句子成分和句子结构-13页文档资料
句子成分与句子结构
• 1. Games played yesterday in their room the children quietly. • 2. Well the man the piano played. • 3. This morning a book I from the library borrowed. • 4. A new school built they in our village last year. • 5. She a letter from her brother last week received. • 6. The little boy an apple this morning ate greedily in the kitchen.
It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.(主语后置) • It is + n./adj./ v-ed + that • 据说他明天要来武汉。 • 学好英语很重要。 • 他没能通过考试真的很遗憾。 • 众所周知，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家之一。
1.2 谓语 谓语说明主语的动作、状态或特征。谓语永远只能 由动词构成。
1.5 状语 状语可修饰动词、形容词或者全句，可以由副词、 介词短语、分词短语或者动词不定式构成。 He is listening to the teacher carefully.
It won’t be long before we know the truth.
1.6 补语 所谓补语，即下面的这个结构: v+ n.十n. / adj.中的n. / adj.部分。
句型二：主语+系动词+表语
系动词的构成： 1. be动词 2. 感官动词（seem,look,taste,sound`) 3. 其他系动词 表示动作的持续和变化（keep, remain,come,go,become， get``) 4. 表示“看起来像”（look,
句子成分和结构
第二讲句子成分和句子结构一：句子成分句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。
一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。
句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。
句子成分是句子中起一定功能的组成部分。
1、主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。
如：Students study. (学生学习。
)We are friends. (我们是朋友)这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。
充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）数词4）动词-ing形式5）不定式6）名词短语7）名词从句等。
2、谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。
如：Students study. (学生学习。
)We are friends. (我们是朋友)这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。
谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）。
3、宾语：用来表示行为的对象或内容，常由名词或者代词担任。
放在及物动词或者介词之后。
如：I play with him. (我和他一起玩。
)I hate mouse. (我讨厌老鼠。
)这两句话中单词mouse是名词，单词him是代词，它们在句中作宾语。
充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）-ing形式5）数词6）不定式7）名词从句等。
4、定语：用来修饰名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。
形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。
如：This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳。
)He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。
）The girl behind me is my sister. (我后面的那个女孩是我的姐姐。
)前两句话中单词red和tall都是形容词，它们作定语。
《句子成分和结构》课件
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主语的作用是明确句子 的主题，使句子更加清 晰易懂。
谓语
谓语是句子中描述主 语动作或状态的成分 。
谓语的作用是表达主 语的动作或状态，使 句子更加完整和有意 义。
谓语通常紧跟在主语 之后，由动词或动词 短语充当。
宾语
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宾语是句子中接受动作或行为 的对象。
宾语可以由名词、代词或名词 短语充当。
《句子成分和结构》ppt课件
目录
CONTENTS
• 句子成分 • 句子类型 • 句子结构 • 句子分析方法 • 常见错误分析
01
CHAPTER
句子成分
主语
01
主语是句子的主要成分 ，表示句子所描述的对 象。
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主语通常出现在句子的 开始位置，由名词、代 词或名词短语充当。
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主语可以由一个或多个 词语组成，但必须保持 语法上的正确性。
宾语可以出现在句子的任何位 置，但通常紧跟在谓语之后。
宾语的作用是明确动作或行为 的对象，使句子更加完整和有
意义。
状语
状语是句子中描述动作发生的时间、 地点、方式等附加信息的成分。
状语通常紧跟在宾语之后，放在句子 的末尾。
状语可以由副词、介词短语或从句充 当。
状语的作用是提供更多的细节信息， 使句子更加生动和具体。
缺点
对于一些复杂的句子，成分分 析可能会变得繁琐和复杂。
层次分析法
定义
层次分析法是一种将句子按照词语之间的层次关系进行分析的方法。
步骤
首先将句子中的词语按照层次关系进行排列，然后分析每个词语在整 个句子中的作用和意义。
优点
能够清晰地展示词语之间的层次关系，有助于理解句子中的语法结信息或表达不确定的态度，例如“你来自哪里？”、“你喜欢什么音乐？”等。疑问句通 常包括疑问词、助动词和主语等成分，用以构成问题的语气和内容。
句子结构及成分
基础知识目录1.词性的英文缩写2.及物动词和不及物动词3. 实义动词、助动词、情态动词和连系动词4. 句子成分5. 简单句的五种基本结构6. 谓语和非谓语7. 主动关系和被动关系8. 逻辑上的主谓关系9. 复合结构10.简单句、并列句和复合句1.词性的英文缩写在英语学习中掌握单词词性非常重要。
如果记单词时只记拼写、读音而不记词性，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。
缩写字母原词代表词性n. noun 名词v. verb 动词vt.transitive verb 及物动词vi.intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词adj.adjective 形容词adv.adverb 副词num. numeral 数词interj. interjection 感叹词pron. pronoun 代词prep.preposition 介词art. article 冠词conj conjunction 连词2.及物动词和不及物动词(1)实义动词后跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。
实义动词后面不跟宾语时，这个动词是不及物动词。
The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，open是vi)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, open是vt)注：动词是及物还是不，关键看它在句中时后面是否跟宾语。
(2)有些动词既可作vt又可作vi，词义相同。
The meeting began at six. < vi.> We began the meeting at six. < vt.>(3)有些动词既可作vt又可作vi，但词义不同。
The man walked away. (walk vi，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk vt，“遛”)She washes clothes at home. (wash vt，“洗”)The clothes washes well. (wash vi，“耐洗”)(4)英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。
句子基本结构和成分
late. 6. The excited boys burst into cheers. 7. A woman police officer was praised for
This term I have written three letters to my parents.
改错
1. He happy after he heard the news. was
2. It is a bad habit sleep in class. 3. I think that a gotood idea to have a walk every day.
