dexterity and intelligence of the Chinese people
中国文化概况
082832017 陈彩霞① Give an outline of the philosophy in Pre-Qin times, that is, what are the most influential schools and their main doctrines respectively?The philosophy in Pre-Qin of most influential school were Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism.Confucianism: It advcates the benevolence and justice, alleginance and forbearance the doctrine of the golden moan and values the realations of men.The school takes theteachings of Confucius as its core of thought and regards the words and deeds of behavior. Mohism: Base on the teaching of Mozi, the school cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, the will be on hatred, calanities and hostilities.In politics and ethics,Mohism proposes honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness and simple funerals.Taoism:Founded by lao zi and zhuang zi,the school advocates the doctrine the Dao is the course, the principle,the substance, and the standard of all thing to which all of them must conform.Legalism: Legalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achie ve affluence, waging wara to gain strength andpower.Stress on spiritual existence, stress on practice, stress onmorality, stress on harmony, stress on intuition.② What Features of Chinese Food are emphasized generally? Among the Chinese “Eight Regional Cuisines”, which one do you like most? Why?The Features of Chinese Food are color ,aroma,taste. Color refers not only to the beautiful color of the food, but also to the layout and design. Aroma refers to the fragrant and appetising smell of the dishes, served on the table before eating. Taste is not only associated with tasting the food itself ,but also with the approciation of seasing and texture. Among the Chinese “Eight Regional Cuisines”, I like Zhejiang Cuisine most.Because Zhejiang cuisine has a bright, delicious Huanen, crisp refreshing soft, small and exquisite cuisine, Kiyotoshi beautiful features. It stewed, fried, braised, steamed known for heavy authentic. Zhejiang cuisine features : First, fine finish, taking materials to make dishes to elegant fine part of the superior. Second, withspecialty dishes obvious local characteristics.Third, the emphasis on fresh, pure taste dishes. Fourth, the pursuit of fresh, crisp, refreshing dishes.③ Please describe briefly the Origin of Chinese Double Seven festival.Chinese Double Seven festivalfirst comes from the people of nature worship. From historical documents, at least, three thousand years ago, as people's understanding of astronomy and the generation of textile technology. People far more than the worship of the stars is Altair and Vega, they think things have seven representatives of North-South orientation of the stars, collectively known as Ershibasu, the brightest of which the Big Dipper, to identify the direction for the night.The Legend of Chinese Double Seven festival:Niulang’s parents died young, and has often been Gesao abuse, accompanied by only one ox. One day a cow gave him a trick, to marry a wife Weaver. By then, people have turned to a beautiful fairy Galaxy bathing, and playing in the water. Then hidden in the reeds suddenly ran out of the Cowherd and Weaver took the clothes. Panic-stricken maidens, dressed hurriedly ashore clothes flew off, Weaver left alone. In the Legend of the plea, the Weaver promised to do hiswife. Weaver, and Weaver married thing was heaven, the Jade Emperor, and the Queen Mother knew, they rage, and ordered the lower bound gods recaptured Weaver. Cowboy god while not at home when captured Weaver. Seeing that we should catch up, the Queen Mother a heart emergency, unplug the head Jinzan a plan to the Galaxy, the Milky Way Yisha between old clean and shallow turbid waves become monstrous, never make life difficult for a Cowboy. Since then, Legend of Love can only tears Ying Ying, across the river, forever, the Jade Emperor and the Queen Mother also fail to beat the sincere feelings between them, allowing them to meet once every year on July 7, according to legend, every seventh day in July, would human magpie fly overhead, and go ride in the Milky Way for the Legend of Love Magpie Bridge meet.