《英语修辞学》第二章
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英语修辞学课件
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
As firm as a rock As mute as a fish As strong as a horse As brave as a lion As obstinate as a cow As white as snow As black as ink / pitch As changeable as the weather As wet as a drowned rat As blind as a bat As fat as a pig As proud as a peacock As fresh as a rose
Type One: like
w Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. w Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out.
Metaphor
A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. (Webster‘s New World Dictionary)
All the world‘s a stage, And all men and women merely players; They have their exits and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages… (Shakespeare, As you Like it ) The first clause sets up the basic comparison. The tenor and vehicle invoked by the first line are elaborated in the lines that follow. The metaphor makes possible for the literary writer to explain things vividly in great detail.
英语修辞2
英语修辞的一般规律与特点 General principles and features of English rhetoric 英语修辞学(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech ? 1. 关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词 等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言， 即以形合为主的语言。而汉语是以意合为主的语言。 ? ? ? ? ? That is our policy and that is our declaration. 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ This is the reason why he is leaving so soon. 这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。 ? 2. 英语名词用得多，汉语动词用得多。因此，从总体修辞效果上看，英 语呈静态，汉语呈动态。 ? I fell madly in love with her, and she – with me. ? 我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。 ? A woman with fair opportunities, and without an absolute hump may marry whom she likes. ? 一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。 ? Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years, because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses. ? 激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种实
修辞学
A professor tapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen—order!” The entire class yelled: “Beer!”
For reading and better appreciation The language of English.
4. It can be beneficial for our thesis or even for further study . (a specific one or one in a specific work with examples) Comparison of the similar figures of speech Comparison of the same one in Chinese and English Comparison of the same one in different fields (literature-ad. Speaking-writing) One special figure of speech in a work and its functions
Some usages in life: your thesis
The Differences between Puns in Literature and Advertisements The Death Euphemism in The Dream of the Red Chamber
Some usages in life: humor or persuasion in communication
What we try to achieve:
2. We will compare figures of speech in Chinese and English and know how to translate them and related sentences into Chinese.
《英语修辞学》第二章
• Development: The development of English ethics can be traced back to any Greece and Rome, where philosophers and orators are such as Aristotle and Cicero established the fundamental principles of ethics Over time, these principles were adapted and adapted by English writers and speakers, resulting in the evolution of a distinct English style of rhetoric that emphasizes clarity, logic, and wit
to the entire cream
Personality and anthropology
要点一
Personalization
Personalization is a rhetorical device where abstract ideas or inanimate objects are given human qualities or attributes For example, "the waves dance in the moonlight" personalizes the waves by giving them the ability to dance