7. His speech was boring.
8. The whole class got excited at the good news.
常见的系动词有: be动词: am, is, are 感官系动词: feel, smell, sound, taste, look 变化系动词: become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come 状态系动词: seem, keep, remain, stay, appear
找宾语
4. We enjoy listening to music.
5. She said that she felt sick.
6. They sent the injured to hospital.
7. I find it impossible to believe her any longer.
英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解
一、英语句子成份和英语句子结构讲解：之迟辟智美创作（一）句子成份1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物.主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担负.The sun rises in the east.（名词）He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)Seeing is believing. （动名词）To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）找出下列句中的主语：Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词）She went out in a hurry.（代词）Four plus four is eight.（数词）To see is to believe.（不定式）Smoking is bad for health.（动名词）The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）What he has said is true. （句子）2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的举措、状态和特征.简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill?He looked after two orphans.复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词;He can speak English well.She doesn’t seem to like dancing.找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语.）：1. We love China.2. We have finished reading this book.3. He can speak English.4. She seems tired.3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成份，暗示主语的性质、状态和特征.He is a teacher. （名词）Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词）He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in. （副词）The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To w ear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）★（罕见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（坚持，仍是）, feel（感觉） ... It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.找出下列句中的表语.1. I am a teacher.2. They are on the playground.3. My job is teaching English.4. It gets cold.5. It sounds interesting.4.宾语：1）举措的接受者-----及物动词或介词的宾语I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式）Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或植物.He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man somemoney.指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.找出下列句子的宾语部份：1. We often help him.2. He likes to play basketball.3. We enjoy listening to the music.4. She said that he felt sick.5. They are talking about the new student.5.宾补：对宾语的弥补，全称为宾语补足语.有些及物动词除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以弥补其意义缺乏，使句子的意义完整.这类经常使用的及物动词有：We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she didn’tcome here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词）We found nobody in. ( 副词)Please make yourself at home. 介词短语）Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）6.主补：对主语的弥补，全称为主语补足语.He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子.Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词)The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）定语后置：如果定语是由一个单词暗示时，通常要前置.而由一个词组或一个句子暗示时，通常则后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?8.状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或句子.暗示时间、地址、原因、结果、水平、条件、方式和让步. （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow.The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He studies hard to learn English well.He didn’t stu dy hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.Though he is young, he can do it well.（二）句子结构简单句的五个基本句型1.主语＋不及物动词She came．/ My head aches.2.主语＋及物动词＋宾语She likes English.3.主语＋系动词＋表语She is happy．4.主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语She gave John a book.5.主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语She makes her mother angry．The teacher asked me to read the passage.★There +be 句型There are some books on the desk.There lies a book on the desk.Exercises ：分析下列句子成份1. Our school is not far from my home.2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest.4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass.6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．翻译练习：主谓结构（主语＋不及物动词）1、你应该努力学习You should study hard.2、他昨天晚上很晚回家She went home very late yesterday evening.练习：1、This box weighs five kilos. 这个盒子重五公斤.2、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京.主谓宾结构（主语＋及物动词＋宾语）1、我昨晚写了一封信I wrote a letter last night.2、我今天下午想和你谈谈I want to talk with you this afternoon.