④ China has had 33 sites added to the World Heritage List by UNESCO,please list as many as you know so far. While being proud of our ancient civilization, we still worry about the overexploitation of some heritage sites. Please give some good suggestions to deal with possible problems.1.China2.Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang3.Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor4.Mogao Caves5.Mount Taishan6.Peking Man Site atZhoukoudian 7.The Great Wall 8.Mount Huangshan9.Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area10.Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area11.Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area12.Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains13.Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa 714.Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde15.Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu 16.Lushan National Park17.Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area 18.Ancient City of Ping Yao 19.Classical Gardens of Suzhou 20.Old Town of Lijiang21.Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing22.Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing23.Dazu Rock Carvings 24.Mount Wuyi25.Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui – Xidi and Hongcun26.Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties27.Longmen Grottoes 28.Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System 29.Yungang Grottoes30.Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas31.Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom32.Historic Centre of Macao33.Sichua n Giant Panda Sanctuaries - Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin MountainsMy suggestions: China should focus on the following lines to class or category of cultural heritage cultural heritage line: 〈1〉 As a priority, and immediately start the Silk Road and a handful of representative, the study has shown outsdanding value of the overall production of the cultural line, pre-registration and key sections of the world heritage application feasibility studies. In particular, the Grand Canal, in the context of the South project, its overall protection, whether from the perspective of cultural heritage or landscape ecology from the point of view, are imminent. 〈2〉Focus on the cultural significance and ecological values are more prominent in the regional cultural heritage corridor line or the integrity protection, such as the Yangtze River, Yellow River and other important cultural heritage of dense, prominent part of the section of cultural significance; through these Heritage Corridor building, forming the backbone of a regional network of green channel. 〈3〉 Protection of important cultural significance of some local cultural lines. Encourage the building of local ecological and cultural values of both the Heritage Corridor.。
A Glimpse of Chinese Culture《中国文化概论》讲义-chapters 1-8