Importance
Rhetoric plays a critical role in communication, allowing individuals to express their ideas clearly and persistently It is essential in various fields such as politics, law, education, and business, where the ability to influence and supervise others is key to success
to the entire cream
Personality and anthropology
要点一
Personalization
Personalization is a rhetorical device where abstract ideas or inanimate objects are given human qualities or attributes For example, "the waves dance in the moonlight" personalizes the waves by giving them the ability to dance
Importance
Rhetoric plays a critical role in communication, allowing individuals to express their ideas clearly and persistently It is essential in various fields such as politics, law, education, and business, where the ability to influence and supervise others is key to success
现代英语修辞学
普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材现代英语修辞学Moder n English Rhetor ic胡曙中编著上海外语教育出版社图书在版编目(CIP)数据现代英语修辞学/胡曙中编著.—上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004ISBN7-81095-185-8Ⅰ.现…Ⅱ.胡…Ⅲ.英语修辞教材Ⅳ.H315中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2004)第014498号早在1982年,我的导师杨小石先生有意要编一本适合我国英语专业使用的英语修辞学教材,为此,他邀请了包括我在内的三位教师一起参加编写,我们商定了编写大纲,也作了具体的分工。
我当时只有35岁,对编写这么一本教材的困难程度并不清楚,但却凭着一股劲,居然勉强地完成了自己那一部分,但是由于他们未能完成自己的部分,我的那一部分最后也就不了了之了。
从那时到现在,时间过去了20多年。
在这20多年中,我读了一些书,作了一些研究,从《英汉修辞比较研究》、《美国新修辞学》到《英语修辞学》,我走了过来。
坦诚地说,前面走过的路不都是一步一个脚印的,但就在这步履艰难的过程中,我逐渐知道了什么是英语修辞,知道了如何来阐释和应用英语修辞。
现在奉献给大家的这本《现代英语修辞学》,承蒙教育部和有关专家的厚爱,被确定为普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材。
我把这本书写成一本英语修辞学的入门书,是想回答许多学生提出的问题:“什么是英语修辞学?”“英语修辞学是不是就是研究英语写作?”“英语修辞学是英语专业的课程,还是语言学的课程?”我希望我的这本书能较为满意地回答这些问题。
在这儿,我想概括一下本书的各章内容和目的:第0章导论解释英语修辞的种种意义,并说明本书的目的———对英语修辞现象的描述、应用和阐释第1章影响修辞活动的要素论述信息、使用场合、受话者之间的关系,说明语气如何反映其间的关系第2章词汇的修辞描述英语选字遣词的修辞规律及其应用第3章句子的修辞描述英语连词组句的修辞规律及其应用第4章 段落的修辞 描述英语段落构成的修辞规律及其应用第5章 语篇的修辞 描述英语语篇构成的修辞规律及其应用第6章 语篇的种类 描述语篇的种类及其特点第7章 语体 描述作为修辞活动综合体的语体特征第8章 修辞手段 描述修辞布局和辞格的规律第9章 理论阐释 简述主要的英语修辞理论第10章 传统与发展 回顾英语修辞学的传统,预测其发展本书主要适合英语专业高年级学生和研究生使用。
大学英语修辞学第二章
The book Rhetoric falls in three parts treating respectively (1) the nature of rhetoric, (2) invention, and (3) arrangement and style. two categories of arguments based on the kinds of proof: artistic and inartistic. Inartistic proofs external evidence such as witnesses, contracts, evidence based on torture. Artistic proofs three means of persuasion:
about education: Education is the savior of the world. The teacher should explain principles and provide examples as models; The teacher should guide his students to the acquisition of practical wisdom. Contribution: His trained a large amount of political figures, and statesmen, promoted the practical use of rhetorical arts.
Pathos--emotional appeal The effects of emotional appeal include moral anger, ambition, excitement, fear, happiness, pity, jealousy, etc. Emotional appeal depends on the skillful and witty handling of language.
《英语修辞与文体》课程教学大纲
英语修辞与文体课程教学大纲English Rhetoric and Stylistics学时数：32学分数：2适用专业：英语本科专业一、课程性质、目的与任务本课程是为英语专业高年级学生开设的一门专业限选课。
通过学习，旨在使学生较系统地了解和掌握英语文体学和修辞学的基本理论和方法，增强对英语文体和修辞的敏感性，提高英语作品的鉴赏能力和英语写作能力以及整体文化素养。
二、课程教学的基本要求本课程采用课堂讲授与讨论相结合、理论探讨与练习相结合的方法实施教学，使学生做到：（一）熟练掌握英语文体学和修辞学的基本理论；（二）较系统地了解英语文体的主要特征和英语修辞的主要方法；（三）能够运用英语文体学和英语修辞学的基本理论和方法分析鉴赏英语作品、指导和改进英语写作。
三、课程教学内容、重点和难点第一章绪论（一）英语文体学和英语修辞学的发展历史和现状（二）英语文体学和英语修辞学的研究范畴（三）学习英语文体学和英语修辞学的目的和意义（四）本课程的基本要求第二章英语文体学第一讲语言要素的文体作用（一）语音（二）词汇（三）句法（四）篇章结构第二讲语体（一）口语体与书面语体（二）正式语体与非正式语体第三讲几种常见的实用英语文体（一）新闻文体（二）公文文体（三）论述和叙述文体（四）科技文体第四讲英语文学文体（一）诗歌（二）小说（三）散文第三章英语修辞学第一讲句法手段（一）长句与短句（二）简单句、并列句与复合句（三）平行与对照（四）层进与突降第二讲词汇手段（一）遣词第三讲语音手段（一）语音手段综述第四讲修辞格（一）明喻、暗喻和类比（二）拟人与拟物（三）借代、提喻与换称（四）夸张、委婉和潜说法（五）隽语与矛盾修饰法（六）反语与讽刺（七）双关与移就四、课程各教学环节要求（一）基本理论和基本概念介绍（二）实例分析（三）课堂讨论（四）练习和复习（五）测试五、学时分配六、课程与其它课程的联系本课程以英语文体学和英语修辞学的基本理论和基本方法为主要教学内容。