练习：1、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 我们年夜家都相信Jack 是一个诚笃男孩.2、He did not know what to say. 他不知道说什麽好.主系表结构（主语＋系动词＋表语）1.我的弟弟都是年夜学生My brothers are all college students.2.在冬季，白天很短夜晚很长In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.3. 布朗女士看上去很健康Mrs Brown looks very healthy.4.在他15岁那年他成了著名的画家At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.练习：1、树叶已经变黄了.The leaves have turned yellow.2、这个陈说听起来很有意思.The report sounds interesting.双宾语结构（主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）1.强森先生去年叫我们德语Mr Johnson taught us German last year.2.祖父昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事Grandma told me an interesting story last night.练习：1、请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？Will you please get me a new copy?2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？Shall I call you a taxi?复合宾语结构（主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语）1.我们叫她爱丽丝We call her Alice.2.他父母叫他约翰His parents named him John.练习：1、学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的.I thought it no use talking with that manThere be 句型1.今晚不会开会There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight.2.这个村落里只有一口井There was only a well in the village.练习：1、铃响了.There goes the bell2、一周有七天.There are seven days a week二、英语句子种类讲解：依照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈说句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句.依照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句.中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 陈说句的构成形式及基本用法；2. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；4. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别对各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述.(一.) 陈说句的构成形式及基本用法1. 陈说句：陈说句是用来陈说一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子.通经常使用降调，句末用句号“.”. Tom has a new car.The flower isn’t beautiful.2. 陈说句否定式的构成(1) 如果肯定陈说句的谓语部份含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式.He is playing the guitar.（肯定）He is not playing the guitar.（否定）We can get there before dark.（肯定）We can’t get thee before dark.（否定）(2) 如果陈说句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t.同时把该实义动词酿成原形.He plays the violin well.（肯定）He doesn’t play the violin well.（否定）She won the game.（肯定）She didn’t win the game.（否定）(3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have（有），除be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要酿成any.例如：There is some water in the cup. →There is not any water in the cup.He has some books. →He has not any books.(4) 除not以外，否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句.例如：There is something wrong with his bike. →There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. →I have never seen the film.(二.) 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法祈使句是用来暗示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”.朗读时一般用降调.1.肯定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称号语.Be quiet.You be quiet!（2）“Do+祈使句”暗示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用.Do come back at once! Do be careful.（3）please用在祈使句中可以暗示一种客气的语气，但please 用在句末时，必需用逗号与其余部份分开.Open the window, please.（4）Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称号语，人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称.Let Jack wait a minute.Let’s go to school.（5）在祈使句中，Let’s和Let us是有区另外.Let’s包括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内.这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出.Let’s go skating, shall we?（暗示内部的建议）Let us try again, will you?（暗示向他人发出请求）2. 否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never开头.其结构通常是：“Don’t(Never)+动词原形+其他成份” 例如：Don’t do that again!Never leave today’s work for tomorrow! Don’t be late next time!(三.) 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法1. 一般疑问句：（1）一般疑问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have （有）开始，通常要求以yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通经常使用升调.Do you know Mr. Smith Can you swim?（2）一般疑问句的否定结构①在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后.但如果用not的简略形式-n’t，则须将-n’t与一般疑问句句首的be, have，助动词或情态动词写在一起.在实际运用中，一般都采纳简略式.Are you not a football fan?Aren’t you a football fan?Will she not like it?Won’t she like it?②与汉语分歧的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定.若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构.Aren’t you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗？Yes, I am.\ No, I am not.Won’t she like it?Yes, she will. \ No, she won’t.。
句子成分和句子结构
The man next to me is a scientist.