Chapter 1The Origin of Chinese Culture文化词汇Confucian philosophy 儒家哲学Confucius孔子Mencius孟子the descendants of Yan and Huang 炎黄子孙the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods 春秋战国时期The Art of War《孙子兵法》porcelain 瓷器三皇五帝Three Emperors and Five Sovereigns)Gregorian calendar/ solar calendar格里高利历,是国际通用的历法,即公历lunar calendar阴历the Twenty-four Solar Terms二十四节气Chinese Zodiac生肖Chinese Culture---Past and PresentChinese history began with two legendary figures—Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游）of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合）one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the "Middle Kingdom"(中国), thus giving China its country name.Traditional Chinese culture is recorded not only in history books and documents, but also in archeological records(考古记载), such as ancient city walls, palaces（宫殿）, temples（寺庙）, pagodas（宝塔）, and grottos（洞窟）; artifacts（史前古器物）, such as bronze objects, weapons, bronze mirrors, coins, jade and pottery objects, and curios; and folk culture, including song and dance, embroidery（刺绣）, cuisine（烹饪）, clothing, tea ceremonies, drinking games, lanterns, riddles, martial arts（武术）, chess and kites. With a continuous history of 5,000 years, it has undergone frequent transformations to produce a rich and vital cultural heritage.In the modern day, with the rise of western economic and military power beginning in the mid-19th century, Western systems of social and political organization have gained adherents in China. Indeed, within today’s globalized environment, modern cultures interact and cooperate increasingly more with each other. China’s culture of the future will most likely reflect this cross-cultural dimension. Thus, obtaining a solid understanding of China’s culture of the past is necessary in order to successfully embrace all that the culture has to offer to the world.The Appellation of ChinaChina is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南), which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china” to the place of its origin.The Alternative Names of China⏹Chixian, Shenzhou(赤县、神州)⏹Jiuzhou (九州)⏹Hua ( 华)⏹Huaxia(华夏)⏹Zhonghua(中华)⏹Hainei(海内)Chinese MythologyChinese Mythology is a collection of cultural history, folktales（民间故事）, and religions that have been passed down in oral or written form. Chinese mythology is similar to modern religion in that they both believe in relationships between mankind and a higher power.Historians have conjectured（推测）that Chinese mythology began in 12th century BC (close to the time of the Trojan War 特洛伊战争). The myths and legends were passed down in oral form for over a thousand years, before being written down in early book such as Shui Jing Zhu and Shan Hai Jing.The classification of myth神话的分类Creation myth 创世神话：Nvwa Created Man(女娲造人）Hero myth 英雄神话：Houyi Shooting the Sun(后羿射日)War myth 战争神话：Yellow Emperor Tackled Human-God(黄帝擒蚩尤)Cultural MosaicHeavenly Stems and Earthly BranchesThe standard Gregorian calendar is generally referred to as the solar calendar in China. The traditional Chinese lunar calendar, also known as the Jiazi calendar, counts the years in sixty-year cycles by combining two series of numbers---the 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches.The Twenty-four Solar TermsThe traditional Chinese lunar year is divided into twenty-four solar terms, according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic in relationship to the earth. The solar terms designate agricultural periods, and can predict changing seasonal conditions, temperature, and weather throughout the course of the year. They are extremely important to agricultural production.Changes in the four seasons are determined by eight solar terms:立春( the Beginning of Spring),春分( the Spring Equinox ),立夏(the Beginning of Summer ),夏至(the Summer Solstice),立秋(the Beginning of Autumn),秋分( the Autumnal Equinox),立冬( the Beginning of Winter),冬至(the Winter Solstice )Changes in temperature are indicated by five solar terms:小暑Slight Heat ,大暑Great Heat ,处暑the Limit of Heat ,小寒Slight Cold ,大寒Great ColdChanging weather conditions are indicated by seven solar terms:雨水Rain Water ,谷雨Grain Rain ,白露White Dew ,寒露Cold Dew,霜降Frost's Descent ,小雪Slight Snow ,大雪Great Snow .Recurring natural phenomena are indicated by four