英语修辞学 Onomatopoei apotrophe pun
注释：Cuckoo 布谷鸟的 叫声 jug-jug 夜莺 pu-we to-witta-woo 泛指各种鸟 鸣 形象的烘托出春天欢乐 的气氛，让人读后难忘
Onomatopoeia
杜甫的《登高》一是一著例。“风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回，无 边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。 艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。” The wind so swift, the sky so wide, apes wail and cry, Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly. The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower, The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. 作者当时流落夔州，重九登高，心中有无限悲凉之情。前四句，作者为
• O Nature, how hair is thy face, And how lights is thy heart. • “You Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!” 上帝，赐予我耐力，我梦寐以求的耐力吧 ！ -- Shakespeare: King Lear
Apostrophe
Expressed by persons
• O Captain! My Captain; our fearful trip is done. The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won… --- Walt Whitman
"Blue Moon, you saw me standing alone Without a dream in my heart Without a love of my own." (Lorenz Hart, "Blue Moon")
Onomatopoeia
杜甫的《登高》一是一著例。“风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回，无 边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。 艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。” The wind so swift, the sky so wide, apes wail and cry, Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly. The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower, The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. 作者当时流落夔州，重九登高，心中有无限悲凉之情。前四句，作者为
• O Nature, how hair is thy face, And how lights is thy heart. • “You Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!” 上帝，赐予我耐力，我梦寐以求的耐力吧 ！ -- Shakespeare: King Lear
Apostrophe
Expressed by persons
• O Captain! My Captain; our fearful trip is done. The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won… --- Walt Whitman
"Blue Moon, you saw me standing alone Without a dream in my heart Without a love of my own." (Lorenz Hart, "Blue Moon")
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(2) Democracy and Council: In 508 B.C., Cleisthenes (克利斯提尼，他将索伦的立法改革制定成法律文件，通 常被认为是雅典民主政治的创建者) instituted a new political organization whereby the citizens would take a more careful and more direct role in running the city-state. He called this new political organization “demokratia”, or democracy----rule by the entire body of citizens. He created a Council of Five Hundred which planned the business of the public assemblies.
Page 4
1.2 The social and political organizations of Ancient Greece:
(1) Polis or City-state: In 508 B.C., the city of Athens became one of the first polis, or one of the first city-states in ancient times.
Page 8
• 柏拉图的著作中很多地方都表达了对修辞的贬斥。在《高尔吉亚篇》中，苏 格拉底声称，修辞“发明的是这样一种劝服方式：它只制造对正义与非正义 的看法，却对如何认识它们毫无教益”（Plato：455a）；修辞家“不需要了 解事物的真实面目，他只需找到某种方式让那些无知的人相信他比真正有 知识的人更有知识就行了”（459b）。因此，修辞与真理无关，根本不关心 真理，甚至带有明显的欺骗意味。
Page 9
/NewInfor/html/30370.htm • 拉斐尔最著名的壁画是为梵蒂冈宫绘制的《雅典学院》。这幅巨型壁画把古希腊以来
的５０多个著名的哲学家和思想家聚于一堂，包括柏拉图、亚里士多德、苏格拉底、 毕达哥拉斯等，以此歌颂人类对智慧和真理的追求，Байду номын сангаас美人类的创造力。
Page 3
1. Classical rhetoric (5th B.C – 5th A.D.)
In the ancient times, rhetoric evolved as an important art, one that provided the orator with the forms, means, and strategies for persuading an audience of the correctness of the orator's arguments. Rhetoric originates from the ancient Greece. It provides two necessary conditions for the classical rhetoric.