3. 介词短语作定语要后置。 The boy under the tree is Tom.
补语有些动词虽然是及物动词但是只能跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的句子意思宾语后必须加上一个补语成分才能使句意完整所加上的部分就是宾语补足语
句子成分和句子结构
Knowledge is power.知识就是力量
一、相关概念
词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。
1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral num. three 三 7 冠词 article art. a/an/the 8 介词 preposition prep. at 在... 9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦
6.状语
状语修饰动词，形容词，副词或者是整个句子，说明动作 或者状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
He writes carefully.（认真地写）
He walks slowly.（慢慢地走）
This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词 用副词，作状语。）
句子成分和句子结构分析
句子成分和句子结构分析语文教学中，句子成分和句子结构是非常重要的知识点。
它们是理解句子含义、进行句法分析以及提高写作能力的基础。
本教案将以小学和中学语文老师的视角，分别介绍句子成分和句子结构的概念、分类和分析方法，帮助学生深入理解语文知识。
一、句子成分的概念和分类1. 句子成分的概念句子成分是构成句子的各个要素，包括主语、谓语、宾语、状语、定语、补语等。
它们在句子中承担不同的语法功能，起到连接和衔接句子的作用。
2. 句子成分的分类根据句子成分在句子中的功能不同，可以将句子成分分为主要成分和附属成分。
主要成分包括主语、谓语和宾语。
主语是句子的主题，谓语是句子的核心动作或状态，宾语是谓语动作的承受者或受益者。
附属成分包括状语、定语和补语。
状语修饰谓语，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等；定语修饰名词，描述事物的性质、特征等；补语补充说明主语或宾语的状态或性质。
二、句子结构的概念和分析方法1. 句子结构的概念句子结构是指句子中各个成分之间的关系和排列方式。
句子结构的正确性对于句子的理解和表达非常重要。
2. 句子结构的分析方法句子结构的分析可以从两个方面进行：成分分析和句子类型分析。
成分分析是指对句子中各个成分的识别和分析。
通过观察句子中的主谓宾结构、状语和定语等成分，可以准确地判断句子的结构。
句子类型分析是指对句子的基本类型进行分类。
常见的句子类型包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
通过分析句子的语气和语序等特点，可以判断句子的类型。
三、句子成分和句子结构的分析实例下面通过几个实例来进行句子成分和句子结构的分析：1. "小明喜欢吃水果。
"这个句子的主要成分有主语"小明"、谓语"喜欢吃"和宾语"水果"。
附属成分中没有状语、定语或补语。
2. "昨天在公园里，我看到了一只漂亮的小鸟。
"这个句子的主要成分有主语"我"、谓语"看到"和宾语"一只漂亮的小鸟"。
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句子成分和句子结构----认识英语句子的构成一、句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语、补足语、呼语和插入语等。
构成句子的主要部分是主语和谓语。
表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分。
其他成分如定语、状语、同位语是句子的次要成分。
1．主语主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者，指的是“谁”或“什么事”。
常用作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词，不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。
George is a born leader. （名词）Nobody knew what had happened. （代词）Two of us will attend the conference tomorrow. （数词）The young are always willing to accept new things. （名词化的形容词）To go the bed early and to get up early is a good habit. （不定式短语）Losing his new MP4 made Tom very sad. （动名词短语）What we can’t get seems better than what we have. （名词性从句）2.谓语谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，说的是“做什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动词有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。
Father cooks very well.My sister has worked in the company for five years.Our school is becoming more beautiful.The World Expo is well organized.3.宾语宾语是动作的承受者，指的是“做”的内容。
英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。
双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。
凡能做主语的词、短语或从句都可以作宾语。
（1）单宾语（宾语）可以作宾语的成分主要有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句等。
I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up? （名词、代词）If you put 5 and 7 together, you’ll get 12, little Tom. （代词）We should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）Remember to tell him to come. （不定式）Please stop making noise. （动名词）Do you understand what I mean? （名词性从句）（2）双宾语双宾语指动词后面接指人和物的两个宾语。
指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾语叫直接宾语。
其结构为：主语+ 及物动词（短语）+ sb. + sth.Please tell me how the accident came about.The teacher asked me a question too difficult to answer.（3）同源宾语少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面的动词在词根上相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。