solar terms:惊蛰the Waking of Insects ,清明Pure Brightness ,小满Grain Full,芒种Grain in EarChinese ZodiacIn ancient times, our ancestors counted the years with 10 heavenly stems and 12 earthly branches. Although this was scientific, most people were illiterate and could not memorize or calculate easily. Thus the animals that influenced people's lives were chosen to symbolize the terrestrial branches: the rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey , rooster, dog and pig.Chapter 2 Culinary Culture文化词汇culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴main food主食,主粮（staple food ）Fire temperature火候food tonic 食补“Food is the first necessity of the people”(“民以食为天。
中国文化概况
中国文化概况
【课程内容】
课程分为12章节，主要包括中国概况、中国哲学与宗教、中国文学、中国艺术、中国教育、中国科技、中国体育、中国节日、中国饮食、中国服饰、中国建筑、中国旅游等。
课时总长371分钟。
本课程旨在使学生全面掌握中国文化基本概况，基本文化术语，由表及里地理解中国文化，并能用英文加以正确表达。
【成绩组成】
满分：视频观看30% 课堂讨论30% 期末考试30% 章节作业10%=100%
附加：小组/个人展示作品，最高加10%
【往期成果】
自2016年上线两年来，已有累计2万多国内外学习者受益，海外学习者覆盖91个国家和地区。
2017年该慕课课程作为江西省首批校际互认学分课程，学生人数多达2561人，跨越省内多所本科高校，访问量达到884346人次。
【课程教材】
《中国文化概况》（英修订版）廖华英外语教学与研究出版社2015.3
【参考书目】
1.《中国价值观:中国传统文化与中国当代价值》(英)，曹雅欣，外文出版社，2018.1
2.《中国文化讲座》(英)，王路江，北京语言大学出版社，2011.9
3.《中国历史人物》(英)，张慈赟，上海译文出版社， 2015.7
4.《多彩中国文化》(英)，杨福玲, 邹雅莉, Rita Pokol Poimbeau,
天津大学出版社，2014.6
5.《中国文化概要》(英)，任增强，北京大学出版社，2018.5。
文化概论第七章-精选文档
二、中国文化的第二次大交汇 中国文化的第二次大交汇开端于16世纪末。 即明代嘉靖、万历年间。 第二次文化大交汇的特点有哪些？（P332）
第一，交汇对象起了变化，不再是过去相对落后 于中国本土文化的西域草原文化与南亚次大陆文 化，而是整体水平超过中国的西方欧洲文化，后 来还有美国、日本文化。 第二，交汇兴趣起了变化，中国人对外来宗教表 示出莫大的冷淡，而对天文、数学、舆地、水利、 火器等科学知识兴趣十足，致使西方不得不采取 迂回策略。 第三，交汇时间长，从16世纪末叶开始以绵延四 个世纪，至尽仍在继续进行之中。 第四，交流反差大，西方文化对中国社会和中国 文化系统造成了强烈的震撼。
第七章 中国文Leabharlann 的对外交汇与 现代化 文化具有时代性和民族性。 中国文化从来是不封闭的排他的文化体系，在中 国文化与世界文化的交汇中，中国文化与世界文 化的交汇最主要的是这两次：一是从汉到唐，南 亚印度佛教的传入；一是明清之际近现代欧洲西 方文化的传入。 在西方文化的冲击下，中国文化经历了“中体西 用”、“全盘西化”、“儒学复兴”、“综合创 新”的文化主张与文化选择的的争论
二、中国制度文化对世界的影响 主要有中国古代的文官制度和科举制度。 中国古代文官制度有什么优点？对西方国家有什 么影响？（p340） 中国古代的文官制度在世界上独具特色，首屈 一指。西周的世卿世禄制、春秋战国的军功爵制、 两汉的察举征辟制、魏晋南北朝的九品中正制， 以及隋唐明清时期的科举取士制度，每次都有创 造有调整有发展。文官制度有效保证的社会的稳 定和执行政务的可操作性。 中国古代论政务，首辩君臣大义，次论用人，征 辟除授、选贤任能，则必讲求吏治，吏治清明， 唯善是举，则谨防弊政，弊政若除，就达到“道 洽政治，泽润生民”的理想境界了。
中西文化概论-第七周
2 . The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynastyபைடு நூலகம்两汉经学）
“Banning
all schools of thought except Confucianism”. (emperor Wudi, the Han dynasty) Confucianism became an orthodox school that served as the ideological foundation of the feudal rule throughout the dynasties in China.
Legalism:
a school of thought begun by Han
Feizi. It espouses laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence, waging wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy. The legalists also hold that contradiction is present everywhere, and the two sides of a contradiction are changeable.
4. The Buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties（隋唐佛学） During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Buddhism reached its apex. It mainly discusses the relationship between the subjective and the objective. By analyzing the spiritual phenomena and human rationality, it attempts to gain insight into the universe and human life.
中国及中国文化概况中英双语_OK
➢ 闯关东是以山东和直隶人为主，目的地是东三省一带；走西口是以山 西、陕西人为主，目的地是蒙古草原；下南洋是以广东和福建人为主， 目的地是东南亚一带。
➢ C is maily Shandong people and Zhili People, they moved to Northeast part of China; Immigration to the west is maily Shanxi, Shaanxi people, moved to I nner Mongolia grassland; Immigration to the south China sea maily Guangdon g and Fujian people, they moved to southeast asia areas.
12
National emblem
2021/10/7
13
National treasure Giant panda
2021/10/7
14
National flower
Mudan
2021/10/7
15
National bird
Red-crowned Cr ane
1500
East Asia, China, Japan, Russia, N orth Korea and South Korea
第三次大移民：发生在12世纪中期，大批移民走到了广东、广西、福建， 甚至海南岛等更靠南的地方。
Third immigration: In the mid 12th century, a large immigration moved to Guan gdong, Fujian, even Hainan island in the very south.