Page 6
1.4 Some Ancient Greek Rhetoricians and their theory
(1). Corax (科拉克斯)
Corax of Syracuse and his students Tisias(蒂西亚斯，有名的捉刀人，专 门为诉讼者撰写诉状) were the first rhetoricians in history. His theory: the first is a theory of how arguments should be developed from probabilities; the second is their first concept of organization of a message. According to Corax, legal arguments should consist of four parts: introductory, explanation, argumentation and conclusion. (Corax 将法律演说分成四个部分：前言，解释，论辩和结论。)
Page 10
(3). Aristotle (亚里士多德) and his theory about rhetoric
Aristotle, Plato's student (384-322 BC) famously set forth an extended treatise on rhetoric that still repays careful study today.
It was the Council that provided people a place of public speaking.
Page 5
1.3 Sophists and their practices of rhetoric
Out of growing demand for education in the 5th century B.B., Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists. Sophist were a professional class rather than a school, and as such they were scattered over Greece and exhibited professional rivalries.
The sophists undertook to provide a stock of arguments on any subject, or to prove any position. They boasted of their ability to make the worse appear the better reason, to prove that black is white. One representative of them was Gorgias. “Man is the measure of all things.”人类是衡量所有事物的标准。
Page 2
The concept of rhetoric in general
Along with grammar and logic or dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric normally explains the three arts of using language as a means to persuade (logos, pathos, and ethos), as well as the five canons of Rhetoric: memory, invention, delivery, style, and arrangement. From ancient Greece to the late 19th Century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments.
• 然而，柏拉图对修辞的看法并非一成不变。海德格尔在1924-1925年讲授 《智者篇》时提出，柏拉图的修辞观念有一个演变的过程，其轨迹可以通过 比较三篇对话勾勒出来（Brogan：3-15）。《高尔吉亚篇》代表了早期柏拉 图全盘否定修辞的态度；海德格尔认为，在《智者篇》中，柏拉图的态度有 了重大变化，转而相信修辞对“不在”（non-being）或者说“存在”之外的 领域的关注应当在哲学中占据一席之地，辩证（dialectic）能够克服修辞的 欺骗倾向，使之为哲学服务；《斐德若篇》(Phaedrus)则是发生这一转变的 关 键 场 所 。 在 这 篇 对 话 中 ， 柏 拉 图 着 重 探 讨 了 真 理 （ aletheia ） 与 语 言 （logos）的关系。
English Rhetoric
Chapter Two Brief History of Western Rhetoric
By Song Pingfeng
Contents of This Chapter
• 1. Classical rhetoric • 2. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages • 3. Rhetoric in the Renaissance • 4. New Classic Rhetoric • 5. Contemporary Rhetoric
(2) Great thinkers/ scholars: There are a lot of great thinkers/ scholars in the ancient Greece, such as Socrates(苏格拉底), Plato(柏拉图), and Aristotle(亚里士多德). Their great Words and thoughts are still taught in universities to this day. Most of them are great rhetoricians.
1.1 Necessary conditions of classical rhetoric
(1) Greek Democracy : Democracy provides a necessary condition for the birth of classical rhetoric. The ancient Greeks are a unique people. They believed that individuals should be free as long as they acted within the laws of Greece. This allowed them the opportunity to excel any direction they chose. Individuality was the basis of their society. The ability to strive for excellence was what Athenians dearly believed in.
Page 4
1.2 The social and political organizations of Ancient Greece:
(1) Polis or City-state: In 508 B.C., the city of Athens became one of the first polis, or one of the first city-states in ancient times.