同源宾语前面常有修饰语。
laugh a good laugh 大笑blow a heavy blow 沉重的一击smile a sweet smile 甜甜的微笑dream a terrible dream 做了一个恶梦die a brave death 死得英勇live a happy life 过着幸福的生活4.表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。
His father is an experienced teacher. （名词）She is over fifty, but she doesn’t look it. （名词、代词）These students are careful while others are careless. （形容词）The class meeting was over at last. （副词）Be quiet; they are at work now. （介词短语）His hobby is collecting foreign stamps. （动名词短语）My wish is to become a doctor in the future. （不定式短语）The news of her success is really exciting. （现在分词）（已形容词化）That is where your mistakes are. （名词性从句）5.定语定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。
定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。
（1）前置定语可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词和名词所有格、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式等。
Many people have helped with (canned) food. （过去分词）Open (your) mouth and put out (your) tongue. （代词的所有格）She cut the cake into (two) pieces. （数词）I want to buy some (coffee) cups. （名词）Put the child in the (sleeping) bag. （动名词）You should adapt to the (changing) situation. (现在分词)（2）后置定语可以充当后置定语的有形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式（短语），动词的-ing短语，动词的-ed短语，从句等。
All people (present at the party) were his supporters. (形容词短语)I have got something (interesting) to tell every one of you. (形容词)The buildings (around) were badly damaged. (副词)The books (on the top shelf) were just bought. (介词短语)Let’s try another way (to do this). (不定式)There is a gentleman (asking to see you). (现在分词短语)Most of the people (invited to the party) were famous scientists. (过去分词)He lost his new pen (that was bought last week). (定语从句)6. 同位语在句中对某一成分作进一步的解释，说明，并且与其在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。
同位语常放在被说明的名词或代词的后面，可以用作同位语的有名词，代词，数词和从句等。
The English Department has two foreign teachers, an Australian and an American. (名词) This term we each bought an e-dictionary. (代词)They three are all three-good students. (数词)The news that we are having a holiday is true. (同位语从句)7. 状语状语是用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子的一种句子成分。
它可以表示时间，地点，方式，程度，原因，目的，结果，条件和让步等关系。
可以充当状语的有副词，介词短语，不定式，分词，，形容词，名词和从句。
[At the news], the mother stood [there], [greatly surprised]. （介词短语、副词、形容词）They held the English party [in the open air]. （介词短语）Just wait [a moment]; I am dressing myself. （名词）[To hear more clearly], she sat in the front of the classroom. （不定式）[Finishing all her homework], she surfed the Internet for a while. （现在分词短语）[Seen from the top of the hill], the small city looks more beautiful. （过去分词短语）Don’t leave here [until you work out the math problem]. （时间状语从句）8. 补足语补足语用来说明宾语或主语的性质，状态等的一种句子成分。
名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，不定式等皆可以作补足语。
I saw nobody <in> so I left. （副词）You’d better keep the books <standing> on the desk. （现在分词）The mother didn’t allow her daughter <to go out> alone at night. （不定式）These things should be kept <in the box>. （介词短语）The coming exam keeps me <busy with my lessons>. （形容词短语）He was elected <chairman> of the company. （名词）When he arrived, he found all the people <gone>. （过去分词）9. 独立成分与句子没有关系或关系不大，独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。
感叹词，呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。
（1）感叹词感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。
Well, let’s end the discussion!There, there! Never mind. It’s nothing serious at all.(2) 呼语呼语多独立成分可置于句首，句中或句末。