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Danu Festival
• Yao’s New year • lasts four days from the 26th of the fifth lunar month • activities include: dancing the bronze drum dance, doing antiphonal singing, and joking in drinking
flame red color scare off the monster first day of the first lunar month
flee to the mountains
grandma beggar
11
Spring Festival
• On the 8th day of the 12th lunar month, laba porridge was made. It contains all kinds of beans. • On the 23rd day of the 12th lunar month, sacrifices are offered to the Kitchen God. Now, people make delicious food to enjoy themselves. • decorations are prepared before Spring Festival • a sumptuous family dinner is served on the Spring Festival eve
7
Major Traditional Festivals
Spring Festival
Lantern Festival
Qingming Festival
Dragon Boat Festival
Double Seventh Festival
Mid-Autumn Festival Double Ninth Festival
• Chinese Valentine’s Day • originates from the story of Niu Lang and Zhi Nv
18
d-Autumn Festival
Some famous lines about the festival:
I raised my head, the splendid moon I see; Then droop my head and sink to dreams of my hometown. (举头望明月， 低 头思故乡) My one wish for you, then , is long life; And a share in this loveliness(the moon) far, far away. (但愿人长久， 千里共婵 娟)
16
Dragon Boat Festival
• also called Duanwu Festival • originates from Qu Yuan • zongzi was eaten • dragon boat racing being an indispensable part
17
Double Seventh Festival
A GLIMPSE OF CHINESE CULTURE
中国文化概况
1
Chapter 7 Traditional Festivals
2
学习目标
•介绍中国传统节日； •了解少数民族传统节日； •思考中国传统节日的传承和保护。
3
Overview
Lead-in Activity
Chinese Festivals
13
Lantern Festival
• celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month • with a grand display of beautiful lanterns • riddles pasted onto lanterns are guessed • yuanxiao, a kind of rice dumplings, was eaten
8
Spring Festival
What will occur to your mind when you think of Spring festival?
family get-together
lucky money
fire crackers
family reunion dinner
9
Spring Festival
14
Qingming Festival
• a day for mourning the dead • falls on 4---6 April each year • after the festival, the temperature rises and rainfall increases in readiness for spring plowing
Discussion & Presentation
4
Lead-in Activity
Discuss Watch the video and discuss the following questions: 1 What’s the new trend of spending holidays for Chinese people? 2 How do overseas retailers cater to Chinese shoppers?
15
Qingming Festival
• originates from the legend of Jie Zitui • tomb sweeping is an important activity • cold food was prepared the day before • kite flying and playing on the swing were also activities during the festival
25
Torch Festival
• traditional festival of the Yi people and some other ethnic minority groups in southwest China • big, pagoda-shaped pine torches were built • people holding the torches gather together to sing, dance and drink, in hope of having a good harvest next year
24
Nadam Fair
• observed by the Mongolian people • celebrated in August • main events include: horse racing, wrestling, archery and theatrical performances
21
Chinese Festivals
Major Traditional Festivals
Ethnic Minority Festivals
Public Holidays and Traditional Festivals
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Ethnic Minority Festivals
Water-splashing Festival Nadam Fair Torch Festival Danu Festival
27
Third Month Fair
• festival of the Bai people • lasts from 15th to the 21st of the third lunar month • activities include horse racing, archery, singing, dancing and a commodity fair • also an occasion for love
10
Spring Festival
The legend of spring festival
Use the clues to tell the story.
Nian ferocious devour animals and people villagers firecrackers
New Year’s eve
5
Overview
Lead-in Activity
Chinese Festivals
Discussion & Presentation
6
Chinese Festivals
Major Traditional Festivals
Ethnic Minority Festivals
Public Holidays and Traditional Festivals
28
Antiphonal Singing Day
• a traditional festival for the Zhuang people and some other ethnic minorities • young people, dressed in their best, gather in the fields and do antiphonal singing in groups with those of the opposite sex