Page 8
• 柏拉图的著作中很多地方都表达了对修辞的贬斥。在《高尔吉亚篇》中，苏 格拉底声称，修辞“发明的是这样一种劝服方式：它只制造对正义与非正义 的看法，却对如何认识它们毫无教益”（Plato：455a）；修辞家“不需要了 解事物的真实面目，他只需找到某种方式让那些无知的人相信他比真正有 知识的人更有知识就行了”（459b）。因此，修辞与真理无关，根本不关心 真理，甚至带有明显的欺骗意味。
Page 9
/NewInfor/html/30370.htm • 拉斐尔最著名的壁画是为梵蒂冈宫绘制的《雅典学院》。这幅巨型壁画把古希腊以来
的５０多个著名的哲学家和思想家聚于一堂，包括柏拉图、亚里士多德、苏格拉底、 毕达哥拉斯等，以此歌颂人类对智慧和真理的追求，Байду номын сангаас美人类的创造力。
Page 3
1. Classical rhetoric (5th B.C – 5th A.D.)
In the ancient times, rhetoric evolved as an important art, one that provided the orator with the forms, means, and strategies for persuading an audience of the correctness of the orator's arguments. Rhetoric originates from the ancient Greece. It provides two necessary conditions for the classical rhetoric.
Page 6
1.4 Some Ancient Greek Rhetoricians and their theory
(1). Corax (科拉克斯)
Corax of Syracuse and his students Tisias(蒂西亚斯，有名的捉刀人，专 门为诉讼者撰写诉状) were the first rhetoricians in history. His theory: the first is a theory of how arguments should be developed from probabilities; the second is their first concept of organization of a message. According to Corax, legal arguments should consist of four parts: introductory, explanation, argumentation and conclusion. (Corax 将法律演说分成四个部分：前言，解释，论辩和结论。)
Page 10
(3). Aristotle (亚里士多德) and his theory about rhetoric
Aristotle, Plato's student (384-322 BC) famously set forth an extended treatise on rhetoric that still repays careful study today.
It was the Council that provided people a place of public speaking.
Page 5
1.3 Sophists and their practices of rhetoric
Out of growing demand for education in the 5th century B.B., Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists. Sophist were a professional class rather than a school, and as such they were scattered over Greece and exhibited professional rivalries.
The sophists undertook to provide a stock of arguments on any subject, or to prove any position. They boasted of their ability to make the worse appear the better reason, to prove that black is white. One representative of them was Gorgias. “Man is the measure of all things.”人类是衡量所有事物的标准。
Page 2
The concept of rhetoric in general
Along with grammar and logic or dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric normally explains the three arts of using language as a means to persuade (logos, pathos, and ethos), as well as the five canons of Rhetoric: memory, invention, delivery, style, and arrangement. From ancient Greece to the late 19th Century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments.
• 然而，柏拉图对修辞的看法并非一成不变。海德格尔在1924-1925年讲授 《智者篇》时提出，柏拉图的修辞观念有一个演变的过程，其轨迹可以通过 比较三篇对话勾勒出来（Brogan：3-15）。《高尔吉亚篇》代表了早期柏拉 图全盘否定修辞的态度；海德格尔认为，在《智者篇》中，柏拉图的态度有 了重大变化，转而相信修辞对“不在”（non-being）或者说“存在”之外的 领域的关注应当在哲学中占据一席之地，辩证（dialectic）能够克服修辞的 欺骗倾向，使之为哲学服务；《斐德若篇》(Phaedrus)则是发生这一转变的 关 键 场 所 。 在 这 篇 对 话 中 ， 柏 拉 图 着 重 探 讨 了 真 理 （ aletheia ） 与 语 言 （logos）的关系。
English Rhetoric
Chapter Two Brief History of Western Rhetoric
By Song Pingfeng
Contents of This Chapter
• 1. Classical rhetoric • 2. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages • 3. Rhetoric in the Renaissance • 4. New Classic Rhetoric • 5. Contemporary Rhetoric
(2) Great thinkers/ scholars: There are a lot of great thinkers/ scholars in the ancient Greece, such as Socrates(苏格拉底), Plato(柏拉图), and Aristotle(亚里士多德). Their great Words and thoughts are still taught in universities to this day. Most of them are great rhetoricians.
1.1 Necessary conditions of classical rhetoric
(1) Greek Democracy : Democracy provides a necessary condition for the birth of classical rhetoric. The ancient Greeks are a unique people. They believed that individuals should be free as long as they acted within the laws of Greece. This allowed them the opportunity to excel any direction they chose. Individuality was the basis of their society. The ability to strive for excellence was what Athenians dearly believed in.